Walters v. Holiday Motor Corporation et al

Filing 29

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 5/21/12. (med)

CLERK' OFFI U, . ST COURT
S
CE S DI .
AT ROANOKE,
VA
FI
LED

MAï 2 12 1
22
I T H E U NI
N
TED STATES DI
STR I CO U R T
CT
FO R TH E W ESTE RN D I
STR I T O F V I I I
C
RG N A
R oanoke D i si
vi on

JUkI C.
'
A

/

,CL
E

'u

SH AN N O N B .W ALTER S,
C i lA ct on N o.7: cvvi
i
12- 00011

Pli t
anY
V.

M em orandum O pi on
ni

H O LI AY M O TO R C O R P. e J/,
D
,t .

De ndant.
fe
s

By:Jam es C.Turk
Seni U ni ed StatesD i ri Judge
or
t
st ct

Th smatri p e e tyb fr t eCo r o P an ifS n n nB. atr ' G atr'
i te s r sn l eo e h u t n litf h n o W l s (ç l s'
e W e )
moi t r nd ( . 8 .Dee ntMaz Mot ofAmei ,I d// M a daNorh
ton o ema DktNo. ) fnda
da or
rca nc. ba z
t
AmeiaOpeatons$ MNAO')oppos dt moto ( tNo.11,a W ale srple ( .
rc
ri ;
(
'
e he in,Dk.
) nd tr e id, Dkt
No.1 .TheCour he r orla g ntonAprl29,201 W atr t n fl apos- ai
4)
t a d a r ume
i
2. les he ied
the rng

me rnd i s ppor ofhermoto t rma ( . 24) a M NAO r ponde ( .
moa um n u t
in o e nd, DktNo. , nd
es
d, Dkt
No. 1.Acc di y,t matri now rpef de ii Fort f l ngr s ,t
26- )
or ngl he te s
i or cson. he olowi eaons he
Co tGRANTS W at r m o i a r m a t c s t t Cic tCour f rt Ciy o
ur
le s' ton nd e nds he a e o he r ui
t o he t f
Roa
noke V igi a
, r ni .
1
.

Background and ProceduralH i t
s ory

On N o be 1 2011 i t Cic tCo tf Roa
vem r 4,
, n he r ui ur or noke Ciy,W a t r r - ie a
t
le s e fl d

c anta i tHolda M oorCop.Maz M oorCo .andM NAO alegi ( )ne ie
ompli gans i y t
, da t p ,
l ng 1 glg nce
a ( b e c ofexprs a i i war ycai aii unde Vigni sat lw. ( t
nd 2) r a h
e s nd mpled rant l ms rsng
r r i a t e a 1 Dk .
No.12) W aleshasalege da ge i t amountof$25milon.(d..Dee n Holda
- . tr
l d ma s n he
li l ) fnda t i y
Mot Cor (çl i y' i aVigi ac porto M a daMot Cop.saJ pa e
or p.t-olda ' s r ni or ain, z
l
)
or r i a nes
c o a i n, M N A O i a Ca ior a co por ton. M N A O r m ove t c e t t U nied
om r t o and
s
lf ni r a i
e
d he ms o he t
'Theca ewasprvi l br
s
e ousy oughti Roa
n nokeCiy Cicui Cour. Afe pe e t h rc s t tej l Plitf
t r t
t tr rsni e ae o h uy, anif
ng

mo e f ran n utp ru n t Va Co ej801 3 0
v d o o s i u sa t o . d . - 8 .

Stt sDiti tCour f t W e t r DititofVigi aon J nua y 1 201 pu s ntt 28
a e src
t or he se n src
r ni
a r 2, 2 r ua o

U. C. j1 41a d 1 4 a dsae j rs ito wa p o e u d r28U. C. 1 3 . ( tNo
S. j 4 n 4 6 n ttd u idcin s r p r n e
S. j 3 2 2 Dk . .
1 .M NAO camsta W atr fa d e tyj ie Hoia teo l n n-i es d fn a ti
)
li h t l s r u uln l on d l y,h ny o d v re ee d n n
e
d

t i a to ,h rb i r pel d fai fd rls be tmatr u idito
hs cin t ee y mp o ry ee t e ea u jc te j rs cin.
ng
The f t oft c e c e n a a om obie a ci ntt toc ur e on J 3,2006,i
ac s he as onc r n ut
l c de ha c r d
une
n

