Hoffman v. Daimler Trucks North America, LLC et al

Filing 60

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 4/11/13. (med)

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M em orandum O pi on
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DAI
MLER TRVCKSNORTH

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Se or Unie St e D i t c Judge
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ton o s s ,
, i er s
e s
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D im i s ECF N o. 50,a H ofm a s M oton t D i m i s Ca pi W ord' Count r a m f r
s s,
nd
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e cl i o
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t ne s es ECF N o. The pa te ha fl a 1r qui ie r pons s a r i , he Cour
40.
r i s ve ied l e st es
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t

1A c ssi t fa eofavehil, upon whiht r toft ve cl i buit
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2 The Am ende Com pl i ls s t name of Dr w l t i s as ç r w l ti , l . t a ng as Li r
d
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nt , nc.
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t .n t i n
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For t reasons t f l ,t CourtG M N TS I PA RT and D EN I I PA RT Thor and
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Ca pi W ord' M oton t D i m i s GM N TS I PA RT a DEN I I PART D a m l r s
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i t
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ES
W I OU T PREJ D I H ofm a s M o i t Di m i s Ca pi W o l s c a m f a t m ey'
TH
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1
.

FACTS4
D ona d H of m a pur has d a Tus a m ode RV ,m a a t e by Tho M ot Coac
l
f n c e
c ny
l
nuf c ur d
r
or
h,

on Oc obe 29,201 pa ng $1 1 7 i c h.ECF No. 1a 1. n de di t pur has t
t r
0, yi
96, 66.2 n as
28- t l ci ng o c e he
RV,Hofma r i on Tho ' r put ton,e e sr pr s nttons made a utt RV by Thor
f n eled
r s e a i xpr s e e e a i
bo he
a nt a a RV s
ge s t n
how,and Tho ltr t e t tt ve c ewasftf or na y pur e a t
r ie aur ha he hil
i or di r
pos s nd he
s c tc pur es f w hi H o f a pl r
pe ii
pos or ch f m n a med t us t RV .Rel ng on t e r pr s a i ,
o e he
yi
hes e e ent tons
H ofm a pur ha e t RV f om Ca pi W o l i Roa
f n c s d he
r
m ng r d n
noke,V igi a t ne r s Thorde l r
r ni , he a e t
ae
t hi hom e i Fi her vil V igi a.H ofm a w a notgi n a w a r t i or a i pror t
o s
n s s le, r ni
f n s
ve ny r an y nf m ton i o

c ei t purha e. No.28! 1
ompltng he c s ECF
0.
A l os i m edi t l H of m a no i ed num e ouspr e sw ih t RV a r t ne i t
m tm
a e y, f n tc
r
obl m
t he
nd e ur d t o
Ca pi W ord f r pa r . Se ECF N o.28 2 a 1 1 So be n a pa t r H of m a w oul
m ng
l or e i s e
- t - 7.
ga
te n: f n
d

notc pr e s a brng i t RV f r r pa r a Ca ng W o l woul r par t RV .
ie oblm nd i n he
o e is nd mpi
rd
d e i he
H of m a notc f t r pr em s or t çtxe ' pr e s w oul r occ l- a Cmnpi
f n
i ed ur he obl he ' d' obl m
i
d e- tr nd
ng
W o l w oul a n a t m pt r pais The r pa r r c ds a t c
rd
d gai te
e r.
e i e or ta hed t t A m ende Com pl i
o he
d
a nt
r
eveal t da es when t RV w as at Cam pi W orl f r r f om D ecem ber 6, 2010 t
he t
he
ng
d or epai s: r
o
4Forpur e oft m oton t dim i s t f c s i t c pl i a e t ke t be t u Fr s v.Gi co eli 588
pos s he i o s s , he a t n he om ant r a n o
r e. anci
a m l,

F.d l 6 1 3(t Ci. 0 )(iigEatr S o eMksslc v JD. s c. d. s i 21 F.d 1 5 l 0(t
3 8 , 9 4h r 20 9 ct
n sen h r t. n . . . Aso s Lt P'hp, 3 3 7 , 8 4h
Ci. 0 ).
r20 0)

Dec mbe 22,201 fom Fe ua y 2,2011t M a c 31,2011 fo M ay 27,2011 t J ne 11
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ul
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Aut tc l lr a i c t r lgh s do not wor wa e a wa t wae
oma i evee nd ndi a o i t
k; t r nd se t r
i caorlght do notwor a a l ail lg si c c do no wor de
ndi t i s
k t l; se i ht n oa h
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t s
no w o k,doo doe not l k f om t i i s i e- t doe no r t n;t d r
t r
r s
oc r he ns de; ld ou
s t e ur he oo
lakswae i o t c n whe i r i ;s a ron kic n snk la ;t r i no
e
t r nt he abi
n t ans pr ye
t he i e ks he e s
he t t f ont s t w ilnot s i lor r clne as i s d;t m a lghtdoes not
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ea l
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t houl he p i
wor t aibags de l t t r i no G PS a pr m i e t r i no s t lt
k; he r
fa e; he e s
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e e son s om s
he i r s i
ro
l t t n a e; ontol
pa li no f toni pr pe l wi w s s do not f i pr ry;t
ne s t unci ng o ry; ndo hade
uncton ope l he
s e a e i t l i pr r y, c usng nz ng a i t t body; a ke w as
t ps r ns aled m ope l a i
bbi
ga ns he
y
br ke of i i t a ce s pa l t t outi t lvi in; t ba tre di
o n f nsde he c s ne o he sde ee so he te is e
q c y, a w el as m uli e ot r f tona a c m e i def c s r uli i
ui kl s
l
tpl he unc i l nd os tc e t , es tng n
m uli e r pa r a t m pt t t ke t RV out of s r c f 9 of t fr t 10
tpl e i te s ha pt he
e vi e or
he is
m ont ofow ne s p,
hs
r hi

ECF No.28! 11.Hofma ct a ûo oi no o omiis'ç lt batresdyi vaius
f n ies s ing ng nc nfr te ' i he te i
al
ng, ro
i c t lg s no wor ng, t l k no w o ki pr r y, a r
ndi a or i ht t
ki
he oc
t r ng ope l ibag del ton, s i out no
ta i
lde
t

rt ni no he t (ndt doorlaki d i r n. l ! 1 Addii ly,d i oneoft
eur ng,
a, a hej
e ng urng ai ' d. 5. tonal urng
'
he
r pai a t m p s a C a pi W o l t RV deve ope a m ous i e t ton be aus ofbe ng l t
e r te t t m ng
r d, he
l d
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c e
i ef

outi J. ! 1 The r parr or alo r e t Hofma sat s t c r nae warnt
sde... 3.
d
z
e i ec ds s efr o f n' tempt o oodi t ra y
c rgef t RV wih Damlr ECF No.28- a 3,9 ( mpi W o l tli Hofma t t
ovea or he
t i e.
2 t
Ca ng rd elng f n ha
a i s wih t a r ba w oul ha t be a e s d w ih Dai l r t a ng a Fr i hti r a
n s ue t he i gs
d ve o
ddr s e
t
m e , r di s e g lne , nd

Ho f nr p ri b c ta F eg tie s i i wa S ka p rtu k sa dlqdsl; e as ECF
fma e o t a k h t r ih l r ad t s d s e r c tn ar ' s e lo
ng
n
o
No.54a 3- (ncudi mor deala t Hofma si e a tonswihDamlr.
t 4 i l ng e ti s o f n' ntr ci
t i e)
The ge r w a r nt f t RV l s e f t e ve m ont ,e ng on or a ut O c obe
ne al r a y or he
a t d or w l
hs ndi
bo
t r
29,2011 A s Hof m a a s t Co ta or l a gum e ,s e i e be or t s pe i expie
.
f n dvi ed he ur t a r
nt om tm
f e hi r od
rd
he atem pt t r
t
ed o evoke hi accept
s
ance of t RV by dr ng i of a Cam pi W orl and
he
oppi t f t
ng
d
s ng a r und oft pur e pri The RV r ai atCam pi W ord pendi t out e
eeki
ef
he chas ce.
em ns
ng
l
ng he com
oft s ltgaton.
hi ii i
3

I.
I

PR O C EDU R AL H I
STO RY
Thi ca e,a t
s s lhoug s il i is e ry s ag ,has a r a a a s a s g f c ntpr dur l
h tl n t a l t es
l e dy m s ed i nii a
oce a

hi t y.H ofm a t l d hi orgi l Co pl n i tz H e i Co y Ci c t Cour on A pr l26,
s or
f n i e s i na m ai t n le nrco unt r ui
t
i

2 2 j s tr ed y b f r eg te mo t h d ta pr d sn etep r h s o t eRV.
01 , u t h e a s e o e ih e n nhs a rns ie ic h u c a e f h
ECF
N o. 1 1 a 1. The orgi Com pl i c i t of t o cl i s Cl i 1 a l ged br ac s of
- t
i nal
a nt ons sed
w
am : am
le
e he
e es a i pled w a
xpr s nd m i
nunte a na ed a lf Def nda s a Cl i 2 aleg a vi a i
i s nd m
l our e nt ; nd a m
l ed
ol ton
by ThorofV igi a' Le on La .
r ni s m
w
Hof m a s ve Tho a Ca pi W ord,who t n r m o d t c s bas d on di r iy
f n er d
r nd m ng
l
he e ve he a e e
ve s t
t n sr ct
r ni
j idcin t teEas er D i ti ofV igi a on M ay 23, 2 2. No 1 Sic t es l o te
urs ito 5 o h
01 ECF . . n e h ae f h

RV t pl ce i Roa
ook a n
noke a H ofm a r i es i Fiher vil - bot ofw hi h a e l ca e i t
nd
f n es d n s s 1e
h
c r o t d n he
W e t r Di t i t of V igi a,t c s w a t a f r e t t W e t r D i ti on A ugus 21
s e n sr c
r ni he a e s r ns e r d o he
s e n s rct
t ,
201 ECF No.1 The t e pa tes t n i t ltg ton s n ag e d,on ora t Oc obe 22,
2.
6.
hr e r i he n he ii a i oo r e
bou t r
201 t tH of m a c d a e hi Com pl i .
2, ha
f n oul m nd s
a nt
U ntlt s poi ,Hof m a s ilhad no s r e D a m l rand Dr w .On D ec m be 1 201
i hi nt
f n tl
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e
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t Cour i s d a Or t Sho Ca e w hy H of m a ha no s r e t s D e e n s w ihi
he
t s ue n der o
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f n d t e v d he e f nda t t n

t 1 da pr s rbe byRul 4( . No.1 s eFe R. v. 4( . f nr s nd
he 20 ys e ci d
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8; e d. Ci P. m) Hofma epo ed
t the woul s s r e t o he de e nt ,ECF N o.23,notng t tt e def nda s w o d
ha
d oon e v he t r f nda s
i ha hes
e nt ul

n tb p eu ie sn eh wo d silsr et m wihnt eo y a p o d d frs r ieu d r
o e rj d c d ic e ul tl e v he t i h ne e r r vie o evc n e
sae lw,Va.R.Ci P.3: e,a t Cour gr td a e e i purua tt is a hort
tt a
v. 5() nd he
t ane n xtnson s n o t ut iy
t rRul 4( .ECF No.28.Hofma sr d Damlra Drw s atr i Jnua y 201
mde e m)
f n eve i e nd e oon fe ,n a r
3.
ECF N os.38,39.

