Bryant v. Johnson et al

Filing 54

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 8/21/2012. (tvt)

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AL - K H IR 1.M .B RY A N T,
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C i lA ct on N o.7: vvi
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11-c 00075
M EM O R AN D U M O PIN IO N

G EN E M . H N SO N ,e al,
JO
t .
D ef
endant
s.

By:

H on.Jackson L .K i
ser
Seni U nied St es D i ri Judge .
or
t
at
st ct

A lA khi 1.M .Br ,a V i gi a i at pr
r
yant
r ni nm e oceedi pr >q t l d a c vi r g s a ton
ng o , i e
i l i ht c i
-

purua t 42 U. C.j 1 a t Relgi Land Us and l tt to lz Pe s Ac
s nt o
S.
983 nd he i ous
e
nsiu i na ied rons t

(û PA',j2000cc e.s q.ByaSu e nedAme dCompl ntpli ifna sa
G
RLU1 '
)
,t e
pplme t
nde
ai , antf me s
de e nt Ge M . ohns f m e Diecoroft Vigi a De rme ofCon- to
f nda s ne J
on, or r r t
he r ni pa t nt
eci ns

(1
t
VDOC' ;f me VDOC De yDie t J hn Jbe VDOC W e tr Re ona DiecorJ
' or r
)
put rcor o a ;
sen gi l r t ohn

Gama Ra l M ahe W ade oft Kee M ou an Core tonalCe e (t CC' ;
r n; ndal t na, r n he n
nti
rci
ntr i
KM '
)
K M CC A s i t ntW a de J Ki e ;K M C C l a e Cl s i a i Aut iy D . a s; M CC
ssa
r n . sr
nm t a s t ton
k
hort
V s K
Chi fofSe urt E. ewbe r a K M CC co r c i
e
c iy N
r y; nd
r e tonalof i er Ca i R . . ely,Li ut na
fc s pu n D K l e e nt

P.Co Se ge ntG. r Sege tM . til W al W e O' nn,Chidr s P. l,J
x, r a
Hon, r an Hafed, k, bb, Qui
l es, Tugge .
Br , and K .Alen.
own
l 1

The f t a e a m s f t sea e e m plf t c le s ofpr s a i s r ton A
ae s nd l i or hi s xe iy he ha l nge
i on dm nit a i
.

KM CC ofi ilr ceved atp t tpli ift e t d t har saf. Pli ifwasm ov t
fca e i
i ha antf hr aene o m t f a ntf
ed o
s gr ato durng t i si i n,a hea gue t thi pl e e i s gr to i d t
e eg i n i he nve tgato nd
r s ha s ac m nt n e egai n s ue o
r t la i f r proreom pl i t a
e a i ton o i
a n s boutKM CC . K M C C s a ft n r vi w e pl i if s e
t f he e e d a ntf onduc a
t nd

lPl ntf n esVas ,N e b r Kely,Hor Hati d, W al W eb O' nn,Chidr s Tuggl Br
ai if am
s w er y, l
n, fel
k, b, Qui
l es n
e, own,a
nd
A le i t ri vi alc pa tes Pl i ifna e Johns ,J ,G a n,M at na,an K ie i boh ofi ala
ln n hei ndi du a cii , a ntf m s
on abe nma
he
d s r n t fci nd
i vi lca iis Pt ntf nam e Coxi an i vi lca ct i t A mendedCom plitbutna e Cox i
ndî dua pacte . ai if
d
n ndi dua pa iy n he
an
m d
n
onl a of i alc pa t i t s ppl e t t A l ende Compl nt Fort r s dicus e i t s
y n fci a ciy n he u em nt o he n
d
ai .
he ea ons s s d n hi
'
M e or
m andum Opi on,Cox woul b e il t q ii d i m u t i pl ntf had c i d t na e he i a
ni
d e ntted o ualfe m niy f ai if
ontnue o m
rn n
i vi c ciy.
ndi dual apa t

r om m e a hi he s urt c a sf ca i a pl i tf cons
ec
nd
g r ec iy l s i i ton, nd a n i f
eque l r f ed t ea s ve e n
nty e us o t e nt e
cons i m eal K M CC s af as pl ntf t s ep on a s e t be w ei
ecutve
s.
t f ked ai if o t
cal o
ghed,he r used,and
ef
K M CC s af had t f ce hi t si pl s ep on a s e f a f seconds. H e fl m uli e
t f
o or
m o m y t
cal or ew
ied
tpl

g iva c s sy n t t i c l wa (i h 'a s b e tdhm t t ers o ds a e , c h
re n e , a i g ha h s el s i l y' nd u j ce i o h ik f ie ss whih e
ft
di notget A cor i
d
.
rectonalof i di notpolt y s
f cer d
iel peak t hi ,and he belevest sdi r pect
o m
i
hi s es

w a r nt da age . N o oft s co pl nt e il hi t hi r ue t r le ,a 1gr nt
ra s m s
ne he e m ai s ntte m o s eq s ed e i f nd a

dee ns'motonsf s
fnda t
i or ummayj me .
r udg nt

A ferl ni ofpl ntf s aleged t eat t har KM CC saf ,H ati d aut i
t ear ng
ai if l
hr s o m
t f
f el
horzed

pl ntf stans e t s e ton o Dec mberl 2008. Pli tf de ed ma ng a t ea a
ai if r f r o egr ga i n
e
5,
a n if ni
ki ny hr t nd
a us Ha f e d a ot rs a fofr t i tng aga ns hi f hi pr o c pl i s a
cc ed t i l nd he t f
e ala i
i t m or s i r om a nt boutK M CC
s af and condii 2
t f
tons.
Cox conduct pl ntff sI heari on Januar 27, 2009. Based on pl ntf s pri
ed ai i
CA
ng3
y
4
ai if
or

i r tonsand t a cus ton a
nfac i
he c a i boutt e s pl ntf ss c iy cl s ii a i i r as w hi h
hr at , ai if e ur t a s f c ton nc e ed, c
t n r qui e pl ntf s tans ert a m or s ur ,Le lV f iiy. Pl ntf f ulsM a he
he e r d ai if r f o
e ec e ve
ac lt
ai if a t
t na,

