Hudson v. Boddie-Noell Enterprises, Inc.

Filing 52

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/13/2012. (ssm)

CLERK' OF CE U.S. ST.
S FI
DI COURT
AT ROANOKE, VA
FI
LED

J 13 2 1
UN
02
I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI NI
CT
RGI A
RO AN OK E D I I ON
V SI

BJ I
Y: A
UL
D

?Nr '
j'
4
J CL ,s,
r.

EA RL HU D SON ,

Ci lA c i n N o. 1 CV 00466
vi to
7; 1
Pl i if
a ntf ,
M EM O M N DU M O PI I N
N O

BODDI NOELL ENTERPRI
ESES,l ,
NC.

--

7'
7

By:
Hon.Gl n E.
e Conr d
a
Chi fUnie Stt sDititJ
e
td a e src udge

Def nda .
e nt

I t sprmiesla lt a ton,EalHuds ($ on',s e t rco rfrpe s l
n hi e s ibiiy ci
r
on ç
Huds ' e ks o e ve o rona
)

ij re s tie a trh alg dysip do ap tho ieo tiet ee ta c t aHad es
nu is usan d fe e le e l lp e n ac f c u sd h n rn e o r e '
rsa rn o e a do eae b t ed fn a t Bo d eNo lEn ep ie ,nc (l d ie tu a t wn d n p rtd y h ee d n , d i- el tr rss I . C de
Bo

No l'.Th c s i p e e t b fr t ec u t nted fn a tsmo infrsl r u g n .
el' e a e s rs nl eo e h o r o h ee d n ' to o l
)
y
mmayj d me t
Fo t r as sa e be o t de e ntsmotonwilbede e
r he e ons t t d l w, he f nda '
i
l
ni d.
Fac ualand Pr e alBac ound
t
oc dur
ker

The f l ng f c sar pr s n e i t lg m os f vor bl t t pl i if See
olowi a t e e e t d n he i ht t a a e o he antf

And ro v. b ryLo b .n .47 U. 2 2 2 5( 9 6 (o igt a a1e d n emu tb
es n Lie t b y Ic, 7 S. 4 , 5 1 8 ) n tn h t 1 vie c s e
c nsr e i t elg t s fv r bet t ep ryo po igsl r j g n)
o tu d n h ih mo t a o a l o h a t p sn l
mmay ud me t.
O n t m o ni o D e m be 1 201 Huds a hi w ie, a y,ta l t Roa
he r ng f ce r 7, 0,
on nd s f M r r ve ed o
noke
f om t i hom e i Fr nkln Co y f a m e c a nt e t Re t f om t N a i nal
r he r
n a i unt or
di al ppoi m n . por s r he to

Clma i Da aCe eri caet ta oxi t l t e i he ofs
i tc t nt ndi t ha ppr ma ey hr e nc s now a fe zi r i ha
nd r e ng an d
f le i Roa
a ln n
noket da be o ea r mai d ont gr
he y f r nd e ne
he ound.
Folow i t m e c la
l ng he di a ppoi m en , he c
nt t t oupl we t t H a dee sr t tr nton Rout
e nt o he r ' es a la
e

41 , r t yarv dj t eo e 1 :0am.Ac o dn t M ay p rin o t er sa rn '
9 whee he ri e us b fr 10 .
c r ig o r , o t s f h etu a ts
o
par ng l and s dewal had been cl ed,w hie ot ar wer s ilcover w ih s .
ki ot
i
ks
ear
l her eas e tl
ed t now

o
'

M a y e e e t r sala frt I me a ey prort e t rng t r sa a ,s o e v a
r nt r d he e t tr nt is . m dit l i o n e i he e t ur nt he bs r ed n

araoft a kie...ihta youge r d t se i t door' ( ayHuds De a 41.
e t c c rg s
bl
t ea y o tp n he . M 1
'
on p. t )
M a y t tfe t ti a
r esiid ha t ppea e t tt pa tc a a e oft sdewal ha notbee s led o
r d ha he riul r r a he i
k d
n at r
te t d.
rae
W hieM a ywat d t pl c t c e' or r t pl ntf atm p edt e e t
l r ie o a e he oupl s de , he ai if te t o nt r he

r sa rn .Hed dn th v a yto b eç ni ( e we tot d o a dpuldo ia d( s fe
e tu a t
i o a e n r u l t tl h ) n t he o r n le n t n hil e t
u
we t u fo t e (i . ( d o De a 6 . Th icd n ha pe e v r q ik ya d
n o t r m md r hml' Hu s n p. t 5) e n ie t p n d ey uc l n
'
Huds di no s ewha ca e hi t f l Durng hi d poston,Huds t sii a f l :
on d t e
t us d m o al. i s e ii
on e tfed s olows

Q.

An wh nddy ufrtraiet a y uweeflig
d e i o is e lz h t o r aln ?
W he lsa tdt f l.l ha ne s q c y, di tknow i.
n t re o al t ppe d o ui kl you dn'
t

Q.

Anddi youknow wha c us dyout f l
d
ta e
o al?
A1 lkno i m y f e s i pe outf om unde m e.
1
w s
e t lp d
r
r

Q.