5Hof m a i a Vigi a r i nt N eihe ThornorCampi W ord i i or ae orm anti isprnci plceof
f n s r ni es de . t r
ng
l s nc por td
i ans t i pal a
bus nes i V igi a.N eihe Dai l r nor Dr ha pr de i or a i conc m i is sat s of i or a i n or
i s n r ni
t r m e
ew s ovi d nf m ton
e ng t t e
nc por to
prnci lpl esofbusnes t t Co t
i pa ac
i s o he ur .

4

Pl i t f a s fl a Am e d Com pl nto D e e be 1 201 afe t Cour i s
a n if l o ied n
nde
ai n c m r 4, 2, t r he
t s ued

t Or r t Show Ca e a beo e he s r Damlr a Drw.See ECF No.28 (he
he de o
us nd fr
eved i e nd e
t
Am e
nded Com pl i w as orgi ly fl on Dec m be l 201 butw a r tl d on t 28 h i
a nt
i na l ied
e r 4, 2,
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t a o it mame i t CM / s tm) The Ame ed Compl nt i smia t t
he pprprae l r n he
ECF yse .
nd
ai s i lr o he
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i nal
ant
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med i t Le
n he mon Law c am fom Thort
li r
o
D a m l r6
i e.
The D e e nt t n f l d t ee m o i t dim i s one by Tho a Ca pi W or d,
f nda s he ie hr
tons o s s :
r nd m ng
l

a one e ch fom Dr a Dai e . Pl i if a s tl d hi M o i n t Dimi s Cn ng
nd
a r
ew nd
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mpi
W or d' c a m f r a t
l s l i o tonwy' f es The D e e nt 'm o i c nt r on t valdiy o t va i us
se .
f nda s
tons e e
he i t f he r o
w a r nt di c ai er a lm ia i ns a w e las whe he t A m ende Co pl nts a e a c a m .
r a y s l m s nd i t to , s l
t r he
d m ai t t s l i
Ca pi W or d' c nt r a m s e ng a t ne s f e r le on a pr s on i t pur has
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l s ou e cl i e ki tor y' e s e i s
ovi i n he
c e
co r c t t gr nt t pr va lng pa t t o
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ry he pporuniy t r cove Cis c t of s t i l ng
t t o e
r tt os s
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r s bl at ne sfes'd st r ul ofabrac ofa pr sonof(hepurhas co rcl'
ea ona e tor y' e ' û he es t
a
e h ny ovii
t
c e nta t.'

ECF No.28- ! 1
1 2.
11
1.

LEG AL STA ND A RD S

To pr pe l s a e a c a m upon whi h r le c n be gr nt d,Pl ntf s alega i ns m us
o ry t t
li
c ei f a
a e
ai if l to
t

ç tt acam t r le t ti pa sb eo isf c . As co t . q a, 5 U. 6 2, 7 ( 0 9 .
ç ae li o eif ha s lu il n t a e' h r f v I b l 5 6 S. 6 6 8 2 0 )
s
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çl r quies t Pl i i ft a tc at f t ,whe a c pt d as t u t t 'how 't t t Pl i if
dt e r he a ntf o ri ul e ac s
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ha satd a cli e ilng hi t r le ,ie. t t a i lt ofe ilm e t r le .' Fr nci,
s te
am ntti
m o e if . , he pl usbiiy
ntte nt o ei f'' a s

588 F. a 1 ( tng l l 556 U. a 678 .A moto t dimisma rie a saut of
3d t 93 quoi qba,
S. t )
in o s s y as tt e
lm ia i def ns i t tm e ba i a r t f om t f c of t c pl i .Dea v.Pi/rm s
i t tons e e f he i
r s ppa en r he a e he om a nt
n
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PrdeCop.395F. 471 474( hCi.2005)
i
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3d , 4t r
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6The r as n f t scha i t tt r i s e a hort t tt Le o Law doe no a y t t c
e o or hi
nge s ha hee s om ut iy ha he m n
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ee

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tr o , u t h û l-rp l
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e
trz d h siy . d
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n. 912 7.1 ih i e
ma at e
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5

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i ns r ovi i ns e r
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M ag on- os W a r nt - Fe r l Tr de Co m i s on I pr m e A c of 1
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e es a i ple w a r nte , but pr vi s r uie e s s ul a s le a t m pt t do s
xpr s nd m i d r a i s
o de eq r m nt ho d
e l r te
o
o.
Se tons 8. 31 gove ns t dicl i e of w a r nte --e e s w a r ntes by s ec i n 1 a
ci
2- 6
r he s a m r
r a i s - xpr s
ra i
ubs to
nd

i ple w ar nte by s eci n 2:
m i d ra i s ubs to

( )W or orco uc rlva tt t ceain ofa e es war y a
1
ds
nd t ee n o he r to
n xpr s rant nd
w o ds orc
r
onductt ndi t ne t or lm i w a r t s l be c tued w he e r
e ng o ga e i t r an y ha l ons r
r ve

ras bl a consse wih e c ot r buts j c t t pr so oft stte
e ona e s itnt t a h he ; ube t o he oviins hi il
onpar ore rnsce d e( 8. 20 negai orlmiai i i rtvet
ol xti i vienc j 2- 2) ton i tton s nopeai o
t e e t ts h c t u ton i u e s bl
he xt nt ha uc ons r c i s nr a ona e.

( ...t e udeormodiy t i i warnt ofmec na lt ora
2)
o xcl
f he mpled ra y
rha tbiiy ny
pa tofi t l ngua m us m en i m e c nt biiy a i c e ofa w rtng m us
r
t he a
ge
t ton r ha a lt nd n as
ii
t
be c pi uo , and t e l or m odiy a i ple w a r nt of tt s t
ons c us
o xc ude
f ny m i d r a y
i ne s he
e l i n m us be by a w rtng a c pi us
xc us o
t
ii nd ons cuo .

Va.
CodeAnn.j8. 31
2- 6.

6

Anot r pr s on of t V U CC s a e t tt de a t s a ut of lm ia i o a V U CC
he ovi i
he
t t s ha he f ul t t e i t tons n

c us ofa ton i f yeas b as alwst pate t t ta a ton,dg y t orgna
a e ci s our r, ut lo lo he ris o he rns ci tbl he ii l
a e nt't de et pei oflmiatont no ls t noneyea.'d. tj8. 7254 )
greme ,'o k duc he rod i t i o t e s ha
r
r'I a 2- 1.
I .
V

AN A LY SIS

A s a pr lm i r m a t r t Cour hasde e m i d t ti nee notc
e i na y te , he
t
t r ne ha t d
onve tt m otons t
r he
i o

ds s t mo in f rs mmayj dg n , e p t i r l n eo t ee p e swar n isfldb
imis o to s o u r u me t d s ie t ei c n h x rs ra te ie y
s a
t Def nda s The Cour m ay r l on exhi t a t he t t c pl i ,s e M a rx Ca t l
he
e nt .
t
ey
bis tac d o he om a nt e
ti
pia

Mgmt Fund,LPv.Be i nt l .576F. 1 1 ( hCi.2009) 5 Chal A.W rght
.
arncpoi ,nc,
3d 72, 76 4t r
; 8 res
i
& Arhur P.M ilr Fe r Prci a Pr e e j 1 7 ( ed.201 ,a pe t nt
t
le , deal a tce nd oc dur
35 3d
2) nd ri
ne
doc e s t t a pl i if f is t a t c t t c pl i i a de e nt ha a t c t m t a
um nt ha
a ntf a l o ta h o he om a nt f
f nda
s ta hed he o
m o i n t di m i s es ci l i a pl i t f ha r f r ed t t doc e s i t c pl i , s e
t o o s s , pe aly f
a n if s e e r o he
um nt n he om a nt e

Da i v. o c Ma o Unv.3 F.S p 2 3 ,3 5 ( D.Va 20 5 ,afd 1 3 F. p'
v s Ge r e s n i , 95 u p. d 31 3 E.
. 0 ) f'. 9 Ap x
248(t Ci.2006) 5 W rg & Milrj 1 27, t utc ri t moi t dimisi oa
4h r
; A iht
le 3 wiho onve tng he ton o s s nt

moin f rs mmayj g n . fma s e iial alg s ' p e sLi td W arn iswee
to o u r ud me t Ho f n p cfc l le e ,t r s mie ra te r
y
Ex
gv n by e c d fn a t' ECF No 2 t! 2 .Th o y d u n st Co r rle o t a
ie
ah ee d n.
'
. 8a 8 e nl oc me t he u t eis n h t
Hofm a di not at c t t Am e
f n d
ta h o he
nded Compl nt a e t tExpr s Li ied W a r nte '
ai r he t es m t
r a i s'
r f r e t i t A m e d Com pl i .The Cour i t r f e s tsi d t ti ne not c
e e r d o n he
nde
a nt
t s he e or a i te ha t ed
onve t
r

t motonst dimist motonsfrsl r j
he i o s s o i o tmmay udgme .
nt
A . C l m s agai Cam pi W orl
ai
nst
ng
d

H ofm a c e t tCa pi W or d m a e e sw a r nte a
f n ont nds ha m ng
l
de xpr s r a i s boutt RV be or t
he
f e he
s e a t t Ca pi W ord di not va i y di c a m bo h e e s a i ple w a r tes
al nd ha
m ng
l d
ldl s l i
t xpr s nd m i d r an i .
Ca pi W ord a g s t ti va i y di c a m e e es w a r nte by m ea ofa m e ge cl us
m ng
l r ue ha t ldl s l i d xpr s r a i s
ns
r r a e

7

a i ple wa r ntesbec us is dicai rwasc piuous unde t VUCC.Acc di y,
nd m i d ra i
a e t s l me
ons c
r he
or ngl
Ca pi W or d a gue i c nnotbehe d la e f br a hesoft e w a r nte .
m ng
l r sta
l i bl or e c
hes r a i s
1. ExpressW arrantes
i

Ca ng W ord di not ofe Hofm a a e r s m it n wa r nt t us t onl
mpi
l d
fr
f n n xp e s te
ra y; h , he y
e es wa r nte Hof m a r le on a e or l1 I addii , be a e no l i t n w a r nt 'w as
xpr s r a i s
f n e is
r a. n
ton c us
' te
wr
r a y'

gi n,heM M W A i i pplc bl,s e15U. C.j2308,a cli a i tCa ngW ol ae
ve t
s na ia e e
S.
nd ams gans mpi
rd r
g
over d by t VU C C.
ne
he

