Hoffman v. Daimler Trucks North America, LLC et al

Filing 61

AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge James C. Turk on 4/12/13. (med)

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DAI LER TRUCK S NO RTH
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H on.Jam e C.T urk
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D efendant
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l t sdi r iy a ton,Pl i ifDona d Hofma s e r ove y be us he pm c e a
n hi ve st c i
antf
l
f n e ks ec r ca e
has d

rc e to a ve il (RV' t t he isss i a te n' The RV Ho f n p rh s d wa
e r ain l h ce ç ' ha
C )
n it s ç mo .
l
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fma u c a e
s
ma a t e by ThorM o orCoa h a s d by Ca ng W ord.Dam lrTr kspr de t
nuf cur d
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c nd ol
mpi
l
i e uc
ovi d he
h S s or he
nd e nd ti z upple e ti ompone s Hofm a al ge t tt
nt .
C aS i 1f t RV a Dr w I usres s id c ran c
f n le s ha he
RV i de e tve,De e
s fci
f ndan sa ela ef br ac ng e pr s a i i w a r nte ,a Dam lr
t r ibl or e hi x e s nd mpled ra i s nd i e

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s ibl
r ni s or hi e ra y ore nt t t e
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Ann.j5 1207. 1e s g.
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Thi ma tri be or t Co ton f z M oto t Dim is Thora Ca ng W o l s
s te s f e he ur
otr
i ns o s s :
nd mpi
rd'
in o s s,
M oton t Dim is3 ECF N o.31 Dai l r s M oto t D i m i s ECF No.45,Dr w ' M oton t
i o s s,
, m e'
e s
i o

Dim is ECF No.50,a Hofm a s M oton t Dim is Ca pi W ord' Cot e cli f r
s s,
nd
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i o s s m ng
l s mtr am o
Ato e sFe s ECF No. Thtpa tesha fld al r quiier pons sa r ples t Cour
tm y' e .
41.
ri ve ie l e st es e nd e i , he
t

1A Chasi i t fa ofave cl,upon whiht r toft ve cei buit
ss s he rme
hi e
c he es he hil s l.
2 The Am e
nded Compli lss t na e of Dr w l ti a S r w I ti , I . ta ng as Li r
ant it he m
e ndusres s r e ndusres nc, rdi
ppe t
Compo s I .'ECF N o.28 a l I is Bre i Suppor ofisM oto t Dim is Dr w I ti aserst t
nent, nc'
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l i rt
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o hi ry i y K w't ougho t M e a um Opi onandOr r
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he r or la gl e o al m oto o M a c 5,201 a t m a tri now rpe f rdiposto
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Fort r s ns t tf l t Cour GRAN TS I PART and DENI I PART Thor a
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ng
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M oton t Dim is a gr nt Pl i if l a t a e t al ge t wa r nt cai s agans
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it
Dai e wih gr tr f c ua s cii t
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ES
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THOUT PREJ CE Hofm a s M o i t Dimi sCa ng W ord' cai f r at r y'
UDI
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ees.

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Dona d Hofm a pur ha ed a Tus ny modelRV,ma a t ed by ThorM ot Coa h,
l
f n c s
ca
nuf cur
or c

on Oc obe 29,201 payi $1 1 7 i c h.
t r
0, ng 96, 66.2 n as ECF No.28- a 1 l de di t pur ha et
1 t . n ci ng o c s he
RV,Hofman r le o Thors r put to e es r pr s nt tons made a utt RV by Thor
f
e id n
' e ai n, xpr s e e e a i
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age sa a RV s
nt t n
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nd
ie a ur ha he hi l
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Hofman ptr ha e t RV fo Ca ng W ord i Roa
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zc s d he
r m mpi
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o eig h u c a e ECF . 8 0.
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mpi
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2 t - 7.
ga
te n: f
d
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or e is nd mpi
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nde mpli it
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Aut tc l ve e a i c t r lg s do not wor wa e a wa t wae
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k; t r nd se t r
i c t lght do notwor a a l ase lght i c c do notwor de dbol doe
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ea
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wor t aiba de l t t r i no GPS a pr s t r i no s t lie
k; he r gs fae; he e s
s omied; he e s
ae lt
t l son a pr s t drve ' sde mi wil not sa i pl e;c r
eevii s omied; he i rs i
nrr l
t y n ac ontol
pa li no f toni pr pe l wi
ne s t unci ng o ry; ndow s s do notf ton pr pe l t
hade
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y s
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e
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c y,
l
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'
r pai a tm pt a Campi W ord,t RV de oped a mous i esa i be a e ofbei l t
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ng ef

o ti e JJ ! 1 .Th r p i r c r s as rfrt Hof n' atmp st c o dn t warn y
u sd . -a 3 e e ar e o d lo ee o fma s te t o o r iae ra t
I
.
.
co rgef t RV wih Damlr ECF No.28- at3,9 ( mpi W ol tli Hof n t t
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2
Ca ng rd elng fma ha
a is wih t arbagswo d ha t be a e s d wih Dam lr ta ng a Fr i hti r a
n sue t he i
ul ve o
ddr s e t i e , r di s e g lne , nd

Ho f nr p ri gb c t tFri hln rsi i wa ç k a pe t c sa d ar ' s eas ECF
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n
o
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h
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ne al r an y or he
as e or wel
hs ndi
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t r

29,2011 As Hofm a a s d t Cour ator la gu e ,s ei bef r t spe i expie
.
f n dvie he
t
a r m nt om tme o e hi rod
rd
he a tm pt t r vo hi ac ptnc o t RV by dr ppi i of a Ca ng W o l a
te ed o e ke s ce a e f he
o ng t f t mpi
rd nd
s eki ar f oft pm c s prc TheRV r
e ng e und he
ha e i e.
emai a Ca ng W o l pe ng t outom e
ns t mpi
rd ndi he c
oft sltg ton.
hi ii a i

