Whitebey v. Helton et al

Filing 40

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 12/15/2011. (tvt)

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M EM O R AN D U M O PI I N
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R. S
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By: G l n E.C onr
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J fr y E.W hie y,a Vigi a i ae pr e ng pr y , fl d t s c vi r g s ac i
e fe
t be
r ni nm t oce di
o q ie hi i l i ht ton
-

pu s nt t 42 U. C. j1
rua o
S.
983, alegng t t t defnda polce ofi r 1 vi ltd hi
l i ha he e nt i
tces o ae s
c tt i lrgh swhe t y so d hi f a ta fcvi a i purue a a r se hi ,a
onsiutona i t
n he t ppe m or r fi olton, s d nd r e t d m nd
booke hi f vmi us c ge .2 H e a1 o a l ge t tt us d e s i f c w hie a r tng
d m or
o har s
s le s ha hey e xce s ve or e
l r es i

hi . He s e m one a y da a . Afe ca e ulr viw oft pa te 's
m
e ks
t r m ges
tr r f e e
he ri s ubmi so ,t cour
s i ns he
t

c n ld st td fn a t'moi n f rsl r j d me tmus b ga td o te g o n o
o cu e ha e e d n s to o v
mma y u g n
t e r ne n h r u d f
qualt e i m uniy.
ii d m
t
1 Bac ound
.
kgr
A . Pl nt f alegat ons
ai i rs l i

On M a c 1 2009,W hie y w asdrvi a f i nd' ca i a r s de i a e A she
r h 2,
t be
i ng re s r n e i ntal r a.
c
mne up t a s o s gn,he s w a sl r gr y f o tp i
a
ive - a our doorc sti a r st s r e f om t s op
ar itng c os he t e t r he t

sgn. Tha c rt n pule besdeW hie y' ve c ea ç a d hi polc lght on.'
i
t a he
ld i
t be s hil nd û ce s i e i s '
pl
Def nda Sa r c
e nt rge amet t drve ' wi
o he i r s ndow a as d W hiebe E you know how f tyou
nd ke
t y, û
DO
as
1 W hiebey namesasdef
t
endant R . A. are ay l esr e n fr h Ro n k Ci P l e
s
S rg , oi eg a t o te a o e t oi
c
y c
Depa t ,a C.Aar H elon,who wasaRoanoke Cly polceofi a t tme oft aleged
rment nd
on t
t
i fcer t he i
he l
vi atons Helon i now em pl
ol i . t s
oyed asaUnied St esM arhali W a ngt D .
t at
s n shi on, C.
Uli a el W hiebey pl
tm t y, t
eaded guit t a mi
ly o
sdem e
anorc ge ofe ng polce,i e nge
har
vadi
i n xcha
f di m is ofot char .
or s s al
her ges

w e e g ng? ' W hie y s d t the w asgoi t s d lm i. Sa r t n as d f
r oi '
t be ai ha
ng he pee i t r ge he ke or
W hie y' d i r s lc ns a r s r ton. W hie y pr
t be s r ve ' i e e nd egit a i
t be oduc hi na i
ed s tonali ntf c to c r
de ii a i n a d
a s
nd uppo tng doc e a i butc d notfnd t r i t a i s nc i w asnothi ca . The
ri
um nt ton,
oul
i he eg s r ton, i e t
s r
of i era ke a n f a d i r slc ns a W hie y e a ned t the di notha a lc ns ,
fc s d gai or r ve ' i e e, nd
t be xpl i
ha
d
ve i e e
butt tt pa r or he ha pr
ha he pe w k
d oduce s ul pr t the ha be n g a ed a rghtt t a lo
d ho d ove ha
d e r nt
i o r ve n
t r dway. Sa r w e t hi c ra t n r t ne t W hie
he oa
r ge nt o s a nd he e ur d o
t bey' w i
s ndow ,s a i C V
t tng: t
DM
i
nut ' r ge nt o s hi l e nd i o
doesnotha you r s e ed. W a ta m i e.' Sa r w e t hi ve c e a s co tm e f r
ve
egit r 3
a tf m i e . Shorl t r fer a bl k- nd- t c rm a ke :K - 'pule up be nd
bou our nut s
ty he ea t , ac a whie a
r d $ 9' l d
hi

W hie y' ca .Deenda Hetn ( t t dW hie yt se outoft ca.l ta
tbe s r f nt lo Helon) ol
tbe o tp
he r nse d,
W hie y dr away,a t of i e sgoti t i ca s a c e hi .
t be ove
nd he f c r
n he r r nd has d m
The c s e
ha e nded a a a rm e tc pl x l st a m ie f om t s ne oft tafi
t n pa t n om e es han
l r he ce
he r fc

sop.W hie ygotoutofhi c ra ta wheea ut( c r a d oppe hi phonea
t
tbe
s a nd s n, r bo 8) a s way r d s
r
nd

tr e ao n a d (a Het n nmn n t c thu wih (i .( htb y sae , 1gv u .
u n d r u d n sw lo l i g o ac p t hmj W ie e l ttd 6 ie p'
( t sae wihgundr wn, ntnga ( hie yl 1yfcedownont gr '
Helon) ttd, t
a poi i t W tbe ,a a
he ound.'
W hie y d ai on t gr
t be t d
l
he ound, a Helon puthi kne i W hie
' nd t
'
s en
t bey' l w e ba k a
s o r c nd

s d,$( utyouramsbe ndyou. Afe heputaha uf onW hie y' rg m it Het
ai 1P1
r
hi
' tr
'
ndc f
tbe s iht s, lon
s d,tg i meyourl ta '
ai tq ve
ef nn.
'

W htb ys i t ' amao h a'p te t n ha easa o my c eta dj s h da
ie e ad,t m
l
j r e l ain a d v c r n
t
h s n ut a
ne kbrcermove ,s bec r ulwihme Im tyngt ge myam outfom unde me,
c a e
dg o) aef t , ' r i o t r
r
r l
c n' g m y ar outbe us yourknee i i m y bac '
a t et
m
ca e
sn
k.
'

3 W hiebey as erst m ont bef et tafi sop, hehad gi t DM V i Roa
t
s t hat
hs or he r fc t
ven he
n nokehi
s
na i i ntfca i r ds,whih t copi and a polce leut ntha t d hi t cary hi
tonal de ii ton ecor
c hey
ed,
i i ena
d ol m o r s
r dswih hi whih hedi
ecor
t m, c
d.

Helons i çg hutup,' ndhi W hie yove t rghte wihhi pe rs a c n,
t ad,tsl
'a t tbe r he i ye t s ppe pr y a
syi tlli meyouram. Het t n s a pe rs a t e tmesi W hie y'
a ng,dfjve
r ' lon he pryed ppe pry hr e i n tbe s
'
m ou h a e .
t nd yes

W hie t trg kiki s ti a s ldl çI c tbr t whydot tIt d
tbey t a ted) c ng, pitng, nd ai , () an' eahe,
s
ha ol

y u I samao h a t te t'
o wa
j r e r pain .'
'
Helon pule W hie y ont hi s de gr bbe hi l f a m ,a ha uf ed hi . A n
t
ld
t be
o s i , a d s e t r nd ndc f
m
n b a e a rve a is a t nda st e t d W hie y' e . The polc of i er t n
m ul nc r i d, nd t te nt r a e
t be s yes
i e fc s he

ta s o tdW htb yt t s rf so fc /alwh r an rete tdhi e e a an.Hewa
r n p re
ie e o he heif fiej i, ee u s r ae s y s g i
s
u a l t s ef rh l a h u a trb igs r y d.Attej i, htb yc mpli e t a h wa
n b e o e o af n o r fe en p a e
h al W ie e o an d h t e s
a he r pa i nta f tlg he de a as t be t ke t a hos t l buthe w asnott ke a
a t te nd el i ht a d nd ked o a n o
pia ,
a n t
t ttm e. A m a s r t i s tcke sa de e bond. W he s r f s s a fw a ed t t hi
ha i
gi ta e s ued i t nd ni d
n he if t f nt o ake s
tnge prnt , hi bey s d, 1 ne d t go t t hos t l t tnger i sca w a t m y he t i
i r i sW e
ai çI e o
o he pia , he i prnt n i,
alh s

mor i tnt lm notgoi nowheel'A de t t dW hie y,ûg ouc n set nure
e mpora , '
ng
r'
puy ol
tbe tYl a e he s
a tryo gveupyourfngeprnt.'W hie y si ûg-hos a emybit i t,ae
fe u i
i r i s'
tbe ad,t-j e r
l
rhrghs r
una i na e I m notgi ng up t m .'
le bl , '
vi
he '

Thedeput plc W hie i ahol ngc l,s yi (g ntlyou gi upyour
y a ed tbey n
di el a ng,tul i
ve
fng prnt youc n (i)s et nurel'Si ho sltr t de y ake W hie y,ç eyou
i er i s
a sc e he s ' x ur ae ,he put s d tbe k
Ar
r ady t gi up yourfnge prnt ?' A fe W hie y c ple w ih t s pr ed e a nur e
e
o ve
i r i s ' tr
t be om i d t hi oc ur ,
s
exa i d hi ,f
m ne m ound t thi bl pr s e w a e r m e y hi h,a t d de i t he
ha s ood es ur s xte l g nd ol putes hat

s dgot ahos tlrghta y.Anhourltr(e nhour a t t ar t,de ist
houl o
pia i wa
ae s ve
s fer he res) pute ook

pitr so W h tb y sij re a dta s re hm t teho ptl
cu e f ie e ' nu is n rn po td i o h s ia.
Em e ge r
r ncy oom s a ft and t t W hie y' bl a ( ound t pe r s a i
t f ook
esed
t be s ood nd d
f
he ppe pr y n
i. W hiebe w a a it t t hos t la r m a ned t r f t o a a ha fda f m or
t'
'
t y s dm ted o he pia nd e i
he e or w nd
l ys or e

t s s.D od or di s ge y t c ck t s a us ofa s e t thad be n pl ce i W hie y' hea t
et
s d ur r o he he t t
t nt ha
e a dn
t be s r
t o wee ea le . H os t s af a l ge y t d W hie y t the ha s f r d a m id he r a t c
w
ks ri r
pial t f le dl ol
t be ha
d uf e e
l a t ta k

S u )t wh th dh p nkdwhe t e ot rp p e s ry dme'
ç e o a a a pe e
dl
nh) f
ke e p r p a e .
'
Af e t si i t sat a hortesbr
t r hi nc den , t e ut ii oughtt f l w i c i i c r s a i t
he olo ng rm nal ha ge ga ns

W hie y:()s di ,( drvi wihoutalc ns '( pos e so wihitntt diti e
tbe 1 pee ng' 2) i ng t
ie e 3) s sin t ne o srbut
,
maiua ;a ( eudi polc W hie ypl de guit t amide anorc r ofeudi
rj na nd 4) l ng ie. tbe ea d ly o s me
ha ge l ng
polc and pur uan t a pl a ag e m e , he o he cha ge wer nole pr s d. Fort o
i e,
s to
e r e nt t t r r s e l os e
he ne
c c i t Gene a D it i Cour f Roa
onvi ton, he
r l s rct
t or noke Ciy s nt nc W hie y t s r sx m o hs
t e e ed
t be o e ve i
nt

i ionm e ,wih fvem ont s pe d.
mprs
nt t i
hs us nde
B. D ef
endant Evi
s' dence

I s p o t f h i moinf rs mmayj d me t d fn a t o fras me a dfee t
n u p r o t er to o u r u g n , ee d ns fe o wh t ifrn
rh 2
ve son ofe t ,a de a l d i t of i e s'a fdavis. On M a c 1 ,2009,Sgt R . .Sa r
ri
ven s s t ie n he fc r f i t 4
.
A r ge
w a s a i ned i hi pa r c ri a Roa
s t to
n s t ol a n
noke pa ki 1 whe he s w a s l rChr l rt a lng
r ng ot n
a
ive
ys e r ve i
a a hi h r t ofs ed a ong a s c i ofCour l nd Roa w he e t s e lm i i 25 m iespe
t g a e pe l
e ton
ta
d
r he pe d i t s
l
r
hour Esi a i t tt Chr l r wasgoi a ut45 m ie pe hour Sa r a tva e hi
. tm tng ha he ys e
ng bo
ls r
, r ge c i t d s
RAD AR uni,w hi h ca c a e t Chr l r ss e a 37 m ie pe hotrast ve c e was
t
c l ul t d he ys e ' pe d t
ls r l
he hi l
s owi dow n t s op ata s op s gn.5 Sar ge dec de t pul t Chr l rove t add e st
l ng
o t
t i
i d o l he ys e
r o r s he
r
i s ofs di i a r i nta a e pule hi ow n c ral i t ot rc a i w a
s ue pee ng n es de i l r a, l d s
a ongs de he he ar s t s
s oppe a t s op sgn,a w a ke up t t d i r sw i w .
t
d t he t i
nd l d
o he r ve ' ndo

4 D e endant Sa ge a Helon, al wih Lt Clngenpeeloft RoanokeCiy Polceand
f
s rr nd t
ong t . i
he
t
i
Bary Ki er a Fiefght and Emer y M edi Techni an who teat W hie on M ar l2,
r nc , r i er
genc
cal
ci
r ed
t bey
ch