Secin 8. 31 1 oft VUCC rgults t dicli rof e es warnte .Thi
to 2- 6( ) he
e ae he s ame
xpr s ra is s
s ton not onl lm is di cl i e s i a s m a s c e r t t e de e of pr - ontac a o a
ec i
y i t s a m r , t l o ke l a ha vi nc
ec r m l r l
8

r prs ntto ma be bard by j 8. 202,t s cin o paole de Se ton 8. 202
e e e ains y
re
2he e to n r vi nce. ci 2-

pr hi t t c i r ton ofcon r di t y or s em e a y o a t r s i t pa te i ende
o bis he ons de a i
t a c or
uppl nt r r l e m f he ri s nt d

t wrtng t be t compl t a e l i sae t of t t r of t ag e ment' Thi
he ii o
(
a
ee nd xcusve tt men
he e ms
he r e
.
' s
pr vi i i t n e
o s on s i t nded t pr e tt s le ( gai tf l e a l ga i ofor lw a r nte .' 1 W hie
i
o ot c he e l r a ns a s le tons
a r a i s ''
t,

S mmes & Hil n Unf r Co rilCo ej 1 : (t e . 01 )(uoig Co n 2 t
u r , lma , io m mmeca d 34 6h d 2 2 q tn mme t o
UCC j2- 6)
31 .
He e,a m e g r c a e i t Buye ' O r r t RV pur has c r c be w e n Hof m a
r
r e l us n he
r s de - he
c e ont a t t e
f n
a Cam pi W or d m a c e t tt pa tes i e
nd
ng
lkes l ar ha he ri nt nded t Buye ' O r r t be ta co pl t
he
r s de o
û m ee

a e usve sae n oft tr oft a ee nt' See Va.Code Ann.j 8. 202.Tha
nd xcl i ttme t he ems he gr me .
'
2t
1The Co tac ept a t e Hofm a salgai t tCa pi W ord m a o alr pr s nttonsa tt qualt
ur c s s nz
f n' le ton ha m ng
l de r e e e ai
bou he
iy
and de nda lt oft RV and a s st tt eor lrpr e ai bec me e e swaran i ,perVa Cod
pe biiy he
s ume ha hes a e esnttons a xpr s
r tes
. e

An j8.- 1 .
n. 2 3 3
Bt-em swihr s tt whi t c im aor m e or ndaoft pa te a eeorwhih a eot m ie s f t i
ç-r
l
t e pec o ch he onfr t y m a
he ris gr
c r he s et orh n
a wr tng i e
ii nt nded by t pa te a a fnalexpr son oft ragr em e wih r s c t s h t m s a a e i uded
he r i s s i
es i
hei e nt t e pe t o uc er s r ncl
t r i m a notbe c r ctd by e de ofa pro agr m e orofa co e por ne or a e m en but
he en y
ontadi e
vi nce
ny ir ee nt
ntm a ous al gr e t
m a be e a ned ors e e e
y
xpl i
uppl m nt d

()b e ie c o c n itn a dto a tr u ls te c u tfn stewrtn t ha eb e itn e as a a
b y vd n e f o sse t d iin l ems nes h o r id h i g o v e n ne d d lo s
i
c mp eea d e cusv sae e t ft etr o t a r e n . Va Co eAn j82- 0 .
o lt n x l ie ttm n o h e ms f he g e me t' . d n. . 2 2
'

m e ge clus sa e t tt çfon a ba oft s b ' or r aong wih o he doc l e s
r r a e t t s ha he dr t nd ck hi uyers de , l
t t r tm nt

sg by Purha et)i c ci wiht sor r c iet e iea e ntbewee t
ined
c s rs n onne ton t hi de , omprs he ntr greme t n he
pm i af e tng t sptr has N o or la e m e sorunde s a ngs s lbe bi ng. ECF N o.
es f c i hi lc e.
a gr e nt
r t ndi
hal
ndi '
'
28 1 a 1
- t .
Thus e n i Cn pi W o l m a e e s or lw a
, ve f m ng
r d de xpr s a nunte pror t t s l t y w e e
i s i o he a e, he
r

ef tvey dicli d.Se 1 Whie,Summes & Hil n j 1 4 (' ef tvey woded
feci l s ame
e
t
r,
lma
3: $ feci l r
An
mege orit r ton ca ec ha t sme efe asadicame.l;s alo Ki l .
r r neg ai lus an ve he a
fct
sli r' ee s ng ndus.
I v.W orc DaaSys.l ,73 F.Supp.11 118( D.Va.1 (;Oja sae ns(ha
nc.
lo t . nc. 6
4,
E.
989) t( rl ttme t t t
c tt ed a e e swa rnt wo dnotbea si et co rdito va' t dicame of
onsiut n xpr s ra yl ul
dmisbl o nta c r t he sli r
y
e es wa isclus co aned i t i eg ae agee nf',afd,900 F. 253 ( h Ci.
xpr s nunte a e nti n he nt r td r me ) f'
2d
4t r

1 9 ) Be a s a y o a rp e e tto b Ca ig W ol ta c u d b c met ebai f ra
9 0 . c u e n r l e r s nain y mpn
rd h t o l e o h ss o n
e es wa r nt cli wasdicli e by t m e ge ca e t Co tgr nt Cmnpi W ord'
xpr s ra y am
s am d
he r r lus , he ur a s
ng
l s
M o i t Di m i sH of m an' cl i f rbr a h ofe es w a r nte .
ton o s s
f
s am o e c
xpr s r a i s
2. lm pled W arrant es
i
i

H ofm a al o c a m s t t Campi W or d br a hed i ple w a r ntes and Cn pi
f n s l i ha
ng
l ec
m id ra i ,
m ng
W or d a i co e
l ga n nt nds t t i valdl di c a m e a i pled w a r ntes V igi a 1 i ples
ha t i y s l i d ny m i
r a i . r ni aw m i
wa r nte i s l s by a m e c nt unl s t a e v i y e l ed or m odii d.See V a Code
ra is n ae
r ha , es hey r aldl xc ud
fe
.

Ann.j8. 31 (mple warnt ofmec ntbiiy i id i alsls;Va.CodeAl j8.
2- 4 i id ra y
rha a lt mple n 1 ael
m. 231 (mple warnt offt s f apa tc a pur ei id whe c ran rquie nt a e
5 i id ra y ine s or riulr pos mple
n e ti e rme s r

me) To efci l dicam i idwarnte awrte dicli rmus beS ons c us'a
t. fe tvey sli mple ra is itn s ame
t i piuo ' nd
c
i t ca e oft i ple w a r nt ofm e c nt biiy m us m e i S e cha a lt ' V a.Code
n he s
he m i d r a y
r ha a lt
t nton s r nt biiy.
m
'

Ann.j8. 31 2) Cons c ust a s wrte diplye orpr e e t ta ras bl
2- 6( .
piuo t ns o itn, s a d,
me
esntd ha e ona e
pe s a i t who i i t opeae oughtt ha notc d i. Va.Code Ar j 8.Aron gans
m t s o rt
o ve ie t'
'
m.
1
9

201b)1 . yacor t dee ni co piuous s i ude:sz oft fnt us d i t
( (0)9 ' t s br tnni ng ns c nes ncl
ie he o
e n he
d s l i e l ngua t oft f nt l a i on t pag r a i t o he c a e ,w he he t
i ca m r a
ge, ype he o , oc ton
he e el tve o t r l us s
t r he

clus i l t d o t fr tpage whe he t clus i viualy s ta r on t pa fom t
a e s oca e n he is
, t r he a e s s l e pa t he ge r he
ot rcl us ,c o oft f nt a t di tnc i ne s oft hea ng.See g r lv W ila H .
he a es ol r he o , nd he si tve s
he di
ene a l
li m

Da
nne,J . Annotton, Consr c i ml Efe t of UCC k 2- 1 2) Pr di Tha l i
r,
ai
tu ton d f c
3 64
ovi ng
t mpled

W arnt Dicame M us beSco piuous'73A. R.3d248 ( 976 .Ca ngW o l ague
ra y s li r t t ns c ',
L.
1 ) mpi
rd r s
t t t di cl i e of i ple w a r ntes i cons c us bec us t pa ag a i whi h t
ha he s a m r
m id ra i s
pi uo
a e he r r ph n
c he

dic amer lng ge a a s i i al c pial lte s Hofma a gue t t t ca e i not
sli
a ua ppe r s n 1 a t et r . f n r s ha he lus s
c pi uous l
ons c
.o
The di c ai e cl us i l t d i t m i e of t bac pa of t f ont a ba k
s l m r a e s oca e n he ddl
he
k ge
he r - nd- c
Buye ' Or r ECF N o.28- a 1 2.The l ng
r s de .
1 t a uage r f r i t buye t t bac pa - t
e e rng he
r o he k ge he
m e ge c a e i l a e i t m i e oft f o pa i a e r m e y s al f nt s ze The
r r l us - s oc t d n he ddl
he r nt ge n n xte l m l o i .

sgnatr sofHo f a a t deae r pr s t tvea
i tte
fm n nd he lr e e en a i ppea ont bo t oft frtpa a no
r he tom
he is ge nd
s gna ur s o i ta s a
i t e r nii l ppea on t ba of t pa The hea ng oft dicl i e c a e i of
r
he ck he ge.
di
he s a m r l us s

t s m e f t pe a szeast e f t ot pa a a on t bac oft Buye ' Or .
he a
ont y nd i
hos or he her r grphs he k he
r s der
A lho h t di c ai e c a e i i c pia l te s t o o he pa a a on t bac pa a e
t ug he s l m r l us s n a t l e t r , w t r r gr phs
he k ge r
a s i ca t ll t r .W hie Ca pi W or d c a m s t tt f s z oft di c ai e c a e i
l o n pia ete s
l m ng
l l i ha he ont i e he s l m r l us s
9Thi s ton lsss e e m pl ofco piuous s butComm e 1 t t UCC s ton m a cea t t(he
s eci it om xa es
ns c nes,
nt 0 o he
eci
kes l r ha d
t
t s i whehe atnton c n r as nabl be expe t t be cal t i.The satdor lngua s d not be
et s
t r te i a e o y
ced o
led o t
t t y a ge houl

c n tu d t p r tar s l t a i ic nsse twi t a t s. Co n 1 t UCC j 12 1 s eas l r Va n v
o sr e o e mi e u t h t s n o itn t h t e t' mme t 0 o
h
'
- 0 ; e lo n e r e
Wo dPrd .l .45 F.d4 5 43 (t Ci.1 7 )(oi ta at u hteOf ilCo nso teUCC ae
o o s.nc, 8 2 3 , 7 4h r 9 2 n t h t l g h t a mme t f h
ng
ho
k
r
n tbndn u nc u t,h yno eh ls Ee rsn p wefl cas.
o i ig po o rs te n tee s< pee t o ru dit'
r
)
j s Hof m a a gues sme a rlv n t tecns c o nesi ui i ta j s a ov temeg rca s i a
oA
f n r , o wh t ee a t o h o piu us s nq r s h t u t b e h
y
re lu e s

box conai ng an K si'cl e wih lne f t buye t sg a d e. ofm a di no sgn o daeanyt ng i
t ni
t s' aus , t i s or he
a
r o in nd at H f n d t i r t
hi n
t ça i' bo I f ct Campi W o l adviest ti onl us t t i ' clus f t pu c e ofus d ve cl .
he t s s' x. n a ,
ng r d
s ha t y es he ç s' a e or he r has
as
e hi es

