Ponani Sukumar et al v. Nautilus, Inc.

Filing 103

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 2/10/12. (med)

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c nes
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s o eo isp tn p rf i a dap e iu j d me t g is if rf lema kn , ho ta
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utl r e he e r d ce i ntnt
Pl i if pl c pa tc are pha i on t l on Fine sca e a gui t ti de onsr t s
a ntf s a e ri ul m s s he c
t s s , r ng ha t m t a e

t a Na tl si a ç du c td rp a o fn e v I lo He 1 & Fi se n . Na tls
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n .No. 2 CV- 0 D. a 0 6 , u y o n itr la ta Na tls d oae e to
292 by f lel i c tng t tt t
a s y ndi a i ha he t
powe Rods ' e a pa tofis Bow fe e r i e m ac ne
r
' us d s r t
l x xe c s
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w e e pa e e orm ade w ih pa e e t c
r t nt d
t t nt d e hnol
ogy. The Pl ntf sal o poi t a n be of
ai i f s
nt o um r

sae e t i Na tl ' s c ii flngsa fna i ta a tonst tge r l dic st
t tm n s n u ius s e urtes ii
nd i ncal r ns c i ha ne aly s us he
s
cope oft N aut l pat portolo and is i port t t com pany,and w hi t t s
he
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t tN a iusha know l
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d
edge oft pa e si he d. Se ge r l La t D e . Exs 36-41 48
he t nt t l
e ne al
y pore cl, .
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9

51.ThePl ntfsa s poi t a numbe ofc s swhe eNa iuss htt e o ceispa e
ai if lo nt o
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r utl oug o nf r t t nt
r g s See i Exs.
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d
42-47.

Io
n pposton, tl s m itd anumbe ofde a ai .Pl i if dic tt
ii Nau ius ub te
r
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pr atveval oft e de l r tons a gui t tt ar not ng m o et conc u or de a s
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ont c
3d t 352. Ho ve ,hee de es
we r t vi nc ubmit by Na iuspr desm o et n
ted
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r ha

n k da s rins M akPo tr Na tlss3 ( )6 win s- tsiidt a xa tl ddn t
a e seto . r re , uiu , 0 b ( ) t ess e tfe h t u i i o
us
r c vea s c t l gala c r ga di ispae m a ki lbel.Pore Depo.93:-9.
e ei ny pe ik e
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2 ,
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33: .
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M a hi swer ma a t e dic s d t hit ya pur eoft s ca ld û -a l'
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andico dbea ple t muli eor r oroder ofmi ma hi s' W e Dec. 9. He
t ul
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f t rde l r d t the cons de e t afi ng ofpa e l be st be non- l a d,
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ai if s ake
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l s.Se Tr 25-26.Butt onl r r e sf afi visordeclra i s it i c
abel e .
he y equiem nt or fda t
a tons ubm ted n onnec i
ton

wi amo infr u r u g n aeta te é ema eo p ro a k o e g , e o t at ta
t
h t o s mmayj d me t r h th y i d n es n l n wld e st u fcsh t
o
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matr sae ' Fe R. v. 56 c( .TheCou ti mid ul t si r tvea ha l tdis
tes ttd. d. Ci P. ( )4)
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consi aton oft pari afi t t t e sa ement madeupon per onalknowl
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5Und rRue3 b)6 ofteFe rlRulsofCi lPrc due ac po aint ti t bede os dma
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p e y
desgnae toneorm or ofk er ,diec or ,ormanagi a nt' t t tf on isbe f
i t t
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ng ge s' o esiy t hal.