Oka
y.

A.

M y f e wen ba k t swa a lm g a ngt tyt hol t
e t t c hi y nd ' r bbi o r o d he
doorbec us 1ha my a m i i,a Iwe a1t wa do a
a e d
r n t nd
nt l he y wn nd
hi on t swrs a a
t hi it nd nn.
Afe you f l,di yo s e a hi o t gr und?
tr
e l d u e nyt ng n he o

A.

M a'm ,ldi ts enot ng' wa kno ke out
a
dn' e
hi , s c d .
I

Q.

Di yo e rs ea blc ie
d u ve e ny a k c ?

A.

Idi n' s e not ng m a' m ,e pts a s
d te
hi , n xce t r .

Q.

Oka
y.
W he lhi rghthe e, ha di m e f ra ltl w hie.
n ti
r t t d
o ite l

(d. 74- )
I at 76.
2

De a Gr y,
onty a who s w Huds f l,a Donad De n, no he c t e ,hepedlf
a
on al nd
l a a t r usom r l it

Hu s nu a d it t rsala t a tsiida h sd p sto t a t eewa ieErih i
d o p n no he ett n .De n etfe t i e o iin h t h r s c s lg t n
r
l
fontoft door'n t a eai whih Huds f l,a t ta ie c ppe wa sti nea t
r
he
'i he r n c
on el nd ha n c hi r s itng r he

e ta c .( a De a 1 - 3. W h na k dt d srb t ep tho ie De ntsiidta tit
n rn e De n p. t 1 1 ) e s e o e cie h ac f c , a e tfe h t t j
l
wa foz nlyes... r youha ta ke lkeyouha wal doni a t n iha fozel
s r e a r whee
d rc d i
d ke
t nd he t d r nq
i ta ofmetng. (d. t1 )
nse d
li ' l a 4.
'
Huds factr hi l h wrs a t e rbsasar ul oft f l.Hea s s f r d fom
on r tled s e
it nd hr e i
es t he a l
lo ufe e r

ac n u so a dt o s ligi teb an' ( d o De a 3 .
o c sin n t me weln n h ri . Hu s n p. t 6)
s
'
Huds fld t sne i e a ton a i tBoddi- l i t Cic tCour f t
on ie hi glg nce c i gans
e Noe l n he r ui
t or he
Cot yofRoa ke.Bodd e Noelt n r move t a to t t sc to t ba i ofdi r iy
mt
no
i - l he e
d he c in o hi our n he ss
ve st

o ctz n hi Folwigteco eo ds o r , d i- el v df rs mmayj dg n .
f iie s p. l n h ls f ic vey Bo deNo l mo e o u r u me t
o
The c the d ahe rng ont moton on J 5, 2.
our l
ai
he i
une 201
St
andard ofR e e
vi w

Und rRue5 o t eF d rl lso Cii P o e u e a a r o s mmayj d me t s
e l 6 f h e ea Rue f v l r c d r, n wad f u r u g n i
a oprae o y li t m ova s
ppr i t nl df he
nt howst tt r i no ge ne is ofa m ae i lf c a t
ha he e s
nui s ue ny t ra a t nd he

mo n i e tte t j g n a amatro lw. F d. Ci P. 6 a .I rve ngamoin
va t s n ild o ud me t s te f a ' e R. v. 5 () n e iwi
'
to

f rs mmayj d me tt c u t s c nsr et erc r i telg tmo tfv rbet teno o u r u g n,he o r mu t o tu h e o d n h ih s a o a l o h n
mo i p ry An e s n 4 7U. a 2 5 Towih tn sl r j d me tt en n mo i
vng a t. d ro , 7 S. t 5 .
t sa d l
mmay u g n ,h o - vng
p rymus ofre ie c fo whc ara o a l j r c ul rtr av r itfrt a p ry La t t fe vd n e r m ih e s n b e u y o d eu n e dc o h t a t. d
a
a 25
t 2.
Di cuss on
s i

çl ese ilee nt ofane i nc cam i Vigi a a eswhee, r ( )t
s- s nta lme s
-he
glge e li n r ni, s le r a e 1 he
i ntfc tonofalga d yoft dee ntt t pl ntf;( abr c oft tdut a ( )
de iiai
e l ut he fnda o he ai if 2) ea h ha y; nd 3

ij r t t epanif r xmaeyc u e b t eb e c ' Talyv Da e M e ia.nc,1 9
nu y o h litf p o i tl a sd y h ra h. le . n k dc l I . 7
'
F.d 1 4 1 47(t Ci. 9 9 .I mo igfrs mmayj g n o Hud o scam o
3 5 . 5 4h r 1 9 ) n vn o u r ud me t n s n' li f
ne i nc Boddi- l a g st tHuds se de e i i ufi i tt esa ih a oft e
glge e,
e Noel r ue ha
on' vi nc s ns fcen o tbls ny hes
es e ilelm e s a t ti i ce ,a am a troflw, ha Huds n wasguit ofcon rbut r
s nta e nt, nd ha t s lar s
te
a t t
o
ly
ti o y
ne i nc Fort f l ng r as , hec t ncl st tg nui is sofm a e ilf t
glge e.
he olowi e ons t our co ude ha e ne s ue
t ra ac

p e ld t ee tyo sl r j d me ti fv ro t ed fn a t
rcu e h nr f l
mmay u g n n a o f h ee d n.
1.

