International Fidelity Insurance Company v. Western Virginia Water Authority
Filing
47
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/20/2012. (ssm)
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M EM O R AN D UM O PI I
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By: Hon. l n E.
Ge
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a
Chi fU nied St esD i ti tJ e
e
t
at
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CARNELL CON STRUCTI CORPOM TI ,
ON
ON
Thid- ry Def nda s
r pa t
e nt .
Thi c s a i e o oft c r t lr a i ns psbe w e f s pa a e en ii sw ho
s a e r s s ut he ontac ua el to hi
t en our e r t tte
we ealn ov di ac nsr cinp oe ta teF ln Cre Da i Be fr Co ny
r 1 iv le n o tu to rj c th al g e k m n d od u t ,
i
Vigna I e s n e tec n t cinp oe tsg nea c nr co fi dt pa o o is
r ii. n se c ,h o snzto rj c' e rl o ta tr al o y ne f t
e
s nta t r ,t r by ti rngiss e y' dut t pa t s on r t r whi h,i t n,
ubco r c o s he e rgge i t ur t s y o y he ubc tac o , c n ur
r s t d i t i un a y as i nm e t t s et oft ge r lco r c or s i er s i a
e ule n he nvol t r s g nt o he ur y he ne a nt a t ' nt e t n n
e cr ac ount Thi i un a y as i e e il d t s e y t r ce ve t unpai ba anc on
s ow c
, s nvol t r s gnm nt ntte he ur t o e i he
d l e
t ec mp ee prj c.Ho v r tes rt wa n v rp i t ef l a u ti wa o da d i
h o ltd o e t we e,h u ey s e e ad h u l mo n t s we n ,n
t n,s t e iy t tr ei d t c t uc i s r i sa t tw a oblga e t pa f
ur ued he ntt ha ec ve he ons r ton e v ce nd ha s i t d o y or
t o esr c su o teprj c ' c mpein.Th te t y i tr , ie at id p ryc mpan,
h s evie p n h oe ts o lto
a ni ,n u n fld hr - a t o lit
t
br ngi i o t case t generalcont act and t bank actng ases ow agent Bef e t
i ng nt he
he
r or
he
i
cr
. or he
courtnow ar t es ow agents m oton t di i spurs
e he cr
'
i o sm s
uantt Feder Rul ofCi lPr
o
al e
vi ocedur
e
1 ( )6 a dmo inf rs mmayj d me t u s a t oF d r l l o Cii Pr c d r 5
2 b ( ) n to o u r u g n p ru n t e e a Ru e f v l o e u e 6.
Alobef r t co ti t t r pa t pl ntf smoto t de ort def c i r ton oft
s
o e he ur s he hid- ry ai if
i n o ny o er onsde a i
he
s mma yj d me t to p ru n t Fe ea Rueo Cii P o e u e5 d .Fo t r a o
u r u g n moi n u s a t o d rl l f vl r c d r 6() r he e s ns
st o t beo t ec ur wil rn i pat n d n i p r t emoinf rs mmayj d me t
e f rh lw,h o t l g a tn r a d e y n a th to o u r u g n
a t moto t dimis a wilgrrtt Rul 56( moton.
nd he in o s s, nd l al he e d) i
Fact and ProceduralBackzround
ual
I enai Fi iyl urnc Compa ($FI ',hepli ifi t sa ton,i as ey
ntr tonal delt ns a e
ny t C' t antf n hi ci s urt
I )
c
ompa or ni d undert l wsofN e J r e wih apl c ofbusnes i Ne r Ne
ny ga ze
he a
w e sy t
ae
i s n wa k, w
J re ( ke No.1a 1) W ese nVigni W ae Aut iy(iheAut iy' t dee nt
e sy. Doc t
t.
tr r i a tr hort s
t
hort ),he fnda
a t r pa t pl i ifi t sa ton, sa i o po a e publc s r c a hor t or ni d unde
nd hid- ry a ntf n hi c i i n nc r r t d
i e vi e ut iy ga ze
r
Vign aCo ej1 .- 0 e s q, t isp icp l lc o b sn s i Ro n k , r ii.