ECF No 3 a 4.Th n n u e o t e ç si' ca s f rp r h s so n w v h ce E i gs rs t t r aitc
.2 t
e o - s f h ç s' lu e o u c a e f e e ils < v e ) ie o he e l i
a
g
s
asum pton t tt de lrwasm a ng s
s
i ha he ae
ki ome s r ofwarant 'M ori v.W i ba l . 71V a.Ci.292,293,
ot
r yy
' rs
nne go ndus,
r

2 0 Va Ci.LEXI 2 9 a * (uy 1 ,2 0 ) i c nrp sto t Ca ig Wol' ag me tta i ma en
06 . r
S 3 , t 2 J 1 8 0 6, n o ta o i n o mpn rds ru n h t t d o
i
wa r isf t plr has oft new RV .Theblnk ta i' ca e f t rboltr t Cour' concuso t t
rante or he zc e he
a çs s' lus urhe se s he
ts
l in hat he
dicl m e ofi pled wa r nte wasno c piuo s h çha ar s bl pe s agai twhom i i t opeae
s ai r m i
r a is
t ons c us uc t t ea ona e ron
t
ns
t s o rt

o g toha cn tc di. Se Va Co An j82 3 62.
u h t v oie t' e . de n. .- 1 ()
'
10

lr rt t toft s r ndi par gr phs i a a st be t s m e sz I doesno ap a
a ge han ha
he urou ng a a , t ppe r o he a
i e. t
t pe r
t tt di cl i e c a e waspr n e i a di f r ntcol . na l t di c a m e cl us i nots t
ha he s a m r l us
it d n
fe e
or Fi ly, he s l i r a e s
e
of f om t ot rpa a a on t bac s de oft o de i a di tnc i w a Bas d o t s
f r he he r gr phs he k i
he r r n ny si tve y. e n he e
f ors t Court det m i t t di cl m er cl e i not cons cuous f pur
act , he
er nes hat he s ai
aus s
pi
or poses of

di c ai i t i ple w a r nte . 1 The Cour t r f e deni s Ca pi W ord' M oto t
s l m ng he m i d r a i s 1
t he e or
e
m ng
l s
in o
D i m i sast t i ple w a r nte .
s s
o he m i d r a i s
B. Cl m s agai tThor
ai
ns
Ti elnessofH of m an' Cl m s
m i
f
s ai

Thor c e t t H ofm a s c a m s aga ns i a e tm e- r e Fo s
ont nds ha
f n' l i
i t t r i ba r d. r uppor ,Tho r i
t
r eles
on t t r pag oft Thore es w a r nt ,1 w her i pur t t r duc t lm ia i pe i d
he hid e he
xpr s r a y 2
e t por s o e e he i t ton r o
t ni y days:
o net

A N Y A CTI
ON TO EN FO RCE THI LI I
S M TED W A RRAN TY OR A N Y
I PLI W A RM N TI SH A LL N OT BE COM M EN CED M O RE TH AN 90
M
ED
ES
D A Y S A FTER THE EX PI TI
M
ON OF THE W A RRAN TY CO VERA GE
PER I DESIGN ATED ABO VE.
OD
ECF N o.36- a 11 O n t fr tpa oft e e s w a r nt t r a e t o wa r t c r
1 t .
he is ge he xpr s
r a y, he e r w
r an y ove age
pe i : a t e ve- ont ge r l war a y and t e y- our m ont w a r nt on t s l t
r ods
w l m h ne a
r nt
w nt f h ra y
he ke e on

1 Thec e ctd by Campi W ord aeno t t co r r . TheCour w ilnoti viualy dic st m i deai
1
as s ie
ng
l r t o he ntay
t l
ndi d l s us he n t l
buti e c c e whe et dicl m e wa f
n a h as
r he s ai r s ound t bec piuous t dicai e ca econti d m o e i ca of
o
ons c , he s l m r lus
ane
r ndii

c ns c o s s ta i pee th r .S e eg,Reb l v Smo Aeil.Ic,8 9 F.S p 1 3 1 5 ( D.Va
o piu unes h n s r sn ee e . .. iod . i n ras n . 5
u p. 9 , 9 E.
.
1 9 )(idig t ta dsli ri dag ,alc ptl e pitstof fo tetx'wa c npiu u ) Brwn v.
9 4 f n ha icame n d re l a i i d rn e f rm h e t' s o s c o s; o
n
l
az
Ra g Ro e o N. , 3Va Ci. 0 (9 3 (idn c npiu usapo iino tebako t slsc nrc i
n e v r f Am.3 . r 1 4 1 9 ) fn ig o s c o
rvso n h c fhe ae o tat n
alc ptlltes b ti wa iaiie i t sp rt id ne p rga h a asae n j s a o et sg ale
l a ia etr, u t s tlcz d n wo e aae n e td aa rp s nd ttme t u t b v he in tr
z
l eo t fo tsd- i cpi letr a rdik aetdteb y rt tepo iin o teb c sd ) Th o l
i n he rn ie n a t ltes nd e n - lre h u e o h rvso s n h a k ie . e ny
n
a
e c pini Yo ncv Jl CaeCo,No 3:0 0 3 ,19 WL 5 6 0 a *1( D. .1 91,a u p bih d
x e to s u . . s . . 9 CV0 6 0 9 4
.
0 4 3 t E. Va 9 ) n n u l e
s
d cso ta sae wi o ta ay i o dsu so o te oh rc ns c o n s fcosta <th fc ta te
e iin h t ttd t u n lss r ic sin f h te o piu use s a tr h t çle a t h t h
h
l
dicli e i i ca tllte si s t intt fnd t tt dicam e i co piuo . TheCou tdeci t f l
s am r s n pia el r s ufk e o i ha he s li r s ns c us'
'
r
lnes o olow
t s non- e den i opi on and f us i t ad o t sa ut y t s ofwhehe a r s bl pe s woul notc
hi
pr ce tal ni
oc es ns e n he t t or e t
t r ea ona e r on
d ie
t dicl m e pr son.
he s ai r ovi i
' H ofm a hasalged t thetwasno gi a wa rnt i or ain ofa defndantprort pur hasng t
2 f n
le
ha
ç
t ven ny ra y nf m to
ny e
i o c i he

ve cey ECF No.28 ! 1 t
hil '
'
J 0, hough he a r nty r ceve a c ofThorsownersma l whih cont ne t
ppa e l e i d opy
'
' nua- c
ai d he
w ar nt i o m ai - s n a trpur hasng t RV .I e Hofman beg r c vi r par unde t t m sof
ra y nf r ton oo fe
c i he
nde d, f
an e ci ng e is
r he er

t ee p e swa rn y wihn sxwe k o hi p r h s . e ECF No. ! l .
h x r s ra t t i i e s f s u c a e S e
28 ( 2

f a e.1 a 9.Thor a gues t t t s ni t da lm iaton pe i d,c bi d wih t t e ve
rm
d. t
r
ha hi ne y- y i t i
r o om ne
t he w l m o h ge r l w a r n y, m e ns t t Hof m a m us ha c m e ed ltga i w ihi ffee
nt ne a
ra t
a ha
f n
t ve om nc ii ton t n i t n
m ont oft pur ha e oft RV .Si e H ofm a di no do s untlne ry ei ee m ont had
hs he c s
he
nc
f n d t
o i a l ght n
hs

elps d,
a e Thora gueshi cli i tm e ba r d.
r
s am s i - re
l rs
n e pons H of m a of e s t o m ai a gum e s t lm ia i pe i d was no pa tof
e, f n f r w
n r
nt : he i t ton r o
t r

dhe orgi l a e me ' f pupos of j 8. 7 4 ) a i t r f e i fe tve,and t
i
t i na gre nt' or r es
2-25 1 nd s he eor nefci
he
a bi t i t phr e E he w a r nt c r pe i de i t d a ve' s d be c t ue
m guiy n he as t
t
r a y ove age r od s gna e bo ' houl
ons r d

agans t dr fe t r f rt t t t lt t f - on h wa r nt perod i t d oft toft
i t he a tr o e e o he o a wen y-ourm t
ra y i nsea
ha
he
t el - o h ge a w a r nt . 1
w ve m nt ner l r a y 3
The pr nc pal s
i i
uppor Thor cies f r is a g l e t t t lm ia i pe i w a pa tof
t
t o t r lm nt ha he i t ton r od s r
l he o i na ag ee e t' i M e r c v. M ona Coa h Co ' ,N o. 3: CV 00047, 2008 W L
d
t r gi l r m n ' s r i ks
co
c
1
p.
08

521 6( . Va. c.1 2008 .Li t prs ntcae,hepli if i M erc purhas a
085 W D. De 5, ) ke he e e s t antfs n riks c ed n
RV a i m e a el be n e re i pr e s U nlke t pr s nt ca e t pl ntf s i
nd m di t y ga xpe i nc ng obl m . i he e e
s , he ai i f n
M e rcks r e ve e e i i or a i on t war a tes pror t t plr ha e oft RV .The
ri
ec i d xt ns ve nf m ton
he r n i
i o he z c s
he
de e w ho s d t m t RV i i l e a ned t t t RV w a c r d by w a r i of
al r
ol he he
t efy xpl i
br
ha he
s ove e
r antes

difr ntpe i ,a e ane wha e ch pei wa . Jl a * Alhough Mr M erc
fe e
rods nd xpli d
t a
rod s' .s t 2. t
't
. riks
t tfed t the s w t w rte w a r nt f t fr ttm e i i t ve cl a t rt pur has ,
es ii ha
a he it n r a y or he i s i nsde he hi e f e he c e
he a hi w ie ç i
nd s f i gned a f
s
onn e il d C c
ntte A know l dge e of Rec i of M ot r z
e m nt
e pt
o i ed
Wa
nunt pr
y/ oduc I or a i n. Tha f m sa e t tç r c ve a r d a c
t nf m t o ' t or t t d ha l e ei d nd ea
opy oft M o c
he na o
Coa h Cor a i lm ie w a r nt be or 1pur has t s r c e tonalve c e ...' 1
c
por ton i t d r a y f e
c ed hi e r a i
hi l . '' d.

1 Hof m a m a ot r a g e t a wel:t tt s lm ia i w a noton t f ce oft wa r n y, asr uied by
3 f n kes he r um n s s l ha hi i t ton s
he a
he r a t
eq r
t M M W A,a i t usvoi t tt r duci oflm iato pe i w a unc cina e'and t tt docrne of
he
nd s h
d; ha he e ton i t in rod s ons o bl ,
ha he ti
equia et lng- whi woul t lt lm iai pe i ba e on t tm e t RV wa bei rpar a Tho '
tbl oli
ch
d ol he i tton rod s d
he i he
s ng e ied nd
rs
sae e st f e tl ltgain- woul e e t lm ia i pe i The Cou tdoe no r h Hofm a s oher
ttm nt o or sal ii to
d xt nd he i tton rod.
r
s t eac
f n' t
a gum e sbas d on isr ol i ofhi t o m a n a gum e s
r
nt e
t es uton
sw
i r
nt .