Be fr Co n y Vign a W atr, rvnga 1 9 M a d M it a tmpe t a o da o j c i
d od u t , r ii. l s d ii
e
9 5 z a aa te td o v i n be t n
t er a b s r iga d a ars lh r a lht er a a o e tr e Th ijlisW atr
h o d y we vn n s e ut e c r e h o d nd v rt n d. e n t e les
l
r
s t i i t a c de l f he pa al e l he Com pl i ,W a t r 'a l ge t t M i t di
us a ned n he c i nt e t r r yz d. n r
a nt le s le s hat he a a d

no prvi tea o bl oc upa pr eci i t e ntofar l ra ci nt' (
t o de t s na e c nt ot ton n he ve
r
olove c de .' Comp1,
.
! 1 a)
3().
II.

St
andard ofR evi w
e

S be tmatr u idcini c s sno p e e tn af d rlq e to i p o e wh nn
u j c te j rs it n a e t r s nig e ea u sin s r p r e o
o
pli ifr sde i t s me sae a a de e nta t n o i co r r y e ee
antf e i s n he a t t s ny f nda nd he m unt n ntove s xc ds

$75, 28U. C.j 1 a.Thus i a dee a rsde i t s mesaeasa pli if
000.
S.
332()
,f ny fnd nt e i s n he n tt ny antf

c mpeedv riyi lc i ga dfd r l o rslc t erq ie s b e t te j rs ito l
o lt ie st s a k n n e ea c u t a k h e ur d u j c matr u idcin.d.
M or ove , fa defnda r sde i t s m esae i whi ht aci n i fl f de a c t
e r i ny e nt e i s n he n t t n c he to s ied, e r l ours

aewi o t u idcin.2 U. C. 1 3 ()4 ( ()I)c ) Ho v r ad src c u t y
r t u j rs ito 8 S. j 3 2d ( )A)i(l(c . we e , itit o r ma
h
rti j rs ito o e amatrwh nt r i n tc mpeedvest wh nap an if
ean u idcin v r te e hee s o o lt i riy e litf
fa d lnl j isad fn a t od f a fd r lu idcin.M a e v Ra o o t 1 8F.d4 7
ru u e t on e e d n t ee t e e a j rs ito
y
v s . p p r, 9 3 5 ,
461( hCi.1 )
4t r 999 .

Al o g tetr fa d ln j i d rc n oe mafa a c ,h wo dûrud e t i a
t u h h em ru u e t o n e o n ts le s n e t e r t a uln ' s
h
f
'
t r ofa t a doe no r qui e a s i offaud. Se A I S Couns lnz & Te tnc Ct s v.
em
r, nd
s t e r how ng r
e D
ei
si
r.
2M NAO aserst ti neve r ei dpr rs r c ofpr e soft c m pl ntpurua t Va. Co eAn j 801
s t ha t
r ec ve ope e vie
oc s he o ai
s nt o
d n. . 286. # s q, ndta i rmo a i t l u d r28U.. j 1 4 *)() Watr' e no c neth
1 .1 e .a h tt e v ls i y n e
s
me
SC. j 4 6 ,c . l s do s t o ts te
e
tm elne sofM NAO ' r m oval
i i s
Se
.

Gr u W Tee iin, n .9 3F.d 1 0 ,1 0 ( t Ci. 9 0 .l d e ,op o efa uln
op
lv so I c, 0 2 0 0 0 3 4h r 1 9 ) n e d t r v rud e t
j id rt rmo i p rymu tet e s w io tih fa i tepanifsp e dn o
on e he e vng a t s ih r ho t urg t rud n h litf la ig f
i
j rs ito a fcs'o t a tte ei n po sblt t ttep an ifwo l b a et e tbiha
u idcin l a t' r h t ih r s o s iii ha h litf ud e bl o sa l
'
i
y
s
c us ofa ton a i tt i saedefnda i sa ec t''Ha te v.CSX Tr ns ,l ,1
a e c i gans he n-tt e nt n tt our.' rly
a p. nc. 87

F.d422, ( hCi.1 ( i M as lv. a leSae Cor ,6F. 229,232( h
3
424 4t r 999) quotng rhal M nvil ls p. 3d
4t