r ii d 52 51 0 t e .wih t rn ia pa e f u ie s n a o e Vigna
( ke No. a 2. rtStt Ba (t rtStt',o oft t r pa t dee nt,i a
Doc t 21 t )Fis ae nk s s ae' ne he hid- ry fnda s s
Fi
)
ba ng c po ai o ga ze unde t lwsofVigi awih isprncpalpl c ofbusne si
nki or r ton r ni d
r he a
r ni t t i i
ae
i s n
Da le Vigi a (d. CanelConsr ci Coporton(û m e1',t ohe t r pat
nvil, r ni. I ) r l tu ton r ai t
Ca l' he t r hid- ry
)
de e nt i a co por i n or ni d unde t l w sofV i gi a w ih isprnc pa pl ce of
f nda , s
r ato ga ze
r he a
r ni t t i i l a
busne si Ma tns le, r ni (d.
i s n ri vil Vigi a. l )
Acc di t t A u hort sa e d t r pm y c pl i ,t A ut iy e e e i o a
or ng o he t iy' m nde hidom a nt he hort nt r d nt
c r c wih Car l Cconta f' onM a 4,
onta t t nel
rc )
y 2009f c tuci a gr ngwor ont
or onsr ton nd adi
k he
Faln Cr e Da Re v to (ù oe f' ( za 3) Th Co ta to iae teAuhoiyt
lig e k m no ain û j c ) J . t . e nr c blg ts h t rt o
pr
.#
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a o mel h e ii g o ta t aa c p n o lto f h oe t
t rt
y
Canel a Fis Stt as e ee it a esr a ee nt(i c o Agre nf' wih
r l, nd rt ae lo ntrd no n cow gr me d r w e me ) t
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rs e t ot eCo ta t (d. I C sg e teEs r w Ag e me ta s r t frCan l.(i)
ep c t h nr c. l ) FI in d h co r e n s u ey o r el L
The Es ow A greem entpr dest t Aut iy f om tm e t tm e woul pay i o t es ow
cr
ovi hat he hort r i o i
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ac
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m
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woul pa a t die ton oft A u hort t prnc paloft es r ac ount o a s cii
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he c ow c
, r ny pe ted
a u t t ee f t t Auh rt o t Can l (d; k tNo 4 1 Ex. ) M o es e iial,
mo n s h ro ,o he to iy r o r el I .Doc e . - , B. r p cfc ly
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t Es r A gr e e pr des
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a d ma e p y bl t Fis Sae a e co a e t g rtS ae s alp o ty
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d a a e o rt tt) s sr w g n , Fis tt) h l r mp l
notf g r ll ne it t sme a de i or i s a ri s t
iy canel, gotae he a
nd post nve t nd envet he
pr e ds i a ove s c iis i a o da e wih t wrte i tu tons o
oc e n ppr d e urte n cc r nc t he itn nsr c i
f
g r el.
can ll
( ke No. 1 Ex. )
Doc t 4- , B.
The A ut iy a l est ti pa d a fve pe c tr t na mnounti t es r ac ount
hort leg ha t i i
r en e ai ge
n he c ow c
e c tm e Ca ne ls it d a pa e r ques , e uli i a t t lba a e i t e c ow a ou
ah i
r l ubm te
ym nt e
t r s tng n o a l nc n he s r
cc nt
of$85, 33. Howe r i a a st t un knowns t t Aut iy,Fis Stt di not
823.
ve , t ppe r ha , be
t o he hort r t a e d
e tbihtee c o a c u t Fis S aea srs a dt eAuh rt d e n t o t s ( c e No
sa ls h s rw c o n . rt tt se t, n h to iy o s o c ne t Do k t .