10

a m a gi , t tN a iusdi notha an ki off ma s tm Orm ehod ofe l atng
nd r naland ha utl d
ve y nd or l yse
t
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he a l ed
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he he nd, bb l o t t d ha he a s r

updae fom tmet tmewihpae numbesbei a da rmo d.1 ! 11.
td r i o i
t tnt
r ng dde nd e ve d.
N a ius f t rof e st de a a i ofTe r H e l y, ho w a t Pl M a ge a
utl urhe f r he cl r ton
r y nse w
s he ant na r t
t l pe nc pl ntdurng t tm e t a c e m ac ne w e e m anuf c ur d. Acc di t
he nde nde e a
i he i he c us d
hi s r
at e
or ng o

He ly a plc to o tep tn lb lwa a d feto g t a dj s o emio p r o amu h
nse , p iain f h ae t a e s n t trh u h' n u t n n r a t f c
a
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agermo e omplx
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l!9. e , c di o
He l y, heus oft unilbe , c lse anumbe ofdif r ntpa e s, lmi td t ne d
nse t
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r
fe e
t nt e i nae he e
f t hotry e pl esw ho w or d unde hi t di c r w hi h pa e num be sa i d t
or he ll m oye
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whihpr uc.1 !8.
c od t d
Pl i if di pa a N a ius s t l be de ens ' a not ng m or t n a tl w ye '
a ntf s s r ge ut l ' û a l f e ' s hi
uni
e ha ta r s
c e ton' c e e t ta Fede a Cic tc s l w . Tr 23 4. Tha m a be. A nd i m a be t t
r a i ' r at d o r ck
r l r ui a e a
. -2
t y
t y ha
a t tm e oft i l t f tt nde fndst de e e unc nci 6 B uton a m o i f s
t he i
ra , he ac i r i he f ns
ton or umm a y
r
onvi ng.

j d me tt eCo r i r q rdt c nsd ra1h fcsa da yi e e c sd a fo t o e
u g n ,h u t s e uie o o ie 1te a t n n nfrn e rwn r m h s
f c si f voroft no
at n a
he nmovi pa t i t sc e, utl .l s doi t Cour fndsa
ng ry, n hi as Na ius n o ng, he
ti
ge ui i s ofm a e i f tast whe he N a iusac e w ih de e i i e .
n ne s ue
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t d t c ptve nt nt

I t ale na i Pli if a k t Cou t o fnd t tt y a e e il t a i e e et t
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ha he f ndan a t d w ih de e i i e . Se Pe gnot 6 F. a 1 -63. I or rt
t c e t c ptve nt nt e gui , 08 3d t 362
n de o

6A cas br
e oughtundert Fale M a ki sat e i an ac i atlw , and t Pl ntf sar entted t a
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j r ontei fdea cam.Se ge r l U. Co tAm. l Se aloAm.
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s t tNa iusha knowldgeoft f lem a ki t Pli if mus s
how ha utl
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by

prpond r nc o t e de e,ha Na iusC dnotha ar s bl beift t gc us d
e e a e f he vi nc t t utl t
di
ve ea ona e le hathe a c e
ma hi s weepr rymar d.'Cl e h,406F. a 1
c nej r ope l ke ' ontc
3d t 352-53.Grntngs
a i ummay
r

j d me t nt spon ,heeo e wo l rq iet eCo r t c n ld t tt r i n g n ie
u g n o hi it t rf r , ud e ur h u to o cu e ha hee s o e un
i s ofm a e i lf c ast w he he N a tl ha a r a ona e be i ft tt a us d m a hi
s ue
t ra a t o
t r u ius d e s bl le ha he cc e
c nes

ween t s r e .Tob s r ,nl h o t Io Fi s c s , r a o a l j r c udfn
r o mimak d
e u e i i t f he c n t s a e no e s n b e u y o l id
g
ne
t tNa iuswasnota r t t Powe Rodsi isBowfe lnewe ef ley m a ke
ha utl
wa e hat he
r
nt
lx i
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we e,h r s ohng n h e o d o n iae h t h c u e c ie r h u j c f
a prorf l e m a ki s t The Pl i if ha f ie t brng f t a die te d nc t t
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r d. t s he t nda d or he o e h es
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lngl Pl i if r ha hei s de e monsr t st tNa iusmu th
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ta
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wih de ptve i e . The Pli if 'm o i a t t i e e e tofSe ton 292 i DENI
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12