Ci. 9 3 )(mp a i i o ii a) A d fn a t l gn fa uln j id rb a sah a yb r e
r 1 9 ) e h ss n rg n l. e e d n al i g rud e t on e e r e v u d n
e
ofpe s i a û us s w t tt pl i ifc nnotes a i h a cl i e n a t r s vi a 1
r uas on nd é t ho ha he a ntf n
m
t bls
a m ve fer e ol ng l

is e o lw a d fc i teplitf sfv r' l .Th iq iyi t fa d ln j id ri mo e
su s f a n a t n h an if a o . d e n ur no ru u e t on e s r
'
s r hi a m or f vor bl t t pli ift n t sa r us d t evaua em o i t
ea c ng nd
e a a e o he antf ha he t nda d e o l t tons o

dimisunde Fed.R.Ci P.1 b)6) 1 ( tngBao fv.Stt Fam I .Co.97 F. 8 ,
s s
r
v. 2( ( . d. cii tf
ae r ns , 7 2d 48

8 2(dCi.1 9 :.l t ed fn a td e n t e aeal s i ly o e o ey rma di
5 3 r 9 2 f h ee d n o s o n g t lpo sbit fr c v r , e n s
i
a o it . I a 425.Und t ssa r t pli ifne d onl as e t$ pos i lt ofa
ppr pra e d. t
er hi t nda d, he antf e
y s r ç sbiiy
a

rg t or l f t d fa afa d ln j n e cam.M as al6F.da 23 .I ac u ti d e e
ih t ei 'o ee t ru u e t oid r li
e
rh l, 3 t 3 f o r tn s v n
at lg pos i lt ofarg t r if' a 4 i rofho 'f t pl ntf, hema trs d
t i ht sbiiy
s
i ht o ele or ç mme
gl
pe' or he ai if t
te houl
ber ma d be aus t que ton ofwhehe a c us ofa ton e ssa i tano di s pa t
e nde c e he si
t r a e ci xit gans
n- vere ry
i a s a e 1 w i s t be de i d by a s a e c t Se H a tev,1 F. a 425
s t t a s ue o
c de
t t our . e rl
87 3d t -26. Thus i
,f

teei a yd u ta o t te ad fn a t a b e fa uln l j i e , c u t s rma
h r s n o b b u wheh r ee d n h s e n rud e ty o n d a o r mu t e nd
t c e.J. a 425.
he as .. t
1
J

M NAO ag e t t e d tr nn wh t e ad fn a t a b e fa d lnl j i e
r u s ha wh n eemiig eh r ee d n h s e n ru u e ty o n d
t t pos i lt 'sanda d ari ul t d i H a tev hasbe n i t r et d t m e ç ha t r i no
he l
no s biiy' t r tc a e n rl
e n e pr e o an t t he e s
t
r a ona e ba i f t di t i tc tt pr di tt tt pl i i fm i be a e t r ove a i t
e s bl s s or he s rc our o e c ha he a ntf ght bl o ec r ga ns

a i saedee nt' r nv.Mihile ,372F.Sup 2d81 81 ( D. 20 )(ii
n n-tt fnda .'Limi
c esns
p.
1, 8 E. Va. 05 ctng

S lwo dv. 1. n. R. , 8 F.d 5 8 5 3(t Ci. 0 4 ) i Co r rj cst a
mal o 11Ce R. Co.3 5 3 6 , 7 5h r 2 0 ).Th s u tee t h t

a gum e bec us t r i no e de e t tt Fou t Cic tha r tea ed f om t s rc i
r
nt a e he e s
vi nc ha he r h r ui s e r t r he t i t '
no
pos i lt ' t nda d i f voroft Fi t Cic t sm o e pe s i C e ona e ba i ' s a r
sbiiy' s a r n a
he fh r ui ' r nni s ve ù as bl s s' t nda d.
r
Two r ce Fourh Cic tc es de de a t r Li n, fr t Fo t Cic ts
e nt
t r ui as , ci d fe nni afi m he urh r ui'

a r nc t t t pos i lt ' tnd r Fis,ast sCour ha pr vi l no e t Fourh
dhe e e o he s
no sbiiy'sa a d. rt hi
t s e ousy t d, he
t
Cic tt mphai a l r fim e t Ha te t pos i lt sa r ..a r pe t y
r ui t
e
tc ly ea fr d he rly no sbiiy' tnda d . nd e aedl