I.
l

PROCEDURAL H I
STO RY
Thi c e,alhough sili ise l sa s ha ar a a a s d a sgnii a pr e al
s as t
tl n t ary tge , s le dy m s e
i fc nt oc dur

hit r Hofm a fl d hi o i na Compl i i t He co Co mt Cicui Cour o Aprl26,
so y. f n ie s rgi l
ant n he mi
t y r t
tn
i

2 2, u tt re d y b f r eg te mo tsh d ta s ie sn et pu c a eoft RV.
01 j s h e a s e o e i he n nh a r n p rd ic he rh s he ECF
No. 1 1 a 1.The orgi Co pl nt c it of t cl ms:Cli l a lge br ac s of
- t
i nal m ai onssed
wo ai
am
le d e he
e e sand i i wm a i a name a1 f De e nt ;a Cl m 2 a l d a vi a i
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lege
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by ThorofVigi a' Lemon La
r ni s
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nd
ng
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j s ito st t Ea tr Ditit fvigni o M a 2 , 01 ECFNo. . ic tesl o t
mid ci n o he sen src o r i a n y 3 2 2.
1 Sn e h ae f he
RV t pl c i Roa ke a Hofm a r sde i Fihe s le bo h ofwhi h a e l t i t
ook a e n
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W ese Diti tof Vigi a,t c s wa ta f re t t W ese Ditit on Aug t 21
t m src
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tm
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h e ri he n he ii ton oon gr e
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201 t tH of m a c d a e hi Com pl nt
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f n oul m nd s
ai .
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i hi nt
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t Cour is d a Or t Show Ca e why Hofma ha nots rv d t e De e
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us
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t e 1 d y p e cie b Rue4( . No.1 ; e Fe R. v P. ( . f nr s o d d
h 20 a s r s rb d y l m) ECF
8 s e d. Ci. 4m) Hofma e p n e
t the woul s s r e t o he de e nt,ECF No.23,notng t tt s de e nt woul
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no bep eu ie snc h wo d si s r et e wihnt eo ey a pr vd df rsr iet e
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l
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y
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ne e ( .
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e s ovi d nf maton once ng t tt s ncor ato r
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t

4

Pl ntf alo fl d a Am e d Compl i on De mbe 1 201 afe t Cour is d
ai if s ie n
nde
ant
ce r 4, 2, tr he
t s ue

te Or e t S w Ca s a d b f r h s r e Damlr a d Dr w.S e ECF No.28 (he
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Ame
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ai
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W ord' ca m f a tm e sf s TheDe e n s m o i nsc nt ro t vai t oft va i
l s li or to y' ee .
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ECFNo. - ! 1
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1

LEG AL STANDARDS
To pr ry sa e a c am upon whih r le ca be gr nt d,Pli ifs a lga i m us
ope l t t
li
c e if n
a e
a ntf le tons
t

çsaeacai t r le t ti plusbl on isf e. As of v.l l 556U. 662,678(
çtt l m o eif ha s a i e t ac ' hcr t qba,
'
S.
2009)
.
G tr quiest Pli ift a tc a e f c s whe a ce ed a t e,t tçhow 't tt Pl i if
l e r he a ntf o riult a t , n c pt s nz ha s
l
ha he antf
ha saed a cai e ilng hi t r le ,ie. t t a i lt ofe ilm e t r i .'Fr ncs
s tt
l m ntti
m o ei f . , he plusbiiy
ntte nt o elef'' a i,

5 8 F.d a 1 3 ( u tng I b l 5 6 U. a 67 ) A moin t ds s ma rie a sau e o
8 3 t 9 q oi u a, 5 S. t 8 .
to o imis y as ttt f
lm ia i defns i t tm e ba i a r ntfom t f ce oft compl i .De v.Pigrm s
i ttons e e f he i
r s ppa e r he a
he
ant an
l i

PrdeCo1 .395F. 471 474( h Ci.
i
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p
3d ,
4t r 2005)
.
6Ther as fr t s c nge i t tt r i s e auhort t tt Lem o Law doe nota y t t c plt
e on o hi ha
s ha he e s om
t iy ha he
n
s
ppl o he om eed

moo h me j s te ûefpo eld moo ie c a ss' Va Co e An j 5 .- 0 .1 whc Damlr
tr o , u t h t l-rp l
s
e
trz d h siy . d n. 9 12 71 , ih i e
'
ma atr
nufc u ed.

5

Ree ntt s ver loft motonsa e pr sonso f de a a sae 1 w t tg n t
lva o e a
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f e r l nd t t a ha over he
c eai al dicai
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ra is elt o
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Ma
gnus M os W a r y- Fe r Tr Com mison I ove ntAc of 1
on- s rant
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j 01e s q CC M W A'o çh Ac'. ne s n e t M M W A s t fd rlmi ml sa d r
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r ve

ra o a l a c n itn wi e c o h r b ts be tt t ep o iin ofti t l
e s n b e s o sse t t a h t e ; u u j c o h r vso s h s i e
h
t
o p r lo e ti sce i e c ( 82 2 2 n g to o l tto i i peaiet
n a o r xrn i v d n e j .- 0 ) e ain r i ai n s no rtv o
mi
t e e t ts h c tt to i t e s na e.
he xt nt ha uc onsrl i n s mr a o bl
c