Tlr i fr tt t ee e tofdu y,t c t e t ti i t s t t tHuds n wa
lnng is o he lm n
t he our not s ha t s mdipu ed ha
o
s
a i t on Bod e Noelspr m ie and,t ,t tt def ntowe hi % dut ofusng
n nviee
di - l' e s s
hus ha he enda
d m ç y
a
i

o dn r c r t mananisp e s si ara o a l s f ma n ra dt wan gi o a y
r iay a e o iti t rmie n e s n by ae n e n o r hm) f n
hd e d n es' Amo v. to s n N. ,5 4S. 2 3 5 3 6 ( . 9 ) Ont eoh r
id n a g r.
'
s Nain Ba k. A. 0 E.d 6 , 6 Va 1 98 . h te
ha Boddi Noe lwa no t i tr rofHuds ss f t M ia eM a tI v.W e 1
nd,
e- l s t he nsle
on' a e y, r cl r. nc.
bb, 37

S. 2d887,890( 1 4) a ii weletbls dt tabusnes owne hasnodut t
E.
Va. 96 , nd t s l sa ihe ha
i s
r
yo
r move i d i t tmet tm oit ei f li a fe zi o t gr
e
ce urng he i ha
sur s a lng nd r e ng n he ound. FAD Lt
d.

Pa te s i v. a ly 3 7S. 2 4 7 4 8( .1 8 ) l ta ,i b ie se tbl h n . .
rn rhp Fe ge , 7 E.d 3 , 3 Va 9 9 . nse d ç usn s sa i me t .
a
s
m a watuntlt e ofa so m a ar as bl tmet r a trbe or r m o ng ie a s
y i i he nd
t r nd e ona e i he e fe f e e vi c nd now
fo a out ore r nc wal plto m o se . Amos 50 S. 2d a 366.
r m n do nta e, k, a f r r tps'
'
, 4 E. t
Ast pl i if Huds be r t bur n ofe tbls ngt t a t tm eofhi f l,
he antf,
on a s he de
sa ihi ha , t he i
s al

Boddi- lha t dut t cea isp e ssofiea s
eNoel d he y o l r t r mie c nd now.J Thedee ntc rcl
Z
fnda ore ty
no e t twhe he t sdut ha ars n a t tm eofHuds n' f l C sa ç e qu ton ofl t
t s ha
t r hi y d ie t he i
o s al l pur esi
i
aw' o

bed i db t c t' Z ( i Bm' v.J o 458S. 2d448,450( 1 )
ecde y he our.
'J quotng ns ohns n,
E.
Va. 995).
H ow e r w he t e s e e ofs h d y de
ve , n he xi t nc
uc ut pendson t r ol i ofa m a e i lf t l
he es uton
t r a ac ua
di put t f c s s d fr tbe de er i d by t f tfnde . Se e. ,Sa r on v.
s e, he a t houl i s
t m ne
he ac i r e, g. nde s
Boddi e
4

No l En ep ie ,n .2 0 U. DitLEXI 41 6 , t*1 ( D. . t 1 , 0 5
el tr rs s Ic, 0 5 S. s. S 7 4 a 1 E. Va Jme 3 2 0 )
(su ng frt ep mo e o t ed fn a tss mmayj d me t to ta Bo deNo lh d
a s mi , o h u s s f h ee d n ' u r u g n moin,h t d i- el a
a d yt e oyr s na e e f rst r
ut o mpl ea o bl fo t o emovei ea s w fo issde l ,sncet r was
c nd no r m t i wa ks i he e
tage nedipu eoff ctr pe tng whe he ,a t tm eofSande s sf l,he sonn ha
t nui s t
a es c i
t r t he i
ron' a l t t
d

e d d).
n e'
I t i t c e, hec t r eswihHuds t tage nef c ua diput e sswih
n he nsant as t our ag e
t
on ha
nui a t l s e xit t

r pec t whe he t wi e sor ha e d a t tm eofhi f l t h Huds swie
es t o
t r he ntr t m d nde t he i
s al.Alhoug
on' f
and De a Gr y t sii d t tt r wa foz n pr ci tton f li a t tmet tHuds n
onty a e tte ha he e s r e e pia i a lng t he i ha
o
at mpt d t e e t r sa a , e rsfom t Na i lClm ai Da aCe e i c t t tt
te e o nt r he e t ur nt r po t r he tona i tc t nt r ndi ae ha he