rfrnc dt sa d r i isa ay i o ..r u ue t on e cams' S se zCo 's
eee e he tn ad n t n lss f . fa d ln j id r li . v tms mmcn
'
I v.Comc tCoo.No.7:0-vnc.
as
,
1 c 00501 2011W L 335 4,* ( . Va.Jn. 2011
,
25 2 W D. a 27, )
(ii Bos v. sa NorhAmeia I , Fe Appx. ,335- ( hCi.2007)( r
ctng s Nis n t
rc . nc.228 d.
331
36 4t r
pe
ctiml.Se ond,t Fo t Cic ta esi t quesinofwhe r
tra l c
he urh rui, ddr sng he to
n emova wastmey,
l
i l
e pha i d t ne d t s rc l c t ue r m ovalsa ut be aus é he r m o lofc e f om
m
sze he e o t i ty onsr e
t t es c e E e va
t
as s r

saet f de a c t a s s g fc ntf de a im c e ns' Ba bourv.I ' Uni 640 F.d
t t o e r l our r ies i niia e r ls onc r .' r
ntl on,
3

5 9 6 5(t Ci. 01 )(nba c .Th fd rls c n en n tdi Bab u aenols
9 , 0 4h r 2 1 e n ) e e eaim o c r s oe n r o r r e s
i o tn whe teq sin i o eo s b e t te j rs ito , ah rt a o o tmeie s
mp ra t n h ueto s n f u j c matr u id ci n rte h n ne f i l s.
n
The e o e Ha tev' E pos i lt ' t nda d f r m o r m anst c r lngsa r i t
r f r , rl s ç
no sbiiy'sa r or e val e i he ontoli tnda d n he

F u t Cic i, n t sCo t la ay eMNAO' fa d ln j id rcam t d tnn n
o rh rut a d hi ur wil n lz
S ru u e t on e li o ee i e
whe he W ale s cl i ag ns H olday ha e n t s i ht s pos i lt ofs c s The bur n
t r
t r ' a m ai t i
s ve he lg e t sbiiy uc es .
de
i o M N AO t û ga e a1 pos i lt ofr c r ' H a te 1 F. a 425.
s n
o t t 1 s biiy e ove y.' rl v, 87 3d t
ne
1
11.

A nal s
ysi

Theo l is b fr teCo tswh t e W atr fa d ln l j ie Hoi a t d fa
ny sue eo e h ur i eh r les r u ue ty on d ld y o e e t
c mp eed v riya de to fd rlu id cin.M NAO a srst thi i p e ieywh t
o lt i est nd sr y e e a j rs it
o
se t ha t s s rcsl a
W a t r hasdone. Thus û t rr ol ng a 1i s s ofl w a f c i t pl ntf sf vort
le s
, ç e es vi l s ue
af
a nd a t n he ai i f a
he
C o tc ns de s ' whe herM NA O ha s ts i d isbur n t i ga e a lpos i lt ofr c r '
ur o i r ,' t
s a if e t
de o û t l
ne
sbiiy e ove y,'
ast W aler cl m sagai H olday. Hartey,187 F. at424,425. The Cour fndst
o
t s ai
nst i
l
3d
t i hat

4

MNAO ha fie t d s I s p o t fisp st nt tHo ia i fa d ln l j i e ,
s ald o o o. n u p r o t o io ha ld y s r u ue ty o n d MNAO
i
ague t t()W atr ca prvalonhe bra ofwarnt cai a ( W atr ha
r s ha 1 les nnot e i
r e ch
ra y l ms nd 2) les s
f ie t s fc e l pl ad a c l otpr t ne i nc c ai aga ns H olda Be a e
a l d o ufi i nty e nd a m
ove he glge e l m
i t i y. c us
t r i a l as a t e e pos i lt ' ha W ale sc d be e il d t r i f o H olda on
he e s t e t l r
m
s biiy' t t t r oul
ntte o elef r m
i y

et risb e c o warn yo isn g ie c cam, ld yi n tfa d e tyj i d a dt e
i t ra h f ra t r t e lg n e li Ho ia s o ru uln l one , n h
he
Cour mus rma t cas t saec ur.-.a 424.
t t e nd he e o tt o tJJ t
1Z
A . Bre h ofW arr y Cl m
ac
ant ai