35a 2 ,ha t onl r e ntc kst ti rceve fom t Aut iyweema pa et
t ) t t he y elva hec ha t e i d r he hort r de yabl o
t r lConsr ci Cor ai ' ( ke No.25- . Thec kswe es ntt û r l
d nel
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tu ton porton. Doc t
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ca
Cons r to Co po a i c o Fis St t Ba ' tt a e sf r Fis St t pr vi d i t
t uc i n r r ton / r t a e nk' a he ddr s o r t a e o de n he
Es r Agre nt ( ke No. a 2;Do ke Nos 35- ,35- 35- ) Ata dt ea h
cow e me . Doc t 35 t
c t . 1 2, 3. tche o c
c c wa ac c sub t tpr de i or ton a
he k s he k t ha ovi d nf ma i boutt pa nt The ç s rpton'pori n
he yme .
k c i i ' to
de
oft c c s ubs i l d t wor ke cr ' C e a nage ' s e ve s on oft w or
he he k t
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d d s ow' or t t i ' or om
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ri
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Gean.'( ke Nos 35 1,352,35- ) Fis Stt di notr ei fom t Auhort a
l ti ' Doc t . - r
3. rt ae d ec ve r he t iy ny
c c m ade pa bl t Fi s St t a es o a t i ot rw or , ne oft che ks t t
he ks
ya e o r t a e s cr w gen - n he
ds no
he c ha
Fis St t r e ved f om t Aut iy s ts i d t t r soft Es r A g e m en . W he Fis
r t a e ec i
r he hort a i f e he e m
he c ow r e t
n rt
Stt r c i t ec c fom t Aut rt Fis St t de ie t m i o t s pa ae
ae e eved hes he ks r he ho iy, rt ae post d he nt he e r t
b i s s ngs a c
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c ountofCa nel,w hi h ha bee a l tm e ba ng c t e ofFi s St t .
r l
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rt ae
( ke No. 1a 3.
Doc t 25- t )
OnJ 1 2011 Cnnelc ee t Prj t ( ke No. 1a 4. Acc di t t
une 4, , r l ompltd he oec. Doc t 2 t ) or ng o he
ame dt r pat co ant I C (nisr ea s ey f Canel r c ve a pada
nde hid- ry mpli ,FI i t ol s urt or r l) e ei d nd i
3
p y n b n cam fo o eo Can l' s bc nrco s (d) Ac o dngt a i d mnt
a me t o d li r m n f r els u o ta tr . I . c r i o n n e iy
a e m e tbewee I C a Ca nel, r l' f iur t ma pa
gr e n t n FI nd r l Ca nels a l e o ke ymen t iss on r c or
t o t ubc ta t
r s t d i t a s gnm e t I C ofa 1ofCa ne l srght t n,a gr i i any m am e out
e ule n he s i
nt o FI
l
r l' i s d nd ow ng n
i
l r
of a lconta t r f r e t i t Bonds ori orgr i i a m a t outoft Bo .
,1
r c s e e r d o n he
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ow ng n ny ter
he nds'
'
( c tNo.14 a 3. Ba e o t i iv ln ayasg me t' FI a g e i isc mp an t a i
Do ke
- t ) s d n hs n ou tr sin n , I C r u s n t o lit h t t
i t pr rpa t t r cevet outt ndi ba a eof$85,8 33 u de t Co ta 2 ( o ,
s he ope ry o e i he sa ng l nc
ket
2 .3 n r he nrd. o c
No.1. Ac or ngl I C c acedt Aut iyt rquett tt Aut iypa t
) c di y, FI ont t he hort o e s ha he hort y he
rmann c nr c b lnc d eo t ePrj c drcl t I I ( c e No 21a 4. Th n t e
e iig o ta t aa e u n h oe t ie ty o F C. Do k t . t ) e ,h
Aut iy a s Car l i aJ ne 1 2011lte t ti ha r ceved as oga i ca m fom
hort dvied ne l n u 4,
et r ha t d e i
ubr ton li r
I C, x an n t Can lt a i itn e t p yterman n b ln ed o teP oe to
FI e plii g o r el h tt n e d d o a h e ii g aa c ue n h rj c t
I C (ncl ngt $85, 33s ppos y benghedi esr .(d. Caneli c tdis
FI i udi he 823. u edl i l n cow) 1 ) r l ndiae t
a e m e w ih t spr
gr e nt t hi opos lby s gni a r t ni t t A ut iy a copy oft J 1
a
i ng nd e ur ng o he hort
he une 4
lte.(d.Doc tNo. 1 Ex.A.