pr cpia i e
e i t ton nded i Roa
n
nokeon t e ni ofDe mbe 1 201 a t tno pr cpia i
he ve ng
ce r 6, 0, nd ha
e i tton
f l o t da oft i i t Li wie Donad De n t tfe t thedi no r c ls e ngan
el n he y he ncden . ke s ,
l a esii d ha
d t e al e i
y
r n orse twhe heta e t t r uur ntont da i que ton.Be us t co tmus
ai
le
n r veld o he es a
he y n si
ca e he ur
t
consr t e de ei t lg mos f vor bl t Huds t c ti t a et c l e,a
tue he vi nc n he i ht t a a e o
on, he our s m bl o oncud t
t ssag oft pr e ngs t tBoddi Noe lha no d yt e o r as
hi t e he oc edi , ha
e- l d
ut o mpl y e onabl e f t t
e fors o
r
emovei ea s
c nd now fom ise r nc a t tm eofHuds sf l
r t nta es t he i
on' al.
Bodd e Noelat m ai l a gue t ti ha no d yt wa n Huds a
i - l le tvey r s ha t d
ut o r
on boutt pach of
he t
i ebec us i wa o a ob ous eFobbsv. e Bl Lt P'hi 3 S. 2d 355 357
c
a e t s pen nd vi .Se
W bb dg. d. s p, 49 E.
,

( 1 6)(W nowne ofprmiesowe ad yt isi te. .t us or na yc r t wanis
Va. 98 ç
r e s
s ut o t nvie . o e di r a e o r t
i vieeofa t af c ton t twasknown, byt us ofo di r c r s d ha be n
n t
ny ms e ondii ha
or he e r na y a e houl ve e
known,t t owne ;e ptt tt o rhasno d y t wa n isi t eofa t a eco ton
o he
r xce ha he wne
ut o r t nvie
n ms f ndii

whihi ope a obvi t ar s bl pes n e rii or nayc r frhi o s ft ' .
c s n nd ous o eaona e ro xecsng di r ae o s wn aey.)
'
The que ton ofw he hera da r c to wa o a ob ous i no ly one f t
si
t
nge ous ondii n s pen nd vi s nna l
or he

j yt deemi Se Vol v.CiyofLexi on,708S. 2d8 8 ( 2011 ( di t t
ur o tr ne. e pe
t
ngt
E. 24, 28 Va. ) hol ng ha

t tf t ly s c fcde e mi i n' ofwhehe ada pr s nt a o n a obvi da r
he tacual pe ii t r nato '
t r m e e ed n pe nd
ous nge

ç sa is ef rtej l 'a dta t elwe c u t re i d cdn t eis ea amatro
t n su o h uy ' n h t h o r o r er d n e i ig h su s te f
wa
lw)
a .
Viwi t e de ei t lghtm os f vo a l t Huds t c tco l st t
e ng he vi nc n he i
t a r be o
on, he our ncude ha
r as bl mi co d dif rast whehe t i wa a ope a obvi da rt tHuds
e ona e nds ul fe
o
t r he ce s n n nd
ous nge ha
on

s udh v o s r e a d tu ,h t d i- elsn te t ldt s mmayj d me t nti
ho l a e b e v d n ,h s t a Bo deNo l i o ni e o u r u g n o h s
t
g ot W hieDonal De n a M a yHuds n t sii dt tt y o e v ieby t d r t y
r md.
l
d a nd r
o e tfe ha he bs r ed c
he oo , he
as i c t t tt y di nots et i un i t y we eon i orbe i i.I e M a y
lo ndi aed ha he d
e he ce tl he r
t
sde t nde d, r

Hud o d srb dtes b tn ea ( lc ie' ( ayHu s nDe a 41) Asoh rc u t ha
s n e ci e h u sa c s t a k c . M r d o p. t .
b
'
te o rs ve
r c ze bl k ie t isve ynaur ...snotnotc a eupon c s li pe i ' W ooda d
e ogni d, ac c t t r t e i
by
i e bl
a ua ns cton.
'
r
v. pOp rtn L d. s i , 51F. u p. 47 , 5( D. ih. 0 )( o dn t a t e
Er
eaig t P'h p 3
S p 2 08 71 E. M c 2 05 h l ig h t h
.

alg dp e e c o blc iece tdaf cu lsu f rtej r t d tr n c n enn wh te
l e rs n e f a k c r ae a t a is e o h u y o ee mie o c r ig eh r
e
t ed ng rwa o e a o viu , eeteplitf tsiidta h s w t eiea trh fl)
h a e s p n nd b o s wh r h an if e tfe h t e a h c fe e el;
s a s As e v.W a feHous .l .No. 0 225 1 1 ,2006 U. Dit LEXI 288 a #8ee lo hl y
fl
e nc, 6:4- 02-V 1
S. s .
S 0, t

1 ( S. J n 1 , 0 6 (e yngd fn n ' moinf rs mmayj d me twh r te
1 D. C. a . 0 2 0 ) d n i ee da ts to o u r u g n e e h
p an ifalg dy si e o ba kiea tee ta c t t ed fn a tsr sa rn)
litf le e l l d n lc c t h n rn e o h ee d n ' e tu a t.
pp
I a ton,he pr miy ofHuds n' f l t t r t r n c nno bei ed.Ast
n ddii t
oxi t
o s al o he esau a t a t gnor
he

d src c u t o e i As e , rto a j r c udtn ta ap ro wh h ds c e sul
itit o r n td n hly a ain lu y o l q d h t e s n o a u c sf ly
na gaed apa ki 1 torsde l ç oul a s r a o y bei vet tt e r nc was
vi t
r ng o
i wak ç d lo e s nabl le ha he nta e
c
na g e es ci l whe e t i ea t e r ewa algedl bl c i e. As e 2006 U.
vi abl, pe aly
r he c t he ntanc s le y a k c ' hl y,
'
S.
D i t LEX I 2880, t*11 Fo t s r a ons t c r i una e t c l ,a a m a t rofl w ,
s.
S
a
. r he e e s , he ou t s bl o onc ude s
te
a

t tt pa c ofi wa t pe a obvi t ar as bl pe s e r ii or na yc ef
ha he t h ce s ç n nd
o
ous o e ona e ron xe c sng di r ar or
hi own s f t ' Fobbs 349 S. 2d at357.
s
a e y.
'
,
E.
II.