20 ,fld afd visi s pp t t mo in frs
09 ie fia t n u or of he to o umma yj gme t
r ud n .
Sarge t t d hi r runi att end ofhi s f on M ar l2,2009,a f
r es e s ada t he
s hit
ch
nd ound i pr ry
t ope l
f i ng.
unctoni

Sa r as t drve i hekne why hewa beng soppe a t drverr ple t t
r ge ked he i r f
w
s i t d, nd he i e id ha
hewasnots di a vol e r d t theha al ihtt ta c r ' St ndi a t c r
pee ng nd unt e e ha
d t g o r vel a d. a ng t he a
r
'

wid w, rg d tce a o o c n itn wihu b r e ma i n c mi fo t itro o
n o Sar e ee td n d r o sse t t n u n d r ua a o ng r m he ne ir f
j
t Chr lr Thedrveri ntfe hi s ft Sa r a J fey W hie
he yse .
i de ii d m el o rge s efr
t bey. Sa r r t ne t hi
r ge e ur d o s
patolc rt r n t i or ton t o h DM V a NCI da aba est s e i W hie y was
r a o u he nf ma i hr ug
nd
C t s o e f t be
wan e W hie Sa r w asi hi vehi l ,Lt Clnge e i or e hi ove t r di t t
t d.
l r ge
n s
c e . i npe l nf m d m
r he a o ha

W hie ha prordeai wih dr a ha be i ve i ahom i de i tgai
t bey d i
lngs t ugs nd d en nvol d n
ci nvesi ton.
Sa r c le a ba kup uni t hi l a i a r t e t W hie y' wi
r ge a l d
c
t o s oc ton nd e um d o
t be s ndow t ga n m or
o i
e

i or ai Sho ty,Sa r we ba t t par c rt verf W hie y' i ntt a t s
nf m ton. rl rge nt ck o he tol a o iy
t be s de iy nd o ee
i a w a r nt w e e o s a ng a ns hi .
f ny r a s r ut t ndi gai t m

M ea
nwhie, hepolc dipac rnotfe Het t tSa r ne d bac
l t
ie s the iid lon ha rge ede
kup.Att s m e
he a
tm eSa r a oac d W hie y' c rwi w f t t r tm e Het pule hi ve c eup
i
r ge ppr he
t be s a ndo or he hid i , lon l d s hil
be nd W hie y' c r
hi
tbe s a .Ashedi s W hie y s a y i t Chr lr s nni hi tr a
d o, tbe ped wa n he yse , pi ng s ies nd
he di e s on Oa a Boulva d.Het i hi par ca , s d W hie
a ng a t
kl nd
e r
lon, n s tol r pur ue
t bey,a Sa r e go
nd r g t
i hi c a f l
n s ar nd olowed. Dtrngt pur ui,whi h c i d f s ver lbl ks Het s w
ti he s t
c ontnue or e a oc . lon a

W htb yt r w aplsi ba gec nann as b tn eta a p ae t b maiu n o tte
ie e h o
a tc g i o ti ig u sa c h t p e rd o e r a a u h
j
wi
ndow. Sa r soppe t r tivet bagg e whie Helon con i d pur ui W hiebe
r ge t d o ere he
i, l
t
tnue
s ng
t y.
Durng t purui,Clnge
i he s t i npee ca i d Het ove t r di t tW hie y wasunde
l utone
lon r he a o ha
t be
r
i si ton r a e t a s i ofhome i i i Fr nkln Count a wa bei vedt be
nve tga i elt d o eres
nvasons n a i
y nd s le
o
a m e .6
r d

6 Clngenpeelcautoned bot Sar ge and Helon t tW hiebe mi be a
i
i
h r
t ha
t y ght nned and s d be
houl
consder da ous bas on Clngenpeelsper onala a enesst W hiebey had been i i ed i
i ed nger , ed
i
' s
w r
hat t
mplcat n
hom e i i i whi he was s pec ed ofusi a fr m and t W hiebey had bee i ved i
nvasons n ch
us t
ng iear
hat t
n nvol n
s pec ed dr ac i t and wasa çper on ofi e es' i a homi de i tgaton.
us t
ug tviy
E s
nt r t' n
ci nvesi i
5

Afe ma ng a c e oft ns W hie y s nghi c ri o t pa ki l oft Afon
tr ki
oupl
ur , t be wu
s a nt he r ng ot he t
G a de Apa t e s H e t pule hi c ri o t l be nd W hie y a s w hi ge outof
r n
rm nt . lon l d s a nt he ot hi
t be nd a
m t
hi ca a tee on f . A sH e t f l w e on f , s w W hie y nm ni w ih hi l t nd
s r nd l
oot
lon olo d
oot he a
t be
ng t s ef ha

oac
he ne
t
l ng
isd hsj c e po k t7 A she appr hed t cor rofan aparm entbuidi , W htb y
n ie i a k t c e.
ie e

tt d,t neds
' oppe ur uddenl twadsg-elon)i ana e svesa ea c r ed g mlf et
s
y o r l t n ggrsi tnc nd onfont hi ac o
l

fc .8 Hetn sw w h tbe p ligab ih s n sle o j c o t fh s a k t o ke a d
a e' l a
'
o
ie y uln rg t hiy iv r b e t u o i j c e p c t n
be i ve t tW hie w a puli a gun f om hi poc tt s
le d ha
t bey s lng
r
s ke o hoothi . Fr a di t nc offve
m
om
sa e i

f e ,Helon l dt r W hie y So dia hi ' sr k hi on t sdeofhi he d.
e t t unge owa d
t be ç s nu m'and tuc m
t
he i
s a
H e t sm om e um c us hi t t c e W hie y t t s de a k.The i pac di l ed t
lon'
nt
a ed m o a kl
t be o he i w l
m t s odg he

sle o j c fo W h tb y' h n a d i tefl,helf sd o W hi b y' he dh th
i r b e t r m ie e s a d n n h alt e t i e f t e s a i te
v
e
s de a k. H e t s a e ,d nl a t t a r s wasc pl t d,w a la e t s e t tt s l r
i w l
lon t t s t y fer he r e t
o
om e e
s bl o e ha he ive

o j c t t b le e wa ag nwa a tal ac r mec lr dc lp o .
be tha I eiv d s u s cu ly h o oo e el h ne'
'
O nc H e t ha W hie y o t gr
e lon d
t be n he ound,he c m a
om nded t tW hie brng hi ha
ha
t bey i
s nds
o f om unde hi body,s ilbe i vi t tW hie y w asa m e
ut r
r s
tl le ng ha
t be
r d.W hie y di no c pl l
t be d t om y. n
aza t m ptt c
l te
o onvi e hi t brng hi ha out H e t s nz k W hie y w ih hi fs s s ve al
nc m o i
s nds , lon t c
t be t s it e r
tm e o hi uppe t s W hie y s ildi notr ve lhi ha . H elon t n s a d W hie
i s n s
r or o.
t be tl d
e a s nds
t he pr ye
t bey
w ih pe r s a a w a a e t g n c r ofW hie y' ha a ha uf t
t ppe pr y nd s bl o ai ontol
t be s nds nd ndc f hem be nd
hi

hi ba k.
s c

1 W hiebe cont
t y
endst ta t spoi i t chas , whe he wasabout60 f ti fontofHelon,
ha t hi nt n he
e
n
ee n r
t

W hie e dr pe hi c lpho .( No.2 p.1 )Heas de est ttec l p nec d b
tb y op d s el ne ECF
6, 6.
lo ni ha h el ho oul e
m it
saken f agun.
or

8 W hiebey sat t hecoul notphyscaly have t ned hi head t l bac a Helon. He
t
t es hat
d
i l
ur
s
o ook k t t
s aest thehad t br n bonesi hi neck and had wor a neck br e untlM ar 11 2009,t day
t t ha
wo oke
n s
n
ac
i
ch ,
he

beor t si ie t ( No. ,p.1 )
f e hi ncd n . ECF 26 6.
6

Sa r who a rve on t s e oft a r s a trHelon ha tke W hie yt t
rge,
ri d
he c ne he r e t fe
t
da n
tbe o he
g ound,s w W hie r s si a f ii t c
r
a
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ut
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W hie y' he d a s i d of . Sa r di no s e H e t sr ki W hie y.
t be s a nd lppe f r ge d t e
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t be
Bo h of i r s a e t tW hie y fr tc pl i ofc tpa n da t a r s w a
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'
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r
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r c uni t t s e .Res s dpe s me c c W hie y f ij is pr de hi
esue to he c ne
cue qua rol l he ked tbe or nure , ovi d m
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t
ont m na i r he ppe pr and l ane he ood r
s a e.
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m l ut
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ld nd l he s yes t t rl t .
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EM T Ki e t the f l pr s ei hi c s .Ki e c c W hie y' vialsgns f
nc r ha
et es ur n s he t nc r he ked
t be s t i , ound
t m t be w ihi no m alr nge ,a c e r d hi f t a por t t boo ng a e I t
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t n r
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d c eigae ,al dc c e ke W hi b y svtlsg sa ana dce rdhm f rb o ig
o k tn ra j i me is h c d t e ' ia in g i n la e i o o kn .
e
An t e o fc riv si ai gt ec s fu as c n b g yo maiu n n a t
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l hi i t a com pl i ,W hie y as e t d g r c a m sofunr s bl s i ur a
n s nii l
a nt
t be s r e ene al l i
ea ona e e z e nd

e e svef re I Au us 2 1 a trd fn a t fldt i mo inf rs mma yj dg n,
xc si o c . n g t 01 , fe ee d n s ie her to o u r u me t

W hie y fld apladi t tt def nda sa t c tc tue asa moton t ame .9
t be ie
e ng ha he e nt nd he our onsr d
i o
nd

Dee d n sh v o j ce t W htb y' Aug t2 1a n me t su tmeyfld, e a s
fn a t a e be td o ie e s us 0l me d n a n i l ie b c u e
W hie y fl i m or t n 21 daysafe hi or gi lc pl i w a s r o t m .
t be ied t e ha
t r s i na om a nt s e ved n he

Rul 1 a( )alowsa ndme tofapla ngwihou c e fom t oppone o t
e 5()1 l me
n
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nt r he
c t t n 21da a t t pl di i s r e or21da a trar ponsvepl a ngi s r e
our wihi
ys fer he ea ng s e v d
ys fe es
i e di s e v d.
A 1 ot pr t i a e
1 her e ral m ndm e sr r t oppone ' c e orl a ofcour,w hi h s l be
nt equie he
nt s ons nt e ve
t
c ha l

fe l g a tdC e j tc s rq ie . F D. CI P. 5a ( ) W htbe sae t a h s
rey rne t n usie o e ur s' E R. V. 1 ()2 . ie y tts h t i
wh
'
Au u t2 1s b si nwa a a n me tt h sr s o s t t s mmayj dg n moin
g s 01 u miso s n me d n o i e p n e o he u r u me t to
a t tt a e en w a f l d w ihi 21 da fom w he he s r e t r po e. M or ove ,
nd ha he m ndm t s ie t n
ys r
n
e v d he es ns
e r

h a srst theAug s 2 1a n me t sa t al j s acai c to o tecamsa d
e se t ha t
u t 01 me d n i cu ly u t lrt ai n f h li n
i
d a f r r le t he i e d t r i e i t i talc pl i ,t w hi h t de e nt ha
em nds o e i f hat nt nde o a s n he nii om a nt o
c he f nda s ve
a r ad r ponded. Th c u t g e sa dfn st a j sier q ie g a t t ea n me t 1
le y es
e o r a re n id h t u tc e ur s r ni h me d n .0
ng
Li r l c t ui W hie y' r t r m blng s i s ons t c tfndst the ha
be aly onsr ng
t be s a her n i ubm s i , he our i ha
s

a sre t f l ngcl msag ns Het a Sar 1 Sar ede i dW hie yofhi
se td he olowi ai ai t lon nd rge:( ) rg prve
tbe
s
c tt i na rghtt c r ntt e de e aga ns hi i t tno e de w a pr s nt t a
ons iuto l i o onf o he vi nc
i t m n ha
vi nce s e e ed o ny
c tos
our t uppor Sa r s c r t tW hie y w ase e di t pos e s e lm i on M a c
t r ge' ha ge ha
t be
xc e ng he t d pe d i t
rh

9 w hiebey syl hi orgi r pons t de enda s'dipostve m oton as<PLAI FF'
t
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C M ENDED SUPPLEM ENT TO PLAI FFISICROSSCOUNTER COM PLAI ' Afe alngh
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com or tons contact copyrghtl r ci ca egores sa y,a per onalpr t l W hiebey
a i , r s,
i aw, a al t i , lver nd s
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it even t
d
count' agai tSarge and Helon and sa esdemandsf r if.
s' ns r
t
tt
or ele

1 se e a we ksa trflnghi iii r s on et t d e a t ' to f s
0 v r l e fe ii s ntal e p s o he efnd n s mo in or ummayj dg n ,
r u me t
W hi be fldye a o h ra nd n t hsr s on e( No. ) Al ght sa nd nti n t
t y i t n t e me me t o i e p s ECF 37 . t
e
e
hou hi me me s o
tmel un rRul l ( ) t c ur wil on ie t a g n sr ie a s pplme t r t hi prviusy
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8