12

l r pons t t pl i if 'a gume i M e rc t tt lm iai n pe i wa notpa t
n es e o he antfs r
nt n riks ha he i t to rod s
r
of t he or gi agr e e , t M e c c t c l d t t t pl i if t r S f tve y
t
t
i nal e m nt' he ni ks our onc ude ha he a ntf s he e s ec i l
'
ef

a r e t t r uc d lmiai nspe i d' by E c sng t RV a t n r cevi t bene is
g e d o he ed e i t to
ro ' d ha i he
pur
nd he e i ng he
ft
o t w rte w a r ntes' 1 a 5.
f he it n r a i . d. t The Co tde lne t a y t s r as ng ofM e r c he e.
'
ur c i s o ppl hi e oni
r i ks r
Fi s ,w hie t pl ntf s i M e r c r c ve w a r nt i onna i pror t ptr ha i
rt
l he ai i f n r i ks e ei d r a y nf
ton i o lc s ng
t i RV and s gne a f r s a i t tt y ha r c ve a r d a co oft m i t n wa r nt
he r
i d o m t tng ha he d e ei d nd ea
py he te
ra y
pr de by t m anuf c ur r H of m a has a l ge t t he r e ve no w a r nt i or a i
ovi d
he
a t e, f n
le d ha
ec i d
r a y nf m ton
pr or t hi RV pur ha e.Thi f c ua di tnc i a one r nde s M e rc i pplc bl t t
i o s
c s
s a t l s i ton l
e r
r i ks na i a e o he
pr e a ton.
es nt c i
Sec
ond,a m or i por a ty,t M e rc cou ts i e pr a i d no s r wih
nd
e m t n l he r i ks r ' nt r et ton oes t qua e t
t t xtoft s a u e.( t o i na a ee e t pa te m ay r duce t pe i of lm ia i
he e
he t t t ; he r gi l gr m nt he ri s
By
e
he r od i t ton

t notl st one ye rbutma note e i.'Va.Cod Al j 8. 7 1.Theus oft
o
es han
a
y
xtnd t'
e m. 2- 25()
e he
de i t a tc e ( he ' com bi d wih i i na a e m e t' s
f nie ri l i ,'
t
ne t d gi l gr e n ,' ugge t t ti t s c t xt H ofm a
or
s s ha n hi on e , f n

c ul n ta c p t l tt n p ro b p s iea c p a c o teRV wih u o j cin t t e
o d o c e t he i ai ei d y a sv c e tn e f h
mi o
t o t be to o h
pe tne w a r nt pr s on. l t a t s s c i i c t s t t t pa te m us s ii a l
r i nt r a y ovi i
ns e d, hi e ton ndi a e ha he ri s
t pec f c ly

a r et tepeid o l tto , tj tt ewarny i g n r l l oh rwo d ,j82 7 5 1
g e o h ro f i ai n no us h ra t n e e a. n t e r s .- 2 4 )
mi
c e pl t a m or f m a m u ua agr e e t Thor a nce as s f c e . The e i no
ont m a es
e or l t l e m nt han
dva s
uf i i nt
r s
i c ton t t H of m an w a e r awa e of t lm ia i pe i 1 t al a i ca i n of
ndi a i ha
f
s ve
r
he i t ton r od, e one ny ndi to
a ee e by Thor a H of m a on t i s Thor doe no i ntf how t pa te a e d t
gr m nt
nd
f n
he s ue.
s t de iy
he ri s gr e o
r duc t lm iaton pe i ç t o i na a e e ;t e or t Cour c l st tt y
e e he i t i
rod d he r gi l gr em nf' her f e, he
by
t onc ude ha he

di nots a e
d
o gr e.
Even i t partes di agr t a r
f he
i
d ee o educed lm iaton perod,H of m an' cl m s ar sil
i ti
i
f
s ai
e tl
tm el A s expl ned pr ousy,l
i y.
ai
evi l anguage on t t r page oft expr war y r r t
he hid
he
ess rant equies hat

a buye fl s t wihi ni t da a t r t e r ton of t Swa r nt c r
r ie ui t n ne y ys f e he xpi a i
he i r a y ove age pe i
r od
de c i a ve. See ECF Nos 3 1 a 11 36- a 1 Tw o wa r nt pe i a e ( s rbe
s rbed bo '
'
. 2- t , 1 t 2.
r a y rods r d c i d
de
a
bove': t e ve m ont ge r lwa r nt a a t e y-our m o h s l t f a e w a r y.Se
'a w l h ne a r a y nd w nt f - nt ke e on r m
r ant
e

ECF Nos 32- a 9,36- a 1 Two ale tve i e eai ae t posi e:( )t
. 1 t
1 t 0.
tmai ntprttons r hus sbl 1 he
lm ia i pe i a i st ea h w a r nt pe i
i t ton rod pple o c
r a y rod- whi h w o d c ea e a ff e n- on h lm ia i
c
ul r t i t e m t i t ton
pe i f ge r lcl i s a a t t s ve m ont lm ia i pe i f s l t f a e c a m s
rod or ne a a m nd wen y- e nh i t ton rod or ke e on r m l i '
,

or( t lmiain pei a is a trt t a e rton ofalwarnt pei
2) he i tto rod pple fe he otl xpiai
l ra y rods whih
c
woul c e t a sngl t e y- e n- on h lm ia i pe i a t a lc ai s Thorur es t tr t
d r a e i e w nt s ve m t i t ton rod s o 1 l m .
g he i s
i e pr t ton a Hofm a t s c
nt r e a i nd
f n he e ond.
The s co i e pr a i i m or co i t nt wih t t xt or a t ve y l as , t
e nd nt r et ton s
e ns s e
t he e ;
t he r e t he
pr s on i a bi
ovi i s m guous a t t n bi uiy s d be c nsr aga ns t dr f e .A t e t
nd ha m g t houl
o tued
i t he a t r
w n ys ve m ont lm ia i pe i i m or c i t nt wih t t xt be a e t fr t i e pr t ton
e nh i t ton rod s
e ons se
t he e
c us he i s nt r e a i

woul e alt lm ia i pe i lngua r c ni i t wa r t pe i , tt t xtr f s
d nt i he i t ton rod a
ge e og zng wo rmly rods bu he e e er

t t warnt pei i t sngulr See ECF Nos 1 at11 36- a 1 (ûhe war nt
o he ra y rod n he i a .
.32, 1 t 2 it
ra y
coveagepei de ci d a
r
rod s rbe bove.) l t frti eprttonwer i ed c r t t lmiai
' . f he is ntr eai
'
e nde orec, he i tton
cl us s d r ad, d he w a r t c r ge pe i : des rbe a
a e houl e
s
t
r an y ove a
r od
c i d bove ' Ea r t e r ton o
,' t he he xpia i f
ea h of t w a r nt c r ge pe i de c i d a ve,'or e n Sa t r t e r ton of t
c
he r a y ove a
rod: s rbe bo '
ve i fe he xpia i
he
a i bl w a r nt c r ge pe i de c i a
pplca e r a y ove a
rod s rbed bove. I ot r w or ,i t lm ia i pe i
' n he
'
ds f he i t ton rod
di i f tr f r nc t o s pa a e wa r nt pe i f t o t pe of c a m s t t xtw o d ha
d n ac e e e e w e r t r a y rods or w y s
l i , he e
ul ve
s i c t d.The a t r i i t r e a i n f vor by Hof m an;t t t ni t day lm ia i
o ndi a e
le natve n e pr t to a ed
f
ha he ne yi t ton
per od onl appled afer t expiaton oft sngul ,t alwar y per od;i f l consit
i
y
i
l he
r i
he i ar ot
rant
i s uly
s ent
w ih t t oft lm iaton cl
t he ext he i t i
ause.

14

Eve i t m e ni oft c a e i a g
n f he a ng he l us s mbi uous s h t no mea ng c be a ctr t y
uc hat
ni an
c zael

deemi d,t n t f la r l ofc r c i eprtton prvaist tkgl t e ntofa
tr ne he he amiir ue onta t ntr eai e l ha tin he ve
n
a bi t i t w rte c r t s h a bi t m us be c t u d a ns t d afe of t
m guiy n he it n ontac , uc m guiy
t
ons r e gai t he r t r he

agee . M ari & M atn.I v.Br dly Entr. l . 504 S. 2d 849,851 ( .1
r ment'
' tn
ri nc.
ae
es. nc,
E.
Va 998)

(ii Ma ne v. tons nk ofVa.455S. 2d 5 9( 1 ;W i v. e Co t.Co.
ctng ho y Nai Ba
,
E. , Va. 995) nn Alda nsr ,

31 S. 2d 1 3 1 5 ( .1 4 se as Ca po Mc .V.l .v. it 71 S. 2 2 9 21
5 E. 9 , 9 Va 98 :; e lo p
mt nc Brt, 1 E.d 0 , 1
( .2011 (ppl ngprncpl i t cone oft VUCC) Thordrfe t warnt tr and
Va
) a yi i i e n he txt he
.
a td he ra y ems
t l ngua of t lm iai pe i To t e e t r i a nmbi t t Cour m us
he a
ge
he i t ton rod.
he xt nt he e s n
guiy, he
t
t
const i agai tThor
rue t ns
.

l s
n umm a y,t Co tco ude t tt pa te ,i t o i na a e m e y di not
r he ur ncl s ha he ri s é he rgi l gr e nt' d
by
'
a e t r duc t lmiai pe i Eve i t y di ag e t a r duce lmiai pe i t t
gr e o e e he i t ton rod. n f he d r e o e
d i t ton rod, ha
pe i s ul be t e y- e
rod ho d
w nt s ven m ont ,e t r be a e t t i t be t r r di of t t xt o
hs ihe c us ha s he te ea ng
he e r
be a e t m ea ng oft cl us i a bi
c us he
ni
he a e s m guous a a bi t i c t ue a i tt d afe of
nd m guiy s ons r d ga ns he r l r
t doc ent For t e r s ,t Cour de e t M o i t Di m i s a t c ai s a i t
he
um .
hes ea ons he
t ni s he ton o s s s o l m ga ns
Thor
.
C. Cl m s agai tD ai l r T r ls
ai
ns
m e
ue t

The e ar t cli s a i t Dai e Tr c :one f r br a h of e es a i id
r e wo am ga ns
ml r u ks
o ec
xpr s nd mple
w a r ntes a a t r f r vi a i n ofV igi a s Le on La . a m l r a guest tt c a m f
r a i nd no he o ol to
r ni ' m
w D i e r
ha he l i or
br ac ofw a r nte f l t s a e a cl i a t tt Le on La cl i i untm e y.
e h
r a i s ais o t t
a m nd ha he m
w am s i l
1 Expre s and I pled W ar nt Cl m s
.
s
m i
ra y ai
D a m l r ofer d H of m a a wrte w a r n y,s e ECF N o.46- but a gue i pr ry
i e f e
f n
it n r a t e
2,
r s t ope l
di ai ed a1 i pled w ar antes.H off an cor ecty not t once a suppler gi a m i t
scl m
lm i
r i
m
r l
es hat
i ves
ten

war nt t s s ir ca
ra y, hi upple nnot wholy dicam i id war tes See 1 U. C.j 2308.
l s li mple
rani .
5 S.