MNAO ag e i isb if t a Hoi a s l t Mit t si. ( tNo. , !6 21 .
r u d n t res h t ld y od he aa û -s' Dk . 1 ! , )
a '
How e r a or lar e M NA O a it d t tHolda s d t M i t wih a e e swrte
ve , t a gum nt
dm te ha
i y ol he a a t n xpr s itn
wa r n y a t t e ne t a m i s on,d i a e,a a 1i e naly l i a e pa t ,a deno e
r a t s o he ngi , r ns s i
r ve xl nd 1 nt r l ubr c t d r s s
td
unde t hea ng çs t s c r ' t i
r he di ûys em ove ed' on he d
Buye sG ui ' t ta a ed i t wi w oft
r
de ' ha ppe r n he ndo
he

Mit a t tmeofs l ( enatrr fre t ast çwi w sike' .Addii ly,t e
aa t he i
ae heri fe eerd o he t ndo tc r'
)
tonal md r
t he di û a i 't wi
he a ng E ton,' he ndow sike sa e Elleemont fom t e f tvedae orwhe
dur
tc r tt d d-r
-i
hs r he fec i
t
n
t odome e ha r git r d 3, m iesfom t ts wn ont efe tveda e, c ve c
he
t r s e se e 000 l r ha ho
he f c i
t whihe r omes
fr t' On t bas soft s e e sw a r nt M N A O now a guest tt i ple w a r nt of
is .'
he i
hi xpr s r a y,
r
ha he m i d r a y
m e c nt biiy i lm ie t t e s t m son t w i
r ha a lt s i t d o hos ys e
he ndow si ke a /ori lm ie i dur to
tc r nd
s i t d n a in

by t t e m ont lm ia i on t wi w sike .And t r or ,be us noneoft s t m s
he hr e
h i t ton he ndo tc r
he ef e ca e
he yse
lse on t wi
itd he ndow si ke f l a be a et a ci ntocc r d m o et n t e m o hs
tc r aied nd c us he c de
ure
r ha hr e nt
afe t s l oft M i t M NA O a gue W a t r 'ca m o r c
t r he a e he a a,
r s le s r t e overunde t br a ofw a r nt
r he e ch
ra y
cl m .
ai

Contar t M NA O ' poston,be a e H olda pr vi d a e e sm i t n w a r nt t
r y o
S ii
c us
i y o de n xpr s
te
ra y o
W ale s unde t M a
tr ,
r he gnus n M os Ac ,Holda w a pr bie f om di c a m i o lm ii t
o
s t
i y s ohi t d r
s l i ng r i tng he
dur ton oft i ple w a r nt ofm e c nt biiy t ta i esby ope a i n ofV i gi a l w
ai
he m i d r a y
r ha a lt ha r s
r to
r ni a

5

p ru n t Va Co ej8.- 4 1. 1 U.. j23 8a ( os ppirma ds li o mo iy
u s a to . d . 2 31 4 ) 5 SC. 0 () < u le y icam r df
W
(xce aspr de i s e ton( oft ss ton)a i i wanunt t ac ume wih
e pt ovi d n ubs ci b) hi eci ny mpled
y o ons r t
r pe tt s hc umerp oduc i ()s h s irma sa wrte warnt t t
es c o uc ons
r t f 1 uc upple ke ny itn ra y o he
co ume wihrs c t s hco ume pr t..',1 U. C.j23 1 (e rnglmiai
ns r t epe t o uc ns r oduc ..' ' 5 S.
)
08(9 rquii i ttons
t t dur ton ofa i ple w a r nt d be wrte $..n c ea a unm it ka e l
o he a i
ny m i d r a e
it n ' .i l r nd
s a bl angua a
ge nd

p o n nl ds a e o tefc o t ewar ny )
r mie ty iply d n h a e f h ra t .
M NAO' a g e t tt i i d waran y o y a iesa t t s t m swar ntd
S r um nt ha he mple
r t nl rs s o he yse
ra e

tndsnos
i
uppor i eihe fdealorVigi asael I fc,Va.Codej8. 31 1 prvi s
tn t r e r
r ni tt aw. n a t
2- 44 ) o de
tul e sexcudedormodiid( 8. 31 ,awar nt t tt goo s l bemec ntbl i
d nls l
l
fe j 2- 6)
ra y ha he ds hal
rha a e s
i ple i a con r c f t s e i t s le i a m er ha w ih r pec t goods oft tki '
m id n
t a t or he al f he e l r s
c nt t es t o
ha nd.
'