1 , 2009;1()Sa r e vi a e w hie
2
1 2 r g ol t d
t bey' t i t t a l'by c r ng hi w ih t c i i l
s s ght o r ve '
r
ha gi
m t he rm na
of e e ofd i ng w ihouta lce e, pie t f c t tW hie y i or e Sa r t the ha
f ns
r vi
t
i ns des t he a t ha
t be nf m d r ge ha
d

a opraedoc nttonal nghi t drveonVigi ar dways ( t tafcsopwas
ppr it ume ai lowi m o i
r ni oa
; 3) he rfi t
c tttonalyunr s na e be us t lngt oft sopt y ( velbe n o rmor t n
onsiui l ea o bl, ca e he e h he t t ha
ma
e ve e ha
1 miuts' t pr bl ca e ( bypl i W hie sna a ot i ntf ng
5 n e 'wihout oba e us ; 4) acng tbey' me nd her de iyi
i or a i n on t c r ng i t u e s i s d afe hi a r t Sar ge unl w f l t a
nf m to
he ha gi ns r m nt s ue t r s r es , r
a uly ook nd

c n e tdW hi b y spes n lp o e t ( sn mea di e tt )wi o t us c mp nsto ; 5
o v re
t e ' ro a r p ry hi a n d niy t u j t o e ain ( )
e
h
Sa r unl wf l de i W hie ofhi peronali ntt by lsi hi r c a t ac '
rge a uly prved
t bey
s s
de iy
itng s a e s û k,'
bl

i ta ofl- n- itc, o t c r ngi tu nt;( Sar a Het byusng
nse d tl
luma Asai ' n he hagi nsr me s 6) rge nd lon,
'
i
e es i f cea ns W hiebe de i d hi ofhi t i tt naur lf 'wihouthi co e '
xc sve or gai t
t y, prve m
s d gh o t al ie' t
r
s ns nt
,

a ( t def nt'aci de i dW hie yofhi S rona Li t Ri s'l
nd 7) he enda s tons prve
tbe
s t s l bery ght. z
pe
'
I Di
l. scussi
on
A . St
andard ofR e ew
vi

Ana r o s mmayj d me ti a p o raewh nSh p e d n s t ed s o r a d
wad f u r u g n s p r p it e û e la i g ,h ic vey n
t
di c os e m a e i l on t l a a af i vis s
s l ur t r a s i e, nd ny fda t how t tt r i no ge ne i s ast a
ha he e s
nui s ue o ny

maeil a ta dt themo n i e tte t j d me ta amatro lw. F d R. v.
tra fc n ha t
va t s nild o u g n s te f a ' e . Ci P.
'
5 c .Forapa t se denc t rieage neis ofmaeralfc s fcintt a d
6()
ry' vi e o as
nui sue
t i a t ufi e o voi

s mmayj d me t i mu t eS u hta ar a o bej r c udrt r avedc f rten n
u r u g n ,t s b é c h t e s na l uy o l eu n r it o h o s
mo ngpat ' Anderon v.Li rvLobbvsl , U. 2 2 ( 986) l ma ngt s
vi ry.
'
s
bet
nc.477 S. 42, 48 1 . n ki hi
1 W hi be as ase t i t sç o t'h tSar ç ube td ( mqt Vigi alw . . t o t
1
t y lo s rs n hi û un'ta rge s j ce hi o r ni a . wih u
e
c
s
hi c ns n . ( No. , 2 ) Tot e tn t a W hi be itnd t ssae n a as paaecam
s o e t' ECF 29 p. 4.
'
he xe t h t t y ne s hi ttme t s e rt li
e
f rrle ,ii no e sc l ndmu tbes mma iydimis d, uru n t j 1 5 b)l .Whie y
o eif t s ns n ia a
s u rl s se p s a t o 91 A( ( )
tbe
s j ce hi el t Vigi alw b d i ngamo o v hi eo Vigi ar a y .
ub e td ms f o r ni a y rvi
t r e cl n r ni o dwa s
1 W hiebe aleges i s
2
t y l
n ome det lt m edi ca ehe s
ai he
cal r
oughtafe tj ares and appear t
tr je r t
so
compl n abouts
ai
ome delys. Hedoesnot however s ae any cl cl m ,orf st s
a
,
, tt
ear ai
act o uppor s a
t uch
cl m ,alegi t tSargeorH et per onaly underook any acton t del hi acces t adequat
ai l ng ha r
lon s l
t
i o ay s
so
e
m edi ca e afert ares .
cal r t he r t

9

de e na i t hec ti r r t viw t f t a dr w r s bl i e e esi alg
t nni ton,û our s equied o e he ac s nd a ea ona e nf r nc n i ht
t

mos f r et t nonmovi pa t ' w v.Stoud,1 F. 791 798( h Ci.1 .
t avoabl o he
ng ry.
'Sha
r
3 3d , 4t r 994)

A pat s e n s mmayj dg n b ast eiiil u d no s o ngt ea e c o a
ry e kig u r u me t e r h nta b r e f h wi h bsn e f
g ui is ofmae ilfc.Celtx Co v.Cart,477U. 31 3 ( 986) The t
en ne sue
tra a t oe m. tet
S. 7, 23 1 . n,he
bur n s fst t no ovi pa t t s
de hi t o he nm ng ry o how t ts h an i s does i f c ,e s . Se
ha uc
s ue
, n a t xi t e

Mas hiaEle.ndus. .Lt v. nih Ra oCom.475U. 574,586- ( 986) To
tus t e I
Co. d. Ze t di
,
S.
87 1 .

fr sals mmayj g n t n n vngp rymu ts t o t mo et a aû r . . cnil
o etl u r ud me t he o mo i a t s e f rh r h n t e . s itl
me
a
ofe de ' A nde s 477 U . a 252. Att ve y l s ,t nonm ovi pa t c nnotCc e t
vi nce.
'
r on,
S. t
he r ea t he
ng r y a
lr a e
a ge ne i s ofm a e i lf tt ough m er s ul i ort buidi ofone i e e e upon
nui s ue
t r a ac hr
e pec aton he l ng
nf r nc

a her' Be ev. r 769F. 21 21 ( h Ci.1 (ii Bar c v.Cel exCo ,
not . al Hadv,
'
2d 3, 4 4t r 985) ctng wik
ot m.
73 F. 9 963( hCi.1
6 2d 46, 4t r 984:.

Th c u t idsd fn a t'mo infrs mmayj d me tt berpef ra j dc to .
e o r fn e e d n s to o u r u g n o i o d u iain
Pl i i fs r ed di c r r ques s a de e nt r ponde t t e r
a ntf e v
s ove y e
t , nd f nda s es
d o hos equess a t s m e tm e
t t he a i
t y tl d t i m oton. The c tno ii d pl n i fofde e nt 'm o i n on J 28,2011 a
he i e he r i
our tf e ai tf
f nda s t o
une
, nd

wa n dhi t t u g n mih b e tr df r fn a t i heddn tr s o dwi e d n e
r e m ha j d me t g t e ne e o dee d n s f i o e p n t vie c
h
c r di tng t i e denc a a g e s W hie y f l d a tm e y r pons t t m o i 1
onta c i he r vi e nd r um nt .
t be ie i l es
e o he ton.3

He ha no s it d afi visi s
s t ubm te fda t n uppor ofhi r pons . Howe ,i t scr t ave ii d
t
s es e
ver n hi icui, rfe
c pl i by apr y prs n rt yb c n ie e i o p sto t s mmayj d me t wh n
om a nt
o t io e t
ma e o sd r d n p o i n o u r u g n' e
i
'
.

t alegai i c ansa e ba e on S so pe s lknowl
he l tons t ont i r s d t wn r ona
hi
edgea s tf t f c s
nd e orh a t

' w hiebey r
3
t
ecenty fl a r
l ied eques f pr
t or oducton ofdoc
i
ument i Cas No. 7: 0CV 001 hi
sn e
l
50 s

p e ouscvia to whih wa dimis dwiho tprj ie.Alho h W hie e ct dteol c s
r vi i l c in, c s s se t u eudc t ug
t b y ie h d a e
numberon hi dicover m oton,i i cl f om t document he r
s s
y
i t s ear r he
s eques st he i ended t moton t
t hat nt
he i o
beaddr s i t spe ng cas Ther or t courtwildiec t cl k t r
es ed n hi ndi
e.
ef e, he
l r t he er o edockett dicove y
he s r

r q s hee.Thene ds v r r qu ssdono af c t rpe s oft s mma yj d n moi n
e uet r
w ico e y e e t
t fe t he i ne s he u r u gme t to s
becaus W hiebe of e sno i c i t r pons t t e dicover r quessar neces ar f
e
t y fr
ndiaton hat es
es o hes s
y e t e
s y or

c mpltono hi opp ii t de e da s mo in.Se FED. CI P.5 ( .
o e i f s oston o f n nt' to
e
R. V. 6 d)
10

a misbei e i e c . W ila v Grfi, 5 F.d8 0 8 3( t Ci. 9 ) Da sv.
d sil n v d n e' lims . ifn 9 2 2 2 , 2 4h r 1 91 . vi
'
,
Za a c 600F. 458,460 ( hCi.1 .
hrdnik,
2d
4t r 979)
B. C l m s ofUnreas
ai
onabl Sei
e zure

W hie yfld s tunde 42U. C.j1 whihi escvi la lt f
tbe ie ui
r
S.
983, c mpos i libiiy or
c tt i lvi a i c m it unde c orofs a e l w . l i undi put t tw hie
onsiutona ol tons om ted
r ol
tt a
ts
s ed ha
l
c nd tng t tafi s op a a r s a i s t de e n polc of i r a t d unde c o of
o uc i he r tc t nd r e t t s ue, he f nda t i e fce s c e
r ol r

saelw a daet u s b e tt s i u d rj1 8 f r h s a to i t eridviu l
tt a n r h s u jc o u t n e 9 3 o t o e cins n h i n i d a
capacii .1
tes 4

Se r lofW hie y' cli al get tDe e ntSa r vi a e hi rg t befe
ve a
t be s a ms le ha f nda
rge olt d s i ht o r e

fo u ra o a es iu e .l mo igf rs mmayj g n ,h d fn nsag et a te e
r m n e s n bl ez r s n vn o u r ud me tt e e e da t r u h th s
c a m sf i on t m e is 1
l i a l he rt . 5
1. A pplcabl Law R egardi Unreasonabl Sei
i e
ng
e zures

The Fourh A m e
t
ndm e t t U nie St t s Cons iuton pr de t t
nt o he t d a e
tt i
ovi s ha

(l rghtoft pe et bes ur i t i pes , es papes a efcs
the i
he opl o ec e n her rons hous , r, nd fe t,
a i tunr s na e s a c s a s i e s l notbe vi a ed,a no W a r nt
ga ns
ea o bl e r he nd e zur s ha l
ol t
nd
ra s
s lis ,butupon pr bl c e,s
hal s ue
oba e aus uppore by Oa h ora fr ton,and
td
t
fima i
pa tc a l de c i ng t pl c t be s r he a t pe s ort ngst be
ri ul r y s r bi he a e o
ea c d, nd he r ons hi o
s ze
ei d.