mila ng,a whi h i known,orwhih b t e r s ofr s na e c r s d b kn
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us
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t o i ha utl n e d o s e e l r r ona
pr ry. H e e i i c e rt tN a ius i t nde t di pos oft a us d m a hi . N a ius
ope t
r , t s l a ha utl n e d o s e he cc e
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utl
doe no a art c e tt sel m en ,a t dec a a i i s m it d i f c c i' i . The
s t ppe o ont s hi e t nd he l r tons t ub te n a t onfl t
m
ac us m a hi sw e e m a ac ur f s l t c m e c a c t e s A s s h, he Cour
c ed c ne r
nuf t ed or a e o om r i l us om r .
uc t
t

fndst tNa iusi e d t dipos ofr alorpe s lpr ry,a Pl ntf sM oto i
i ha utl nt nde o s e e
rona ope t nd ai if
in s
GRANTED ast t seeme oft FAL.
o hi l nt he
2. Publc Di s m i i ofUnt o M i l adi St e e s
i s e naton
rue r s e ng at m nt

P anif as se s mmayj dg n a t tes c n ee n o t F Th s
litfs lo e k u r u me t s o h e o d lme t f he AL. i
e e e pr bis a e iy f om publc y di s m i tng a unt u o m i l di sa e en
l m nt ohi t n ntt r
i l s e na i ny r e r sea ng t t m t

whi h i kne orr a onabl s dha known wa unt eorm iladi a whi h c e ns
c t w
es
y houl ve
s nl
se ng nd
c onc r
t r alo pe s nalpr r y a i s i t tr te e e . I be r i isa l i he e t
he e r r o
ope t t s ue n he i s l m nt n gim ng t na ys s r , he
Cour fr ta e s a i ta m a t r The pa tesa a t beleve t tde di t sm oton
t i s ddr s es n nii l te .
r i ppe r o i ha ci ng hi
i
r r t Cour t det m i w het ornott pat l s cons iut Eadvertsi 'perse.
equi es he
t o er ne
her
he ent abel
tt e i
i ng'

N a ius i pa tc a s ls s t i il tyi t c
utl n ri ul r pil ubsantal rk r ng o onvi e t Cour t tpa e l l a e not
nc he
t ha t nt abe s r
a rii
dve ts ng.

Alho Se ton 1
t ugh c i 7500 i wi l r e r d t a t Fa s Adve tsng La ,her i
s dey ef re o s he le
rii
w t es
not ng i t s a ut t tr qui e t di s m i ton ofan a ve ts m e . Ra her t pl i t xt
hi n he t t e ha e r s he s e na i
d ri e nt t , he a n e
oft 1 w s m pl ba st di s m i to ofunt ue o m i l a ng s a e e s Se Ca . v. oc
he a i y r he s e na i n
r r s e di t t m nt . e l Ci Pr .

Co ej1 5 ( e t 0 7 (e iltv itn s o db tk nit a c u twh nc n tung
d 8 9 W s 2 0 ) lgsaie n e t h ul e a e n o c o n e o sr i
sau e )No a v Ci of a em, 2P.d3 0 3 2( l2 0 )(t d tr n lgsaie
ttts; ln . t An h i 9 3 5 , 5 Ca. 0 4 : eemie e iltv
y
To
i e , et n fr tt t w or oft s a ut ,gi ng t m t i us la or na y m e ni
nt nt w ur is o he
ds he t t e vi he he r ua nd di r
a ng.

W hent lnguageofasaut i ce r wene gonof t r'(ne cttonsomitdl.
he a
tt e s la ,
ed
urhe . itmal iai
'
te )
Thus t a opra e i r i w he he N a iuspublc y di s m i t d unt ue orm i l a ng
, he ppr i t nquiy s
t r utl
i l s e na e
r
s e di
s a e e s t Cour nee pa no a t nton t whe he t e s a e e sa e a r i i i t
t t m nt ; he
t d y
te i o
t r hos t t m nt r dve ts ng n he
ta tona ,c m er i s ns oft w or
r dii l om
c al e e he
d.