( . .t e cu eo mo iy te i le wa rny o me c a tblt o a y
2) . o x ld r d f h mp id ra t f rh n a iiy r n
pa tofi t l ngua mus m e i m e c nt biiy a i c s ofawrtng mus
r t he a
ge
t nton r ha a lt nd n a e
ii
t
be c pi us a t e l or modiy a i ple wa r nt of f s t
ons cuo , nd o xc ude
f ny m id ra y
hne s he
e l i n m us be b a w rtng a c pi uo .
xc us o
t
y
ii nd ons c us

Va.
CodeAnn.j8. 316.
2-

6

Ano he pr so o t VUCC sa e t tt de a tsa u e oflmiai on a VUCC
t r ovii n f he
tt s ha he f ul t t t
i t tons

c us o a to i f u y a s b tas alwst e p ris t t ta s cin tbl te oi ia
a e f cin s o r e r , u lo lo h a t o he rn a to , % y h rgn l
e
l
a re nt'oçe c tep ro ofl tt nt n t est no ey a 'd. tj82 7 5 1.
g e me s t l du e h ei d i ai o o ls ha n e n'1 a .- 2 4 )
' r
mi o
I .
V

A N ALY SI
S

Asapr lmi y mater t Cour hasde e m i d t ti nee notc
ei nar
t , he
t
t r ne ha t d
onve tt m otonst
r he i o

d s s t moi n f rs mmayj d me t d s iei r l nc o t e p e swar nisfldb
imis o to s o u r u g n , e pt t ei e n he x r s ra te ie y
s a
t De e nt .'he Cour may r l on e bisa t he t t c
he f nda s r
t
ey
xhi t tac d o he ompli t s e M arx Ca t l
an, e
ti pia

M g . md L v Be rng it I c, 7 F.d 1 2,1 6( t Ci. 0 9 ; 8 ChalsA. rg t
mt Ft . P . a i pon . n .5 6 3 7 7 4h r 2 0 ) 5
re W ih
& Arh t P.M ilr Pe e a P a tc a d Pr c d r j 1 5 ( d e .20 2 , a d p ri e t
tt
r
l , d r l r cie n o e u e 3 7 3 d 1 ) n e t n
e
n
doc nt t ta pli iff is t a tc t t compl i i a de e ntha a tc t m t a
ume s ha
antf a l o ta h o he
ant f
f nda
s ta hed he o
m oton t dim is e pe i ly i a pli ifha r e e t t doc nt i t c
i o s s , s c al f
antf s ef n'd o he ume s n he ompli ,s e
ant e

Da sv.Geor M a on Uni ,395F.Supp.2d 331 335 ( D.Va.2005) afd,1 F.App'
vi
ge s
v.
,
E.
, f 93
x

2 8( t Ci. 0 ) 5 W rg t& Milrj 1 2 , to tc n e t gt emoin t dimisi t a
4 4h r 20 6 ; A ih
l
e 3 7 wi u o v ri h t o s s no
h
n
o
mo inf rsl r j d me t Ho f n s cfc l alg s û p e sLi tdW r a te wee
to o t
mmay u g n . fma pe iial le e ,ç r s mi
y
Ex
e
nis r
gv n b e c d fn n . ECF No 2 a ! 28 'h o y d cl n st e Co r rle o t a
i e y a h ee da t'
'
.8t
.F e nl o l t h u t eis n h t
me
Hofman di not a t h t t Ame d Com pl nt ar t l
f
d
tac o he
nde
ai
e he ç es Li ie W a r nte '
Expr s m t d
ra is'
r f re t i t Am e
e e r d o n he
nded Compl i .The Co ti t r o e s tsi d t ti ne notco r
ant
ur s he ef r ai te ha t ed
nve t

t mo in t d s s t moi n f rs mmayj g n .
he to s o imis o to s o u r ud me t
A. Cl m sagai tCam pi W or d
ai
ns
ng
l
Hofma c e t tCa ng W o l m a expr s wara isa
f n ont nds ha mpi
rd de
e s r nte boutt RV be o et
he
f r he
s l a t t Cnmpi W o l di not vai y di cai bo h e e s a i id wa r nte .
ae nd ha
ng
rd d
ldl s l m t xpr s nd mple
ra is
Cn ng W o l a gue t ti vai y dic am ed e e swa r nte by m e nsofam e ge ca e
mpi
rd r s ha t ldl s l i
xpr s r a i s
a
r r lus

and i id wara i s be us is dic amerwa c piuousunde t VUCC.Ac or ngl
mple
r nte ca e t s l i
s ons c
r he
c di y,
Cn pi W ord a g si c nnotbehe d la ef br c oft s wa r ntes
m ng
l r ue t a
l ibl or ea hes he e ra i .
1. ExpressW arrantes
i

Campi W ord di not ofe Hofman a ex e s wrte wara y; t , t o y
ng
l d
fr
f
n pr s
itn
r nt hus he nl
expr s war a i s H ofm a r i on ar or 17 l a ton, be us no t it waaa y' was
e s r nte
f n eles
e a . n ddii
ca e
i ten
wr
nt '

gi n,t M M W A i i pplc bl,se 1 U. C.j2308,andcamsa i tCa ngW ol ae
ve he
s na ia e e 5 S.
li gans mpi
rd r
g r d by t VUCC.
ove ne
he

Seci 8. 31 1 oft VUCC rgult t dicame of e e s warnte .Thi
ton 2- 64) he
e aes he s li r xprs ra is s
s cton not onl lm is dicai r ,i a s m ak c e r t t e de e of pr - ontac ua e a
e i
y i t s l me s t lo
es l a ha vi nc
ec r t l r l
8

rp e e tto s ma be b re b j 82 2 2,t e scin o p r le ie c .S cin 8220
e r sn ain y
ar d y .- 0 h e to n ao vd n e e to .- 2

pr bis t c i r ton ofc r di or or s e ntr or lt r i t pa tesi e
ohi t he onsde ai
onta ct y
upplme a y a e ms f he ri nt nded
t wrtng t be ça c
he ii o
t omplt a e l i sa e nt of t t r oft a e m e . Thi
e e nd xcusve t t me
he e ms
he gr e nt' s
'
pr son i int nde t pr ec t s le k i tf s a lgatonsofor lwa r ntes''1W hie,
ovii s l e d o ot t he e lr agans ale le i
i
a r a i .'
t