1 se w es v. At i ,48 U. 42, ( 98 )(se r ly, p i e oy ea t u e c o o
4 e
t
kns 7 S. 50 1 8 t neal a ubl mpl e cs nd r olr f
g
c

saelw whie.. e riighi r s nsbiiispu s ntt saelw' ;sea s Ha e v. o,5 2U.
tt a
l . xecsn s e po i l e rua o tt a ' e lo fr Mel 0 S.
t
)
21 2 (991 (e og zngt tsaeofi al ue i idi du lc p ct i s b e t os i u e j 1 3f r
, 6 1 ) rc nii ha tt fci s d n n vi a a a iy s u j c t ut nd r 98 o
d ma e c us db t i p rona c du ti vilto ofapli ifsc siu ina rg s .
a g s a e y her e s l on c n oain
antf' on tt to l iht)
1 l t e aler tve, def
5 n h t na i
endant a guet Sa r i entted t qualfed i uniy agai t
sr
hat r ge s il o
ii mm t
ns
W hiebe scl m sf monet y damages Becaus t cour fndst Sarge i entted t s mar
t y' ai or
ar
.
e he
t i hat r s il o um y

j gme tont me iso t ecamst tt ta fcso a t s e ue tpu s tweeu e s a e
ud n he rt f h li ha he r fi tp nd he ubs q n rui r nra on bl
s z e t cour need notdeci s at y t qualfed i uniy is ast t
eiur s, he
t
de epar el he
ii mm t s ue o hesecl m s SeeHarow
ai .
l

v. t g r d, U. 80 81 ( 98 )(i ngta q lfe i
Fiz eal 457 S. 0. 8 1 2 tndi h t uaiid mmuniypr tcsgo r n o fcas
t oe t venme t fiil
peror i dicr i y f tonsfom labiiy f ci ldamagesw her çhei c
f m ng s etonar unc i r i lt or vi
e G r onduc doesnotvi a e
t
t
olt

cla l e tb ih d sau o yo c nsi i a rg t o whih ar a on bl pe s n woul ha kn ' .
e ry sa ls e tt t r r o tt on l ih s f c e s a e ro
m
d ve own'
)
11

U . Cons . a e I . The a endm e a i st a ls z esoft pe s fom t a tona
S.
t, m nd. V
m
nt pple o l ei ur
he r on, r r dii l
a r t t a of i er sbr e ve ba o phys c lr t a ntofape s s f e dom t w a k dow n t
r es s o n fc ' i f r l r
i a esr i
r on' r e
o l
he

sr t UniedStt v. i -ponce 422U. 873,878(
tee. t aes Brgnoni
,
S.
1975) tf eras na e sofa
. t' e o blnes ny
-h
s z e de ndson aba a e be w ee t publc i e e ta t i vi l sr g t pe s l
ei ur pe
l nc t n he
i nt r s nd he ndi dua ' i ht o r ona

s urt fe fom a bir r i e f r nc by l w ofi e s' l
ec iy r e r r ta y nt re e e a fc r . d.
'
To m a a l ula r tofa i vi
ke awf r es
n ndi duali hi hom e, he e hi e c a i ofpr va y i
n s
w r s xpe t ton
i c s
hi a of i rm us ,wih f w e e i ,o a n a wa r n a t ra s i ofpr ba e ca e t
gh, n fce
t t e xc ptons bt i
r a t f e how ng
o bl us o

beivet ti vi c
le ha ndi dual ommitdt ci c r d.Pa onv.
te he rme hage
yt New Yor 445U. 573( 98 .
k,
S.
1 0)
Ont publcsr e ,howe ,a ofi e m a lwf l efe ta a r s wihoutawa r nt
he
i te t
ver n fc r y a uly f c n r e t t
ra ,

pr d t theha pr bl ca e.UniedStt Sa a 427U. 38( 976) Pr bl c us
ovied ha
s oba e us
t aes ntna,
S. 1 . oba e a e
t a r s e s si ,gi n t t t iy oft cic s a s t of i e d d r a ona y t usw orhy
o r e t xi t f ve he o alt
he r um t nce , he f c r t
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nf
ton
ufi i o r a
ude
n n i vi ha he ii r d

c
ommit o wasc
ted r
ommitnga ofe e. Be kv. o,379U. 89,91( 964)
ti n fns ' c Ohi
'
S.
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Eve wihoutpr bl c ea de i i Be k, fapolc ofi e ' So e vai nsl d
n t
oba e aus s fned n c i
i e fc r s lbs r to ea
hi r s bl t s pe t' ha a pe s w a ki orrdi i a ve c e on t publc s r e has
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i te t
c m it i c m itng,ori aboutt c m i a c i e, he of i rm a de a n t tpe s
om ted, s om ti
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fce
y t i ha r on
brefy i or rt k nves i t t c r um sa e t tpr
i l n de o l
i tga e he i c t nc s ha ovoke s pi i ' Brgnoni
us c on. i
'
-ponc 422
e,

U. a 88l(ppl ngTer v.Ohi 392U. 1( 968).Re ona es pii t s po ts ha
S. t
a yi ry
o,
S. 1 ) as bl us con o up r uc
Te v sop i m o e t n a hunch,butl s t n pr ba e ca e a Sc i r bl l s t n pr
n. t s r ha
e s ha o bl us nd t ons de a y e s ha oof
ofwr
ongdoi by a pr ponde anc ofe de .' A l ba a v. hie,
ng
e
r e vi nce ' a m
W t 496 U . 3 3 30
S. 25, 29-

( 990)(iai omit .I a to boht durtonofaTervsopa t naur of
1
ctton ted) n ddiin, t he ai
r t nd he t e
i si toni i vesmus ber a ona yr ltdi s opet t s pi onst tj tfe t
nvetgai t nvol
t e s bl eae n c o he us ci ha usiid he
i taldet i Brgnoni
nii
enton. i
-ponce,422 U . a 881.
S. t

1
2

A t a tc s o f ls i o t Te r s op c t gor a i l w f i t of i e had r a ona e
r fi t p a l nt he r v t a e y nd s a ul f he f c r
e s bl

s pii orpr bl ca e, o be ivet tata fcvi a i had oc ur e a he dii n l
us con,
oba e us t le ha r fi olton
c r d nd
lge ty
unde t k t c pl t t nec s z i de st s h a s o us ng t C ea ti r i m ea
r oo o om e e he es a y nci nt o uc
t p, i he t s nt us ve
l
ns
r a o bl a l bl t ve iy ordi pelt ofi e ' s pi on i a s r pe i oftm e. U nie
e s na y vaia e o r f
s he t c r s us ci n ho t r od i '
' td

Stt v. ci
aes Di ovnnni650F. 498,5 5 ( hCi.2011.l dii ntyc ei avai
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c
ompue c k,a is elatc t' I a 507.Tolwf l e e t d ai ofi tafi
tr hec nd sug ike . d. t
'
a uly xtnd he urton $ r tc
a
sopt al f i tgai i oamatrouti t s peoft i talsop,g ofie)mus
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tona i na c i t d.I he fce i y kes
i resnotdie ty r a e t t nor a f e sofa t a fc sop, e r s h ques i al
nquii
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r f i t how ve , uc
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do t
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as a y e he a i
he t p' c s r o f e t t t
pos . i ona

lhnsm,555U. 323,333-4 (
l l
o
S.
3 2009)
.

s

The Fourh Ci c tf
t r ui ound t l m i e s op a i s i Di ova t be unr a ona e,
he s- nut t t s ue n ci nni o
e s bl

b c us t eo tc rs e ttefrt1 miue c n u tn a u j tfe d u -rfikng
e a e h fi e p n h is 0 n t s o d cig n nusiid r g ta fc i
i tga i i t ad ofi m e a e y begi i t r or c cksno ly pe f r e i a
nves i ton ns e
m di t l
mlng he ec ds he
nna l r o m d n
t a fc sop c e . 650 F. a 509- 2. The Cour,how e r r e phas z isl esa i he
r fi t ont xt
3d t
1
t
ve , e m
i ed t ong- t bls d

nzet t:gq ma mum a ce a elngt ofar i tatcsop c nnotbesae wih
l ha sthe xi
c ptbl e h
outne r fi t a
ttd t
m at m a i a pr i i n.' l a 511. A l rpe i ofde e i afe a tafi sop m a be
he tc l ec s o ' d. t
onge r od
t nton t r r tc t
y

j siidb s c f co sa o to -tt d ie ' ie tfc to , o u e sa c e t ttk ln e
u tfe y u h a tr s u - fsae rv rs d n iiain c mp tr e r h s ha a e o g r
t n us ,oram i m a wai f aK- uni t pr s t s ne.JJ Th o o o mai n
ha ual
ni l t or 9 t o oce s he ce
I e d r f r ua a
.
j
.

e a tng f om t open w i
m na i r he
ndow ofa ve c e d i a ta fc sop gi a o f c rpr ba e
hi l ur ng r f i t
ves n f i e o bl

c u et sa c t a v hil f rd t sa dtus usiisalng rd tnin o tes p c.Untd
a s o e r h h t e ce o rz n h j tfe o e ee to f h us e t ie
g
13

S ae v. wi, 06F.d 1 3 1 8(t Ci. 01 ) Si lry,fas s c' r s ns t a
tts Le s 6 3 9 , 9 4h r 2 0 . mial i u pe ts e po e o n
il gals o t s is fa new ,ditnc c i e, he t polc c tt i l m a a r s t
le
t p t t el
i
s i t r m t n he i e ons iutonaly y r e t he

(us c)f t tci ' Sprnkl,1 F.d a 61 ( ti itr lquottons.
s pe t or ha rme. i e 06 3 t 9 omitng nena
'
ai )
2. The lni i T raf i Stop
tal
fc

Thedef nda s e de e e t bls st tSa r ha pr bl c e t pul W hie y
e nt ' vi nc sa ihe ha rge d oba e aus o l tbe
ove f a s pe t d t a f c vi a i Sa r ,a ex re d polc of i er vi ua l obs r d
r or us c e r f i ol ton. r ge n pe i nce
i e fc , s ly e ve
W hie y' s ed i a r i ntala e a e e ng t pose 25 m ie pe hour s d lm i,
t be s pe n es de i r a t xc edi he t d
ls r
pee i t
e tm a e hi s e t be 45 m ie pe hourwhen fr tobs r d,a m e ur d hi s e by r da
s i t d s pe d o
ls r
is
e ve nd as e s pe d
a r

a 37 mie pe hour Sa r sesi ai ofW hiebe ss ed a hi r zm e s e
t
ls r
. rge' tm ton
t y' pe nd s ada a ur ment
c tt e t ea ona y t us w orhy i or a i n ...s tc e t w a r nta pr ntm a i
ons iut d s s bl r t t nf m to
r
ufi i nt o r a
ude
n n

bei vi 'W hie y had vi a e t posed s ed lm i andt s ite t pr
le ng'
t be
olt d he t pe i t
hus atsi d he obabl ca e
e us

rq ie n a d tn d i Bq k 3 9U. a 91s a t j siyteiiilr fi so
e urme t s ei e n c , 7 S. t o s o u tf h nta ta fc tp.
W hie y co pl i t t Sa r di no ha a r la e va age poi t es i a e hi
t be m a ns ha r ge d t ve e i bl nt
nt o tm t s
s e s e doc e a i oft r da m e s e e ,a as e t t the w a de ed t rghtt
pe d, e ks um nt ton he a r a ur m nt nd s r s ha
s ni he i o
co r ntt e de of s edi By pl a ng g ly pur ua t a ag e m e w he e t
nf o he vi nce pe ng.
e di uit
s nt o n r e nt r by he
s e ng c r w asdi m i s d, e r W hie y wa ve hi r g t conf ontSa r i c r
pe di ha ge
s s e how ve , t be
i d s i ht o
r
r ge n ou t

o rt a us to ofs e ng a hi rg t obt n a pr s nte de e t r pr ng hi
ve he cc ai n pe di nd s i ht o ai nd e e vi nc owa d ovi s

imoc nceofs di be
l e
pee ng yondaras bl doubt Toletv. nde s 411U. 258( 973 ,
e ona e
. lt He ron,
S.
1 )
.
Br v. tdStts 397U. 742,750( 970 .
ady Unie ae ,
S.
1 )
Fort sa edr as ,t c tfndsno ma e i lf ti diput a t whehe t i tal
he tt e ons he our i
t ra ac n s e s o
t r he nii
t a fc sop w asr as na e unde t Fourh Am e e a c udest tt de e nt a e
r fi t
e o bl
r he
t
ndm nt nd oncl
ha he f nda s r

e ildt s
ntte o ummryj
udgme a t W hie y' Cli ()
nt s o tbe s am 1.

1
4

3. The D ur i oft T r fc St
aton
he af i op

l Cli ( ,W hie ase t t Sar ha nopr bl ca ef deani hi as
n am 3) tbey s rs hat rge d
oba e us or ti ng m
l a hedi bec us Sargepr
ong s
d, a e r
oduce no e denc t tW hie y wa s di ha nor s n
d
vi e ha
t be
s pee ng, d ea o
t c c DM V r co ds s nc W hie y ha ano he f m ofdrve a horza i a ha no
o he k
e r i e
t be d t r or
i r ut i ton, nd d
vi e e de e t tW hie y ha co m ie a dr of e e, pr
abl vi nc ha
t be d m t d
ug f ns as oven by t f c t tt dr
he a t ha he ug
c r w a l t rnole pr s d. Re e i t e de a a w hol howeve , he c t i no
ha ge s a e
l os e
vi w ng he vi nce s
e,
r t our f nds
ge ne i s ofm a e i lf d he e ast whe he t t a f c s op on M a c 1 2009 was
nui s ue
t ra a
r
o
t r he r f i t
r h 2,
r s bl i e t rs ope ordur ton.
ea ona e n ihe c
ai
Fis ,a s a e Sa r s e r e ed e tm a i ofW hiebe s s e an hi r da
r t s t t d, r ge' xpe i nc s i ton
t y' pe d d s a r

r a ngoft s pec ' s ed ga hi pr bl c us t bei vet tW hie y ha vi a e t
e di
he us ts pe
ve m oba e a e o le ha
t be d olt d he

ae s e dl ta dj tfe t ei iilso Co c re ty h sr a o a l b le t t htb y
ra p e i n usiid h nta tp. n u rn l, i e s n be eif ha W ie e
mi
h db e s e dn as g v S rg j tfc to t c nd ttep o e i v si ai
a e n p e ig lo a e a r e usiiain o o uc h r p r n e tg t
ve
ac ou r m e st t t a fc s op,s h asr que tng W hie y' lce e, u ng t
c t e nt o he r f i t uc
e si
t be s i ns r nni he

i ntfc ton c r pr edt ough a ia eda abas s a c c ngt c lbr ton ofhi
de ii a i a d oduc hr
val bl t
e , nd he ki he a i a i
s
r da e pm e .
a r qui nt