etr I ; ke
4- ,
)
Ther a t r o J y 27,t Aut iy die t d Fis St t t r l a e t I C t f ndst t
e f e , n ul
he hort r c e r t a e o e e s o FI he u
ha
t Auhort beleve weebenghedi t esr a c .( ke No. a 4;Doc tNo.
he t iy i d r i l n he cow c ount Doc t 21 t
ke
4- , C. Howeve,Fis Stt di not a i e c dno,c ywiht sdie ton,
1 Ex. )
r rt ae d , nd nde d oul t ompl t hi rci
i s uc asi i undi put t t u n r e vi t c c ,Fis St t pl e t c ks
na m h t s
s ed ha , po ec i ng he he ks r t a e ac d he hec
die tyi oCanelsspa aea c wiho frtesa ihi a esr a ount ( ke
rcl nt r l' e r t c ount t ut is tbls ng n cow cc . Doc t
No, a 4. Afe islte t Fis Stt die tngt rla eoft e cow f t I C a
21 t ) tr t etr o rt ae rci he ee s he s r unds o FI nd
a t rFis St t ' alege r us t r e s t e c o f
fe r t a e s l d ef al o el a e he s r w unds t Aut iy i s d a c k t
, he hort s ue
hec o
i
The Es r Agr e entpr vi t tCa ne lwoul notas i is i e e ti t es r ac ntexc ptt
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d
sgn t nt r s n he c ow cou
e o
II i szey ( c e No. - , . )
F C,t l t. Do k t 4 1 Ex B.
s r
2
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n ddii o t ela e he
rc
s inm nt s
i n c o
nd ym nt r he
Aut iy,I C no e i iscompli t e se eofas pa aec r ct r ai hi bewee I C a t
hort FI t s n t
ant he xitnc
e r t onta ual eltons p t n FI nd he
Auh rt aiigo to albo a dmaeil a me t o d(Bo d'ta I C is e o be afo Can l ( c e
toi rsn u f a r n tra p y n b n < n ' h tFI su d n h l f r el Do k t
y
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)
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No. - )Th Auh rt i a dto t I C a dCa l wa as apat t teBo d.
13. e toi n d i n o FI n mel s lo r. o h n
y,
i
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y
4
I C i ten u to $ 38 59 ,e v n t ermann b ln ed o teP oe ta
FI n h mo n f 3 ,6 .8 la i g h e iig aa c ue n h rj c t
$85,23. t a
8 33,he mountt tipadit t esr a c .(d.
ha t i no he cow c ount I )
On Se e be 1 2011,I C fl d is c pl nt s e ng t r c rf om t Aut rt
pt m r 4,
FI ie t om ai , e ki o e ove r he ho iy
tet adb ln eo t Prj c.( c e No 1)Th ra tr o Oco e 2 , 01 ,h
h mp i aa c n he oe t Do k t . . ee f , n tb r 6 2 1 t e
e
Aut iyfldat r pa t c ant( ke No. a onDe e r29, 1, name d
hort ie hid- ry ompli Doc t 6) nd
c mbe 201 a
nde
t r pa t c
hid- ry ompl i ,s ki t hol bo h Fis St t a Canellabl ast r pa t
ant ee ng o d t rt ae nd r l i e hid- ry
d fn a t f rt u p i b lnc o t P o e t ( c e No 21) Th Au h rt b igssx
ee d n s o he n ad aa e n he rj c. Do k t . . e t o i rn i
y
c us s ofa ton i is a e d t r pa t c pl nt a c m on l i m nii a i cl i
a e
c i n t m nde hid- r y om ai - om
aw nde fc ton a m
a i tFis S a ea Car l,abr c ofc ta tc am ag ns Fis Stt abr c of
gans rt t t nd ne l ea h on r c l i ai t rt a e, ea h
fd cayd t cam a ans FrtSae a u j t nih n cam a ans Fis Sae asp rt
i u ir u y li g i t is tt , n nus e rc me t li g i t rt tt, e aae
u j s e c me t li a an t r ela dad caao yrle cam.