S
umme s & Hi ma ,Unf r Co rilCo ej 1 : (t e . 01 )( u tn Co n 2t
r,
l n io m mmeca d 34 6h d 2 2 q oig mme t o
l
UCC j2 31 )
- 6.
He e a me ge clus i t Buye ' Or r t RV pur has c r c be wee Hofma
r,
r r a e n he
rs de - he
c e onta t t n
f n
and Cnmpi W ord m a c e rt tt pari i e d t Buye ' Or rt beù co plt
ng
l - kes l a ha he tes nt nde he
rs de o ( m e e
a

and e l i sae ntoft tr o t a e men . SeeVa.Code Ann.j 8. 20 Tha
xcusve ttme
he ems f he gr e t'
'
2- 2. t
1The Cour a e sa tueHomna salegain t tCmnpi W ord ma or lr pr s nttonsa utt qualt
t cc pt s r
n' l to ha
ng
l de a e e e ai bo he
iy
a de
nd penda lt oft RV a asumest tt e or rpr en ainsbe me e es wa rntes pe Va Code
biiy he
nd s
ha hes al e es t to
ca xpr s ra i , r .

An j8.- l
n. 23 3.
BS-e wihr pec t whih t co mnaor me a oft pa tesagre orwhih ar ot nvs s tf t i
ç-nns t es t o c he nf t y mor nda he ri
l
e
c e he ie e orh n
a wrtngi e
ii ntnded by t parisasa f exp esi oft ra ee twih r s ctt s h tr asar i uded
he te
mal r son hei gr men t e pe o uc ems
e ncl
t r i m ay notbe c r ce by evi nce ofa prora e m e orofa c e por ne or agrementbut
he en
ontaditd
de
ny i gr e nt
ontm a ous al e
ma bee ai ors e nt
y xpl ned upplme ed

()b e i n e o c nsse ta dto a tr u ls tec u tf stewrtn t h v b e itn e as a a
b y vde c f o itn d i n l ems nes h o r i h i g o a e e n ne d d lo s
i
nd
i
c mp dea de cu i esae n o t etr o t a r e n 'Va Co eAn j82- 0 .
o l n x l sv t tme t f h e ms f he g e me t' . d n. . 2 2
8

m e ge ca e saest tt çfo a bac oft sbuyersor r aong wih o he doc e s
r r lus t t ha he çr nt nd k hi
' de , l
t t r um nt

sg e b P r h srs i c n e to wi t i ode, o rs t ee tr a re n b t e te
in d y u c a et) n o n cin t h s r r c mp ie h n ie g e me t ewe n h
h
pa tesafe i t spur has .No or la ee nt o unde sand ngss l bebi i 'ECF No.
ri f ctng hi c e
a gr me s r
rt i
hal
nd nge'
28- a 1.
1 t

Thus e n i Ca ng W o l m a e es or lwara is prort t s e t y we e
, ve f mpi
rd de xpr s a
r nte i o he al, he
r

ef ci l d sli d.Se 1 W hie S
fe tvey icame e
t, umme s & Hi ma j 1 4 (t e fciey wo d d
r,
l n 3: t fe tv l r e
l
An
me g ro it gain ca s c n h v te s me ef c a ad s li r' s eas Ki I u .
r e r n e rto lu e a a e h a fe t s icame . e lo n: nd s.
);
l v.W orc Daa Sys.l ,736 F.Supp.11 11 ( D.Va.1 9)(iola sae nt (ha
nc.
lo t . nc.
4, 8 E.
98 çl rl ttme s t t

c nsiu e a t prs warn y wo l n tb a misbl t c n rdc o v r t d s li ro
o tttd n x e s ra t) u d o e d si e o o ta it r ay he icame f

e p e swarnisca ec nan d i t eitg ae a re n ,afd 9 0 F.d25 ( t Ci.
x r s ra te lus o tie n h n e rtd g e me f) f , 0 2 3 4h r
1 .Bec us a oalrpr s ntto by Cnmpi W ord t tc d be
990) a e ny r e e e ain
ng
l ha oul comet ba i f an
he ss or
e es wa r t cli wasdic am e by t m e g rc a e t Co tgr n sCa ng W o l s
xpr s ran y a m
s li d
he r e l us , he ur a t mpi
rd'
M o i t Dim isHofm a scai f br a h ofe e swa r n i .
ton o s s
f n' l m or e c
xpr s r a tes
2. I ple W arr i s
m id
ant e

Hofm a as c am s t t Ca ng W ord b e c d i ple wa r ntes a Cmnpi
f n lo l i ha mpi
l r a he m i d ra i , nd
ng

W ord agan co e t i vai y dic am e a i ple wa r ntes Vigi a 1 i i
l
i ntnds hat t ldl s l i d ny m i d ra i . r ni aw mples
wa r n i s i s e by a me cha ,unl st a e vai y e l d ormodii d.See Va Code
r a te n als
r nt es hey r ldl xcude
fe
.