Se ond, hi i t r c d i c t st tSa r e f ie t a twih dii nc i
c
not ng n he e or ndia e ha r g al d o c t lge e n

pef r n t s p r si l tafcso d te o p ro me t usiidba k ru c e k .
romig hee emisbe rfi t p uis r e fr d mj tfe c g o nd h c s
W hie y' o n alega i i c t t tSa r c m e diec l t hi w i
t be s w
l tons ndi a e ha r ge a
r ty o s ndow and a ke f
s d or
lc ns a r gi t a i t n r t ned t hi c rt r c put rc ks A lhoug W hie
i e e nd e sr t on, he e ur
o s a o un om e hec . t
h
t bey
c pl i t tSar ge s ntm or tm e t nec s r on t e i tga i ,he a ist the
om a ns ha
r pe
e i han es a y
hes nvesi tons
dm t ha

c udn t r d c et e o ter q e tdd c me t, no s inta j tfe amo ed tie
o l o p o u e ih r f h e u se o u n s a miso h t usiid
r eald
ba kg ound c k oft i nttca i n he di pr de. Eve now ,W hie y of e st c t
c r
hec
he de ii t o
d ovi
n
t be f r he our no
doc e a i n verf ng t tt ta c r he pr
um nt t o
iyi ha he r vel a d
oduc d t Sa r pr de hi f l l ga
e o r ge ovi d m ul, e l

15

a hort t dr ve a ca on V i gi a r dw a .1 The m er f c t tt c r f drvi w iho
ut iy o i
r
r ni oa ys 6
e a t ha he ha ge or i ng t ut
a lc e w asdi m i s pur ua t t pl a agr e en doe notpr t tW hie y' ta l
i ens
s s ed s nt o he e
em t s
ove ha
t be s r ve

cadwa s ce ryvai t tSar eha noj tfc tonf i tgai ' hie y' i ntt 1
r s o lal ld ha rg d usiiai or nvesi tng W tbe s de iy.7
Thid,W hie f ist de ons r t t tt s op l t d l ert ne es a y f t
r
t bey a l o m t a e ha he t as e ong han c s r or he

p r o e f rwh c Sar eh d s fiin lg lu ttc to .l d e net e p ryh sp o ie
u p s s o ih rg a u fce t e a j si ain n e d, ih r a t a r vd d
i
t c twih t tm e oft i ta t a fc s o and W hie y hasr
he our t he i
he nii l r f i t p,
t be
oughl e tm a e isdur ton
y si t d t
ai
a a ound ffee m i esf om t tm e Sa ge pule up be i hi untlW hie y c e t
tr
i t n nut r he i
n'
ld
s de m
i
t be hos o
l ve t s ne. The c ttndsno i c ton f om t r c d t tf fe m i esw a l r
ea he ce
our i
ndi a i r hé e or ha i t en nut
s onge
t ne e s r f Sa r t c pl t a o i t r c ds c cks g ve W hie y' un ual
han c s a y or r ge o om e e ppr pr a e e or he , i n
t be s us
f ofI a f iur t pr
onu
D nd a l e o oduce r i t a i Onc Sa r e' c c ng t ed up e de e of
eg s r ton.
e r g s he ki um
vi nc
W hie y' pa ti vem e i crm i lac i t a i tga i ,t of i erob a ne ye
t be s s nvol
nt n i na tviy nd nves i tons he fc
ti d t
a t rba i f r as
no he s s or e onabl s pi i t s
e us c on o uppor m o e de aied r c dsc c ng. Spr nkl ,1
t r t l e or he ki
i e 06
F. a 61
3d t 7.

M o e v r o eS rg d tce teo o o mai n wa t gfo W htb y' c r
ro e , nc ar e ee td h d r f r ua a fi r m ie e s a
j
n
wi w ,he i m edi t l obt ned notonl r as bl s pi i t i tga e W hie y f
ndo
m
a e y ai
y e ona e us c on o nves i t
t be or
pos i e i ve e i a dr g- el t d of e e i ad ton t t s pe t d t a fc vi a i but
sbl nvol m nt n
u r a e f ns , n dii o he us c e r f i ol ton,

as o tie p o a ec u et s ac t v h cef rmai a a wi, 0 F.da 1 8 Th
lo b an d r b bl a s o e rh he e il o r u n .Le s 6 6 3 t 9 . e
j
r la lt ofSa r ss ns ofs e lw a s c i d when ofi r s w W hie y t s a
e i biiy
r ge' e e m l s oon onfnne
tce s a
t be os
ba oft d ' ou t w i
ggy he l
ug t he ndow a l t rve ii is c e s Thus t t e e t tSa r s
nd a e rfed t ont nt .
, o he xt nt ha r ge'

1 W hiebey a r t beleve t tdocument her
6
t
ppea s o i ha
s equesed fom t def
t r he endant i dicover ar
sn s
y e
pa'oft r d,butneiherpa t hass it t e docum e st t cour.
l he ecor
t
t
ry
ubm ted hes
nt o he
t

1 l Cl m ( , hie y a s t t tSar es me w vi ae hi ç i tt ta el b c r ig
7 n ai 2) W tbe sers ha rg o ho oltd s ç gh o r v ' y ha gn
r
'
hi f drvi wihouta lcens des t hi pr ton oft tavelcar Eve i W hie coul pr
m or i ng t
i e, pie s oduc i
he r
d. n f t bey
d ove
t tpr
ha oducton oft tavelcar wasacomplt def et t scha ge,hef l t demonsr t any
i
he r
d
e e ens o hi r
ais o
t ae

c nsi to l p i to h r , st ta fcso is lwa usiidf rohe r a on a t c a g f
o tt ina de rvain e e a he r fi t p tef sj tfe o t r e s s nd he h r e or
u
drvi w ihouta lc e wasdim is
i ng t
iens
s s ed.

16

ca lf a K- uni a t w ai f t tuni ' a rva pr onge t s op pas t tm e r q r d f
l or
9 t nd he t or ha t s r i l ol
d he t
t he i e uie or
i s i ton oft t a fc vi a i is l , hi a to lde e i tm e w as s
nve tga i
he r f i ol ton t e f t s ddii na t nton i
uppored by
t
s pa a e pr ba e c us and w a notunr as bl unde t Fourh Am e
e r t o bl a e
s
e ona e
r he
t
ndm e .
nt

Fort saed r as ,t c tfndsno ge neis ofma e i lf c i diput a t t
he t t e ons he our i
nui s ue
t ra a t n s e s o he
r as bl ne soft t a t c s op a conc udest tde e nt a e e il d t s unm a y
e ona e s
he r fi t nd
l
ha f nda s r ntt e o t
r

j d me ta amatro 1w a t Cli ( ) ( ) a d( )
u g n s te f a s o ams 1 ,2 , n 3 .
4. Probabl C ause f A rrest
e
or

W hie y doe no cl a l r i e a s pa a e c a m sc
t be
s t e r y a s ny e r t l i once i t r a ona e s oft
m ng he e s bl ne s he
of i r spur ui ofhi ve c e afe he l f t s e oft tafk s op o t i pur ui ofhi
fce '
s t
s hi l t r e t he c ne he r t t r he r s t
m
w he he f e t c ron f t D e e nt as e tt tt e ac i w e e r as bl bec us by
n
l d he a
oo . f nda s s r ha hes tons r e ona e, a e
t tm e t c e be n, he had obt ne pr bl c us t ar e tW hie y f one o m o e
he i he has ga t y
ai d oba e a e o r s
t be or
r r
crm i of ens The courtagr
i nal f es.
ees.

Sa r e' com m a f W hie y t e thi ve c e a t rt K - uni a rve w a a l w f
rg s
nd or
t be o xi s hi l fe he 9 t r i d s a ul

t n t t vai tafi so Se Pe vl ni v.Mi ,434U. 1 111n.6( 977
ange t o he ld r fc tp. e nns va a
mms
S. 06,
1 )
Ck eamotrve cl ha be n lwf l deane f atafi vi ai t polc ofiesma
onc
o hi e s e a uly ti d or r tc olton,he ie fc r y
or rt d i rt ge outoft ve c e w ihou vi a i t Fo t A m e e ' pr c i i
de he r ve o t
he hi l t t ol tng he urh
ndm nt s os rpton

ofunra ona es ache a s z es'.Unde Vigi al
e s bl e r s nd eiur '
)
r r ni aw,

(l pe s who,ha ngrcevedavii eo audi esgna fom a lwany ron
vi e i
sbl r bl i l r ny a
e or m e ofic rt brng hi m ot ve c e t a s o d i s h m o orve cl
nf ce nt t e o i
s or hi l o t p, r ves uc
t
hi e
i a w il u a w a o di r ga d o s h sgna o who a tm pt t e c pe or
n
lf l nd nt n s e r f uc i l r
te s o s a
e ude s l w - or e e of i erwhe he on f ,i t vehi e, by any
l
uch a enf c m nt fc
t r oot n he
cl or
ot m e ns i g ly ofa Cl s 2 m idem e nor
her a , s uit
as
s
a .

Vigi aCodej46. 81
r ni
2- 7.Thus whe Sar or rd W hie youtofhi c r a W hie y
, n rge dee
tbe
s a , nd tbe
c e i t a t s e on t gasa l ave t s ne t ofi e sr s na y be i ve t thi
hos ns e d o t p
he
nd e
he ce , he t c r ea o bl le d ha s

a to me t ee nt oft ofe edei di j46. 81 eudi polc a i ditl
cins t he lme s he fns fne n
2- 7, l ng ie, nd mme aey

ha pr bl c us t pur ue a a r s hi on t tcha ge. Bec 379 U . a 91 A f e t y
d oba e a e o s nd r e t m
ha
r
k,
S. t . t r he

o s r e W htb yt r w ab g yo ma i a ao t h c rwid w d rn t ec a e t e c ud
b e v d ie e h o
a g f r u n u t e a n o u ig h h s ,h y o l
j
a s r as bl ha be i ved t the had co m it d a d g- e a e ofens ,t co tt i
l o e ona y ve le
ha
m te
nz r l t d f e hus ns iutng
a t ri t nc ofpr bl c us s
no he ns a e
oba e a e uppor i hi a r s . l W hie
tng s r e t d.
t bey' fi o f ts
s lght n oo uppored
t
H e t sco i
lon' ntnued bele , ed on hi o n obs r tons t tW hie y had c m it d,orwas
i f bas
s w
e va i , ha
t be
om te
c tnui t c m i, he ofens ofe udi polce t r by gi ng t ofi e pr bl ca e t
on i ng o om t t
f e l ng i , he e
vi he t c r oba e us o
s o W hie y a a r thi on t tc r e,i a ton t a s pec e d ug c r e. Fi ly,
tp
t be nd r es m
ha ha g n ddii o us t d r ha g
na l

W hie y' s e ntco c i on t c r ofel ng polc pr ve asam a troflw t t
t be s ubs que
nviton he ha ge
udi
ie o s
te
a ha

polc ha pr bl c us f t ar t Crme v.Cnzc il 6 F. 9 946( hCi.
ie d oba e a e or he res. a r
thfed, 48 2d 43, 4t r

1 1.Thus t t extntt tW hie yriesa cam rgadi t ofie s pr ba ec e
98 )
,o he e ha
tbe as ny li e r ng he fc r ' o bl aus

t c a ea dar s hi d fn a t aee tte t s mmayj d me t
o h s n re t m, e e d n s r nild o u r u g n .
C . C l m s A legi Excessve Force on A rres
ai
l ng
i
t

W hie yalege i Cli ( t tSarea Het us e si f c i ar tng
tbe l s n am 6) ha rg nd lon ed xce sve ore n resi
hi on M a ch 1 2009 a t tt y e c f l t pr t c hi fom t o he ' us ofe s i
m
r 2,
nd ha he a h aied o o e t m r he t r s e xce sve
f ce Def nda sa gue t tt t
or .
e nt r
ha he t s t d f c s'c im t tHelon a Sa r us d onl
undipu e a t ' onfr ha
t nd r ge e
y

r s na ef cet a e
ea o bl or o ppr hend a a r s W hie y a i t ale nai ,t tt ofi r a e
nd r e t t be nd,n he tr tve ha he fce s r
e tte t qualfe i muniy agans W hie y' cli f da
n ild o
iid m
t
i t tbe s a ms or mage f e e svef c
s or xc s i or e.
De e m i ng whe he publc of i e s a e en il d t q ii i m uniy i ve t o s e of
t r ni
t r
i f c r r tte o ualted m
t nvol s w t ps

a l i.Fis,heco t tc i rwhehe,tglke i t lg mos fvorbl t t pat
nayss rtt ur mus onsde t r çta n n he iht t a a e o he ry

a srigt eij r ,. t ef csalg ds o ( aj h o tc rsc n uc v oae ac nsi to a
se t h nu y . h a t le e h w t t t e fi e' o d t i ltd o tt i n l
n
.
h
u
rgh.'Sa irv. t 533U. 1 201( ) Sl noconsiutona rghtwoul ha be n
i t' uce Kaz,
S. 94,
2001. tf
tt i l i
d ve e

vi ae ' ve whe t fcsaeviwe i t betlg frt ij edpli ift pli if
oltd'e n n he a t r e d n he s iht o he nur antf,he antf
c nnotpr vai. I W he e t a l ge f t ha s
a
e l d.
r he le d ac s ve hown a c tt i lvi a i t de e nt
ons iutona ol ton, he f nda