nu t mi h n cam g is Can l, n e lrt r eif li
OnJ nuay 11 201 Fis Stt fldaRul 1 b)6)motont dimist a
a r , 2, rt ae ie
e 2( (
i o s s he mend
ed
t r pa t c pl nt ar ui t tisdut ases r a ntw a nott i r be a e i di not
hid- r y om ai , g ng ha t y
c ow ge
s
r gge ed c us t d
r c i f om t A ut iy c c m a pa bl t Fi s St t ases r age , r qui e by
e e ve r he hort he ks de ya e o r t a e
c ow
nt as e r d
t Es r Agee nt ( ke No. )The e he , Fe uay6,201 Fis Stt flda
he cow r me . Doc t 25. r a r on br r
2, rt ae ie
moinf rs mmayj d me t a e o t smec ne to a v n e i ismo int d s s.
to o u r u g n b sd n he a o tn in d a c d n t to o imis
( ke No. ) TheAuhort t nfldonFe nzr 21, 2amotonpu s ntt Rul
Doc t 30.
t iy he ie
b a y 201
i rua o e
5 () rq e tn ta tec u t i e d n t emo infrs mma yj d me to d f r
6 d ,e u sig h t h o r et r e y h to o u r u g n r e e
h
c i rto o t moi t al t pa te t enga i dic y.( ke No. )
onsdeain f he ton o low he ris o ge n sover Doc t 33.
The c r hea d a gum enton t m otonson Apr l9,2 2. A tt he r ng,t A ut iy
ou t r r
he
i
i
01
he a i he hort
r ue t d t tt cou tpe m i t pa te t e ge i di c r on t i s ofwhe he Fis
eq s e ha he r r t he r i s o nga n s ove y
he s ue
t r rt
St e knew or s d have know n t any checksr ved f om t A ut iy w er i ended t
at
houl
hat
ecei
r he hort
e nt
o
be hel i escr and whet Fis St eknew orshoul have know n t i w asoblgat t
dn
ow
her r t at
d
hat t
i ed o
esa i h a e c ow a ounta t ti ha a fduc a y du y t pl c t A ut iy' pa e s
t bls n s r
cc
nd ha t d i i r t o a e he hort s ym nt
i t t te c ow ac ount The c tt n i s d a o de di e tng bo h t A u hort a Fis
n o ha s r
c
.
our he s ue n r r r c i
t he t iy nd r t
Stt t S iebre sa es i Vigi a1w on t is ofwhehe Fis St t Ba sd y a
ae o s l if ddr sng r ni a
f
he s ue
t r r t ae nk' ut s
e c o ag tunde t Es r w Agr e e tco dbeti r d by c tuci notc t tt
s r w en
r he c o
e m n ul
rgge e
onsr tve i e ha he
c c dr w n by W ese n V igi a W a e Aut r t m a paya e t Ca ne lCo tuc i
he ks a
t r r ni
t r ho iy, de
bl o r l nsr ton
Coporton,a maldt Fis Stt Ban weei e dt beplce i es rw. ( ke No.
r ai nd ie o rt ae k r ntnde o
a d n co ' Doc t
'
4 . Afe c n iei t b if tldb b t p risa dtea pl a l c s lw,h c u t
3) tr o sd rng he res ie y oh a t n h p i b e a e a te o r
e
c
c n ld sa amatro 1w t a FrtSaei e t ldt s mmayj d me to t eAuh rt s
o cu e s te f a h t is tt s n ie o u r u g n n h t o i
t
y'
Sc t uc i no i ' t or ofr ove y. The c t ilpe tt Aut iy t e ge i
' ons r tve tce ' he y ec r
our w l nni he
hort o nga n
di co r i s
s ve y n uppor ofisGa t notc ' a g e .
t t i c ual i e ' r um nt
I1.