2Pl n i fa t hesva i gr e esa l te st pr s of i a st s r t r a i ton c a m . ( Conp .
ai tf tac
r ous i vanc nd el r o ion fci l o uppo t he et la i l i Am. l l

( o.l )Ex A- ) The eg iva c sa d lt r c n en db c e - pt ies h ic t, e r a in, o dq a t y, n
n 8 . Q. s re n e n et s o c r e a k d u o lt, ar u s r c e to f o u n i a d
e
t
t is sJ i c Plitf ful M ahe f no ta f ri pli if o a herf ii de pi algedl
he s ues 1 udie. an if a t t na or t r ns erng antf t not acl y s t lc y
.
h
s
t
e
.

knowi ba edon pl ntf' lter andgre es ofpl ntf' pr em swihK M CC saf.
ng, s
ai ifs et s
ivanc , ai ifs obl
t
t f
3A nI he i i c
CA arng s ondu e whene a i aei s duld f a a
ctd
ver n nm t s che e or n nnua r ew, f malduepr e she rng,
l evi or
oc s a i
ora i or alhe r ng,de
n nf m
ai
pendi on t he i spur e. A f r al pr es hea i i r quiedwhene r
ng he arng' pos
o m due oc s rng s e r
ve
ter i anoppo tniy f t i aet berm ovedfom t ge r lpopul i orr c vear toni goodtm e
h es
ru t or he nm t o e
r he ne a
aton e ei
educi n
i

e r iglv l ( yo Af. 4)Th l h aigotc rc mpee at a sL v l au to S er whc u e a
ann e e. Ta lr f! . e CA e rn f e o lts û s e e Ev lain het' ih s s
i
cl
'
poi s t t e l t t i ae.The fcor co de e durngt l he i r ew a es rt l l,
nt ysem o vauae he nm t
a t s nsi r d i he CA arng evi r ecu iy eves
i tt i a s gnm e s pr a pa tci ton,wor c a s t a i ,j basg me t,nsi to a ifa to s a d
ns iutonal s i
nt , ogr m r i pa i
k l s ik ton o sin ns i tuin l nrcin , n
t

a yoh r e iin afcigteimae (d I5)Th ttl mb rof an dp i sd tr n sa i t'
n te d cso s fetn h n t. l .J . e oa nu e e r e ont eemie n nmaes

s urt l l
ec iy eve .
4Pl ntf f l a greva a
ng n e e ton t en ce r
nd a y
ai if ied i nce boutbei i s gr ga i be we D e m be 2008 a J nuar 2009. Ga man a e d
r
gr e
t tpl ntf stm e i s gr gaton exc d t tm e pe m it d by V DOC polc , b Va s au horze pl i ifs
ha ai if i n e e i
ee he i
r te
i y ut s t i d a ntf '
c i d s gr ga i be us H afed ha notyettld arpor a
ontnue e e ton ca e til d
'e e t boutpli ipst eas
i
antf hr t.

Kie , nd Vas f nota ntng s e o he t n Co t co uc pli if s1 he rng
sra
s or
ppoi i om one t r ha
x o nd t antf CA a i
becaus Cox w asa t
e
argetoft aleged t
he l
hreat Pl nt f accus def
s. ai if
es endant w ihouts
s t
upportof
i easng hi s iy cl sii i and i tt i a pr s t
ncr i
s ecurt as fcaton
ns iutng
i on ransf asr alaton forhi
er et i i
s
com pl nt aboutK M CC t a Congr
ai s
o
essm an,t VD O C l pect G ener ,and ot V D OC
he
ns or
al
her

of i i l .
fca s
Soon a t rt I hea i pl i ifs oppe ea i e t rf a r lgi f t a pl i if
f e he CA
rng, a ntf t d tng, ihe or e i ous as , s a ntf

aleg , f ahunge srke,a dee nsalge.A Quaii M ent He t Pr esi l
l es or or
r ti s fnda t le
lted
al alh of sona
(û HPD or e t tpl ntf swei bemeaur o Febr r 6,2009,butpli ifrf e
tQM ' derd ha ai if
)
ght
s ed n
uay
antf eus d
al or
l derst be w ei
o
ghed.
By Febr y 9,2009,pl nt f had ref
uar
ai if
used t eatsevent cons i m eal and w as
o
een
ecutve
s

or r d t a s rp c l w hi h pl ntf c a m sw asr t la i f e r i i a r lgi f s , n
de e o ti el, c ai if l i
e a i ton or xe c s ng e i ous a t i
vi aton oft FistA m endm e and RLU I . Thatsam e day, Cox,H or Tuggl Br n,
ol i
he r
nt
PA 5
n,
e, ow

Chidrs ,W e W al,a O' nnes re pli ift t srp e l door Pli ifwhowa
l e s bb, lt nd Qui eotd antf o he ti el . antf,
s
w earng handcuf and l ions r us Cox' trs ordert sep on a s e t be w ei
i
fs
eg r , ef ed
si t
o t
cal o
ghed.