18

o fc rwilsilbe s el d fom a 1la lt unde t docrneofqualte i
fi e l tl
hi de r
1 i biiy
r he ti
ii d mmuniy i t
t f he
c nsiutona rghtalege t ha bee vi atd wa nott ea l esa ihe ' tt tme oft
o tt i l i
l d o ve n ol e
s
d ry t bls d'a he i
cl
he

icd n .J- Th r f r ,os r ietemoinf rs mmayj g n , h tb ymu t a e
n i e t #. e eo e t u vv h to o u r ud me t W ie e s h v
saed avi aton ofac tt i rghtt twa cea l esabls on M a c 1 2009,whe
tt
ol i
onsiutonal i ha s l ry t ihed
r h 2,
n

h s fee h sij re .
e u frd i n u is
$ ti cl a l esabls d t tc tze ha a Fo t A m e m e rghtt be f e f o
1 s e r y t i he ha ii ns ve
l
ur h
nd nt i o
re r m
unr as bl s i e a om pls d by e e s ve f c ' V alada esv. der 552 F. d 38
e ona e e zur s cc
i he
xc s i or e.
' l r
Cor o,
3 4,

388( hCi. ) l a s si cai ofe si fr eunde t FourhAme nt t
4t r 2009 . n s e sng l ms xce sve o c
r he
t
ndme ,he

c u t s a p yasa d r o û b e tv r a o be e s'Grh m v. n o , 9 U. 3 6 3
o r mu t p l tn a d f d j cie e s na ln s. a a Co n r 4 0 S. 8 , 95
o
'
( 98 .Spe ii ly,hec 'mus deer net t rar s bl ofi ri t s me
1 9) ctcal t oul t t mi d he ea ona e fce n he a
t
whe

cru tn e wo l h vec ncu e t a atr a e itdj siy n t epa t u a u eo fr e'
ic msa c s ud a o ld d h t l e t x se u tfi g h ri lr s f o c .
l
c
'
Eli tv. a t, F. 640,6 (t Ci.1 (ii Gr ha 490U . a 396- .Thi
lot Le vit 99 3d
42 4h r 996) ctng a m,
S. t 397) s
s a r m anda e d ca e u ba a i ' Fo t Am e e rght ta i tt c e v ii
t nda d
t s E r f l l nc ng' of ur h
a
ndm nt i s û ga ns he ount r a lng
gove m e a i e e t a s a ' l a 396 û e ogni ng t tt i e of i e sar ofe f ce
m nt l nt r s s t t ke. d. t
'
' c zi ha polc f c r e t n or d
R

t ma es i-e o dj g n si cr u tn e t a a etns , c ran a drpil e ovig o k pl s c n ud me t-n ic msa c s h t r e e un e ti , n a dy v l n '
t
(hec t t c i rt f csfom t pes ci ofara ona eofie o t s e a
t our musl onsde he a t r he rpe tve
e s bl fc r n he c ne, nd

a odj d igt o fc rsc n uc wi t e$02 v so o hnd iht'' Clm v Co b a , 8
v i u gn he fie ' o d t t h 2 /0 iin f i sg . ' e . r e u 2 4
h
F. 543,550(t Ci.2002)( i Grha 490U. a 396,397)
3d
4h r
quotng a m,
S. t
.Thus tl o e r pus
,knlt ve y h

o s o e e e i i ma ltrs e ume e sr i t ep a eo aj d e sc a r'viltst e
r h v , v n f t y ae e m l c say n h e c f u g ' h mbes' oae h
Fourt A m endm ent Gr
h
. aham ,490 U . at396.
S.

D e e m i ng whe hera S e s bl of i e i t s m e c r um s a esw oul ha
t r ni
t
t a ona e fc r n he a
r
i c t nc
d ve

c l t tat e e se j tf ngt pa tc a us off c 'rquie af ts ctc
oncuded ha hrat xitd usiyi he riulr e ore' e rs ac-pe ii
a l i oft pa tc a c r um s a esoft c e a ha 1 a 396- The Gr ha de s on
na ys s he ri ul r i c t nc
he as t nd. d. t
97.
a m ci i

19

ofe st e f cor t c i whe de e mi ng whe he agi n us off cewa e es i
f r hr e a t s o onsder n t r ni
t r ve e or
s xc sve:

()t S e rt oft c i a is '( whehe t s pe tpos sa ti dit t e tt t
1 he l veiy he rme t sue, 2) t r he us c e n tmme ae hra o he
s
'
s eyoft ofi e sorohe s'a ( whehe t s pe ti û tveyr ssi ars or
aft he tc r t r , nd 3) t r he us c s s i l e itng re t
'
ac
a t m ptng t e de a r s by f i . I a 39 The Fourh Cic thasal o i ca ed t ta
te i o va r e t lght' d. t 6.
'
t r ui
s ndi t ha

c nsd rto o t e tn o teplitf sij r ma berlv n i d tr nngwh t e a
o ieain f he x e t f h anif nu y y ee a t n eemii
eh r n
ofi rspatc a us off c wasr s bl Se J v. ha n, F. 5 527(t
tce' riulr e ore
ea ona e. e ones Buc na 325 3d 20, 4h
Ci. 3) Buts W is v.Fl 429F. 465, ( h Ci. )( ntoni onl t
r 200 .
ee lon ynn,
3d
468 4t r 2005 me i ng y he
Grha fcor)
a m a t s.
A san i talm a t ,W hie c ea l s a e i t com pl i t tSa r lwasnot
nii
ter
t bey l ry t t s n he
a nt ha r ge s

aound'durngt tmewhenHelo wasa yngt ha
r ' i he i
tn
ppli he ndcufst W hiebe ( No.1a
f o t y. ECF
t
8. Morove ,W hie y doe notalegea physc la tt tSar c
) e r tbe
s
l ny
ia c ha rge ommitda i thi or
te gans m,
des rbe a f c f a t teihe ofi rc m it a i thi afe he w a ha uf e
c i ny or e ul ct ha t r tce om ted ga ns m t r
s ndc f d.
Fi ly,i Sa r w asnoti t vi niy w hie H e t w asus ng f ce a ns W hiebe Sa r
na l f r ge
n he ci t
l lon
i or gai t
t y, r ge
ca tbe la e a a bys a rf f lng t pr ve Helon' us off ce Se Randa lv. i e
nno
i bl s
t nde or aii o e nt t s e or . e
l Prnc

Ge c sCount M d.30 F. 188, ( h Ci.2002 (i ngt t1w e or me ofie
or e'
y. , 2 3d
204 4t r
) fndi ha a nf ce nt fc r
ma i urbysande la lt unde j1 3i he( )knowst taf l ofie i vi ai a
y nc
t r ibiiy
r 98 f 1
ha elow fc r s oltng n
i viualsc tt i lrg s ( hasar s na eopporuniyt pr ve t ham;a ()
ndi d ' onsiutona iht; 2)
ea o bl
t t o e nt he r nd 3
c e nott a t. Si lry,Het c nnotbela ef f lngt prve Sar fo usng
hoos s o c) mia l lon n
ibl or aii o e nt rge rm i
e es i f ce a ns W hie y, he e W hiebe f ist a l ge t tSa r a i d a f ce
xc s ve or gai t
t be w r
t y a l o le ha r ge pple ny or

a i thi Ac r ngl a t t algai i Cli ( t tdee nt usde e sve
gans m. codi y, s o he le tons n am 6) ha fnda s e xc si

f re S rg i e tte t s mmayj g n , nda t alg to so b sa d rl bl y boh
o c , ar e s nild o u r ud me ta s o le ain f y tn e i it , t
a i
dee nt aeenildt s
fnda s r tte o ummayj
r udgme onCl m ( .
nt
ai 6)

W hie y a is t the d o a a f om t s ne oft t a fc s op a t Sa r
t be dm t ha
r ve w y r he ce
he r f i t fer r ge
c m and hi t e thi ca a t ta t rhe sopped t ca ,he r n f om H e t on f t
om
ed m o xi s r nd ha fe
t
he r
a r
lon
oo .
Ba e on t s hi t y, he of i e shad pr bl ca e t pur ue a a r s hi f el ng polce.
sd
hi s or t
fc r
oba e us o s nd r e t m or udi
i
He a l ge ,howeve , ha a Helon r up be nd hi , s oppe and t d t ofi e t the
le s
r t t s t an
hi
m he t
d
ol he tc r ha
w a gi ng up,he co ple w ih H e t sco m a t tl y f e do n on t gr
s vi
m id t
lon' m nd o sa ac w
he ound, he
'
'

a v s dHet nta h wa aû j rh at ain 'a dta h wa tyigt g th sa o ta
d ie lo h t e s d o e r p te t n h t e s r n o e i nn u s
ma
'
di e t butc d notdo s bec us oft de e nt sknee i hi ba k.H e f t ra s r st t
r c ed,
oul
o a e he f nda '
n s c
urhe s e t ha ,
de pie hi s a e e s a
s t s t t m nt bouthi he tpr e s a hi i biiy t pul hi ha outf om
s ar obl m nd s na lt o l s nds
r
u m e t hi bod Helo s r k hi a
nde a h s y, t n t uc m bove t e w ih t pe rs a c s e a t n
he ye t he ppe pr y ani t r nd he
s a pe rs a i hi f e W hiebe a l ge t tt pe rs ay m ade hi s a t c ng
pr yed ppe pr y n s ac .
t y le s ha he ppe pr
m t r ki ki
a s ti bec us he c d notbr t a t ti t end,Helo r l d hi t one s de i
nd pi ng, a e
l
oul
ea he, nd ha n he
t n ole m o
i n
or rt ge hol ofhi l f ha a a y t ha uf s
de o t d
s e t nd nd ppl he ndc f .
Co tui W hie y' a l ga i i t lghtm os f vor bl t hi , a l ge H e t
nsr ng
t be s le tons n he i
t a a e o m he le s lon

e oye e si f cei t f l ngrs cs ()Helon' poi i aguna W hie ya
mpl d xce sve or n he olowi e pe t: a t s ntng
t tbe nd
or rnghi t 1efc down;( Het sputi akne i W hiebe sba k s t tW hie y
dei m o i a e
b) lon' tng
e n t y' c o ha
tbe

c dnotc ywiht or t putbohha be ndhi ()Helon' srki W hie y
oul
ompl t he der o
t nds hi m; c t s ti ng tbe
wiht pe rs ayc n;a ( Helon' s ayi W hie ywihpe s ay.W hie y'
t he ppe pr a nd d) t s pr ng tbe t pper pr
tbe s
fi fom t tafi sop s e i hi c a t n on f ,ga t ofi r c e rpr bl
lght r he r tc t c ne, n s ar nd he
oot ve he tce s l a oba e
cause t ares hi f el ng polce. They al o sus ed hi ofa dr t aficki ofens
o r t m or udi
i
s
pect
m
ug r t ng f e,

ba ed o hi di pos oft ba e durng t c e a w e e a s by t rs r s t t
s n s s al he ggi
i he has nd r dvi ed
hei upe vi or ha
W hie y m i htbe a
t be
g
nned and da e ous Thus t tr tGr m f c orw e ghs a ns
ng r .
, he i s aha a t
i
gai t
W hie y a t a lt s us s off ce Be a e i i pos i e t to oft i t e m a ha
t be s o 1 he e e
or . c us t s s bl ha ne he nsanc s y ve

be nj tte unde t s onda t r Grha fcor,whiet ot ronewa no,hec t
e usii d
r he ec nd hid a m a t s l he he
s tt our
21

wi spaaeya ay et ealg to s Se W aema v Bat n 3 3F.d4 , 81( t Ci.
l e rt l n lz h le ain . e tr n . to , 9 3 71 4 4h r
l
2005 .
)
a. O rder atG un Poi t L i D ow n
nt o e

W hie y' ow n ale tons de onsr t t tH e t sor r a g poi f W hie t
t be s
l ga i
m t a e ha lon' de t un nt or
t bey o
1e do n w a no e e s ve f ce unde t cic sa e . W hie y' beha o i ca e t t
i w
s t xc s i or
r he r um t nc s
t be s
vi r ndi t d o he
of i e sa g c nc t the w oul no c
fc r ood ha e ha
d t oope a e i t a r twihouta i a i ofs e
r t n he r es t
pplc ton
om
f c a t ti w a dif c tt pr c how he w oul r c t t ror r . Thus t t r
or e nd ha t s f i ul o edi t
d ea t o hei de s
, he hid
Gr ha f t w e ghs a ns W hie
a m ac or i
gai t
t bey. The s c G r hn f c ori e ly unhe pf t
e ond a m a t s qua l
l ul o
hi . A r as na e ofi runde t cic s a e Helon f e as a l of i er wihout
m
e o bl tce
r he r um t nc s t ac d,
one fc , t
bac p,c s ng a te ng s pe ti o a a rm e co pl x whe e he m i ha a wea n or
ku ha i
l ei us c nt n pa t nt m e
r
ght ve
po
c r st t n ag ns t of i e , oul ha bele d t tt s pe t e a t rhe s oppe
oho t o ur ai t he f c r c d ve i ve ha he us c , ven f e
t d
vol t r l pos a t e tt hi s e y s fc e tt w a r tt of i er spuli a di pl yi
un a iy, ed hr a o s af t uf i i n o r an he fc '
lng nd s a ng
hi tr a n durng t a r t 1
s i e n'
i he r es . 8
b. K nee i t Back,Bl st t H ead,and Pepper Spray
n he
ow o he