D i si
scus on
A.
Standard ofR evi w
e
I c n ie igamoinf rs mma yj d me t u d rFe ea Rueo Cii P o e ue
n o sd rn
to o u r u g n3 n e d r l l f vl r c d r
5 C hec t sr r t vi t f c sa dr w r a ona e i e e si a lghtm os
6,' our i equied o ew he a t nd a e s bl nf r nce n i
t
t
fvoa et t nonmo ngpa t ' Sha v. r 1 F. 791 798( hCi.1 4) Thec r
a rbl o he
vi ry. w Stoud, 3 3d , 4t r 99 .
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ou t
ma g a t umma yj d me t nywh n, iwi t erc r a awh l a di t elg tmo t
y rn s
r u g n o l e ve ng h e o d s oe n n h i h s
f vo a e t t nonm ovi pa t t r i no ge ne i s ofm a e i lf c a t nonm ovi
a r bl o he
ng ry, he e s
nui s ue
t r a a t nd he
ng
p ryi e tte t j d me t sama tro lw.Ceo e Co p v. tet 4 7U. 31 , 2 -2
a t s nild o u g n a
t fa
e
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nt
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h vd n e s b d c h t e s n bl u y o l eu n ed c f r h o mo i
s
pa t ' Andes v. be t LobbvsI ,477U. 24 248( 986)
ry.
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pr mieoro de t ti notpa et be rri pa bl t or ri i i paya e()t t or rof
o s r r ha s
yabl o ae s ya e o de f t s bl i o he de
ani ntfe pes or(it a i ntfe pes n orode .A pr s o or rt ti pa bl t
de iid ron i) o n de iid ro
r r
omie r de ha s ya e o
or ri paya et t i ntfedpes ' ;s as Coc sAdm' v.Loyal 1 S. 881 883
de s bl o he de ii ron.) ee lo ke'
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r
l, 43 E. ,
( 1 (t- ba rc nnotexc ehi dio e et hi c t rsode s i t due
Va. 928) çl nke a
-he
us s s bedinc o s usome ' r r ,n he
co s ofbus ne s by s ti up t the k w , ha r as t b i ve t t c t e ' or r
ur e
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s ve n omoin
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l s r , he m e e r ei toft c c f o t Aut iy di nott i rFis St t '
n ho t t
r ec p
he he ks r m he hort d
rgge r t a e s
con r c ua dute a e c ow a ntunde t t r s oft Es r A g ee e . Furhe r f
ta t l is s s r
ge
r he e m
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t nuo e, or
t r a onssa e a ve no a o tofdic r i ot is ofc tuc i notc woul
he e s
tt d bo , m un
s ove y nt he s ue onsr tve ie
d
pr l ga l s g fca i t sc e Thus t c tw ilg a Fis St t s m oton f s m a y
ove e ly i nii nt n hi as .
, he our l r nt r t a e'
i or um r
j men a moi t dimisa t t br a hofc rc cai i ofra t conrc cai
udg t nd ton o s s s o he e c
onta t l m ns a s he ta t l m
r i on c t uc i notc a a bas sf Fis St t s la lt
eles
ons r tve i e s
i or r t a e' i biiy.
b.