B reach

Bo e Nbelnexta gu t Huds c nnotesa ih t ti had a t alorc tu i
ddi- l
r es hat
on a
t bls ha t
cu
onsr ctve

no i oft pr e eoft iet ta lge y ca e Huds t f l ort ti f ie t e r ie
tce he es nc
he c ha le dl us d
on o al, ha t a ld o xe c s
o di r c r t ma ispr m ie r s bl s f unde t cr um sa es Fo t f lw i
r na y a e o ke t e s s ea ona y a e
r he ic t nc . r he olo ng
r s ,hec tc l
ea ons t our oncudest tma e i f cua dipu e pr cudet e r ofs
ha t ral a t l s t s e l he nty umm a y
r

j d me twihr s e t ob t o te eis e .
u g n t e p c t oh f h s su s

l o d rf rBo deNo l t b a j d e n gie ti t i c s , d o mu tp o ta
n r e o d i- elo e d u g d e l n n hs a e Hu s n s rve h t
g
Boddi - l t d a t lo co tu tvenotc 'oft da r co to As v. ion &
eNoel i
ha c ua r nsr c i
ie' he nge ous ndii n. hby Fa s

Asocs,l ,440S. 2d603,605( 1 .Spectcal hemus s t tBoddi- l
s . nc.
E.
Va. 994)
ii ly,
t how ha
eNoel
t w or s d ha known' o t i e t taleg y ca e hi f la t a l d t r m ove i
t
kne
houl ve
' f he c ha l edl us d s al nd û ie o e
f
t

wihi ar as bl tmeort wa' ofispr e . I ;s as M ia l M a t l ,1 S. 2d
t n e ona e i
o l
n t es nce' d. ee lo r c e r. nc. 37 E.
'

a 8 0(t ) o d rt i o ela ii frij r t a ivtet d n eo sc n iinmu th v
t 9 $ln r e o mp s iblt o nu y o n n ie he a g r u o dto s a e
(
y
bee known t t owne oroc upa toft esa ihme , ha e s e f rs h al ngt of
n
o he
r
c n
he tbls nt or ve xit d o uc e h

tmeast ma it dee tsd yi t e r s ofodi r c et ha dic rdi.)
i
o ke the fndan ' ut n he xecie r nay ar o ve s ovee t' .
'
Ap yi t ssa r t c ti t bl t c udet tBoddi- l i e tte t
pl ng hi tnda d, he our s ma e o oncl ha
e Noel s n ild o

s mma yj g n o t eis o n tc .Asstfrha o e tealg dp th o iewa
u r ud me t n h sue f oie
e o t b v ,h l e ac f c s
e
l t i e a ey outi t e r nc t t r sa a ,n a a e i whi h c t
ocaed mm dit l
sde he nta e o he e t ur nt i n r a n c usomer woul
s
d
ne t wal Donal De n t siid t tt ie a pe r d t ha be n pa ke down by
ed o k.
d a e tfe ha he c p a e o ve e c d
c t e s and t ti w a i t s m e vi i t a a i e c ppe . A lhough J a te Bar i , he
us om r ,
ha t s n he a
c niy s n c hi r t
e nne t
r os t

7

m a ge on dut c d no r calwhe s i pe t t a e d i t t eeho pe i
na r
y, oul t e l
n he ns ced he r a urng he hr - ur rod
be o e t pl i ifsf l, ri t sii d t ts wa s
f r he antf al Ba ros e tfe ha he s uppos d t i pe tt ar a( vey holr'
e o ns c he e t r z.
e
'

( ri sDe a 1 . Co sr igti e ie c i tel h mos fvo a l t Hu s n t ec u t
Baro p. t 4) n tun hs v d n e n h i t t a r be o d o ,h o r
g

c n ld sta ara o a ej r rc ul fn t a Bo d eNo l' e ly e weea r o t ie
o cu e h t e s n bl u o o d i d h t d i- els mpo e s r wae f he c
ort i e sed f r s h a l ngt oftm e t t s d ha di c ed i.
hat t xi t o uc e h i hat hey houl ve s over t

Cii t Vigi a Supr m eCo tsdecson i W y mev.Spanhotr 205 S. 2d 634
tng he r ni
e
ur'
ii n r
i l,
E.