Ann. 82 31 (mple warn y o me c a tb ly i idi als ls; . d An j 82
j .- 4 i id ra t f rh n a ii mpl n l ae ) Va Co e n. .t
e
315(mple wa rnt off s frapariulrpur ei id whe c ran r uie nt ar
i id ra y hne s o
tc a pos mple
n e ti eq r me s e

me) Toe fcieyd sli i le war nisawrte ds li rmus bei o s c o 'a d
t. fe tv l icam mpid ra te
itn icame
t t n piu us' n
c
i t ca eoft i pled wa r nt ofmer ha a lt m us me i t r ha abiiy. Va.Code
n he s
he m i
ra y
c nt biiy
t nton û c nt lt '
me
'

Ann.j8. 31 2) Cons cuo C ns s m itn,diplyed,orpr e e t t a ras bl
2- 64 .
pi us t
mea o te s a
esntd ha e ona e
pes agans whom i i t ope ae oug t ha noi d i. Va.Code Ann.j 8.Aron i t
t s o rt
ht o ve tce t'
'
1

9

201b)1 . ya t s f deemi ng co piuous s i l sz oft f us d i t
( ( 0)9 'cor or tr ni
ns c ne s ncude: ie he bnt e n he
dida me l ng ge,t pe oft f ,l to o t pa r ltve t o he c a e ,whehe t
s i r a ua y
he ont ocai n n he ge ea i o t r l us s
t r he

clus i l a e on t fr tpa whehe t caus i viualy s tapa to t pa fom t
a e s oc t d
he s ge, t r he l e s s l e
r n he ge r he
o he c a e ,c oroft f ,a t ditnc i nes oft hea ng.See ge r l W ila H.
t r l us s ol
he ont nd he si tve s he di
ne aly li m

Danne J . Annotton,Consr cton a Efe tof UCC i 2- 64 Pr di Tha l le/
, r,
ai
tu i nd fc
31 2) ovi ng t mpi
W ara y Dicli rM us betcons c ',73A. R.3d248( 976) Ca ngW orda g
r nt s ame
t ç piuous'
L.
1 . mpi
l r ues
t t t dic am e of i i wa r nte i c pi
ha he s l i r
mpled r a is s ons cuous be aus t pa ag a i whih t
c e he r r ph n
c he

dic am e l ngua a a s i i a l c pia lte s Hofma ar s t t t ca e i no
s l i r a ge ppe r s n l a tl e tr . f n gue ha he lus s t
cons cuous.1
pi
0

The dic am e c a e i l a e i t m i e of t bac pa of t f o - nd- ck
s l i r lus s oc t d n he ddl
he k ge
he r nta ba

Buye ' Or .ECF N o.28 a 1 2.The l
r s der
-1 t angua r f ri t buy t t ba k pa - t
ge e e rng he er o he c ge he
me ge clus - i l a e i t m i e oft fontpa i a e r m ey s alf t sze.The
r r a e s oc t d n he ddl
he r
ge n n xte l m l on i
sgna ur sofHofman a t de e r pr s nt i a
i t e
f
nd he alr e e e atve ppea on t bo t oft frtpag a no
r he tom
he is
e nd

sgna tr s ori ta sa a on t ba k oft pa The he ng oft dica me clus i of
i tle
niil ppe r he c
he ge.
adi
he s li r a e s
t s
he ame f t pe a sze a t e f t ot rpa a a on t bac oft Buye ' Or r
ont y nd i s hos or he he r gr phs he k he
r s de .
Alhough t dicai clus i i c pia lter,t ot rpa a a on t bac page a e
t
he s l mer a e s n a t l el s wo he r gr phs
he k
r
as i c pia l t r .W hie Ca pi W ord c am st tt f sz oft dicai rclus i
lo n a t l ete s
l m ng
l l i ha he ont ie he s l me a e s
9Thi s ton lsss
s eci it ome e mpl ofcons c nes, butComment1 t t UCC s ton ma cea t tthe
xa es
piuous s
0 o he
ec i
kes l r ha ç
t
t t i whehe atnton c n r as bl be e td t be cald t i.The satt y lnguage s d not be
es s
t r te i a e ona y
xpece o
le o t
t uor a
houl

c n tu dt p r t rs lta i ic n itn wi ta ts. Co n 1 t UCC j 1201 seas I r Van y
o sr e o emia e ut h t s n o sse t t h te t' mme t 0 o
h
'
- ; e lo n e re
Wo dPrd .l .4 8F.d4 5 4 7(t Ci.1 7 )(oigt tato g teOf a Co nso teUCC ae
o o s.nc, 5 2 3 , 3 4h r 9 2 n tn ha l u h h t l mme t f h
h
ki
r
n tbndn u o c u t,h yn n tee s'e rsn po ru dca'.
o i ig p n o rs te o eh ls < p ee t wefl it'
r
)
1 A sHofm a agues sme a rlv n t tec nsiu us s iq iy i ta j s a vetemeg rca s i a
0
f n r , o wh t ee a t o h o pc o nes n ur s h t ut bo h
re lu e s

bo c ani an t i'clus wib lnesf t buye t sgn a da e Ho f n di notsgrordae a hi i
x onti ng t s' a e, t i or he
as
r o i nd t . fma d
il
t nyt ng n
t 'a i'box.I f t Ca ng W ord adviest ti onl us st ç si'ca e frt purhas ofus d ve cl .
he ts s'
n ac, mpi
l
s ha t y e he ç s' lus o he c e
a
e hi es

ECF No 3 a 4.Th no - s o t e t s i' ca s f rpu c a e o ne v hils i i l s rs t t e r aitc
.2 t
e n u e f h t s' lu e o r h s s f w e ce ï v e ) ie o h e l i
a
g
s
as umpton t tt de erwa ma ng s
s i ha he al
s ki ome s tofwarant 'M o rsv.W i baao l . 71 Va.Ci.292,293,
or
r yy r i
'
nne
ndus,
r