Pur uan t H or s s equen or r Tuggl he d pl i if s l f a m , o n he d hi r g a m ,
s to
n' ubs
t de ,
e l a ntf ' e l r Br w
l s i ht r

a W al a O' nnhedpli ifslgsa hesoodi fontoft s l Purua t Cox'
nd k nd Qui l antf e s t n r
he cae. s nt o
s
or r Chidr s s ood be nd pl i ifw ih t N OV A s e d.
de , l e s t
hi
a ntf t he
hi l B

Co t nor e Tuggl Br W al a O' nnt plc pl ntf ont s l t be
x he derd
e, owu, k, nd Qui o a, ai if he cae o
e
weg d.Pl ntt û xecs dg s rgh nott bef c dt beweg dbec us t r sno
ihe ai i' t rie hij i t o ore o
fe
ihe
a e hee'

( DOC polc orsat lwsorfderllwst tgi st m t rghtt weg ( mjont s l
Vj
iy t e a
e a a ha ve he he i o ih hi
he cae

5coxavc st tN e ryt d he t movepl nift t srp c l Ho n a r t tt QMHP or r dpl ntf
r ha wber ol r o
aitf o he ti el. r ve s ha he
de e ai if
moved t t s rp c l
o he t i el.
6A NO VA s el i a t l handhel s el ofPl xi ast pr e sa of i rf om ph i la t c a c
hi d s al,
d hi d
e gl hat ot ct n fce r
ysca ta k nd an
ad i s o a e ec r c s
m nit r n l toni hock t a pe s i c a twih t fon oft s el .
o
r on n ont c t he r t he hi d

orus f c f L s r us t c e t beweg '
e ore or hil ef al o ons nt o
ihed.'Coxa r t tpl ntf rssedby
ves ha ai if e it
ki ng att ofscersand pus ng hi s fof t doori fontoft scal w hen t oficer
cki
he f
hi
m el f he
n r
he
e
he f s

lfe hi up. Pl ntf de e ki ng a t o f c r a alege he m e el lfed hi l gs whi h
it d m
ai if ni s cki t he f i e s nd l s
r y it s e , c
w er bei hel by t o ofi
e ng d
w
f cers,t pr
o eventbei w ei
ng ghed.

Cox r pe t t or rt be w e ghe t d Chidr st putt N OV A s e d a i t
e a ed he de o
i d, ol
l es o
he
hi l ga ns
pl ntf sba a a hor ze Chidr s t us t N OV A s el i pl i i fs ilr f ed t be
ai if
ck, nd ut i d
l e s o e he
hi d f a ntf tl e us o
wei d 1 D es ie he r ng t w a ni a utt N OVA s el ,pl ntf aga n r it d t o de
ghe
hi d ai if i es s e he r r
p t a i he r ng bo he
.

by m ovi hi l gs a r f i t be w e g d. Chid e sus d t N OV A s el t s k
ng s e nd e us ng o
i he
l r s e he
hi d o hoc
pl i iff one s ond,a pl i ifs ilr us t go on t s l . Pl i i fs ysCox g ve a
a ntf or
ec
nd a ntf tl ef ed o
he ca e a ntf a
a
t r or rf pl ntf t be wei hed,pl i t f aga n r us t g ton t s al ,a Chidr s
hid de or ai i f o
g
a n if i ef ed o e
he c e nd
l es
aga n s ke pl ntf w ih t N OV A s e d f one s cond. Tuggl Br
i hoc d ai if t he
hi l or
e
e, own, a k,a
W l nd

O ' int ma dt ge pl ntf ont s l a i i t srpc l8
Qun hen nage o t ai if he cae nd nsde he ti e1.
Pl i i ft
a ntf houg t e l w asflhy, H or i pec ed i a de e m i d i w a c e n.
ht he e l
it but n ns t t nd t r ne t s l a 9
Pl i ifundr s e i t c l a s af di c r t cc hi n i i pl ntf ' unde w ea .
a ntf
e s d n he el, nd t f s ove ed oba o dde ns de ai i f s
r r

A n s me c l asese pl ntf o ehesrppe t nuredi notfnda ij y,a
ure dialy s s d ai if nc
ti d,he s d
i ny n ur nd
pl n i fdi no voi e a co pl i . Pl i ifw a t n g ve boxe s r st w e r a r m a ne
ai tf d t e ny m a nt a ntf s he i n
r ho t o a nd e i d
i t sr p c luntlM a c 2,2009.0
n he t i el i r h
1

?Coxac
knowldgest s di notcalN e
e
hat he d
l wbery f a ova t us fr .
r or ppr l o e o ce
8Pl niffld greva esa
aitf ie i nc boutt eeve s a Ga manconcudedt tpl n ifsac ain ofe e svef ce
hes
nt, nd r
l
ha aitf
cus to
xc s i or
was'ounde ' Howe ,pl ntf f ulsG am anf note ai nga l tm aer on why safnee d t m ove
k
f
d.'
ver ai if a t r
or
xpl ni
egii t eas
t f de o

plitft asrpc l,Plitf Eldmo egiv n e a dalg sta teQMHPddno i ve a yhn t d
anifo ti el an i e r re a c s n le e h th
f
i tE kl n t ig o o
ha
wih( an it b igplc di tesrpc l'
t plitf en ae n h ti el'
l
.

9pl i ifr pe t y des i t c lasiflhy' orE l a 'wihouta s cii i or ton e ptt tt e
a ntf e a edl crbes he el %it ' é e n' t
unc
ny pe fc nf ma i xce ha h
t ltdi notfus pr l a t c ls eld ofurn andf c . ( . Rep.n . - j5 .
oie d
l h opery nd he el m le
ie
e es Pls s (o 484) 8)
1
0
'
l tt i 1r cor s r l ctt t on Fe u y 9,2009,s a fga pl ntf hi pe s
ns iutona e d efe ha ,
br ar
t f ve ai i f s r onalpr ry by 4: p.m .a
ope t
00
nd
sopped ffe n- i t obse vatonsby 5: p. . Pl ntf r s e srp- el sat on Fe ua y 1 , 2009,wih
t
it e m nu e
r i
30 m ai if e um d t i c l t us
br r 3
t
ffe n m i e obs va i . Pl ntf sopped f s i a r ei a1 nor alprvie on Febr y 1 ,2009.
it e nut
er tons ai if t
a tng nd ec ved 1 m
i l ges
uar 4