( .1 7 ) Bo deNo l atr aieyag e t a e d n ei n n t ee sis fiin , sa
Va 9 4 , d i- el len tv l r u s h t vie c s o eh ls n u fce ta
ma troflw, o s w t ti wasneg i nt n W y , hepl ntf si d on apa c ofie
te
a t ho ha t
lge .I
nne t ai if lppe
th c

be wee t pa ke ca si t de e an ' par ng lt L. a 634t n wo r d r n he f nd ts ki o . ds t 635. Thee de epr s nt d
,
vi nc e e e
a ti ,whi h wa ( t
t ral c
s ç houtm ae ilc lc 'rve l dt tçs
wi
tra onfit' e a e ha iome t e t f l ho sbef et
hr e o otr ur or he
pli iff l s l ha be n s e on t iy s s i l ng t s whe et f l oc ured.
antf el, at d e pr ad he c pot ,ncudi he pot r he a l c r '
'

I a 6 5.I sti a ietej r ' v r iti fv ro t epanif t eSu rmeCo r hedt a
d. t 3 n e t sd h u y s edc n a o f h litf,h p e
ng
ut l ht
t ed fn a t i n t ra ha yd t o dt t plitf.J- 'heCo r e h sz dt tdby
h e e d n d d o b e c n u y we o he an if .a I
d ' u t mp a ie ha G l
l
s r pi t s
c a ng he now fom t pa ki l s a trt sor a a tmptng t r fert r move
r he r ng ot oon fe he t m nd te i he ea t o e
s t m ai a l t r m ani s sofie, hede e ntdi alt to di r c r r quie t
yse tc ly he e i ng pot c t
f nda d 1 ha r na y a e e r d o
m ant i hi pr s i ar a ona y s f c tonf rt pli ifsvii. l
i an s emies n e s bl a e ondii o he antf
st' d.
'
Ha ngr e d t r c d i t i t ntca e t c t sunabl t c l t t
vi eviwe he e or n he nsa
s , he our i
e o oncude ha

W y n c mp l t ee tyo s mmayj g n i fv ro tedee d n .Un i W y n ,h
n e o es h n r f u r ud me t n a o f h fn a t l
ke n e te
f t i t s c s a e no t ihoutm a era conti t' I A lhough Boddi N oe ls e pl ye
ac s n hi a e r t t t
w
t i l l c . d. t
'
e- l ' m o es
t s ii d t y s ve ed a s ea I M el on t m o ni oft pl i t f a ci nt M a y
e tf e he ho l nd pr d ce
t he r ng he a n i fs c de , r

Huds t sii d t ti di nota
on e tfe ha t d
ppea t tt a e i fontoft e r nc hadbe n c e r d a a1
r ha he r a n '
r
he nta e
e l a e t 1:

Q.

( i i a a t tt sde l ae i fo oft doorha bee ceae
Dld t ppe r ha he i wak ra n rnt he
d n l rd
orte t d?
rae

No,i ha no be n cla e
t d t e e r d.

Q.

Oka I had notbe n c e r d a a l
y. t
e l a e t l?
N o.

Q.

N obod had- i di tl k lkea
y
t dn' oo i nybodyha s l d?
d hove e

A.

I dd t. .o kl ea y o yh dd n a ytig I ij s lk y up ti
t in' . lo i n b d a o e n hn . t s u t i e o u t
k
downt r andt r i was The ewas ta hi t ta
he e
he e t . r
n' nyt ng ha nybodyha
d
c pped;t e was ta hi t tyou putouton i, ha you c d
hi
her
n' nyt ng ha
tt t
oul
s i e on i,t r w as ta hi
prnkl
t he e n' nyt ng.

( ayHu s nDe a 4 - 3)
M r d o p. t 2 4 .
Gi n t a lge l to oft ie,a i lghtofM a yHuds st si on t c t
ve he le d ocai n he c nd n i
r
on' e tm y, he our

i t bl t c ude asam at roflw, ha Boddi Noe ldi a 1t tor na y c r r q r d t
s ma e o oncl ,
te
a t t
e- l d 1 ha di r a e e uie o
mai ai ispr m ie i ar s bl s f co ton f t pl i ifsvii.l t a t sis
nt n t e s s n ea ona y a e ndii or he antf
st nse d, hi s ue

mus b d cd db aj r .
t e eie y uy
11
1.

Proxi at C ause
m e

Bo deNo l h sas mo e f rsl r j d me to t eis eo prxi t c us .
d i- el a lo v d o l
mmay u g n n h su f o mae a e
Vigi a1w i c e rt tne i nc wilno bepr sl e fom t m e eha
r ni a s l a ha glge e l t
e l d r he r ppeni ofa
m
ng n
a i nt t pli ifmus pr t tt de e ntsne i nta tonswe et a i nts
ccde ; he antf
t ove ha he f nda ' glge c i
r he ccde '

p o i t c u e W e d ev Drp r 1 0S. 2 4 2 4 5( . 9 3 .I t ep e s sl bit
r xmae a s . d l . a e , 3 E.d 6 , 6 Va 1 6 ) n h rmie i l y
a i
c e ,ast de e ntno e i isbre , hepl ntf mus esa ih t tt uns e c ton of
ontxt he f nda
t s n t i f t ai if t t bls ha he af ondii