20 6Va Ci.
0 . r LEXI 2 9 a * (uy 1 ,2 0 ) i c nrp iin t Ca ig Wol sag me tta i ma en
S 3 , t 2 J l 8 0 6, n o ta osto o mpn
rd' ru n h t t d o
wanante f t purha eoft ne RV.Theblnk t i'clus f t rboltr t Co tsc uson t tt
is or he c s
he w
a ç s' a e urhe se s he ur' oncl i ha he
as
dicl m e ofi ple war nteswa notcons cuouss h çla ar s bl pe s n a ns whom i i t ope ae
s ai r m id ra i
s
pi
uc lzt ea ona e r o gai t
t
t s o rt

o g tt h v n tc di'S eVa Co eAn j82 31 ()
u h o a e oie t' e . d n. .- 62 .
.
10

l ge t n t toft s r mdi pa ag a ,i appe r t bet s me sze.l doe nota
ar r ha ha
he urot ng r r phs t
as o
he n
i t s
ppea
r
t tt d s l merc a ewa prnt d i adif r ntc or Fi ly,t dicli e clus i no s t
ha he i cai
l us s i e n
fe e ol . na l he s am r a e s t e

of fom t ot rpar gr phson t ba k sdeoft or ri a ditnc i wa Bas o t s
f r he he
a a
he c i
he de n ny si tve y. ed n he e
f c o s t Cour de e m i t t t dicli e c a e i not co pi uous f r pup os s of
a t r , he
t t r nes ha he s am r l us s
ns c
o
e

dicl mi t i id wa r ntesl The cour t r br de e cnmpi w o l s M oto t
s ai ng he mple
r a i .l
t he ef e ni s
ng rd'
in o
Di m i s a t t i pled w a r n i s
s s s o he m i
r a te .
B. C l m s agai tThor
ai
ns

1 Ti ti s ofH o f a sCl ms
. m lne s
f m n' ai
Thorco e t tHofm a s cai sa ns i ar tm e ba r Fors ppor,Thorr le
nt nds ha
f n' l m gai t t e i - r ed.
u
t
e is
on t et r pa oft Thore es wa r nt l whe e i pur t t r ducet lm iai n pe i
h hid ge he
xpr s ra y,z r t pors o e
he i t to rod
t ni t days
o ney
:
AN Y A CTI
ON TO EN FO RCE TH I LI I
S M TED W ARM N TY O R AN Y
I PLI W ARRANTI SHALL NOT BE COM M EN CED M ORE THAN 90
M
ED
ES
DA YS A FTER THE EX PI TI
M
ON O F TH E W A RR AN TY COV ER AG E
PERI D DESI N ATED AB OV E.
O
G

ECF No.36- a 11.On t fr tpa oft e e swa r nt t r a et wa r nt c ve a
1 t
he is ge he xpr s ra y, he e r wo ra y o r ge
pe i : a t l - o h ge r wa r nt a t nt f lrods
we ve m nt ne al ra y nd we y-otrmont wa r nt on t s e on
h ra y
he kelt

1
1Theca e ciedby Ca ng W o l aenott t c rr . The Cour wilnoti vi ly dicus t m i deal
ss t
mpi
rd r
o he onta y
t l
ndi dual s s he n ti,
buti e h ca ewher t dicame wa f
n ac s
e he s li r s ound t becons c ,t dicl me cl e c ai mor i ci of
o
piuous he s ai r aus ont ned e ndi a

c n pc o s e sta i p ee th r .S e eg.Reb l v Smo Aeil.I .8 9 F.S p .1 3 l ( D. .
o s iu u n s h n s rsn ee e . . , iod . i n ras nc, 5
u p 9 , 95 E. Va
1 9 (mdn ta adsli ri ûag ,alc ptl e p itsto ffo tetx'wa c n pc o s;Br wn v
9 4) f ig h t icame n % r e l a iai d rn e f rm h e t s o s iu u ) o .
l
z
'
Ra eRo e o N. , 3Va Ci.1 4(9 3 (mdigc n pc o apo iino teb c o teslsc nrc i
ng v r f Am.3 . r 0 1 9 ) f n o s iu us rvso n h a k f h ae o ta tn
alcpi lltes b tiwa i l ie i t sp rt ide tdp r ga h a asae n j ta o etesg aur
l a t etr, u t s t i z d n wo e aae n ne aa rp s nd ttme tus b v h in t e
a
ac
ln o tefo tsd - i c ptllt r a drdik aetdteb y rt tep o so so t b c sd )Th o y
ie n h rn ie n a ia et s n e n - lre h u e o h rviin n he ak ie. e nl
e

e eto i Yo n v J1 CaeCo.No. 9 CV0 6 0 19 WL 5 6 3a * ( D.Va 191,a u p blhd
xcjin s u a . .. s , 3:0 0 3 , 9 4
040 t 1 E. . 9 ) n n u i e
s

d cso t tsae wih u a ayss o dsu so o t oh rc ns c us esfco st t(the fc t tte
e iln ha ttd to t n l i r ic sin f he te o piuo n s atr ha ç l at ha h
l
dicai ri i c pia l t si s f e t fnd t tt dicli ri cons cuo . The Cour de lne t f l
s l me s n a t l eter s ufkint o i ha he s ame s
pi us'
'
t ci s o olow
t sno pr ede ilopi on a f us i t d on t satt y t tofwhehe ar ona epe s w o dno i
hi n- ec nta ni nd oc es nsea
he ttzor es
t r eas bl r on ul tce
t dicame pr si
he s li r ovi on.
1 Hofma ha alege t the twa notgien any war nt i or ton ofa deenda prort purhasng t
2 f n s l d ha
i s
v
ra y nf mai
ny f nt i o c i he

v hily ECFNo 28!1 to g h a p rnl rc ie ac p o Th rso rsma u l whihc nan dte
e ce'
'
.
0,h u h e p ae ty e ev d o y f o ' wne' n a- c o tie h

wa r y i or aton- s a pur hasng t RV.l d,Hofm a bega r cevi r paisunde t tr sof
rant nf m i
oon Rer c i he
ndee
f n
n e i ng e r
r he e m

t e p e swar n y wi n sx we k o h sp rh s . eECF No. ! l
he x r s ra t t i e s f i u c a e Se
hi
2: 2.