M at
hena and Gar an deni pl ntf s s equentgrevances abouthow t cel'
m
ed ai if' ubs
i
he ls

unce nlne ss j ce hi tot posi lt ' c nta tngdie es Pl ntf algest t
la i s ub e td m t he sbiiy'of o rci s as . ai if le ha
t
M a hena a Ga m a f l d t pr r y i tga e t i s be
t
nd r n aie o ope l nvesi t he s ue yond w a c ng vi o f age
t hi
de oot
f om a pod cam er G ar an uphel t deci i t m ove pl nt f i o t sti cel becaus s af
r
a.
m
d he
son o
ai if nt he r p l
e t f
beleved pl ntf w ason a hunger sri w hi pl ntf chalengesas a ûf se and s ous'
i
ai if
t ke, ch ai if
l
tal
peci '
r ttm ade ori sued by t s iy s af t sel ort r cl cr es ort r f iy
epor û
s
he ecurt t f hem ves hei ose- oni
hei am l

m e be s ' Pl i i fa guest thi pl e e i a s rp ce lw a r t i t o f hi r lgi f s
m r .' a ntf r
ha s ac m nt n t i l s e ala i n or s e i ous a t
and t G ar an tshoul have known' t pl ng pl ntf i sri cel f m i i s
hat m
t
d
' hat aci
ai if n t p l or ssng event
een
m eal vi at VD O C polcy.
s ol ed
i

Pl i ifhad a s co l he r ng on Fe ua y 27,2009, i w hi h Cox
a ntf
e nd CA a i
br r
dur ng
c
ûdi es ed' pl ntf . Cox s d pl ntf w asa Ct cali at 'w ho i Cknow n t be
i sr pect ' ai i f
ai ai i f
kypi nm e'
sc
o
di r pec f .' Pl ntf beleves he i entted t dam ages f Cox' tdi r pect'
s es t ul' ai i f i
s il o
or
s û s es .'
I1.

A pat i e il t s
ry s ntted o ummayj
r udgme (ft pla ngs t dic r a dicl ur
nt C he e di ,he s ovey nd s os e
i
m at i s on f l and any af i t s
er al
ie,
fdavis how t t e i no genui i
hat her s
ne ssue ast any m at i f
o
eral act

a t tt movan i e ildt j
nd ha he
t s ntte o udgme a amatroflw. Fe R. v.P.56() Maeil
nt s te a ' d. Ci
'
c. tra
f e s a e t e ne es ar t es a ih t el m e sofa pa t s e us ofa t o Ande s v.
a t r hos e s y o t bls he e nt
r y' a e
c i n.
r on

Li rvLobbvsl ,477U. 242,248( 986) A ge neis ofmaeralfd e ssi,i
be t
nc.
S.
1 .
nui sue
t i a xit f n
vi w i t r cor a al r a ona e i e e s d a t r r m i a lghtm os f vor bl t t
e ng he e d nd l e s bl nf r nce r wn he ef o n i
t a a e o he
non- ovi part a r
m ng
y, easonabl f - ndercoul r ur a ver ctf t non- ovant J Th
e actfi
d et n
di or he
m
- e
i
.

m ovi pa t ha t bur n ofs i - ( ha i , n i ou t t d s rc c t- t tt r i
ng ry s he de
how ng k t s poi t ng t o he i t i t our ha he e s
t
a a e ofevi nce t s
n bs nce
de
o uppot t nonm o ng pa t sc e.' Cel ex Corp.v.C a r t 477
' he
t
vi
ry' as ' ot
t et,

U. 31 325( 98 .l t mova s ifest sbur n,t nt nonS. 7,
1 6) f he
nt atsi hi de he he
mova mus s tf t
nt t e orh

s cii ad i s bl f t t tde o t a e t e s e e ofa ge ne i s off c f t i l Fe
pe fc, m s i e ac s ha m nsr t he xi t nc
nui s ue a t or r a . d.

R. v.P.56c) Ceotx,477U. a 3 23.A pa t i e il t s
Ci
(, le
'
S. t 22ry s ntted o ummayj me i t
r udg nt f he
r or a a whol c d notl a a r tona ti r off tt fnd i f voroft non- ova .
ec d s
e oul
e d a i l re
ac o i n a
he
m
nt

W ila v. itn,952F. 820,8 ( h Ci.1 ) Conves y,s
lims Grfi
2d
23 4t r 991.
rel ummar j
y udgme i
nt s
i ppr pr a e i t e denc i s f c e tf a r a o bl f c - i rt r t n a ve di ti f vor
na o i t f he vi e s uf i i n or e s na e a t fnde o e ur
r c n a

oft no movi pa t Ande s n,477 U. a 248.
he n- ng ry.
ro
S. t

Eve i t ei nodiput a t t e de ir f t,s
n f her s
s e s o he vi nta y acs ummayj
r udgme i not
nt s
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te Al s 475 S. 2,
986)
lo
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adi tealy or l
pose ofcausi har .' W hilv, U. a 320- .Thes bjci
ng m '
le 475 S. l 21
u e tve

c ponen e
om
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l t
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econd chance.' W hil 475
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S.
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ecuriy.' Huds 503 U . at7.
t '
on,
S.

Ba e on pl i if s A m ende Com pl i ta t undi put d e de ,Cox a Chidr s
sd
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medi lne f pur esoft Ei t Ame me ) mmeditl beor plitf wa plce
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r
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1 The VDOC , de son t cons de t unau horze us oft s k s e d t be e es i i notde e mi tve of
2
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a i f he
a ni
cc a e i ht
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s r
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pli ifdi nots fra ij yfom t NOVA s el Se e. ,Colt v.Sc t 961F.
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Supp.1 1 6- 7( D. 1 ( tngnoco tt ina vi ain wheec r ci l
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nt
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r
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k, l e s Ale and Qui r ntted o lfed mm t ca e he d
e
exces ve for i vi aton oft Ei h Am endm ent
si
ce n ol i
he ght
.