whihheco ai wast pr xi t c us ofhi ij y.Se Rol ( W a Ri .nc.
c
mpl ns
he o mae a e s nur e l R' y nks I v.
Smih, S. 2d 1 1 ( .1 .W hieevi nc s
t 237 E. 57, 62 Va 977)
l de e uppori pr maec us nee no be
tng oxi t a e d t

s e ikaly e t i t tbe s fcintt r movet c s ou oft r l ofs c a i a
cintt l xac, t ç
mus
ufi e o e
he a e t he eam
pe ulton nd

c n e t r a di t ter am o lgtmaeifrn eb f r s b ûigit aj z f ris
o j cu e n no h e l f e ii t n ee c eo e u mi n t o u y o t
d tr n to ' Blc av. a s 1 9S. 2 4 , 0( . 9 4 ; e as W e de 1 0S. 2 a
ee miain. a k J me , 3 E.d 7 5 Va 1 6 ) s e lo d l, 3 E.d t
'
4 6 Cl i ic mb n o t plitf wh alg sn gi e et s o wh a dh w t a cd n
6 t s n u e t n he an if o l e e lg nc o h w y n o he c ie t
t
e

h p n d, n i ta i lft c n e t , u s o rn o j d me th c n o r c ve .
a pe e a d f h t s e to o j cme g e s r a d m u g n e a n t e o r'
).
l mo n frs mmayj d me t nt sis e Bo deNo l ctst Hu o so
n vig o u r u g n o hi su , d i- el ie o ds n' wn
de ii t si onya t tofDe a Gr y, heonl i vi who s w Huds f l.
poston e tm
nd ha
onty a t
y ndi dual
a
on a l
Boddi Noel e phasze t tHuds n co d no s ywha ca edhi t f l,a t tGr y
e- l m
i s ha
o ul t a
t us
m o al nd ha a
t sii d t Huds a ar d t m ist se u ont t c b i fontoft r sa a .
e tfe hat
on ppe e o s he tp p o he ur n r
he e tur nt
Alhoug t sis i a tedl cos i lg oft e denc hi i t d byt def nt t
t h hi s ue s dmit y l e n i ht he vi e ghlgh e
he enda ,he
c ti c ta ne t c udet tt pl i ifse d e when viwe i hi fvo ,i
our s onsr i d o oncl ha he antf vi enc ,
e d n sa r s

s fiin t s r ies mmayj d me t
u fce t o u vv u r u g n .
I r a hi t sde son, hec ti pe s svet Vigi a Supr m eCo ts
n e c ng hi cii t our tnds r ua i he r ni
e
ur '

d cso i Fo b v W e bBuli gLi tdPates i, 4 S. 2 3 5( . 98 ) i whc
e iin n b s . b idn mie rn rhp 3 9 E.d 5 Va 1 6 ,n ih
t Cour e
he
t mpha iedt tf c sesa ihi pr xi t c us t dno bepr d by die t
sz ha a t tbls ng o ma e a e t
nee t
ove
rc
e de e, i tad,ma beesa ihe b cr um sn ile de e.'I a 35 Thepli if
vi nc but nse
y
tbls d y ic t nta vi nc ' d. t 7.
antf
i Fob a rve t wor a t de e a ' ofi ebuidi on ar nym om i a si don t
n bs r i d o
k t he f nd nts fc
l ng
ai
ng nd lppe
he

foori fo oft elvaor.JZa 3 Ranha bee fli f apr rce pei bef et
l n r nt he e t s .. t 56. i d n alng or ota td rod or he
4
a ci nt c usng wae t a c ult ne rt e ta eoft b l ng.L. a 358.Alhoug t
c de , a i
tr o c um a e a he n r nc he uidi d t
a
t h he
pl ntf tc d nots y wha ca e hert f l, s t sii t ts si d on s m ehi
ai if toul
a
t us d
o a1' he e tfed ha he lppe
'
o t ng

si r a çl t rwine sst tfe t tbohbeor a a trs fl,he o e v wae
lppey nd ûolhe t se esiid ha t f e nd fe he elt y bsr ed tr
ont tra zofoori t vii t ofhe fl. L. TheSuprmeCour hedt tçglr t s
he erz l n he cniy
r al' da
'
e
t l ha it om hi

10

dr c a cru tn il vie c ,h j r ra o a l c udh v f u dt ttea c muaino
ie t nd ic msa ta e d n e t e u y e s n by o l a e o n ha h c u lto f
waero t t nw zo foori t vii t oft e e t sc tt e ahaz r
t n he e
l n he cniy he l vaor onsiut d
a dousc tont t
ondii ha

c edHobbst f l' J=
aus
o a1. - .
'p
l t i t ntca e whieHuds ca no i ntf wha ca e hi t f l,
n he nsa
s, l
on n t de iy
t us d m o al Huds
on
t tfedt thi f tsi pe ou fom unde hi a he a t e t o nt door a bot hi
esii ha s ee lp d t r
r m s temptd o pe he
, nd h s
wiea Donal Dea t tfe t tt y obs r d apa c ofieon t sde l i t s mear a
f nd
d
n esi d ha he
e ve
th c
he i wak n he a
e
i whih t a i ntoc ured.Alho De t y Gr y sa e t tHuds a a edt
n c he ccde
c r
t ugh on a a t t d ha
on ppe r o
e s ntal ti ove t c b i fontoft r t lr nt Huds t tfe t the I dn' ha a
s e i ly rp r he ur n r
he esaza ,
on esii d ha
t
di t ve ny
toubl se ng up ove t c b,' nd t ti wasnott i hepule on t doo t thi f t
r e t ppi
r he ur 'a ha t
mtl
ld he r ha s ee