Thus unde t tr oft saut a1t ti r uie f ran i id wa r y ofme c ntbiiy
,
r he e ms he t t e 1 ha s eq r d o
mple
rant
r ha a lt

t aiei ( )ac n rc i f rtes l o ag o a d( ) h s le i amec a t ft k n o
o rs s 1 o ta t s o h ae f o d n 2 t e elr s rh n o he i d f
g o b i s l Bo hee nsaep e e t r : 1 t ec n rc wa frt es l o ac ra d( )
o d eng od. t lme t r r sn hee ( ) h o ta t s o h ae f a n 2
t s lrwa aus ca deae . Furher e,heû ra yt tt g dss l be
he ele s ed r lr
t mor t i r nt ha he oo ha l
wa
m e c nt bl 'a i st t good a awhol a nots pa a ey t t i vi lc m po nt of
r ha a e' pple o he
s
e nd
e r t l o he ndi dua o ne s

t c r S ec n rlv Eulrv. rc nlu uM oo s l c, 0 F.u p.2 2 1 7( . Va
he a . e e eal, e Ame ia s z trs n .8 7 S p 1 3 , 23 W D. .
1 2)(ppl ngVigi a1w a al ngpli ift pr e donbr c ofi idwarnyof
99 a yi r ni a nd lowi antf o oc e
ea h mple ra t
m e c nt biiy cl i a t t c r i t co e off on e c ls on w he e t br sf l d
r ha a lt a m s o he a n he nt xt r t nd oli i
r he ake aie

a t r c lps d)
nd he oof ola e .

3M NAO as a a st aguet tt pr sonsoft M a uson M os A c ae i pplca et t s l by
lo ppe r o r ha he ovii
he gn s
s t r na i bl o he ae
H olda t W at s M NA O ague t be us t pur eoft pr son'i t i r as t lkei
i y o ler.
r s hat ca e he pos he ovii is o nc e e he i lhoodt t
ha
co u e swilundertnd t bagai t tt y ha m a 'a be us M s U pdi W ale stsiid du i t
ns m r l
sa he r ns ha he ve de' nd ca e .
ke tr e tfe rng he

n n utda to ta seu eso ds ewa b yn teMit i si't p oeto iu nee sr ( d. . 6 1
o s i cin h t h nd rto h s u ig h aa t -s'he rtcin s n c say. Dl No 2 -,
e
a
a 2 .ThsCo r h sn v r a dof o s me p oe to saue b i gf u d ia pl a esmpl b c u et e
t ) i u t a e e he r c n u r r t ci n ttt s en o n n p i bl i y e a s h
c
co um e wasa a e ofwha t s a ut wa de i d t c
ns r
w r
t he t t e s s gne o omm uni a e.
ct

6

Norca t Cour a ce M NAO' a gume t tt i id wa r nt wa lm ie i
n he
t c pt
Sr
nt ha he mple
ra y s i t d n
dur ton t t e m ont bec us t t e m on h lm iaton on w i
a i o hr e
hs a e he hr e
t i ti
ndow s i ke doe no sa e d n
tc r s t t t t
i
c e ra t m it ka e l nguag 't ti a i d t i ple wa r i ,s h a t i pled
l a nd m s a bl a
e' ha t pple o m i d r antes uc s he m i
w a r nt ofm e c nt biiy. l f c ,whe e i ple w a r nte ar m e i d on t w i
ra y
r ha a lt n a t
r m i d r a i s e ntone
he ndow

sike i sa esç
tc r t tt E
unde sa el w,çmple wa r ntes may gi you e n mor rght a Thus
r tt a i id ra i '
ve
ve
e i s'
'
,
t Cour fnds t tM N A O ha no m e isbur n ofpr vi t tt r i û pos i lt ' ha
he
t i ha
s t tt
de
o ng ha he e s t
no sbiiy' t t
W ale sm a r c
tr
y e overon c a m f rbr c oft i ple wa r y ofm er ha a lt
l i o ea h he m i d r ant
c nt biiy.
M N A O al o a guest tno c us ofa ton c n a i e t de t M a
s r
ha
a e
c i a r s m r he gnus M os Ac
on
s t