15

Dam lr pur t t dicli al i id wara tes i is wrte wa r n y,but t s a tm p
i e
pors o s am 1 mple
r n i n t itn r a t
hi te t

c rve t M MW A. f si i war nycai a i tDamlrs vi Se i
onta nes he
Hofman' mpled ra t l ms gans i e ur ve. e i
D ai l ral o a g s t tHof m an' a l ga i ag ns i on t wa r nt c ai s c a n
m e s r ue ha
f
s le tons ai t t he r a y l m ont i

i ufi i tf c st sa e aplusbl cli f r if The Cour a e .TheAm e d Compli t
ns fcen a t o t t
a i e a m or ele .
t gr es
nde
an

lssa las t nt o C fcsa no co omiis'i t RV,ECF No. ! 11 butfist
it t e t we y-ne t e t nd n- nfr te ' n he
de
28 , al o
s c f whi h of t s def ct a e atr b a e t D a m l r Thus Hofm a s ge r laleg tons
pe i y
c
he e e s r ti ut bl o i e .
, f n' ne a l a i
aga ns Da m l r a e i uf i i nt unde Twom bl a I balt s a e a pl i e c ai f r r le .
i t i e r ns f c e
r
y nd q
o tt
aus bl l m o e i f

S e Ro bnsv Ok a o ,51 F.d 1 4 1 5 ( 0h Ci.2 0 )(û h b r e r sso t e
e b i . lh ma 9 3 2 2, 2 0 1 t r 0 8 tT) e u d n e t n h
(
pl ntf s t pr de f i no i e of t gr
ai if o ovi a r t c
he ounds f t c a m s m a ag ns e ch of t
or he l i
de ai t a
he

deenda s' Thus t Cour gr t Dai e ' M oton t Dimis b grnt Hofma lavet
f nt.). , he
t ans mlrs i o s s, ut a s f n e o
a e Hof m a s r s
m nd. f n' e pons t D a m l r s M oton t D im i s i udes m or de a l as t hi
e o i e'
i o s s ncl
e ti
o s
i e a tons w ih D a m l ,ECF N o.5 a 3- a H of m a c d a t s i or a i t t
nt r c i
t
i er
4 t 4, nd
f n oul dd hi nf m ton o he
c pl ntt he p pr de s m e of t r ui e de a l I H of m a c pr de g e t f t
om ai o l ovi o
he eq r d t i. f
f n an ovi r a er ac ual
de a l t hi c a m s aga ns Dai l r a n t t i or a i c a ne i hi r pons t
ti o s li
i t
m e , ki o he nf m ton ont i d n s es
e o
D a m l r sM oto t D im i s t cl i sw oul lkel s vi a m o i t dim i s l
i e'
i n o s s , he a m
d i y ur ve
ton o s s .4
2. Lem on Law C l m
ai

H ofm a a s alege t tD a m l rvi a ed t Vi g ni Le o La ,a D a m l rar s
f n l o l s ha i e ol t he r i a m n w nd i e gue
t tt s c ai i untm e y.H of m a tr t fl t orgi l c pl i i s a e c ton Apr l26,
ha hi l m s i l
f n i s ied he i na om a nt n t t our
i

2 2 j tafw d y b f r t ee piain o te eg te - nh sau eo lmiain f rte
01 , us e a s eo e h x rto f h ihe n mo t ttt f i tto s o h
Le on Law . The Le o La c a m or g na l na e Thor as t de e nt but H ofm a
m
m n w li
i i ly m d
he f nda ,
f n
' The Cour does notaddr s Dai l r s a gume t tt A m e d Com pl i t doe no a l ge t tD a m l w a
4
t
es
m e' r
nt ha he
nde
an
s t le ha i er s

gv nterq rdn t eo t RV' d fcs seVa Co eAn j 82-0 ()a (
ie h e uie oi fhe s eet, e . d n. j . 6 73() VUCC)a d5 .- 71 ( mo
c
n 9120 .3 Le n
La , c u eamoint dimisi ape tlesa et a desti fcu lise S mie o v. n c Co c
w) bea s
to o s s s rmat tg o d r s hs ata su . e tk l Mo a o a h
r
Co p, 2F.S p . d 1 09 1 8( D. 1 2 08; mp elv Ete Cop.41 F. u p. d7 8 7 0( D. .
r .58
u p 2 0 , 01 N. 11 0 ) Ca b l . h x r , 3 S p 2 3 , 4 W. Va
.
2 06.l Ho f n d srs ho v r h ma icu emoe ifnnain a o tt po d d n tc i hsS c n
0 ) f fma e ie, we ey e y n ld r n o to b u he rvie oie n i e o d
Am e d Co pl nt The Coul alo doesnotadd e sD am lrs cam t tHofm a di no plad ale i of
nde
m ai .
' s
t
r s i e ' li ha
f n d t e
lgatons
m ir pr s nt ton wih pa tc a iy be us H ofm a doe no a s r a c a m f rm ir pr e a i orfaud.
se e e ai
t r i ul rt ca e f n s t s e t ny l i o s e es nt ton r

16

cha d t na
nge he med de e ntt Dam lri t Ame d Compli a trThorar d t tt
f nda o i e n he
nde
ant fe
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Le La doe no a y t t c ee mot home,j tt çsl- o l mot ie
mon w s t ppl o he ompltd or
us he fefpr peled orz d
cha ss' Va.Code Ann.j59.- 11 whih Damlrma a t e See Paks v.Ne r
s i,
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1207. , c i e nufcurd.
r
wma
Co p.384 F.Supp.2d 966,969( . Va.2005)( di t tt Le La onl a i t
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H of m a s r e Da m l ra D r w s n a tr o ora
f n e v d i e nd e oo fe , n
boutJ nua y 1 201 ECF N os 38 & 39.
a r 0, 3.
.
D ai l a gue t t s a ut of lm ia i ba s t a e
m er r s ha t t e i t tons r he m ndm e be us t a e
nt ca e he m ndm e t does not
n
r a e ba t t flng oft or gi lc m pl i .
el t ck o he ii
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Rul 15govensa nde pla ngs Rul 1 c govensr ltonbac Rul 1 c)saes
e
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n n
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t t daeoft orgi lpl a ngwhe
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ndus. nc.
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does not m e t t s a r o t f de a r e i i w o d be pe m it unde t a i a e
e he t nda ds f he e r l ul f t ul
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t4 1
fndi eaonabl lge e n me d mpl nt
t ta d cli wa fl sx monhsa trorgi la t ltgai wa sili e ry sa l
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knowldget tt cli s dbeame d a flngoft moi t a nd t co an)
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our
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whe t pl i ifs
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ra i
n om
n s t oduc d a de i r d t Thor w e e de e tve. l r pons ,
e nd lve e o
r fci
n es
e
D r w a gues fr t t t H ofm a s c ai s a e untm e y a s c
e r
i s ha
f n' l m r
i l nd e ond t t hi cl i s f l on t
ha s a m ai
he
m ert
is.

1. T i e i soft C l m s
m lnes
he ai
D r w fr t c a m s t t Hofm a s c a m s a e untm el be a e t y we e not br ug
e i s l i ha
f n' l i
r
i y c us he
r
o ht
w ihi t one ye r w a r nt pe i The w a
t n he
- a
r a y r od.
nunt a lm ia i pe i ,ho e r a e no
y nd i t ton r ods w ve , r t

i ntc c e s The wa r nt pe i c r t c
de i al onc pt .
ra y rod ove s he ompo n pa t f a s c fe pe i of
ne t rs or pe iid rod
tme;i ot wor ,i defne t tme i whih t w ar orha a r s
i
n her ds t i s he i n
c he rant
s e ponsbiiy t r paror
i lt o e i
r pl c t c r d pa t.The lm ia i pe i d,
e a e he ove e rs
i tton ro howe r plc co tant on t tm ei whi h
ve , a es nsr i s he i n c
t buye m us s Dr w ' lm ie wa r nt pe i i pl nl lm ied t one ye r s e ECF No.
he
r
t ue. e s i td ra y rod s ai y i t o
a, e

50- a 1 (d- s wara y i honord f a pei o one ( ) ye r fo t dae of rt l
2 t slhi
rnt s
e or
rod f
1 a r m he t
eai
pt c s ') butt lmiedwar nydoesnote nme i almiai pei Si et pates
z ha e. , he i t
r
'
ra t
ve nton i tton rod. nc he ri
di no ageet r et lmiainspei ib t orgi a r e nt'Va CodeAl j8.
d t r o educ he i tto
rod dy he i nal g e me , .
'
m. 27 1 ,t deful VUCC saut lmiai a i ,whih i f yeasafe t brac
254) he a t
tt eof i ttons pples c s our r tr he e h
occ s l ç brac ofwarnt oc ur whe tnd rofdei r i ma 'Va.
ur. d.t e h
A
ra y c s n e e
lvey s de.
' CodeAl j8.
m. 2-

7254 .Eve a e i Dr w' c e to t tis dei r oft c
2)
n cc ptng e s ontnin ha t lvey he ompo n st Thor i t
ne t o
s he
22

pe tnentt e r ofdei r 'f lmiai n pup os s ECF No.5 2 a 6 n. i hasnota gue
ri
t nde
t
lve y' or i t to
e,
0- t 3, t
r d
t tt t de i r oc ur ed be or Apr l26,2008,f ur yea s be or H of m a f l d hi c a m o
ha ha lve y c r
f e
i
o
r f e
f n ie s l i n
A prl 26,201 The ef e be a e Dr w ' lm ied w a r nt di no di pl e t de a t s a u e
i
2. r or , c us e s i t
r a y d t s ac he f ul t t t
of lm ia i ,H ofm a tm e y fl d hi c ai s a i tD r w .
i t tons
f n i l ie s l m ga ns e
2. ExpressW arrant
y

Hofman al ges t t Dr w pr de a wrte wa r n y f is c
f
le
ha e
ovi d
itn r a t or t ompone s t t Thor
nt ha

i or ae it t co ee RV,ECF No.28!28,bu Hofma as camst hefrtsw
nc portd no he mpltd
t f n lo li hat is a
t s w rte w a r nt i co c i w ih t s ltga i n.ECF N o. 55 at 2.Hof m a i ntf e
hi it n r a y n nne ton t hi ii to
f n de ii d
D r w as t w a r nt r of t a l ge y de ec i pa t t o
e
he r a o
he le dl f tve r s hr ugh Thor s ow ne ' m mm al w hi h
'
rs
, c

pr de t ls ofie snotwa r t d by Thora lse t nn ea phone numbe oft s
ovi d he it t m
ran e
nd it d he m nd
r he e
c
ompone m a a t e s See ECF No.32- a 1 The hea ng oft s ls i C
nt nuf c ur r .
1 t 6.
di
hi it s C
SUPPLI
ERS

PROVI NG SEPAM TE W ARRANTI 'i= i yi t tt s c
DI
ES,'p. mpl ng ha he e ompone ma a tzes
,
nt nufcl r
r
di pr de a c um e - a i w a r t Dr w c a m s a ong ot r t ngs t t is lm ie
d ovi
ons r f c ng r mzy. e l i , m
he hi , ha t i t d
w a r nt e e c r onl t t i ta pur ha e a nott t c um e .Se ECF N o.
r a y xt nds ove age y o he nii l c s r nd
o he ons r e

50- a 1 (t- s g e lmie warnt i nonta frbl a extndsonl t t orgi l
2 t dl Drw i tdj ra y s rnsea e nd e
-hi
y o he i na

p rh s ra q rn t epr d c dr cl fo g Lip r Co n n s I c)Fa iiya d s al o
u c a e c uiig h o u t ie ty r m a p e t mpo e t, n . cl n h l n t
t
be c t u d t e e t a t r pa t i l i butno lm ied t t uli a e pur ha e of
ons r e o xt nd o ny hid ry, nc ud ng,
t i t o, he tm t
c sr

t e pr t' Fort r as dic s beow,t Cour a e t tDrw pr pel lmie
he nd oduc.). he e ons s used l he
t gres ha e o ry i td
t ex e sw a r t t Thor
he pr s r an y o
.