Breach off duci dut cl m
i ary y ai
The A ut iy c r cty as e t t t he s m e f c ss
hort or e l s r s hat t a
t
a t uppori a c ai f br c of
tng l m or ea h
contac m ay s
r t
upporta t i breach oftduci y dut cl m asw el,so l ast l t dut
ortous
i ar
y ai
l ong he ater y
a i e ou oft co m on 1 w r t t n t c r c . Sco tv. a Ba nR & Tr tCo.
rs s t he m
a a her ha he onta t'
' t Br nch nki
us
,
588F. pp. 667, ( . Va. ) afd,332F. x 11 ( hCi. 09) The
Su 2d
677 W D. 2008, f
App' 2 4t r 20 .
1
2
Au hort co e t ta e cr a ntsfduc a' d isa ieoutoft comm o lw ba e
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y
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he rncpala nt eltons p tbls d
n s r w r a m nt
t m r , he
A ut iy ar s t tFi s St t br ac d isale d c m on l w fduci r du y t e r i e
hort gue ha r t a e e he t l ge om
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ed he ddr s o
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t pari s r l tons p i e ie y de i d by c r c ,a t e co r ti pos s no fduci r dut no exit .'
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ba ng i ty- s ci l whe asi t i t ntc e,aba ha be n r le d ofs h a
nki ndusr - pe aly
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nk s e e ive
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du y by t e es t r ofa es r w c r c . Se Be na di v. nt N a ' Ba of
t
he xpr s e ms n c o onta t e r r ni Ce . tl nk
Ri mond,290S. 2d863,864 ( 1 ( i t ti sbl bur nont
ch
E.
-65 Va. 982) notng he dmposi e de
he
Comm o alh' ba ng s t m 't twoul bec us d byr quii ba t i uiei ot
nwe t s nki yse 'ha
d
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e
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a aedo ac c .Fort s r s ,hec twilgr tFis Stt smoi f s
ppe r n he k)
he e eaons t our l mz rt ae' ton or ummay
r
j
udgme a motont dimisast t brac oftd aydut cai i ofra t scai
nt nd i o s s o he e h i ucir y l m ns a s hi l m
r le o c t u tve notc asa ba i f Fis St t sla lt
e i s n onsr c i
ie
s s or r t a e' i biiy.
C.
R em ai ng cl m s
ni
ai
TheAu h rt as b igsa an tF rtSaecamsf rid mniiai n u j s
t o i lo rn g is is tt li o n e fc to , nu t
y
e i hm e t a dec a a o y r lef Be a e al oft e r m a ni coun sa e pr i e on Fis
nrc n , nd l r t r e i . c us l hes e i ng
t r em s d
rt
St t sale br a h oft Es r w A g e m en oro is a l d br a ofa f d i r dut t
a e' l ged e c
he c o
r e t n t lege e ch
i uc a y y, he
c u t lg a th mo inf rs
o r wil r n te to o ummayj g n a dtemoint d s s a t t s cams
r ud me t n h to o imis s o hee li ,
pu s ntt isr i a
r ua o t ulngs bove,ns a ast s r mani ca msr l on consr venotc a a
i of r he e e i ng li ey
tudi
ie s
bas sf Fis St t s la lt
i or r t a e' i biiy.
2.
A ct know l
ual
edge
N o w ihsandi t a
t t t ng he bove a ys sr r ng t l ga f iiy oft Aut r t s
nal i ega di he e l utlt
he
ho iy'
co tuc i notc a gum ent t c tbe i ve t tt Aut iy i entte t c
nsr tve i e r
, he our le s ha he hort s il d o onduc
t
di co r on t na r i s ofw he he Fis S a e ha a t lknow l e t tt c c dr wn
s ve y he r ow s ue
t r r t t t d c ua
eda ha he he ks a
by t A ut iy, a pa bl t Canw l,a m a l d t Fis St t we e f t e c ow
he hort m de ya e o
l nd ie o r t a e, r or he s r
a ou . Fis St t a know l st ti m a be he d la e i t s c e i i ha a t lnotc of
cc nt r t a e c
edge ha t y
l i bl n hi as f t d c ua
ie
t A ut iy' m it ke i m a ng t c c pa bl t Ca ne l i t d oft Fi s St t a
he hort s s a n ki he he ks ya e o r l, ns ea
o rt ae s
1
4
es o ag t E. ,Benadi v.Ce . tlBa ofRihmond,290S. 2d863,864(
crw en . g. r r ni
ntNa' nk
c
E.