The lbel o t ac us d mac ne r a t a a t e Unde U. Pa e Numbe sa
a s n he c e
hi s e d:t nuf c ur d
M
r S. t nt
r nd
Ot r Pa e t Pe ng' f l e by a ls ofpa e num be s Thes ar c e r y s a em e s by
he t n s ndi ' olow d
it
t nt
r.
e e l a l t t nt ,

a r a o bl detnii oft t nn.Abo ,t Cour f
ny e s na e i ton he e
ve he
t ound a ama t of1w t tNa ius
s
ter a ha utl
m a ke t ac us d m a hi s wih s m e pa en nu be st tdi no c rt m ac nesupon
r d he c e
c ne t o
t t m r ha d t ove he
hi
w hi h t y wer m a ke Thus t m a hi we e notm an a ur unde t U . pa en
c he
e r d.
, he c nes r
uf ct ed
r he S. t t

numbe sunde whih t l be ssa e t y we em a uf t e unde .Ass h,t Cour fnds
r
r c he a l tt d he
r n acur d
r
uc he
ti
t tNa iusdis m i t d untu sa e nt i c
ha utl s e na e
r e tt me s n onne tonwiht dipos lofpe s
ci
t he s a
ronal
pr ry, o w i,t ac us d m a hi s A ddii ly, he Cour fndst tt s s a em e s
ope t t t he c e
c ne .
tona l t
ti
ha he e t t nt

co m e t ac us d m a hi .
nce d he c e
c nes
How e r t ti f rf om t e o t sor Thi el m e oft FA L al o bea sa s a e
ve , ha s a r he nd f he t y. s e nt he
s
r tt
ofm i r quie e . l c r tt Sec i n 292,t FAL r quiesonl t ta de e ntkne or
nd e r m nt n ontas o to
he
e r
y ha
f nda
w
s ul ha known t unt e s a e e sw e e i f c ,u r .The evi nce i i ufk i tt
ho d ve
he nl t t m nt r , n a t nt ue
de
s ns t en o

14

fnd t tNa iuskne t sae e swe et r e.W he he Na iusE t e r s of
i ha utl
w he t tm nt r mtu
t r utl s he xe cie
by
r a ona e c r ' s d ha know n t tt e sa e e sw e e unt ue i a t i rque to
e s bl a e ' houl ve
ha hos t t m nt r
r s hom e
s i n.
The FA L' r as
S e onabl ca e r qui e e i m pos s adut ofi tga i ' Pe e v.
e r e r m nt '
i
e
y nvesi ton.' opl

Foes E.Olon.l ,18 CalRpt.8 806( 1CtApp.1 (ii Peo ev. iz r n,
rt
s nc. 6 . r 04, Ca. .
982) ctng pl W te ma

1 5Ca. t. 4( 1 CtAp .1 7 ).M o e v r Sh fiu et v rf a div siae
0 lRpr 28 Ca. . p 9 2) r o e,d e alr o eiy n n e t t
t
g
br a hest du y ofc r whe f c sar pr s n whih woul putar as bl pe s n on notce
ec
he t
ae
n at e eet c
d
e ona e r o
i
ofpos i e m i r pr e a i . For tE.Ol on.I ,1 6 Ca .Rpt . t806. Addii l t
s bl s e es nt tons'
' es
s nc. 8
l
ra
tonaly, he
Ca i o ni c t ha i er e ed t FA L t r q r a dut ofc m uni to be w e n
lf r a our s ve nt pr t he
o e uie
y
om
ca i n t e

c po aed p rme t- ta i, lr ec r o ains c a Na tlsma n te c p la ii j s
o rt e a t n s h t s a ag o p rto u h s uiu y o s a e iblt u t
y
be us no oneempl
ca e
oyeeorofi rha alt i onna i ne esar t us r s na eca et
fce s l he nf
ton c s y o e ea o bl r o
a d di s m i tng f s s a e e t . e i
voi s e na i al e t t m n s Se d.