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r
t na, s , wber y,a K e l a e e il d t qua i i d i m uniy f
r nd ly r ntte o
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l dl aii o ope l r i upe vi e, nves i t , olow
i y, nd a
di ci i y acton f Cox and H or salegedl unpr es onalbehavi and abuse
s plnar
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y
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or
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nm es.
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ai i f
es m n, hena,Ki er,N ew ber y,and K ely off lng t pr l
s
r
l
aii o oper y

tan,s r s i tga e f l polc a t dici i r a ton f Cox a Hor s
r i upe vie, nvesi t , olow
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lge y
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he

i aeswho m a ha be n a l dl a e by Co and Ho n. Se Ltin v.De e r of
nm t
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x
r
e la
f nde s

W idlf 5 U. 555,5 61(99 ( di t tsandi rquie ij y,c ai a
l ie, 04 S.
60- 1 2) hol ng ha t ng e rs n ur aus ton, nd
rdr sa lt ;M as lv.Mea
e e sbiiyl rhal
dows l F. 904, ( hCi.1
, 05 3d
906 4t r 997)(ame .
s )
Supevior la lt unde j 1 ma notbeprdiae ont t or ofr s
r s y ibiiy
r 983 y
e c td he he y eponde t
a

s ror M onelv. p' ofSoc.Sevs, U. 658,663n. ( 978) di 1 r uie a
upei .
l De t
, r .436 S.
7 1 .Se on 983 eq rs
s w i ofpe s lf ul on t pa tofa de e nteihe ba e on t def nda ' per ona
ho ng
r ona a t he r
f nda t r s d
he e nt s s l
c
onduc o a her s c
t r not ' onduc i e cu i oft de e nts polc es orc t s See Fi he v.
t n xe ton he f nda ' i i
us om .
s r

W a hi onM er ia Ar aTrnstAut .690F. 11 11 43( hCi.1 ,
s nzt
topoltn e a i hor,
2d 33, 42- 4t r 982)
a ogae onohe g oundsbyCnt ofRi ri y. ç ughln,500U. 44( 991 (i ng
br td t r r
y. vesde M La i
S. 1 ) tndi
t tj1 r uiesas ngofpe s lful o t pa tofadee nteiherba e ont
ha 983 eq r howi
rona a t n he r
fnda t
s d he
de e nt spe s
f nda ' r onalco
nduc ora he ' c
t not r s onduc i e uton oft de e nt spolc esor
t n xec i
he f nda '
ii

c t )
usoms.
Pl i if doe notdes i how Co a H o n a l ge y a e pl i ifbe nd usng t
a ntf
s
erbe
x nd r le dl bus d a ntf yo
i he
N OV A s e d,a pl i if s c a m a
hi l nd a ntf ' l i boutt N OV A s e d m us f i bec us Cox a H o n di
he
hi l
t al a e
nd r d
notus e s i f ce i vi a i oft Ei h A m endm e . Fur he m or , pl i ifdoe not
e xce s ve or n ol ton he ght
nt
t r e a ntf
s
pres any evi
ent
dence t G ar an,M a he Ki er,N ew ber y, orK ely knew of, der or
hat m
t na, s
r
l
or ed,

c
ondoned H o n a Cox' us oft N OV A s el Pl i ifdoesnotr f e Cox' a r e t
r nd
s e he
hi d. a ntf
e ut
s ve m n

t s di no i or N e be r o ot rs r o st s w oul us t N O V A s e d. Se
hat he d t nf m
w r y r he upe i r hat he
d e he
hi l
e

CivofCa onv.Ha rs 48 U. 378 38889(
t
nt
ri, 9 S. , - 2002)( di t ta a tonabl jl 3
hol ng ha n ci e 98
i qua oftai ng cl m oc ur onl whe t f iur t ta n a ount t de i r t
nade cy r ni
ai
c s y
n he a l e o r i m
s o lbe a e

i fee et t rght ofperonswihwhom t pe s
ndifrnc o he i s
s
t
he ronnelc i ocontc) Pl nifdoes
ome nt
a t. aitf
notetbls d pe ii tai ng dei e e a eihe ()t ti de tl tane e oye s
sa ih l ctc r ni fcincis nd t r 1 ha na quaey ri d mpl e
s
e ge i apatr ofunc tt i c
nga d n ten
onsiutonal onduc,o ( t tavi ai ofaf r rghti a
t r 2) ha olton
edeal i s
G g y pr di t bl cons quenc of a f iur t e ui l w e or e e of i r w ih s cii t ol
hi hl e c a e
e
e
a l e o q p a nf c m nt fce s t pe fc o s

t ha er uri st tons''Hilv.Ro s n Cny.733F.Supp.2d676,68 ( D. C.
o ndl ec rng iuai a' l
be o t ,
7 E. N.
201 (ii Bd.Oft Cnt Comm 'sv. own,5 U. 397,407( 997) Pl ntf as fis
0) ctng
he v.
r Br
20 S.
1 ). ai if lo al
t des r be Cox' orH or s pa t r ofunc tt i
o ci
s
n' te n
ons iutonalc uc . Se M e v. iv a Cnt of
ond t e as C t nd
y.

Sa Fr ncso,681F.Supp. 11 11 ( D.Ca. 0)( i t ta a tona ej1
n a ic
2d 28, 42 N. l201 notng ha n ci bl 983
fiur t dici i cl m i notpr rf asngl i i ntofunc tt i lc
al e o s plne ai s
ope or i e ncde
onsiutona onducl Se on
t; xt
v. nt Cnt De.Ct.702F.Supp.2d78 2010W L 1
Ke on v. t r,
4,
050058( D.Ky. 0 (a )
E.
201 ) sme .
Cox' a l ged çdi r pec a s doe nots a e a c tt i
s le
û s es f' l o s
t t ons iutonalc a m . Se e R. Coli v.Cund
li
e, . , lns
v,