fame.J. a 9.Thoraguest tt sni t da lmiai pei c ne wih t t l r
# t
r
ha hi ney- y i tton rod, ombi d t he weve
mont ge r wa r nt mea t t Hofm a mus ha c me d ltgai n wihi ffe n
h ne al ra y,
ns ha
f n
t ve om nce ii to
t n ite

m ont oft pur ha e oft RV.Si e Hofman di notdo s untlne l e g e n m ont ha
hs he c s
he
nc
f
d
o i ary i ht e
hs d
e a e Thora gue hi c am i tm e ba r
l ps d,
r s s l i s i - red.

I r pons Hofm a ofe s t mai ar
n es e, f n f r wo
n gume s t lmia i pe i wa notpa tof
nt : he i tton rod s
r
S he or g na agr e e ' fr pupos of j 8. 725 1 a i t rf e i feci ,a t
ç
t
i i l e m nt' o
es
2- ( ) nd s heeor nef tve nd he

a bi t i t phr e çhe wa r t cove a pe i desg e a
m guiy n he as l
t
ran y
r ge rod i natd bove' s d be co tue
' houl
nsr d
agans t dr fe t r f rt t t a t nt f zi t he a tr o e e o he ot l we y-olrmont wa r t pe i i t d oft toft
h ran y rod nsea
ha
he
t el - ont ge a w a t .1
w ve m h ner l nu y 3

The prncpa s
i i l uppor Tho ct f is a gtme t tt lm iai pe i wa pa tof
t r ies or t r l nt ha he i t ton rod s r
t he orgi ag e m e ' i M e rc v.M onac Coac Cor ,No.3: CV00047,2008 W L
ç
t
i nal r e nt' s r iks
o
h
p.
08

5 08 6( . Va De .1 , 0 ) Li et p e e tc s ,hepanif i M erc p rh s da
21 5 W D. . c 5 2 08 . k he r s n a e t lit s n riks u c a e n
f
RV and i medit l beg ex re i pr e s Unlke t pr e ca e t pl i if i
m
a ey
an pe incng oblm . i he es nt s , he antfs n
M e rc r e ve e e i i o m a i on t wa r ntesprort t pur ha e oft RV.The
ri ks ec i d xt nsve nf r ton
he ra i i o he c s
he
de e who s d t m t RV t ify e aned t t t RV was c r by wa r ntes of
alr
ol he he
t e l xpl i
br
ha he
ove ed
ra i
t
difr n perods a expl ne wha e c pei was' l a *2.Alhough M r.M enicks
fe e t i , nd
ai d
t a h rod
. 1 t
'
.

t tfe t the s t wrte wa r y f t fr ttme i i t ve cl a t t pur has
esiid ha
aw he itn rant or he is i nsde he hi e fer he c e,
he and hi wie çsgned a f r e il d E knowl men of Re i of M ot rz
s f di
o m ntte Ac
edge t
cept
o ied
W a r y/ oduc I or ai 'Thatf sa e t t: r e ve and r d a c oft M onac
rant pr t nf m ton.
onn tt d ha 1 ec i d
ea
opy he
o
Coa h Cor aton lm ied wa r nt bef e lplr ha e t sr r a i lve c e....' 1
c
por i i t
r a y or
zc s d hi ec e tona hi l
'' d.

1 Hofma ma sot ra gume saswel t tt slmiain wasno o t f e oft wa rnt , asr quied by
3 f n ke he r
nt
l: ha hi i tto
t n he ac
he ra y
e r
t M M W A,a i t voi t tt r ton oflmiain pe i wasunc ci
he
nd s hus d; ha he educi
i t to rod
ons onabl ,a t tt docrne of
e' nd ha he ti
eq t et lng whih woul t lt lmiai pe i bas on t tmet RV wa bei r pard a Tho '
uiabl oli c
d ol he i tton rod ed he i he
s ng e ie nd rs
saement t f e t lltgai woul e e t lm iain perod.The Cour doe no r a h Hofm a s ohe
tt
s o or sal ii tond xtnd he i t to
i
t s t ec
f n' t r
a gume sba e on isr s uto ofhi t man a gume s
r
nt s d t e ol in
s wo i r
nt.

12

l r pons t t pl ntfs a gum e i M e c t tt lm iai pe i wa no pa t
n es e o he ai if ' r
nt n ni ks ha he i t ton rod s t r
of% he o i nala e nt' t M e rc c tc ude t tt pli if t r E f e tvey
t rgi
t
gr eme ' he riks our oncl d ha he antfs he e t f ci l
e
a e d t t r duc d lm iatonspe i 'by ç c i t RV an t n r e v ng t be ft
gr e o he e e i t i
rod' t hasng he
pur
d he ec i i he ne s

oft wrte wa r ntes'1 at5. Cour deci st a y t sr s ng ofM e rç he e.
he itn ra i . d.
'
The
t lne o ppl hi ea oni
r iks r
Fis,whie t pli if i M e rc r ce v wara y i or a i pro t pm c i
rt
l he a ntfs n riks e i ed r nt nf m ton i r o
hasng
t rRV a sg af m sa i t tt y ha r e ve a r d a c oft wrte wa r nt
hei
nd i ned or t tng ha he d ec i d nd ea
opy he itn r a y