Bu lr ey frt es mera o st eCo r c n o g a ts mmayj d me t st te
t ag l o h a e s n h u t a n t rn u r u g n a o h
û c ptve i e ' e e e ofSec i n 292,i c l otdo s he e. t as bl c r ' i a prnc pl
û e i nt nt' l m nt
de
to
t am
o r ' ona e a e ' s i i e
Re

ofne i nce s Ca.Ci J yI t j401 a t q to ofwhehe Na iusus
glge , ee l v. ur ns.
, nd he uesin
t r utl ed
r s na e c e t de t c r um s a s i a m a t rf rt ti r off c . See Ram ie v.Pl uc
ea o bl ar m r he i c t nce s
te o he re
at
rz
o h.

l ,863P. 1 1 ( 1 1993 (t- f multonoft sa r ofc r i aquetonof1w
nc.
2d 67, 71 Ca. ) ll or ai
-he
he tndad ae s
si
a
f t c t O nc t c t s f
or he our.
e he our ha onuul t d t s a r isa i a i t t f t oft c e
a e he t nda d, t pplc ton o he ac s he as
i a t s f t ti off c i r as
s a k or he rer a t f e onabl m i m i htd f e a t whe hert def nda '
e nds g if r s o
t he e nts

c nd tha c or dt t sa r '(ntr lciai omitdl.Ont prs ntr or t
o uc s onf me o he tndad.'i ena ttons te )
he e e ec d,he
Cour tndst tt r i age neis ofm ae i lf c a t whe he Na iuskne orbyt
ti ha he e s nui sue
t ra a t s o
t r utl
w,
he
e r ieofr a ona ec r ,s d ha known,hatt sa e
xe cs
e s bl a e houl ve
t he tt ment c e ni t ac us d
s onc r ng he c e
m achi wer unt orm i l ng. A ccor ngl t Pl ntf s'M oton i D EN I as t t
nes e rue
s eadi
di y, he ai i f
i s
ED
o he
second el entoft FAL.
em
he
15

C.W a hi t nCo ume Pr tcin Ac ( a h Re . dej 1 .60 0
s ng o ns r o e to t W s . v Co
98 .2 )
Fi l t Pli if as s e pa ta s
naly,he antfs lo e k ril ummayj me tast ce t nee nt oft i
r udg n o rai lme s her
cli unde t W a hi o Cons rPr e tonAc,W as Re Cod j 1 86. (
ams r he s ngtn
ume otci t h. v. e 9. 020

.

Topr avi ai oft CPA,t Pl ntfsmus s t t()Na iuse
ove olton he
he ai if t how ha 1 utl ngage i a unfi
d n n ar
orde e i ac orprcie;( t tocc rdi t co tofNa iusstad o c
c ptve t a tc 2) ha ure n he nduc
utl ' r e r omme c ,3)
r e'
(

a a fce t ep b i itrs;4 whc c u e ; 5 ij r t te Plitfs bu ie so
nd fe td h u lc n ee t () ih a s d ( ) nu y o h an if' sn s r
pr ry.SeeGoelv.J i 259F. zd 11 11 ( . W a h.
ope t
an,
supp. 28, 42 W D. s 2003)(ii Ha n
ctng ngma
Ri eTr i ncSa e .I v.Sae oTil l . ,71 P. 531 535( a h.1
dg ani tbls nc. fc te ns Co. 9 2d , W s 986:.Pli if
antfs

a kf rs mmayj d me t st t efrth e o t eeee ns Th Co r a d e s se c o
s o u r u g n a o h is tr e f h s lme t. e u t d r se a h f
t
hem i t n.
n ur
1.D ef
endantE ngaged i an Unf r or D ecepti Pract ce
n
ai
ve
i