603F. 825,827(1 hCi.1 ,ctdf r bl i M oodyv.Gr ,885F. 865(t Ci.
2d
0t r 979) ie avo a y n
ove
2d
4h r

l 9)(a e ( publs d)(ttngasage r r et tmeevebala eofi t byguads
98 tbl) un ihe sai
nealul ha r r bus nmaes
r
doesnotsaeac tt i cli .Ac or ngl Gama M ahe ,Kie , wber a
tt onsiutonal am) c di y, r n, t na s r Ne ry, nd
K e l a e e il d t qualf e i m uniy f t scl i .
ly r ntte o
ii d m
t or hi a m
4. Ga m a M a hena K i e , as ,K e l Cox,Ha fel a Hor ar e il d t
r n, t
, s r V s ly,
t i d, nd
n e ntte o
qualfe i m uniy f a l gedl vi atng t Fouree h Am e
iid m
t or le y ol i he
t nt
ndm e .
nt
Pl ntf accuses G ar an,M at
ai if
m
hena,K i V ass, K e l Cox,Ha fel a Hor of
ser,
ly,
t i d, nd
n
vi atng t Fourt h A m endm entby i ui f s , i
ol i he
eent
ss ng ale naccur e,and s ousdi plnar
at
peci
sci i y

r
eport f lng t i tgat and conductl hearngs;pl ng pl ntf i a srp cel and
s; aii o nves i e
CA
i
aci
ai if n t i l

s gr ga i ,a r yi o prordici i r c r st ta f pl ntf t adicplna y
e e ton' nd el ng n i s plna y ha ge o r nser ai if o s i i r
i tt i Pl i ifm us pr t ta def ntde i d hi ofa l gii a e lbe ' orpr t
ns iuton. a ntf
t ove ha
enda
pr ve m
e tm t i l y
t
opery
i er t s at a vi aton ofproceduraldue pr
nt est o t e
ol i
ocess. See Bd.ofRecent of St e Cols.v.1 h,
s
at
l
10t

408U. 564,5 (1 2)
S.
70 97 .Thus t frtse t a yz apr durlduepr s cl m i t
,he is tp o nal e oce a
oce s ai s o
i ntf w he hert a l ged de i ton i c sa pr t c e i t r t Se Be r iv.Sm ih,l
de iy
t he le
pr va i mpa t
o e t d n e es . e ve at
t 20

F.d 50 5 ( hCi.l ; alet v.Ari onCnt Emplve 'Supplment Re.Sys 1,
3 0, 02 4t r 997) M lte
lnct
y.
o es
e al t .I
91F. 630,634 (t Ci.1 .
3d
4h r 996)
Pl i ifdoesnotha a cons iutonaly pr ec e r ghtt be hous d i a pa tc a
a ntf
ve
tt i l ot t d i o
e n ny ri ul r

prs dg ha i aprs rsl to vaitonsofdal r i ,cha i c tonsof
ion. icj nges n ione ' ocain, rai
iy outne nges n ondii
c i me (ncl nga nitai s r ton) a t denilofprvieges...kr)matr
onfne nt i udi dmi srtve egegai , nd he a
il
ae tes
whihe r prs rc nan ii t ' Gat v. vl ,946F. 340,343( hCi.1 ) Se
c vey ione a tcpae. son Ta or
'
2d
4t r 991 . e
Luke Scot 71F. 1 1 94( t Ci.1 ( i t tt efctofacasiiai
av. t,
3d 92, 93- 5h r 995) notng ha he fe
l sfc ton
r dud i on t a lt t e r good-i e c edis i t s ul tve t cons iut a de i ton of
e
on
he biiy o a n
tm r t s oo pec a i o
tt e
prva i

apr e e lberyi ees) antf doe notdesrbet aypiala sgnika hads p'i
otctd i t ntr t.Pli if s
c i t t c nd i t nt r hi 'n
an
r aton t t or nar i dent ofpr s lf . W i ns v. tn, U. 209, ( 05 .
el i o he di y nci s
i on ie
l on Ausi 545 S. 224 20 )
ki

Pl ntf r ei d num e ous1 hea i s w he e sm pl non- s r tona y c c a i nsw e e
ai if ec ve
r
CA
rng
r i e,
di c e i r al ul to
r
m a t tqua t te pl i i fa a hi he - i k i a e w ho ne d t be a a m or s c e f c lt
de ha
n ii d a ntf s g r rs nm t
ede o
t
e e ur a iiy

.

Fur he m or ,H a t e d' a fda tde onsr t s t tprs of i a sr vi w e e de a
t r e ti l s f i vi m t a e ha i on fei l e e d vi nce nd

de em i d t tpl ntf wa adie tt e t t s f t ofKM CC sa fa t thes d be
tr ne ha ai if s r c hr at o he a e y
t f nd ha
houl
pl e i s gr t on a t a f r ed t a c r d i
a ed n e ega i nd r ns e r o or e onalf c lt t tm a e d hi s u iy l ve .
a iiy ha t he s ec r t e l
A c or ngl pl i iff l t i iy any pr t c e i e es o t esabls t tGa m a ,
c di y, a ntf ais o dentf
o e t d nt r t r o t i h ha r n
M at
hena,K i V ass,K ely, Cox,H at el and H or vi at t Fourt h Am endm e , and
ser,
l
fi d,
n ol ed he
eent
nt
t ar entted t qualf ed i m uniy f t scl m .
hey e il o
ii m
t or hi ai

Ga m a M a he ,Kie ,Va s Kely,Cox, til a Hor a ee il d t
r n, t na s r s , l
Ha fe d, nd
n r ntte o
quaii i u t f al ged y vi a i t Fis Ame
lfed mm niy or le l oltng he r t
ndmen .
t
Pl i ifa us s G a m an,M a he ,K i e ,V a s K e l Cox, a fe d,a H or of
a ntf cc e
r
t na s r s , ly,
H t i l nd
n
r t la i ag i tpl ntf f f lng c pl i s gr e nce ,a l t e s l a e c a m sof
e a i tng a ns ai if or ii om a nt , i va s nd e t r . nm t s' l i

rtlai aege r lyte edwihs ptcs bec us trl r a tofdici i byprs n
eaiton r ne al rat t ke iim a e teve y c
s plne
io
ofi i si by defnii ûe ai t r i t s ns t ti r pondst prs rm ic
fcal s
i ton r t la o y' n he e e ha t es
o ione s onduc .'
t'