W he a fe ng s pe tvol a iy so a le down i obe e et a ofi e ' or r
n l ei us c unt rl t ps nd is
n di nc o n fc r s de ,
a g bl hedoesnotpos t s m edeg e ofrs ort s m el ve ofr s sa eashe di whe
r ua y,
e he a
r e ik he a e l e itnc
d
n
r nni ors andi The Gr ha f c or , e r r uie t c t o vi w t st ton fom
u ng
t ng.
a m a t s how ve , eq r he our t e he iua i r
t pe s c i ofa r as bl ofi e unde t s m e c r um s a s l t s c s ,t c t
he r pe tve
e ona e fc r
r he a
ic t nce . n hi a e he our
c nnoti nor t undiput e denc t tcic sa e s
a
g e he
s ed vi e ha r um t nc s uppor e H e t s r as bl f a
t d lon' e ona e e r
t tW hie m i htbe a d a da
ha
t bey g
nne nd nger us H e t ha r c ved r la e i or a i n fom hi
o . lon d e ei
e i bl nf m to r
s

s r s a utW hie y' c i i hit y a c r ntc i i c r sf home i sonsi
upe vior bo
t be s rm nal sor nd ure rm nal ha ge or
nva i n
whi h a fr r m a ha be n us H e ha alo s e W hie y tee f om polc had s e
c iea m
y ve e ed.
d s en
t be l r
i e,
en
I l hi af i t Helon doesnotsat t he puled hi gun oror ed W hiebey t t
S n s fdavi, t
t e hat
l
s
der
t
o he
gr
ound;r her he sat t the t
at , t es ha
houghtacel phonei W hiebey' hand wasa gun and t ed W hiebe
l
n
t
s
ackl
t y
t t gr
o he ound.

22

W htb yp a ehi ha di hsp c e, n h dp rev damea o j c i W hi be ' h n ta
ie e lc s n n i o k t a d a e c ie
t l be t n t y s a d h t
e
1
t hi nf
ton ol r ng s r pe i , lon e s na y
hebeive m i htbea gun.9 W ih t s i onua i c o i hi pe s ctve Het r a o bl
le d g
c d ha bele d t tW hie y' a t m p e s r nde w a a t ly a c r a i or
oul ve i ve ha
t be s te t d ur e r s c ua l onf ont ton
pr t nded c
ee
oope a i t ga n a nt ge.
r ton o i dva a
M or ve ,W hie doesnotexpl n why he, a he r pa i ntw ho ha r c nty
eo r
t bey
ai
as
a t te
d ee l
r m oved hi ne k br e, an f om polc i t fr tpl ce ore a n w hy he c ea ed hi l f
e
s c ac r r
i e n he i s a
xpl i
onc l
s et
ha unde hi body w he he pl ed hi s l on t g ound.Fac ng t s confi tng
nd
r s
n
ac
m e f he r
i he e
lc i
cic s a s Helon c d r a ona y ha be i ve t tW hiebe s pos toni hi he r
r um t nce , t oul e s bl ve le d ha
t y'
ii ng, s a t
co ton sa e e , hi cl i st the c d notr ove hi l f ha f om unde hi bo
ndii t t m nt and s a m ha
oul
em
s e t nd r
r s dy
w e e addii na i c i ns ofa pr t ns ofc
r
to l ndi ato
e e e oope a i a ofco i d r i t nc t polc
r ton nd
ntnue es s a e o i e
o de s Ce t i y,W hie y' a tons a c m e s t ke t t rw ih H e t sot r
r r . r a nl
t be s c i
nd om nt , a n oge he t
lon' he
i or a i a
nf m ton boutt s pe t l tope t ve y r lpos i lt t tW hiebe m i htha a
he us c , ef
n he r ea
sbiiy ha
t y g
ve
wea i t ha co e e unde hi body.
pon n he nd nc al d
r s
Fac d w ih r s r ni s h a s pe tby hi s l , ihoutbac up, n a a ea c e by
e t e t ai ng uc
us c
m efw t
k
i n r hos n

t s pe t Helon coul r s bl ha bele t ta tona physc lf c ofs
he us c , t
d ea ona y ve ived ha ddii l
i a or e ome lmie
i td

tp wa j tfe t g tW htb y s fl u d rc nr l W he v r a o d r d dn ta h e ete
y e s usiid o e ie e a ey n e o to . n eb l r e s i o c iv h
desr d r s t H e t a l dl sr k W hie y i t f ce w ih ape r s a c n,s ty
i e e ul, lon lege y tuc
t be n he a
t
ppe pr y a horl
f l
olowed wih bur t oft pe r s a is l . Onc t s pec w ass fci nty di tac e by
t
s s he ppe pr y t e f
e he us t
uf i e l sr t d
t e f t oft pe r s a H elon r s na y c d have be i ve i s e t r lhi ove
he f ec s he ppe pr y, t ea o bl oul
le d t af o ol m
r
e ug t g a hi f e ha and pl ce i i t ha uf .
no h o r b s r e nd
a t n he ndc f

Th n tr o W htb y ssae ij re d e n t i ha an tHet ni t eb ln eo
e au e f ie e ' ttd nu is o s o weg g is lo n h aa c f
f or t cour m us consderi anal ng t excessi f ce cl m . Jones,325 F. at527.
act s he
t t
i n
yzi he
ve or ai
3d
1 W hiebey cl m shehad dr
9
t
ai
opped hi c lphonebef e he sopped t f Helon, butHelon
s el
or
t
o ace t
t

ra on bl c ul ha o roo dt fli o j c, c ul ha b le dW hie e h do h rs c
e s a y o d ve vel ke he alng b e t or o d ve eive
tb y a te u h
o j cs i ldigag hi e i hi cot ngorh nd .
b e t,ncu n un, dd n n s l hi
a s
23

W hie s isphot a ofhi s fa t t i i nt di pl ng a de p cuton hi r g
t bey ubm t
ogr phs
m el fer he nc de , s ayi
e
s i ht

ey 1d a c k,t e blc ne a al s r t h on hi l rbac Healege t t e
e i nd hee he ye a ke d, nd ong c a c
s owe
k.
l s hat hes

p y ia ij re o c rdd rngHet n' ef rst ma eh m p o u eh slf h ndfr
h sc lnu is c ure u i
l s fo t o k i r d c i e t a o
o
h n c fn , n i e d,h yaetetpeo ijlist b e p ce fo tetp so f r e
a d ufig a d nd e t e r h y f n t e o e x e t d r m h y e f o c
r
a lgedl a id durng t spr s .M or ove ,W hie y doesnotal get tHelon a i d
le y pple
i hi oce s
e r
t be
le ha
t pple
a a tona f c afe a yi t ha
ny ddii l or e t r ppl ng he ndcuf t hi l tw rs .
f o s ef it

W htb ycamst a maeil ip tsp e ld su r j dg n , uc a wh t rhs
ie e li h t tra d s ue r cu e tnmay u me t s h s ehe i
phonec d r as bl ha be n m it ken f a gun;whehe hedr
oul e ona y ve e sa
or
t r
oppedhi phonewhie
s
l
nz ng;a a t t pe i i tmewhe he a s d Het ofhi he tco ton a hi
nni nd s o he rod n i
n
dvie
lon
s ar ndii nd s
i biiy t pr
na lt o oduce hi l tha asor e Be us t cour m us vi w t s c r tm s a es
s ef nd
der d. ca e he
t t e he e i c l t nc
f om t of i r spe s c i how e , he co tfnds no m a e i ldi put off t Bec e t
r he fce ' r pe tve,
ver t
ur i
t r a s e ac .
aus he
undi put e denc i ca est tH e t r as bl c d ha bele d t tt t
s ed vi e ndi t ha lon e ona y oul ve i ve ha he ypesoff ce
or

a id we er as bl unde t cic sa es W hie yha f ie t de o taet tt
pple
r e ona e
r he r um t nc , tbe s al d o m nsr t ha he
of i r s a tonsvi a e hi Fourh Am e e rghtt be f e f om e es i polce f ce
fce ' c i
ol t d s
t
ndm nt i o
re r
xc s ve i or .
J
ones 325 F. a 530- .
,
3d t
31

Thec ta s co l
our lo ncudest te n i W hie y' ale tonsc d be i em r t d t sae
ha ve f
tbe s l ga i
oul
nt e e o t t

aF u t Ame d n cam, e rh ls Het ni e tte t s mmayj dg n o t eg o n
o rh
n me t li n vetee s lo s n i d o u r u me t n h r u d
l
ofq lfe i muniy.A gove n e ofi ili e il t qua ii d i t t i hi conduc
uaii d m
t
r m nt fca s ntted o lfe mm miy f s
t
t
s notvi a ecla l esabls saut r orconsiutona rght ofwhih ar s na e
does
olt e ry t ihed tt o y
tt i l i s
c ea o bl

pes n woul ha known. Hal v.Fizc ad, U. 800,81 ( 982) Thus qualfe
ro
d ve
' row
'
t erl 457 S.
81 .
, iid
i m l iy s el a of i e f om la lt w he he r as na y, ve i m i t ke y, i s t t
m m t hi ds n f c r r i biiy
n
e o bl e n f s a nl beleve ha

hi c
s onduc c i wiht lw.Peas nv. la n,555U. 223,244- (
t omples t he a
ro Calha
S.
45 2009) The
.
c tsi t m us be t t the s a e oft l w 'a t tm e oft e nt a i s ga t
our ' nqui.
y
t l her t t t
whe
he a t he i
he ve s t s ue ve he

24

of i e f i w a ni t thi alege t e t e oft pl i ifw a unc tt i l' J nes 3
fc r a r r ng ha s l d r a m nt he a ntf s ons iutona . o , 25
'

F.dat531( i Hopev.Pez r 536U. 730,7 (
3
quotng
le,
S.
40 2002:.
Het n ar st he i e il d t qua ii i
lo gue hat s ntte o lfed mmuniy,be us i wa cea l esabls d
t ca e t s l ry t ihe
und rFourh Cic tl a t tme ofW hiebe sar s t ti i r a ona ef apolceofi e
e
t r ui aw t he i
t y' re t ha t s e s bl or
i fc r
t us a c os d fs s rke a m a t s
o e l e i t t i nd ce o ubdue a s pec w ho r s s sa r s by r usng t pr s t
us t
e i t r e t ef i o e en
hi ha t be c f H e cies s ver lca e , tc a l r yi on W is n v.Fl nn, F.
s nds o
ufed.
t e a s s pari ul ry el ng
lo
y 429 3d
465, 469(t Ci.
i
al e
nf m i
i
4h r 2005 .0 I w ison,polcehad sever picesofi or aton supportng a
)2 n l
r as bl be i ft tW is ha c m it d a c i e a pos d a i m edi t da rt ot r ;
e ona e le ha
lon d om te
r m nd e n m
a e nge o he s
t s pe t sw ie ha s
he us c ' f d oughtpolc i e v nton,r pori t tW is w a dnm k a t arng up
i e nt r e i e tng ha
l on s
nd e i
t hous t tt r w a a gt i t hous a s f ar d f t s e y ofhe s l a he
he
e, ha he e s m n he
e, nd he e e or he af t
r e f nd r
young c l e ,a polc s w W is k s bl t c rhi w i e ha be n drvi a t l her
hidr n' nd i e a
lon l a e he a s f d e i ng nd e l
di
t ts w oul notbe goi a he e w ih t i s a lc l ' l a 468. Polce a s r as bl
ha he
d
ng nyw r t he r m l hid. d. t
'
i l o e ona y
be i ve f om W is sbe ort the wasr i tng a r s :w he o de e t pr e hi hands
le d r
l on' havi ha
ess i r e t
n r r d o es nt s
t be ha
o
ndcuf e he w al a a t a d hi hous ,t d t of i e tnott gr b hi ha ,' nd
f d,
ked w y ow r s
e ol he f c r t o a s nds ' a
t n a tve y s uf l d w ih t of i e who w a tyi t r sr i hi . l
he c i l c f e t he fc r
s r ng o e t a n m d.
W hie y as e t t thi c e i ditngui ha e f om t W is c e: t c i e of
t be s r s ha s as s s i s bl r he l on as he rm s
w hi h he w ass pe t d w e e r l i y m i r he ha nott e t ned ha m t a
c
us c e
r e atvel no ;
d
hr a e
r o nyone,ve ba l o
r ly r
phys c l he di notc r H e t n a t t c e; he ce lphone he c r i d co d no
i aly;
d
onf ont lo fer he has t
l
a r e ul t
2 The ot rcas Helon ciesalo s
0
he es t t s uppor a fndi t tes a ihed Fourt Cicui pr edent
t i ng ha t bls
h r t ec
r
ecogni t ta of i r r onabl belevi t ta s pectwasa
zed ha n fce , eas
y i ng ha us
nned and confont i ,coul
r atonal
d