be us i i bar dbyVigi a' saut oflmiai .( . 26- ,a 2) W atr'hasnot
ca e t s re
r ni s tt e i ttons DktNo. 1 t . les
,
howe r br
ve , oughtac am unde t M a
li
r he gnus o M os Ac .He c am i asa e1w br ac ofa
sn
s t r li s tt a e h n
i ple wa r t ofmer ha a lt Re e e est t M ag on M os Ac ar madef rt
m i d ran y
c nt biiy. f r nc o he
nus
s t e
o he
pur eofe pl ni why Hold sat mptt dic am orlm i t i i d wa r nt of
pos
x ai ng
i ay' te
o sli
i t he mple
ra y

me c ntbiiywaspr bie l e 15U. C.j2308/)s iial c e aess cha
r ha a lt
ohi td. nde d,
S.
pecfc ly ontmplt u

s e ai a dp o ie t a Ea ds li r mo iiaino l tto ma ei vo ai no t s
c n ro n r vd s h tt l icame , dfc to r i ain d n ilto f hi
g
mi
s cin s lbei feci f pur e o t sc ptra St e/z ' (mpha i a d) See
e to hal nef tve or pos s f hi ha e nd at tw. e
'
ss dde .
as Gre v.Ge rlMot sCo .261F. zd41 41 ( . N. 2003)(i ngsae
lo e ne
nea
or m ,
supp. 4, 8 W D. C.
tndi tt
l cl i a os whe e pl i if s r f r nc d M a
aw a m r e
r a ntf e e e e
gnus M os wa r nt s a r t de e m i i
on
s r a y t nda ds o t r ne f

adefnda vi ae saelw)
e nt oltd tt a .
B. Neglgence Cl m
i
ai

M NAO a g st tt Vigi apl a ng sa r a et s ast he g e f r l
r ue ha he r ni e di t nda ds r he mne he i ht ned ede a

pl di sa r e t ihedby BelAt.Cop . Twombl 550U. 5 ( ) an
ea ng tndads sabls
l l
v.
y,
S. 22 2007 , d
As r t I ,1 S.Ct 1 7(
hcof v.qbal 29
. 93 2009) Thi agume fisbe us fderlpl di
. s r nt al ca e e a ea ng
s andar do notcontoli t s cas See Cor l v.Pur Pharm a. L. ,N o.1: cvt
ds
r n hi e.
dil
due
, P.
02- 00121,

7

2 0 W L 31 7 4 6 a * ( . Va 20 2 (p li t elnin Vignapla i gsa d r si
02
4 4 6 , t 4 W D. . 0 ) a pyng h e e t r ii e d n tn ad n
amoint rma b s do fa d e t on e) Rah r Vign ap e d n sa d r sa en ta
to o e nd a e n ru uln j i d r. te , r ii la i g tn ad r o s
e c i a f de als a r . Tw om bl a I lhol t tba e a l ga i ,uns ppo t d by
xa tng s e r t nda ds
v nd qba
d ha r le tons
u re

s ii fcs a ei ufi e t s vi amoi t dimisunde Fe R. v. o.1 b)6) l
pecfc a t, r ns fcint o ur ve ton o s s
r d. Ci Pr 2( ( . d.
Vigi apla ngr quie nt ,
r ni e di e r me s howe r donotma t t tsaeneglge e cai bepld
ve ,
ndae ha t t
i nc l ms
e
wih pa tc a iy oran o he wi e sgni i a f c ualba i . Se Supr m e Cour ofV i gi a Rul
t r i ul r t
t r s i fc nt a t
ss e
e
t
r ni
e

1: d) ( compl nti s fcintûfi ceal i or t oppost pa t oft t enaur oft
4( .A
ai s ufi e t t l ry nf ms he
i
ie ry he nl t e he
cai ordefns )
lm
e e. .
I he Com pl nt W at r al ge t tHolda owe he adut ofc r r ga di t
n r
ai , le s le d ha
i y
d r
y
a e e r ng he
de i ma a t e,a pl c m e i o t sr a ofcomme c t ens et tt ve cewas
sgn, nuf cur nd a e nt nt he te m
r e o ur ha he hi l

ra ona es et ope ae.(
e s bl af o r t Compl! 1 .W atr aloaleg t tt sdut ofcaewa
. 6) le s s l ed ha hi y
r s
br a he by Holda whe i a l d ave cet i kne ofha r s n t know was
ec d
i y
n t lowe
hi l hat t w
d ea o o
t ea o bl da er usf isf e e a eus t beplce i ot sr m ofcomme ce a
mr s na y ng o or t or s e bl e o
a d nt he tea
r , nd

t a t i b e c wa tep o i t c u eo h rij re .Co .! 1 ( ) 1 ,1 ) Th s u d r
h t hs r a h s h r xmae a s f e nu is ( mpl 3 d , 7 8 . u , n e
!
Vigi a lw,W at r ha a uael pld t e e nt ofane i nc c am . Bl Ri e Se v.
r ni a
le s s deq t y e he l me s
glge e l i
ue dz r