Coc a v.M ori,73F. 1 0,131 ( hCi.1 (ii Ada v.Ri ,40F. 72,7
hrn
rs
3d 31
7 4t r 996) ctng ms
ce
3d
4
( h Ci.l ) '0 s e onaj 1 rtlai cli pl ntf mus algef css fcen
4t r 994).l ucc ed
983 eaiton am, ai if t le a t ufii t
t de ons r t t tt ale d r t i t y a tû ast ke i r pons t t e r i e o a
o m ta e ha he l ge e ala or c '
w a n n es
e o he xe c s f
co tt i ly pr e t d r g ort tt a tis fvi a ed s h a r g . Ada s 40 F. d a 75.
ns iutona l ot c e i ht ha he c t el ol t uc
i ht'
'
m ,
3 t

Pl ntf mus pr e s cii e de ei sabls i t tbutf t r t it ymoi t
ai if t esnt pe fc vi nc û t ihgngl ha
e
or he ealaor tve,he
co ane ofi i nt... dnotha oc ure ' W oodsv.Smih,60F. 11 11 (t
mpli d ncde
woul
ve c r d.'
t
3d 61, 66 5h
Ci.1 .Pl ntf mus as de
r 995) ai if t lo monsrt t thes frd s a rei c ora t l
tae ha
ufee ome dves mpa t cua

ij y.ACLU ofM d.I v.W iomio Count M d.999F. 780,785( t Ci.1 93 .
nur
.nc.
c c
y, ,
2d
4h r 9 )
Pl i if s c us y a l tons ofr t i ton a e i uf i e t es a ih a a tona e
a ntf oncl or lega i
e ala i r ns fci nt o t bls n c i bl
r a i ton c a m . A da s 40 F. d a 74.Pl i i fdo notha a c tt i lr g t a e s
et la i l i
m ,
3 t
a ntf es
ve ons iutona i ht o ec s

t VDOC gre ncepr e esorl tt i Omb ma Se i a 70(i ngi tsd
he
iva
oc dur
nsiutonal uds n. e d. t fndi nmae o
no ha ac tt i lrghtt a es greva epr durs .Pl ntf as fist de ci a
t ve onsiutona i o cc s i nc oce e ) ai if lo al o srbe
ca alcon c i be w e n s ndi num e ous gre nc s a l te s a t e def nda s
us
ne ton t e e ng
r
i va e nd e t r nd hes
e nt '
rs
e pons st pl i if s di obedi nce f tng,org i va e . Pl i i fm er l r le on t f c
e o a ntf
s
e , as i
r e nc s a ntf
e y e i s he a t
t c r a n e nt f l ed c r a n ot reve s a he doe notes a ih a r t la or m otve.
hat e t i ve s olow
e t i he
nt , nd
s
t bls ny e a i t y
i

M or rpl ntf doe notde ci a adves i c o a t lij y.Acc di y,Gama
eove, ai if s
s rbe n
re mpa t r cua nur
or ngl r n,

M a he ,K i e , a s K e l Cox, a fe d,a H o n a e e il d t qualf e i m uniy f t s
t na s r V s , ly,
H ti l nd r r ntte o
ii d m
t or hi
cl m .
ai

Cox,Hor Tuggl Br
n,
e, own,W e W ak, l e s Ale a O' nnaee ild
bb, l Chidrs , ln, nd Qui r ntte
t qualfed i m uniy f alegedl bei delber el i f entand f lng t
o
ii m
t or l
y ng i at y ndifer
aii o
pr ectpl ntt .
ot
ai if

Pli ifa c esCox,Hor Tuggl,Br
antf c us
n,
e own,W e W ak,Chid e s Ale a O' nn
bb, l
lr s , ln, nd Qui
ofbei de i r t l i f e e a f ii t pr ec pl i if fom Chidr s 'us oft N OV A
ng lbe a e y ndi f r nt nd a lng o ot t a ntf r
l e s e he
s el 1ha ale de e m i t tt N O VA s e d di notc tt e e s i f c i
hi d.
ve r ady t r ned ha he
hi l d
ons iut xce sve or e n
vi aton oft Ei h A m endm ent Consequenty,t e oft scoul nothave been aw ar of
ol i
he ght
.
l hes icer
d
e
a consiutonalvi aton occur ng i t rpr
tt i
ol i
ri n hei esence. See Far erv.Br
m
ennan,511 U . 825,838
S.

( 994)( i t taf l et pr tc cli rquiesasaea t t havebe npe s lya r
1
notng ha aiur o oe t am e r tt cor o
e ronal wae
off si ca i a subs antalr s of s i harm ,and t ofi alm us have act l
act ndi tng
t i ik
er ous
he tci
t
ualy

r ogni dt e se ofs h ars ;W ilsv.Oake ,493F.Supp.2d776,784( . Va
ec ze he xitnce uc ikl li
s
W D. .
2007)( di t tplitf mus pr avi ain ofac tt i rghta aprr st t
hol ng ha anif t ove olto
onsiutonal i s eequiie o
esa ihi bysa rla lt .Acc di y,lon,Tuggl Br wn,W e W al Chides,
tbls ng tnde ibiiy)
or ngl - r
l
e, o
bb, k, lr s
Ale a O' nnaee ildt quaii i niyf camsoffiur t pr ec a
ln, nd Qui r ntte o lfed mmu t or li
al e o ot t nd
de i r t i f e e t t us oft N O VA s e d.
lbe a e ndif r nce o he e he
hi l