p o ryus s fk in f r et ganc nto o test to Se And ronv. s l, 7 F. 1 ( h
r pe l e u t e t o c o i o r l f h i in. e e s Rus el24 3d 25 4t
ua
Ci. 01 ( fimi tilc ur' g a tof ud me ta amatroflw o t egr ndofqu lfe
r 20 ) a fr ng ra o ts r n j g n s te a n h ou
aiid
i
mmuniy t t ofi def ndantwho s an unar ed s pectwhom t of i beleve wasr
t o he fcer e
hot
m
us
he fcer i d
eachi
ng

f ag l M c an za v. r es 27F.d 1 2,1 05n.5(t Ci.1 4)( r n ig s mma yj g n
or un ; te a n Ka n , 3 00 0
4 h r 99 g a tn u r ud me t
on t gr
he ound ofqualfed i m uniy,bas on t of i def ndant sundiput and r onabl belef
ii m
t
ed he fcer e
'
s ed
eas
e i

ta tes p twa a me ; lot v. a t 99F.d64 6 2( hCi.1 )( r n ig s mmay
h t h us ec s r dl Eli ' Le vi
t
t
3 0, 4 4t r 996 g a tn u r
j dg nto t eg o ofq lte i
u me n h r und uai d mmunt wheeu s u e e de c idiae t tçmme ael
i
iy r ndip t d vi n e n c td ha t dit y
i
bef e frng,Leavitand Chene confont an i oxi t d i vi poi i a gun a t fom onl a
or ii
t
y
r ed nt ca e ndi dual ntng
t hem r
y

fw f e a y wihhi tn ront ti e ' .
e e t wa t s i ge he rgg r'
)

r a ona y ha bee m i t ke f a gun; d opped t ce lphone e r y i t cha e' nd he
e s bl ve n s a n or
he r
he l
a l n he s ,
a
vol arl pl e hi s l on t gr
unt iy ac d m e f he ound a pr s nt d o ha t t of i er He a s a l ge
nd e e e ne nd o he fc .
l o le s

t thea tm p e t pr s ntt o he hand, waspr ven e fom doi s by He t sown
ha
te t d o e e he t r
but
e td r
ng o
lon'
ac i ns a t tH e t i nor d hi ve ba e a tons f t nonc pla .
to , nd ha lon g e s r l xpl na i or he
om i nce
Thes a l ga i ,how e ,do no t ke i o a ounthow W hie y' a tonsc d
e le tons
ver
t a nt cc
t be s c i
oul
r s bl ha be n i er e e by a ofi e unde t t alt oft c r s anc s W hie y
ea ona y ve e nt pr t d
n tc r
r he ot iy he icum t e .
t be
doe no diput t c e i t tH e t ha e de e ofW hiebe s pas c i i lbe vi ,
s t s e he ont nton ha lon d vi nc
t y'
t rm na ha or
i l ng pos i e us ofa fr ar . Even a s i t tW hie y a t pt d t s r nde a
nc udi
s bl e
ie m
s um ng ha
t be tem e o ur e r nd
di noti e a
d
nt nd nyone a har , e t r as bl c ul ha i e pr t d W hie y' ac i nsa
ny m H lon e ona y o d ve nt r e e
t be s to s

ac r ai a hi comm e saspa tofa r et gan t opporuniy t pr uc a fr a m
onfont ton nd s
nt
r
us o i he
t t o od e ie r
f om t de hi body t fr a t of i e . The co tc ude t tt of i r sr as bl
r m r s
o ie t he f c r
ur oncl s ha he fce ' e ona e
pe c pton t tW hiebe sac i nspr e e a s t nta r s t t of i ra pot n i ly t
r e i ha
t y' t o
es nt d ubs a i l i k, o he fce nd e t a l o
ot r i t a t entcom pl x, a eshi ca e wihi t W is n c t gor i w hi h s m e
he s n he parm
e pl c
s s t n he l o a e y, n
c o

freij siidt a c mpihr srito ap tn il d ng russ s e t W htb y so
o c s u tfe o c o ls etan f oe tal a e o u p c . ie e ' wn
y
a l ga i nsi c t t the w a no s c s uly ha uf e untlafe t ale d us s off r ,
le to ndi a e ha
s t uc es f l ndc f d i t r he l ge e
o ce

a t r or doe noti cae a us off c a trHet a ompls d t c fngpr s .
nd he ec d s
ndi t ny e or e fe lon cc
ihe he ufi
oce s

SeeW is 429F. a 467- (i ngt tc s ainofvi e a trc fngs
lon,
3d t 69 tndi ha e sto
olnce fe ufi uppori
tng
quaiidi miy dee e) Thus t cour c ude t tt re tbls 1w a t tmeof
lfe mmt t fns .
,he t oncl s ha mde sa ihed a t he i
W hie y' a r s on M ar h 1 2009, n ofi e r s bl c dha be ive t tt us of
t be s re t
c 2,
a fc r ea ona y oul ve le d ha he e
f c i t m nnne W hiebe alege di notvi a e hi Fo ' Am e
or e n he
r
t y l d d
ol t s ul h
t
ndm e rght The c t
nt i .
our

c l t tHet i enil t s
oncudes ha lon s tted o umma yj
r udgme o t gr ofquaiid i
nt n he ound
lfe mmuniya t
t so
t e si f c algai i Cli ( .
he xce sve ore le tons n am 6)

26

D . O t Cl m s
her ai

Th d f n a t h ven tmo e f rs mma yj d me ta t a yo W htb y' Cli
e ee d n s a o v d o u r u g n s o n f ie e s ams
( ,( ,a ( .Assaed,W hie ydi no ce rystf t t s is sa camsi hi
4) 5) nd 7)
tt
tbe d t lal e orh he e sue s li n s
co pl i ,butcl r te t m i hi A ugus 2011 a e
m a nt
a ii d he n s
t
m ndm e , nd t c tlbe a l co t u
nt a he our i r ly nsr es

t sclrfc tona r ai bac t is dic s i t c ant Cli ( a (
hi aiiai s eltng k o sues s used n he ompli . ams 4) nd 5)
co e n W hie y' a r ntbeleft the ha a pr ry i t r ti hi nam e a r ci li n iy
nc r
t be s ppa e
i ha
s ope t n e es n s
nd a a de tt
unde V i g ni l w ,whi h Sa r s e
r ri a a
c r ge om how i rng by lsi W hie
nf i ed
i tng
t bey' na e a r c o t
s m nd a e n he
c r ng i tum e si s d a t t M a ch 1 2009 i i ta i s he e. Such s a e l w
ha gi nsr nt s ue fer he r 2,
nc den t s ue r
tt a

cai aenoti pe ntya to bl und j 1 whih wasi e dt pr tc onl fdea
l ms r
nde nde l cina e er 983, c
ntnde o oe t y e rl
rght a notcl m sf whi ht r a e a qua er medisunde sa el w. W rgh v. lns
i s nd
ai or c he e r de t e
e
r tt a
i t Coli ,

766F. 8 ,849( h Ci.1 ) Be a et c thasdee ne t tSar i e il t
2d 41
4t r 985 . c us he our
tnui d ha rge s ntted o

s mmayj g n a t al e ea camsa an thm,h c u t e l e t e e cs
u r ud me t s o 1f d r l li g is i t e o r d ci s o x r ie
n
s p lme t lu idci no e Cli ()a d()algn sae1w v oainsa dwil
u pe na j rs ito v r ams 4 n 5 l ig tt a i lto n l
e
s mmai d s s t e wih u p eu iea c r igy.S e2 U. C. 1 6 ()
u rl imis h m to t rj d c c o dn l e 8 S. j 3 7 c.
y
Assae W hie y' pr K pla ngsa e difc tt unde sa Li r ly c tui
t td, t be s o
e di
r fiul o
rt nd. be al onsr ng

Cli ( ,W hie ylsss vealS rona lbe t rg s' c tt i lrg s c r c rg s
am 7) tbe it e r t s l i ry iht' onsiutona iht, onta t iht,
pe
pr va y r g s t r g t go a
i c i ht , he i ht o
bouthi busne sw ihoutdi c os ng i t ne ghbor ,hi rghtnot
s i s t
sl i t o i
s si
t be f c t i r m i t hi s l , sr g t be f e i r a r s ors i e e e under
o
or ed o nc i na e m e f hi i ht o
r e d om r e t e zur xc pt
f
pr pe l w ,' sr gh t f e do ofm ove e w iho t e tofi prs
o r a ' hi i t o r e m
m nt t ut hr a
m i onm e t a hi r g t
n , nd s i ht o
us r dw a and w a e w a . The he c e t tt de e nt vi a ed hi pe s na
e oa ys
t r ys
n, ont nds ha he f nda s ol t
s ro l
pr ry r g sunde va i c tt t o lpr s ons a f de a s a ut . 1 Fj jy,je
ope t i ht
r r ous ons iu i na ovi i
nd e r l t t es 2 na j )
.

2 w hiebey alo r s 'st s a el pr ry cl m sagai tSar ge, whi t cour has
1
t
s eas el he t t aw ope t ai
t
ns r
ch he
t

ara y a d e sd a Cli ( )a d ( .
le d d r s e s ams 4 n 5)

c e t tHet n and Sa r vi a e t rpr es i lo i tonsaspolc ofk e sby
ont nds ha lo
rge olt d hei of sona blga i
ie t r
t ki a
a ng wayhi f de ala sae rght wihouthi S itn sgnaur .'
s e r nd t t i s t
s é te i t e'
wr
The c t us hol pl adi fl by a pr y lt g ntt a l s s rngen s a
our m t d e ngs ied
o q ii a o e s t i t t ndar t n
d ha
-

t ta i d t f ma pla ngsdr fe by lwye sa s d e ur t tme ioro cli a e
ha pple o or l e di
a td
a r nd houl ns e ha rt i us a ms r
no l tbe a et ltga di notpr rypr s nti. Se Hanesv.Ke e ,404 U . 51 520
t os c us he ii nt d
ope l e e t e i
m r
S. 9,

( 972) Gor v. ke,5 F. 11 1151( h Ci.1 .Ont ot rha t s
1 ; don Lee 74 2d 47,
4t r 978)
he he nd,hi

rq ie n t lb r l c n tu p oâ p e dng d e n t a t a j d e aede urdt
e ur me t o ieal o sr e r t la i s o s o me n h t u g s r ' q ie o
y
r
c nsnzt gr . 1 ry' lg l r u n sf rhm. S lv. dc t, 98F.d41 , 7 1
o t c a p oK pa t s e a a g me t o i ' mal En io t9 2 1 41 - 8
'
( t Ci.1 .
7h r 993)
Thec t sr vi wed W hie ss
our ha e e
tbey' ubmi sonsc r f l i l ng hi i ta c
si
a e uly, nc udi
s niil ompl i ,
ant

hi r s ns t t motont dimis a hi a nd rs ns s( Nos 29and37) W hie
s epo e o he i o s s , nd s me ed epo e ECF .
. l
t c tdoe notdoubtW hie ssnc iy i pr s ntnghi lgala g e sunde c po a e
he our
s
t bey' i ert n e e i
se
r um nt
r or r t
a pr ry lw , pr es ,a va i usf r lsaut s a t s metm e t c tc nnot
nd ope t a due oc s nd ro ede a tt e , t he a i , he our n
de i rfom hi dic so any vibl l lcli sa ii fom hi f cua al ga i .
cphe r
s s us i ns
a e ega am rsng r
s a t l le tons
A c or ngl w ih t e pton oft Fourh A m e e c ai sa r ady di c s d,t c t
c di y, t he xce i
he
t
ndm nt l m l e
s us e he our

fn i a p o raet s
ids t p r p it o umma i d s s wih u p eu ie pu s a tt 28U. C.
rl imis t o t rj dc , ru n o
y
S.
j1 5A( ( ) Cli ( a a rlt cai fil rie by W hie y' addii l
91 b)1, am 7) nd ny eaed l ms ary asd
tbe s tona
s
ubmisons
si .
III

I c ncu in,hec u t l ga td fnd n s mo inf rs mmayj d me ta t
n o lso t o r wil rn ee a t' to o u r u g n s o
pl i if s Fourh Am e
a ntf
t
ndm e cl i s a w ils m a iy di m i s a lot c a m sf t r s
nt a m nd l um r l s s 1 her l i or he ea ons

sae ptrua t 28U. C.jj 1 c a 1 A( ( ) An a opraeo de wilis t s
ttd, ls nt o
S.
367() nd 915 b)1 . ppr it r r l sue hi
day.

28

The Cl r i diec e t s c esoft sm em or ndum opi on a a om pa ng
e k s r t d o end opi
hi
a
ni nd cc
nyi
or rt pl i i fa t c
de o a ntf nd o ouns ofr co d f t de e
el e r or he f ndan s
t.

ENTER:Ths f d yo Dee e, 01 .
i S a f cmb r2 1
Chi fUnie St t sD i t i tJ e
e
t d a e sr c udg