sip do tfo u d rhm.( ds nDe a 6 .
l e u r m n e i Hu o p. t 5)
p
Vi ng t die ta cr m sa i e de ei t lghtm os f a e t Hu on,t
ewi he r c nd icu t ntal vi nc n he i
t avor bl o ds he

c u t o cu e t tar ao a ej r c udfn t ttea c mu ain o ieo t sd wak
o r c n ld s ha e s n bl u y o l id ha h c u lto f c n he ie l
a j c n t ter sa rn ' e ta c c u e Hu s nt f l.Ac o dn l,h is eo p o mae
da e t o h e tu a ts nr n e a sd d o o al c r igy te su f r xi t

c us mu t d cd db a u y
a e s be e i e y j r .
I .
V

C o r but y N e i nce
nt i or
glge

Forisfna a g e ,
t i l r um nt Boddi Noe lc endst tHuds scli i ba r d by t
e- l ont
ha
on' am s re
he

de e eofc rbut y ne i enc To esabls c ti o y ne i nc ,a de e ntm us s
f ns
onti or glg e.
t ih on rbut r glge e
f nda
t how
bot t tt pli ifwa neglge a t tt pli tf ne i e wasapr xi t c us of
h ha he antf s
i nt nd ha he a n ifs glg nce
o ma e a e

t ep an ifsijr .Ra c e v. re d 6 9S. 2 6 , 6 - 5( . 1 ) çf is wh t e
h litf nu y s h r F in , 8 E.d 61 6 4 6 Va 20 0 . the sue eh r
apli tf i guit ofc rb or neg i nc i or na iy aq si off c t bedecde by t
a n if s ly onti ut y lge e s di rl ue ton a t o
i d he

f tfnde.Theis be soneof1w f t ()c tode i onl whe r s bl mi
ac i r
sue come
a or he our t cde y n eaona e nds

11

coul notdif ra
d
fe boutwha c l i c dbedr wn fom t e de e' J nki v. e ,611
t oncuson oul
a r he vi nc .' e ns Pyl s

S. 2d40 407( 2005 .
E. 4, Va. )

Tos p r ismoinf rsl z u g me to t sis e Bo d eNo l ag e t a
u po tt to o l
mmayj d e n n hi su , d i- el ru s h t
Hu o çale t a tra o a l f rhso s ft'a dtale jt h e teo na do vo
ds n t ildj o c e s n by o i wn aey' n ç ild o e d h pe n b ius
f
f
c n iino s w a d ie' ( fsBr a 2 ) F rter ao s t o t a o e h we e,h
o dto f no n c . De
'
. t 5. o h e s ns e f rh b v , o v r te
c t suna et c l ,a ama troflw,t tt pa c ofiewaso n a obvi us ort t
our i
bl o oncude s
te
a ha he t h c
pe nd
o , ha
Huds wa ne i e i t mame i whih he a tmptd t e t rt r sa a . Aspr vi l
on s glg nt n he r r n c
te e o n e he e tur nt
e ousy

n td, r to lu yc u dfn t a ap ro wh ha s c e sul n viae t ep r i 1ta d
oe a aina j r o l i d h t es n o d u c sf l a g td h akng o n
y
sde l çc d a s r s bl bele t tt e r nc wasna ga e, peca l whe et i e
i wak toul lo ea ona y ive ha he nta e
vi bl es ily
r he c

a t e r ncewa al ge y blck ie. As e v.W a feHous 2006U . Dit LEXI 2880,
t he nta
s le dl a c ' hly
'
fl
e,
S. s.
S

a *11 seas Ki M akes l , S. 2d2 25 ( 1 )( lni t c udet t
t ; e lo ncs r t.nc.307 E. 49, 2 Va. 983 deci ng o oncl ha
a c t e w ho s i
us om r
lpped o i e afe de r i a s or wasguit ofc rbut r ne i nc a
n c t r pa tng t e
ly ont i o y glge e, nd

emphaszi t tt c t rts ce s uly neg i td hi e r nc fom t pa ki l tt t
i ng ha he usome çuc s f l
otae s nta e r he r ng o o he

so e'
tr '
)
Concl on
usi

Fo t er a o sae , d i- elsmoi nfrs mmayj g n mus b d ne .
r h e s ns ttd Bo deNo l' to o u r ud me t t e e id
The Clr i die t t s nd c riid co e oft sme a
e k s r ced o e e tfe pis hi mor ndum o ni an t a co pa ng
pi on d he c m nyi
or rt a1c
de o 1 ouns lofr co d.
e
e r

ENTER: i / R d yo Jme 201
Th s Z a f t , 2.

Chi U nied St esD i ti Judge
ef t
at
sr ct

12