Cox,Hor Tug e, own,W e W ak,Chidrs , ln, O' nnaee ild
n, gl Br
bb, l
l e s Ale and Qui r ntte
t qua ii d i m uniy f a l dl f lng t c e n t s rp c lor g ve pl ntf
o lf e m
t or lege y aii o l a he ti el
i
ai if
cl ng s i on Febr y 9,2009.
eani upples
uar
Pl i ifa us s Cox, or Tuggl Br n,W e W al Chidr s Al a O' nn
a ntf cc e
H n,
e, ow
bb, k, l es , l nd Qui
en,
ofcausi hi t be i cer ed i a ûflhy' and ûuncl 'cel . t-he Cons iu i d snot
ng m o
ncar at n ûit '
t ean' l i l
tt ton oe

m a t c f t bl pr s ns butne t r d i pe m i i
nda e om or a e i o ,
ihe oes t r t nhum a ones' Far er,511 U . at
ne
.'
m
S.
832. An i at alegi an uneons iutonaleondii ofcont
nm e l ng
tt i
ton
inem entm us des be an
t eri

o j ci l s ro sd p i aino abai h ma n e a dh w ap io o fca s be t ey
be t y ei u e rv to f sc u n e d n o
ve
rs n fiil u j ci l
v
kne ofa di r r t i
w
nd s ega ded he nhum a na ur oft c i m e . l a 837.
ne t e he onf ne nt d. t

Pl ntf fist des i a ob e tvey sro ha m orade i tonofami mal
ai if al o crbe n j ci l eius r
prvai
ni
nec siyofci lz lf.Pl ntf us sa j tv lkekit ' ndt lan't de ci t
e st
viied ie ai if e decies i ' lhy'a é e 'o s rbe he
f
unc
cel' cl i ,butl sand concl i are i ufi entt st e a cl m . Bel At .Com .v.
l s eanlness
abel
us ons
ns tci o at
ai
l l

Twombl 550U. 5 555( ) Pli ifdoe no ale t thes fr da ij yfom
v,
S. 44, 2007 . antf s t lge ha ufee ny nur r
bei i t s rp ce l l t d,pl i ifc pl i d oft m e e pos i lt of c r tng va i
ng n he t i l. ns ea
a ntf- om a ne
he r
s biiy
ontac i
r ous
il s s whi h i an i uf i i ntbas s f Ei h A m e
lnes e , c s ns f c e
i or ght
ndm e la lt See St i kl rv. a e s
nt i biiy.
rc e W t r ,

989F. l l 1( h Ci.1 (ûfaprs rha nots frd srousorsgnii a
2d 375, 38 4t r 993) d
l ione s ufee e i
i tc nt
physc lormena ij yasar s toft c lnge c tons hesmpl ha notbe n
ia
tl n ur
e ul he hale d ondii , i y s
e

s b e tdt cu la du us l u s me twihnt me nn o t r g t Ame d n.)
u j ce o r e n n ua p nih n ti he a ig f he Eihh) n me t'.
D
W hie t Cons iu i n pr ec spr s r f om c ue a unus llvi c t o ,a i a e i
l he
tt t o ot t i one s r
r l nd
ua i ng ondii ns n nm t s
no e il t r i be us he hasbee e
t ntted o elef ca e
n xpos d t uncom f t bl r s r c i ori onve en
e o
or a e, e ti tve, nc
ni t
eondii ofeonfnem ent lke a poory- ushi t t torunpl
tons
i
,i
l ft ng oie
easants els. See H enders v.
m l
on

Vigi a 2007U. Dit LEXI 70207,a * 2007W L 2781 a *7( . Va.Se .21
r ni,
S. s.
S
t 26,
722, t W D.
pt ,

2007 (
) unpubls d) Rat ,ûgq t e e ta s c tonsa er titveo eve has
ihe . her ûto he xtnt h t uch ondii r esrci r n rh,
t y a e pa toft pe t t tG i i lof e r pa f <t i of e esaga ns s oi t .''
he r r
he naty ha m na f nde s y o he r f ns
i t o ey

Rhod s.Cha n,45 U. 33 3 (1 1 .
çs ' pma 2 S. 7, 47 98 )
Pl i ifal o f ist des i t e def nda s delbe a e i f e e e. Pl i ifdo not
a ntf s a l o crbe hes
e nt ' i r t ndi f r nc
a ntf es

conr r Hor ss j ci beift tt c lwa cea ors t ta oft s de e nt
tove t n' ub e tve le ha he el s l n how ha ny he e f nda s
s w t S it ' ha ca ed t ce lt be unc tt t o ly i
a he t lh' t t us he l o
f
ons iu i na l nhum a A lhough pl i if
ne. t
a ntf
e pl i t the di notha i m e a e phys e a e st s p, t hpas e,and ot
om a ns ha
d
ve m di t ,
i al ec s o oa oot t
he:
i i nt s i i t s r p c l he doesnote ai how s a fa ol el de i d hi oft
nc de al ns de he t i el,
xpl n
t f bs ut y prve m
he

mi m a ne s ii sofc viied lf . Se .e. ,lho s 45 U . 347.Ac di y,Co Hor
ni l ce ste
i lz ie e c. t de , 2 S.
cor ngl
x, n,

Tuggl Br
e, own, e W ak,Chidr s Alen,a O' nnaeenttedt quaiidi
W bb, l
l es , l nd Qui r il o lfe mmuniy
t
f t s cl r
or hi ain.

J
ohns a J be a e e il d t qua i i d i m uniy f a l dl vi a i t Fi s
on nd a r ntte o lfe m
t or lege y ol tng he r t
Am e
ndm e w ih t i polc a tr lgi f s s
nt t he r i y bou e i ous a t .

Pl ntf a cus J
ai if c es ohns a J be ofvi a i t Fis Am e
on nd a
oltng he rt
ndme by f ii t pr de
nt a lng o ovi
a opri e ser ces opport tes,orr
ppr at vi ,
unii
easonabl ass s ance t a1 l tm at and accept
e it
o l egii e
ed

r i ousgr upsw he e
elgi
o
n hoosng t f s i a eor nc w ih t rr pec i r i ousbelef .
i o a t n c da e t hei es tve elgi
i s
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