The fr te e e oft CPA i t tt D e e da te
is l m nt he
s ha he f n n ngag i a unf rorde e i ac
ed n n ai
c ptve t
orpr c i e. Pl i i f c a m onl t N a ius spr c i w ast c ptve 'a do nota gue i
a tc
a ntfs l i
y hat utl ' a tce
% e i ' nd
de
r
t

wasunf i,s t Co tlmisisa l i t t tde e i e'pr
ar o he ur i t t nayss o he û c ptv ' ong. The CPA doe notdei an
s
tne
1Pl ntf ss e
ai if om whatgr t t l t lt Cour t tt W as ngt cl m i pr ry bef ei becaus
a uiousy el he
t ha he
hi on ai s ope l
or t
e
t l i one ofe r t ni orala i ton.M em .ofP.& A.i Supp.ofPl. M ot f Pari Summ .J.
he aw s
xta e t i pplcai
n
s' . or tal
23. I s
n uppor oft scont i t quot a c e oft W as ngt Supr m eCour. Thi woul be aI
t hi
enton, hey
e as
he
hi on
e
t
s
d
l
wel and good,exceptf t Pl ntfs'quotton com esfom t dis i opi on,wihoutany
l
or he ai if
ai
r he s entng ni
t

n tto t r t Se Sc n l AT&T W iee sS s.nc, 9P.d 1 ,1 ( a h. 01 )(n b n )
o ain heeo. e h alv.
r ls vc .I .25 3 29 42 W s 2 1 e a c
(a desJ, se ig) l fc,h maort opi o e prsl d cie t a drs teq sinof
S n r, .disntn . n a tte j iy nin x esy e ln d o d e s h ueto
e taertrai I a l n. ( j o ) Ie plc by Plitfspr frt smeq tto fom te
xrtrioily. d t 36 4 ma. p.. n x ia l, anif ofe he a uoain r h
t
Schnalcas i t rr y bref t stme i iyi i ascomi fom t concur ng opi on.P1 '
l e n hei epl i , hi i dentf ng t
ng r he
ri
ni
s.

Re l i S p o Th iMo .o P ril u J 1 .Thsi smjyn tre Th Co rwi asmeta
py n u p. f er tfr at S mm. . 5 i s i l o tu . e u t l su h t
a
l

t si a smpl m it ast Cour is fi pr t make fom tmet tm e,butnot t tt si t
hi s i e sake, he
t tel s one o
r l o i
es ha hi s he
ki ofover i t hast capaciy t s i l mi e a r e ng ti
nd
sght hat
he
t o erousy slad eviwi rbunal Seegener l M odel
.
aly

Rue o Pr ' Con c R. 3 a ( 01 )
ls f ofl du t 3.( ) 2 0 .
M or r,t quesi ofwhe he a outofsat pl ntf hassandi t brng aCPA cl m i not
eove he
ton
t r n - - t e ai if
t ng o i
ai s
pr nty bef et Cour. Asde fom af w concl or saem e si isbrefon t sm oton,N a ius
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t i r
e
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hasnots at y chale
epar el
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16

C ai orde e i ac orpr ci e. Howe r lmplcti t de i ton ofdec ptveunde t
t r
unf
c ptve t
a tc '
'
ve , t ii n he fnii
i
e i
r he
CPA i t unde s a ng t tt pr tc m i l dsorm i r pr e s s e hi ofm a e i l
s he
r t ndi ha he ac i e sea
s e es nt om t ng
tra

i tnce' Ng nv.Doa Ho s l . 1 P. 11 1 66( ah. .App. 07)( tng
mpora .' uve
k me snc, 67 3d 62,1 W s Ct
20 quoi
Holda Re o tCmt As ' v. hoLa AsocssLLC,1 P.d499,507( as CtApp.
i y sr
y. sn. Ec
ke s .
35 3
W h. .

2 0 ) (n e lq o ai nmak o te ) a c r Go d nv. ru n o l c, 7 F.d1 4 ,
0 6) itma u tto r s mitd ; c o d r o Vitmu d s n .5 5 3 0 0
1 -66( hCi. 09 .Thus Na iussa tofmimaki i onl dec ptvei t mimaki
065 9t r 20 )
, utl ' c
s r ng s y e i f he s r ng
m i l a orm a sa m a e i m i r pr s nt to
s e ds
ke
t ral s e e e a i n.The Co ttndst tt pr c i ofpl ci
ur i
ha he a tce
a ng

pae numbe son apr
tnt
r
oduc t tdo notco rt tpr ti mi la ng.
t ha
ve ha oduc s se di
Unlke Se ton 292,t CPA doe notr quiet tt ac orpr tcei que ton be
i
ci
he
s
e r ha he t
aci n si
h Pa t n y nsr v.
itnde t dec i 8 w as . ter Jur I t Ci W Pl31 08( hed.2011.Se aloStt v.
ne d o eve.
0. 5t
) e s ae
.