Va.
1 2) Pe esNa' Ba v.Colma 9S. 2d3 335( 1 40 .TheAut iya s st
98 ; opl tl nk
e n, E. 33, Va. 9 )
hort dvie he
c r t ti bele st ti c d s
ou t ha t i ve ha t oul how tuough di c r t tFis St t ha a t know l dge
l
s ove y ha r t a e d c ual
e
t tt c c a is i t sc s ( pe al t c ksf t i subswihecr or
ha he he ks t sue n hi a e es cily he hec eaurng t
t s ow-
rti gerltdwor )weei e df t ecrw a o .Basdont srprs nttont
eana -eae
ds r ntnde or he s o cc unt e
hi e e e ai o
t c tt c t le st tt Aut iy s d bepe te t c nduc d s ove y i ot
he our, he our bei ve ha he hort houl
nuit d o o
t i c r nt he
i s ofa t lkno l dge. H oweve ,t cou ti c t a ne t advi e t tt m er no a i o
s ue c ua
w e
r he r s ons r i d o
s ha he
e t ton n
che k s ubsofes r -orr t i ge r a ed wor , is f i i uf i e a a m a t r o 1 w t
c t
c ow
e a na - el t
ds by t el, s ns fci nt s
te f a o
esa ih a t lno ie o t pa tofFis St t nsea t Aut iy m us pr eaddii l
t bls c ua tc n he r
rt ae.I t d,he hort
t oduc
tona
obi ci e de s si t tFis Stt ,orisa nt ore pl es a t ly kne t t
e tve vi nce ugge tng ha r t ae t ge s m oye , c ual
w ha
t ec kswe e i ende f t e c ow ac ounta t tt c c f lwihi t a tof
hos hec
r nt d or he s r
c
nd ha he he ks el t n he mbi
t Es r A gr e e . H e e a t ss a i t c e t c tw ilde Fi s St e' m oto
he c ow
e m nt6 nc , t hi t ge n he as , he our l ny r t at s i n
f rs mmayj dg n a dmo int d s s is f r steAu h rt scamsr l o a t a
o u r u me t n to o imis n o a a h t o i li ey n cu l
y'
know l dge asa ba i f Fi s St t sla lt Acc di y,t c t ilgr ntt A ut iy'
e
s s or r t a e' i biiy.
or ngl he our w l a he hort s
Ru e5 ()moina t t en ro is eo a t a k o e g .
l 6 d to s o h ar w su f cu l n wld e
11
1.
Concl on
usi
Fort r a onspr s nt a
he e s
e e ed bove t c ur wilgr nti pa ta de i pa tFis St t s
, he o t l a n r nd ny n r r t a e'
moi nfrs mmmyj d me ta moint ds s, n wilg a theAuh rt ' Rue5 ()
to o u
u g n nd to o imis a d l r n t
t o iys l 6d
m oton.
i
The Clr i die t d t s nd ce tfe c esoft sor rt a1c
ek s rce o e
rii d opi
hi de o 1 ouns lofr or
e
ec d.
ENTER:Ths iêX d yo J n , 01 .
i,
a f u e2 2
Chi fUnied St t D i ti tJ
e
t
a es s r c udge
6
Thec t t t ti a t c
our noes ha f fer onduci dic l t Aut iyf l t unco s h e de ofa ual
tng s ovey he hort ais o ver uc vi nce ct
k o e g ,t camsa ans FrtSaema p o el b tesbe to arn we moinfrs mmayj d me t
n wld e i li g i t is tt y r p ry e h u jc f e e d to o u r u g n.
s
15
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