The Fo t Cic t ha pr vi l add e s d a smia butditnc is i Bue t r v.
urh r ui s e ousy r s e
i lr
si t s ue n
tne

R. .Mari & Sons I . 47 F.d 11 ( h Ci.1 .l Buet r ac
W
tn
, nc,
3 6 4t r 995) n tne , ommeca lundr ha
ril a y d
pur
chased a us pi ofl
ed ece
aundr equi entûas i ,'m eani t selerpr ded no expr or
y
pm
t s'
ng he l
ovi
ess

i id wa i .1 a 11 An e oye oft lundr wa ij e by t se pme and
mple nantes d. t 7. mpl e he a y s nurd hi qui nt
23

ague t tVigi aCodej8. 31 ce tda i idwar nt t at r pat r r es oft
r d ha r ni
2- 8 rae n mple ra y o hid ry egadl s he
w ar a i s be w e n t s le a pu c s r Se ton 8. 31 es a i hest t
r nte t e he e l r nd r ha e . c i
2- 8 t bls ha

La k ofprviy bewe pli ifa de e nts l be no de e e i a a ton
c
i t t en antf nd f nda hal
f ns n ny c i
br ug agans t manuf c t e ors le ofgoodst r ove dn a f br c
o ht i t he
a tl r el r
r
o ec r m ges or ea h
ofwa r nt e es ori id,o f r ne i e e alhough t pl ntf di not
ra y, xpr s mple r o glg nc , t
he ai if d
ptr ha e t goods fo t d e nt i t pl i ifwa a peron whom t
tc s he
r m he ef nda , f he antf s
s
he
m a ac tr r o s l r m i r a o bl ha e c e t us , co um e or be
nuf tle r ele
ght e s na y ve xpe t d o e ns ,
a f c e by t goods
fe t d he
;

Va.Code Al j 8. 318.The Fo t Cic t hel t t t s pr son di not ce t a
m.
2urh rui d ha hi ovii
d
rae n

i pe n warnt i fr e a e usr,i meey t nfrrdl on fr ee bl us s of a
nde nde t ra y n oes e bl e s t rl û e ge
co
oes a e er
pr
oduc bot t be is a lm ia i ns of wa r n i pr ded t t pur has r' Bue t r 47
t h he neft nd i t to
r a tes ovi
o he c e .' tne ,
F. a 11 Si t s le ga no wa r n y t t pur has r t r m ot us r a s l c d a
3d t 9. nce he e l r ve
r a t o he c e , he e e e l o a ke
w a r nt l por a l f t pr s nt c e,t Fou t Cic t not d t tw hie t r g s of t
r a y. m t nty or he e e as he
r h r ui
e ha
l he i ht
he

t r pa t t n rs no hi r t n rhe purhasr t ough whih he obti t i id
hid ry c ie
ca
ghe ha t j c e hr
c
aned he mple
warnt ' j. a 11 ( tng Goodba v.W hiehe d Br .591 F.Su 552,567 ( . Va
ra y,'.s t 9 cii
;
r
t a os,
pp.
W D. .

1 4 , f ' s b n m Be l v Had , 6 F.d 21 ( t Ci.1 85 j 8231 dn no wa
98 ) a fd u o
ae . r v 7 9 2 3 4h r 9 :, .- 8 d
i
y
pur t t Im i a s le s a lt t dicai w a ante t f e e bl us rs' l a 11
por s o i t el r' biiy o s l m
rr i s o or s ea e e -' d. t 8

(mpha i a
e
ss dded)
.
The co e of t pr s t ca e i dif r nt f o i Bue t r be a e he e t or gi
nt xt he e en s s f e e r m n
tne c us r he i nal
s le di i f c of e a expr s wa r nt t t buye .l t a e ofa ot rcl us i t
e lr d n a t f r n
e s r a y o he
r n he bs nce
ny he a e n he
lm ie w a r nt t tw a r nt w o d e e t f e e a e us r oft pr
i t d r a y, ha r a y ul xt nd o or s e bl e s he oduc de pie t l k
t s t he ac

ofprviy bewe n t us ra t orgi lsle .Va CodeAnn.j8. 31 sealo Buet r
i t t e he e nd he i na elr .
2- 8; e s
tne ,

47F.d a 11 (tse ton)8. 31 ... i ypr evesf rmot us st warantesale dy
3 t 8 Cl ci
2- 8 smpl esr or e e er he r i ra

enoyedby a i
j
n mmedit purha e .) Asobs r by t Fourh Cic t howe r a orgi l
ae c s r'.
'
eved he
t rui,
ve , n i na
s le i s ilf e t di c ai wa
e l r s tl r e o s l m nunte a t f es ea e us r .Bue t r 47 F. a 118;ac or
i s s o or e bl e s
tne ,
3d t
c d

M c a v.Adva St e Co. I . 705 S. 2d 1 ,1 1 ( .Va 201 ( vi,C. ,
M hon
nce ors . nc,
E. 31 38-43 W
. 0) Da s J.
24

c n u n )(o lcig n meo sc s sa d saigt tt o c u tn t c u ty h siv ld td
o c ni g c le tn u r u a e n ttn ha t o r i he o nr a n aiae
n
a e pr swarnt t tlmied rpl e torrparofapr tt t orgi purhas r).
n x es ra y ha i t e ac men e i
oduc o he i nal c e'
The D r w lm ie w a r nt pl i y e e d onl t t i talpur ha e a H ofm a i no
e i t d r a y a nl xt nde
y o he nii
c s r nd
f n s t
e il d t e or ispr t c i . 1 Ther f e t Cou tgr nt D r w ' M oton t Di m i son t
ntte o nf ce t o e tons 6
r a s e s
i o s s
he
e or , he
expr w ar ant cl m .
ess r y ai
3. Im pled W arrant
i
y

Dr w a s a g t ti e f tvel di cl i e a li pled w a r tes On t s c pag
e l o r ues ha t f ec i y s a m d l m i
r an i . he e ond e
of t w a r nt D r w pur t t di cl i al i pled wa r n i s H ofm a ar ue t t t s
he r a y, e
por s o s a m 1 m i
r a t e . f n g s ha hi
a t m pt i i f ec i be aus Dr w m a a wr te w a r nt t hi , a co um e , a t
te
s ne f tve c e e
de
it n r a y o m
ns r nd he

M M W A pr hi t Dr w fom dicai ng t i id wa
o bis e r
s l mi he mple
nunte whe i pr vi s a wrte
is
n t o de
itn
wa r nt t a c um e .The Cour c l
r a y o ons r
t onc udes t t t M M W A i no a i a e bec us Dr w
ha he
s t pplc bl
a e e
di not of e H ofm a a t rte wa r nt 'und r t M M W A . A c di y, t M M W A '
d
fr
f n t it n r a y'
w
e he
cor ngl he
S
lm ia i n o t di c ai e of i ple w a r nte i nota i a e a t V U CC gove ns t
i t t o n he s l m r m i d r a i s s
pplc bl nd he
r he
de er i ton ofw he he D r w va i y di c ai ed t s wa r nte .
t m na i
t r e
ldl s l m
he e r a i s
The r l ntpori oft M M W A s a es $ o s i r m a di c ai orm odiy . . ny
e eva
ton he
t t : t upple
N
y sl m
f .a

i id wanunt t a co umerwih rs tt s h cons rpr ti ( )s h s ir
mple
y o
ns
t epec o uc
ume oduc f 1 uc upple
m a a wrt e w a r t t t c um e w ih r pe tt s h c um e pr
kes ny it n r an y o he ons r t es c o uc ons r oduc . 1 U . C.
t' 5 S.
'

j 2308() The Fedea Trde Co si sr gultonsha ea ae on t dei ton of
a.
rl a
mmison' e ai
ve lbortd he tnii

1
6Hofm a a gue t tt e usonsi t Dr w lm ie wa rnt a eune o c bl bec us t w ar nt wa not
f n r s ha he xcl i n he e i td r a y r
nfr ea e a e he ra y s
gi n t t Pl ntf be or t pur has Se ECF N o.55 a 5- l ed,t M M W A a is a tndantr gul tons
ve o he ai if f e he c e. e
t 6. nde he
nd t te
e ai

g n rl rq ieta wrt nwarn ist ema ea albet tec n u r(rp o p ciec nu r p irt te
e eal e ur h t it ra te t d v ia l o h o s me o r s etv o sme) ro o h
y
e
b
sl o tep o uc t hm. 1 U. C.j 3 2() seas 1 C. R.j 7 22,7 23. r,h we e,Hof n'
ae f h r d t o i ' 5 S. 2 0 b ' e lo 6 F. j 0 . 0 . Hee o v r fma s
'
,

rgh sa edervai ofTho s;putpl nl a l ast lmiai ae vald agai tThor t y ae vald agans
i t r
i tve
r'
ai y, s ong he i ttons r
i
ns
, he r i
i t
Hofm an.See Goodba ,591 F.Supp.a 567.The non- o s on of t wa r nt t Hof m a p e- c e i t
f
r
t
pr vi i
he r a y o
f n r pur has s hus
ir eva .The Cou tal o e e s s no o ni on t vi biiy ofa pot nta c ai aga ns Tho f r pr s ntng
r el nt
r s xpr s e
pi on he a lt
ny e i l l m
i t r or e e e i
t Dr w wa r nt iscompo nt t cons e s
hat e
r a ed t
ne s o
um r .