A. W .Se Com .8 P. 1 1 ( ah.1 ) Howe r i or rt pr t t
N. ed
, 02 2d 353, 359 W s 991.
ve ,n de o ove ha
N a iuse ge i a de e i a torpr c i e,t Pl i if m us s
utl nga d n
c ptve c
a tc he a ntf s
t how t tN a ius sc
ha utl ' onduc
t
i f s y m a ki t ac us d m ac nesû d t c pa t t dec i a s t nta por i oft
n alel r ng he c e
hi s he a ciy o e ve ubs a i l ton he
ha
publc ' Ha m a Ri e,71 P. a 535.
i.
' nc n dc
9 2d t
W he he a pr tc ha t c pa iy t de e ve a s t n i lpor i n oft publc i a
t r ac i e s he a c t o c i
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to
he
i s
que ton off c . Holda R e o t 1 P. d a 5 H e e t Cour ha alea f
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at
i v s r , 35 3 t 07. r , he
t s r dy ound,a
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utl
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wor t a acur unde U. Pa e tNum be s'a t r afe lse pa e num be st tdi
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M
r S. t n
r ' nd he e tr it d t nt
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t ove he c us
chi s
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s t d ha hes c ne r e a l

FBad f t i notan el
aih s
ementofany oft sat l cl msbef et Cour. However t Cour has
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pe iu l rc g ie ta i o d roa odg empino tersaeIw camstePlit f wi
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uli el ha t pr t tN autl a ed l bad f t See M em .Op.& Or ,ECF No. a l8.
tmat y ve o ove ha
ius ct n
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92, t

s dt c
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r i l nttes
y nquiy r t n, s t he ac ie alel
m a ki t a c e m a hi s ha t ca c t t de ei a s t nta por i oft publc.
r ng he c us d c ne d he pa iy o c ve ubs a i l ton he
i

Na tl die t t Cour' atnto t Swat v. G LLP, F. 756( hCi.
uius rcs he
ts te in o rz KPM
476 3d
9t r
2007 ( rc im) adecsonoft U. Cour ofAppe l f t Nit Cic ti eprtng
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W a hi t lw .l Swa t,t de e nt s d t pl ntf at x s le s he ea a c tof
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rz he f nda s ol he ai if a het r c m t os
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r
li
l s ve hough t knew t tt s he e w oul be c i r il ga by
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t I I a 757.TheNi h Cic tuphel t dititc tsdim is loft pl ntf sCPA
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am notng ha t c m
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publc' I a 7 (ntr quottonmaksomitdlg Thec ei no s uaey o poi - t
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t lusr t s a ge
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c pa t t dec i as t nta po ton oft publc. On t o he ha t r cor r ve l
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nd he
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notpr m i nty dipl yed. Co i rng a 1 he f c san a r s na e i e e e tow i fom
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9Pl ntfsderde Swarzasa cas t pr est W as ngt l slt e' ena m e ofW as . Rev.
ai if i
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Co j 1 .6.93 whih wa e a tdi or rt ca iyteG u i itr s'elme toft CPA,a
de 98 0 , c s n ce n de o lrf h i blc ne et' e n he
p
nd
concl t ti i oflm ie val t t Cour. Butt Ni h Cicui wasdealng w ih t ç ai or
ude ha t s i t d ue o he
t
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dec i ac orpr i 'pr oft CPA,notwih t i
eptve t
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nt
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.
,

S rzha nohi t dowihj 1 8 0 .
wa t s t ng o
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