Cor v.Sa Shoe el , Va. 21 ( )
p. xon
s nc.271 206, 8 2006 .
Dee
f ndan ' a gum e st tt f t f om t prorpr ee ng conta c t s
ts r
nt ha he ac s r he i oc di
r di t he e

alg to a dt a u e Dr io so v Voks g n r 48 F.d 1 6 ( t Ci.1 7 )
le ains n h t nd r es n t k . l wa e wek, 9 2 0 6 4h r 9 4
(ppl ngVigi a1w t aneglge cam) t Pli ifsne i ncecam mus fi, e e
a yi r ni a o
i nce li ,he antf glge li
t alpr snt
a de t whos r ol i i be nd t s ope ofa m oton t r m a To cons de M N A O '
ba e
e es uton s yo he c
i o e nd.
i r
S

ag me t wo drq ieti Co r t a j iaet emeiso t c s .Th si p e ieyte
r u ns ul e ur h s u to dudc t h rt f he a e i s r cs l h
ki ofs a c ng i r pr bie on a m oton t r m a H a te 187 F. d a 425. I e
nd
e r hi nquiy ohi t d
i o e nd. r l v,
3 t
nde d,

4Th S p e Co r nl sas n t ta ible i ie j ie a teo ttn igc aatrsi o g o pla i .
e u rme u t l lo oe h tç rvt s non d s h usa dn h rceitc f o d e dng'
e
g
y
'
S p e Co r o Vigii Rue14 .
u rme ut f r na l :U)
8

fd r l o rsmus e e v rt t nmietr s odl iaino e j rs ito 'b c u eç
e ea c u t t nd a o o i i z h e h l i g to v r u idcin' e a s ç
mi
t
a
j rs ito a iq iyi no tea p o it sa eo l iaint r s l te ev ro st eti
u id cin ln ur s t h p rprae tg f i g to o e ove h s aiu mc ran
t
que tonsof1 w a f t' l U li a e y,a tr s e d s ve y,t Cic tCour f Roa
si
a nd ac .' d. tm t l fe om i co r he r ui
t or noke
Ciy m a di m i sH olda f om t a ton, a t s s a oft ltga i t sCour ca m o
t
y s s
i y r he c i but t hi t ge he ii ton hi
t l t

d caet t atr h sn û lmme o h p 'o o tiig a u g n a an t l y
e lr ha W l s a o d i r f o e' f b ann j d me t g is Hoi .
e
g
da
I .
V

Concl on
usi

Tofn t t atr fa d ln l j i e Hoi a MNAO mus d mo taet tW atr
id ha W les r u ue ty o n d ld y
t e nsrt ha les
ha nopos i lt ofs ce ng a ns Holda
s
sbiiy uc edi gai t i y.SeeHa te 1 F. a 424. Att ssa i
rly, 87 3d t
hi t ge n
t ca e, heCour c nnotfnd t tW ale shasno é i me ofhope'ofs c edi a i t
he s t
tn
i ha
tr
t m r
gl
' uc e ng ga ns
Holda be us i i pos i et Cic tCour f Roano Ciy co d fnd la lt und rt
i y ca e t s sbl he r ui
t or
ke t ul i ibiiy e he
i ple w a r nt orm e cha a lt orunde t neg i nc c ai . B e a e H olda wasnot
m id ra y
r nt biiy
r he lge e l m
c us
i y

fa d ln l one t a odfdea j rs ito , o lt dv riyi lc igi t i c s , n
ru ue tyj i d o v i e rl u idci n c mpee ie st s a kn n hs a e a d
ti Co r d e n t a es be t te j rs ito .Ac o d n l, atr ' to t rma d
h s u t o s o h v u j c matr u idcin c r i gy W l s moin o e n
e
( . 8 i GIANTED.
DktNo. ) s R
V'M
'
f
'
-

'

ENTER: i ;/ o a , 01
Th s
y2 2
ze
f /
.

Se orUnie St t sDitit udge
ni
t d a e src