25

C itn wara y' f
t te
wr
rnt ' ound i 1 U. C. j 23016) epe ily i r pec t c
n 5 S.
( , s cal n es t o omponent
m anuf urer
act s:
The M agnus
on-M os W ar ant A ct gener l apples t wrten w ar antes
s
r y
aly
i o it
r i
co rng c lm e pr
ve i ons l r oduc s M a co um e pr
t . ny ns r oduc s a e c r d by w a r ntes
t r ove e
ra i
w hi h a e ne t r i e d f , nor e or e bl by, c um e s A c m on
c r
ihe nt nde or
nf c a e
ons r .
om
e m pl i a w a r nt gi n by a c po nt s i t a m a a t e of
xn e s
r a y ve
om ne uppler o
nuf c ur r

c umerpr t.( ma acurrma i tr warntt ec
ons
oducs The nuf t e y,n un, ra hes ompo nt t
ne s o
c ns me s)Th c mp n n s ppirswar ny i g n rly g v n s ll t t
o u r. e o o e t u le' ra t s e eal i e o ey o he
pr
oduc m a a t er a i ne t ri e d t be co
t nuf c ur , nd s ihe nt nde o
nveye t t c um e no
d o he ons r r
br
oughtt t co um e ' a tnton i co m ec i n wih t s l .Suc w a r nte
o he ns r s te i n l to
t he a e
h ra i s

aen ts be tt t eAc, ic awrte warn yu de s cin 1 ( )o t eAc
r o u j c o h t sn e itn ra t n r e to 016 f h t
m us be e S r oft bas s oft ba g n be w e n a s i r a a buye f
t com i t he i
pa
he r ai t e
upple nd
r or
Pur e o he t r s l '
pos s t r han e a e.'

1 C. R.j700. c.
6 F.
3()
The pr e c e i o al f s wih t c t d e m pl D r w di noti t nd t lm ie
es nt as s n 1 our t he ie xn e. e
d
n e he i t d

war nt t be gi n t ore or d by t co lme.Se ECF No.50- at1 (d-i g ew
ra y o
ve o nf ce
he nsl r e
2
ç-h s Dr
l
lmiedjwa rnt i nonrnsea e a e e onl t t orgna purha e ac rng t
i t
ra y s ta frbl nd xtnds y o he ii l c s r quii he

pr tdie ty fom g Li tCompone s l )Fa iiy a s lnotbec tue t extnd
oduc rcl ' a pper
r
nt, nc. clt nd hal
onsr d o e
t a t r pat i l ng,butno lmie t t uli t purhasroft e pr uc.) The
o ny hid ry,ncudi
t i td o,he tmae c e he nd od t' .
'

Drw l td warny wa gv n s ll t t e p o u tma u a tr r( o ) a d wa C et e
e i e ra t s ie oey o h r d c n fcu e Th r, n s k ih r
mi
n
i e d t be c
nt nde o
onveye t t c um e nor br htt t c um e ' a t nton i c
d o he ons r
oug o he ons r s te i n onne ton
ci

wiht sl ' 1 C. R.j7 3c .nd d,Hofma s w t Dr w lmiedwa rnt f t frt
t he ae. 6 F.
'
00.() l ee
f n a he e i t
ra y or he is

tme i co ci wih Dr w' M oto t Dimis ECF No.55 a 2 (d antf sfrtsg of
i n nne ton t e s in o s s .
t t i if is iht
pl
Drw' warnt i an a tc tt isMemorndum i Suppor ofisMoton t Dimis.)
e s ra y s ta hmen o t
a
n
t t
i o s s '.
'
The Dr w lm ie wa r nt i t e or not a 6 rte w a r nt 'unde t M M W A .7 Bec us
e i t d r a y s her f e
1 it n r a y'
w
r he
I
a e
t M M W A i i pplca e, he V UC C gove nst di c a m e oft i ple w a r nt
he
s na i bl t
r he s l i r he m i d r a y.

1 Hofm a poi soutt tTho i i i islm ie wara y t D rw waspr di awa r y die ty t t
7 f n nt
ha
r mpled n t i td r nt hat e
ovi ng
rant r c l o he

c n u r S e ECF No 3 - a 1 (itn Dr w, h c mp n ns i ma u a mr d f rt e c mp ee RV,a d is
o s me . e
. 2 1 t 6 lsi g e t e o o e t t n f c e o h o lt d
n t
p o e n mb r u e t e h a n < UPPLI PROVI NG S
h n u e nd r h e dig I
S
ERS
DI
EPARATE W ARRANTI ' .Th r g lto ,
ES ' e e u ai n
)
howeve ,f us s on t wrte t m s oft wa r nt a t i e oft wa r nt r i de e mi ng whe he i i a
r oc e
he it n er
he r a y nd he nt nt he r a o n t r ni
t rts

26

The m a n quesi und r t V U CC i whe he Dr w ' di c ai e of t i pled
i
ton
e he
s
t r e s sl m r
he m i

warntes i G ns c ' unde j8. 31 Co piuo C a s m 'tn,diplye or
ra i s s piuous'
co
r 2- 6. ns c us c ns o i e s a d,
me
t
pr s nt d t t a r as bl pe s a i t whom i i t o r t oughtt ha no i ed i. Va.
e e e ha
e ona e r on ga ns
t s o pe a e
o ve tc t'
'

Co eAn .j 81 201b ( 0 . ed sli ro i le wa rnisi o t s c n p g o a
d n .A- () 1 ) Th icame f mp id ra te s n he e o d a e f
t ee pa lm ie w a r nt The t xts z oft di c a m e i r
hr - ge i t d r a y.
e i e he s l i r s oughl t c t sze ofa o he
y wi e he i
ny t r
i t lm ie w a r nt a t e ie di cl i e par gr ph a a si c piall te s I addii
n he i t d r a y nd he ntr s a m r a a ppe r n a t e t r . n
ton,
i i s t of f om t r t of t t t by horzo a lne a ve and bene t t di c ai e
t s e f r
he es
he ex
i nt l i s bo
a h he s l m r
pa a a The Cou tde e m i s t ta t ea onabl pe s a ns w hom i i t o r t oug t
r gr ph.
r t r ne ha l s
r
e r on gai t
t s o pe a e ht o
ha notc i . I Addii ly,t di c a m e m e i û e c nt biiy' a r qui e unde
ve i ed t' d.
'
tona l he s l i r ntons E r ha a lt ' s e r d
m
r

j8. 31 2 t dicl m t i id warnt ofmec na lt Drw t vai y dicli d
2- 6() o s ai he mple ra y
rha tbiiy. e hus ldl s ame
a l i pled w a
1 m i
nuntes as t Thor I i c ea f o Buetner t t a e f c i di c a m e of
i
o
. t s l r rm
t
ha n f e tve s l i r
w a r n i s by t s le t t buye i e f c i a t t r m o e us . 47 F. a 11 1
r a te
he e l r o he
r s f e tve s o he e t er
3d t 8- 9.

Theeor be a e Drw efe tvey dicame t i id warnte ast Thor(he buye)
rf e, c us e fci l sli d he mple ra is o
t
r

t n t y aealodicli d a t Hofma (her eus r.TheCo tgansDrw' M oi
he he r s s ame s o f n t emot e)
ur r t e s ton
t D im i s H o f a ' i pled w a a y c ai ag ns i.8
o s s fm n s m i
n-nt l m ai t t1
E . Pl nt f ' M oton t Di m i C am pi W orl sC ount ai
ai i f s
i o s ss
ng
d'
ercl m

H of m an al o fl d a M oton t Di m i s Ca pi W o l s Count c ai ,w hi h s e
f
s ie
i o s s
m ng
r d'
er l m
c e ks
a t ne s f es bas on a pr vi i n i t Buyer s Or r The Cour de es t M o i t
tor y' e
ed
o s o n he
' de .
t ni he
ton o

Dimist eCo ne cam b c u ei i p e tr a ti j n tle Th Co r wi d tr n te
s s h u tr li e a s t s r mau e t h s u ct . e u t l eemie h
r
l
a i a lt oft spr s on a t c l i n oft c e s d i be m e nec s a y.
pplc biiy hi ovi i t he onc us o
he as houl t co
esr

wrte war a y.I t oppost we e tue t t a tons ofa compone pa tbuye coul e nd t la lt of
it n r nt f he
ie r r , hen he c i
nt r
r
d xpa he i biiy
t compone pa ts l wihout a aci on t s lrs pa .Thors a tons t r f e ca
he
nt r eler t
ny ton
he ele ' rt
' c i , he eor , nnote nd t
xpa he
la lt ofDr w a ha no i pac on t Cour ' a ys sast Hof m a s c a m saga ns Dr w .
i biiy
e nd ve m t he
ts nal i o f n' l i
i t e
I The Cour e e s no opi o on whet Thorco d ase ta cam a ns Dr f br c oft lmie
B
t xpr s es
nin
her
ul sr li gai t ew or ea h he i td
w a r nt
r a y.

27

On a r l t d no e,t Cour ' doc tls s Thor a Ca pi W ord as c e cl i a s
e a e t he
ts ke it
nd m ng
l
ount r a m nt
s e ng a t ne sf s The c t r a m f f esi bas on a pr son i t Buye ' Or ,a
e ki tor y' ee .
oun e cl i or e s ed
ovi i n he
r s der
c r c be w ee H of m a a Ca pi W or d.The e bei no a r ntc r t lors a ut y
ont a t t n
f n nd m ng
l
r
ng
ppa e ontac ua
t t or
pr s o en ilng Thor t a t ne s f es s M uli v.Ri hl nds N a .Ba 403 S. 2d 334,
ovi i n tti
o tor y' e , ee
lns
c a
t nk,
E.

335( 1 )(d ne al a en as cfcc r t orsaut y pr so t t c r r
Va. 991 s r ly, bs t pe ii ontacual tt or oviin o he ontay,
Ge
at ne sfesa enotr ove a eby apr ii ltga fom t l i ltga .) t Cour
tor y' e r
ec rbl
evalng ii nt r he osng ii nt', he
'
t
wilt r i t Thorasa co t r a m a .
l e m na e
un e cl i nt
V.

C O N CL USI N
O
Fo t f egoi r s ,Thora Ca pi W or d' M o i t Di m i s ECF N o.31 i
r he or ng ea ons
nd m ng
l s ton o s s ,
,s

GR AN TED I PA RT a DEN I I PART; G RAN TED on Hof m a s e es w a r nt
N
nd
ED N
f n' xpr s r a y
c ai a i t C a pi W ord a D EN I o a l ot r c a m s ag ns Ca pi W or d a
l m ga ns m ng
l nd
ED n 1 he l i
ai t m ng
l nd
Thor D a m l r s M o i t D i m i s ECF N o.45 i GR AN TED I PA RT a D EN I I
. i e'
ton o s s ,
,s
N
nd
ED N
PA RT; GM N TED w ih l a t a e o t w a r nt c a m s a D EN I o t Le on
t e ve o m nd n he r a y l i
nd
ED n he m
La c a m . Dr w ' M o i t D im i s ECF N o. 5 i GM N TED . Hof m a s M oto t
w li
e s
ton o s s ,
0, s
f n'
in o
Di m i s Ca pi W ord' Count r l m f A to ne s Fee , ECF N o. 40, i DEN I
s s
m ng
l s
e c ai or t r y'
s
s
ED
W I OU T PREJ D I A S PREM A TURE.Thi m o i n m a be r i e l t r
TH
U CE
s to
y
as d ae .
A n a opr a e or rs l i s t s da
ppr i t de ha l s ue hi y.

ENTER: i / d yo Api, 01
Ths / a f rl2 3

.

z . < &
o'o
Hon. esC .Tur
k
Seni U nied St es Di t i J
or t
at
s rct udge

28