pr de by t ma a tle ,Hofm a ha al ge t t he r ceve no wa r nt i onna i
ovi d
he nuf c tr r
f n s le d ha
e i d
ra y nf
ton
pro t hi RV pur has Thi f t ditnci a one r nde s M e c i pplc bl t t
ir o s
c e. s acual si ton l
e r
ni ks na i a e o he
pr e a i
es nt cton.
Sec
ond,a m or i po t nty,t M e r c c ts i e r t ton doe no s r w ih
nd
e m r a l he r i ks our ' nt p e a i
s t qua e t

t t xtoft sat e.ç t orgi la e ntt pa tesm a r duc t pe i oflm ia i
he e
he t ut û he i na gr eme he ri
By
y e e he rod i tton

t n tls t n o e y a b tma n te tn i. Va Co e An j 82 7 ( ) Th u e o t
o o e s ha n e r u y o x e d t' . d n. .- 25 1 . e s f he
'
deiniea tc ett 'c bi d wih û i na a e m e ,' ugge t t ti t sc ext Hofm a
t ril the, om ne t t gi l gr e nt's
'
or
ss ha n hi ont , f n

c ul n ta c p t el tto peid b p si ea c p a c o t eRV wi u o j din t t
o d o c e t h i ai n ro y a sv v e tn e f h
mi
t t be o o he
ho
pe tne wa r y pr son.l t a t s s c i i c t s t t pa te mus s ik a l
ri nt rant ovii nse d, hi e ton ndi a e hat he ri s
t pecf ly

a r et tepei d o lmiain n tj tt ewarn y i g n r l I o h rwo d ,j82 7 5 1
ge o h ro f i tto , o us h ra t n e ea . n t e r s .- 2 4 )
c e pl t s a m or f m al m ut l ag ee ent t n Thor adva es as s fci nt The e i no
ont m a e
e or
ua r m
ha
nc
uf i e . r s

i c ton t tHofm a wa e r a r of t lmia i pe i 1t a one a i cai n of
ndi a i ha
f n s ve wa e
he i t ton rod, e l
ny ndi to
a e m e by Thora Hofmr o t is Thordoesnoti ntf how t pa tesag e d t
gr e nt
nd
f
n he s ue.
de iy
he ri
re o
r duc t lm ia i pe i t t orgi la ee nf't r or ,t Cour c l st tt
e e he i t ton rod l he i na gr me ; he ef e he
by
t onc ude ha hey

di nots a ee.
d
o gr
Eve i t pa tes di a e t a r duce lm ia i pe i H ofm a s c a m s a e s il
n f he r i
d gr e o e
d i t ton rod, f n' l i
r tl

tm ey. e a ne pr ousy,l nguag on t t r pa oft e e swa r nt r r t t
i l As xpli d evi l a
e he hid ge he xpr s r a y equies ha

13

a buye fl s t wihi ni t da afe t expia i of t ç ran y c r ge pe i
r ie ui t n ney ys tr he
r ton
he i r t ove a
wa
rod
de c i a
s rbed bove' See ECF N os 32- at11,36- a 1 Two wa r nt pe i a e ç s rbed
.'
. 1
1 t 2.
ra y rods r ç c i
de
above' a t l mont ge r lwa r nt a a t nt f - ont s l t n fa wa r nt Se
': weveh ne a r a y nd we p ourm h ke e o r me ra y. e

ECF Nos 32- a 9,36- a 1 Two atm ai i e eai ae t pos i e:( ) t
. 1 t
1 t 0.
le tve ntmrttons r hus sbl 1 he
lm iai n pe i a i st ea h wa r y pe i - whi h woul c e t a ffee mont lm iai
i t to rod pple o c
rant rod
c
d r a e it nh i t ton

pe i f g ne alcli sa a t nt s ve mont lmia i pe i f s l t fn c am s
rod or e r am nd we y-e nh i tton rod or ke eon r me l i ;

or ( t lmiai pe i a is a trt t ale rton ofa1war ny pe i - whih
2) he i tton rod pple fe he ot xpiai
1 ra t rods
c
woul c eae a sngl t nt s ve m ont lmiai pe i a t a 1cai s Thorur st frt
d r t i e we y- e nh i t ton rod s o 1 l m .
ge he is
i e pr t ton a Hofm a t s ond.
nt r e ai nd
f n he ec
The s ond i ew e a i i m o e c itnt wih t t xt or a t ve y l as, t
ec
nt l t ton s r onsse
t he e ;
t he r e t he
pr so i a bi
ovii n s m guous a t n bi t s d be consr d a i tt dr fe .A t nt
nd hat m guiy houl
tue gans he a tr
we ys ve m ont lmia i pe i i mor c it ntwih t t xtbe us t tr ti t p r t ton
e nh i t ton rod s
e onsse
t he e
ca e he i s n e e ai
woul e alt lmia i pe i lng
d nt i he i tton rod a uager ognii t wa r t pe i ,butt t xtr f r
ec zng wo ran y rods
he e e e s

t t wa rnt pei i t sngulr Se ECF Nos 3 1 a 11 36- a 1 (dhe war t
o he ra y rod n he i a . e
. 2- t , 1 t 2 T
t
rany
c rgepei de ci a ' l t lrti e eai weei d c r t t lmiai
ovea rod s rbed bove. f he is ntpr tton r ndee orec, he i tton
).
c a e s d r a ç he wa r nt c r pe i des rbe a
l us houl e d, t
t
ra y ove age rod: c i d bover'ç tr t e r ton of
' t e he xpia i
af
e c oft wa r nt cove ag pe i des rbe a
ah
he r a y
r e rodâ c i d bove, or e n ia tr t e r ton of t
'
'
ve lfe he xpia i
he
a i a e wa r nt c r pe i de c i above. l ot rwor ,i t lmia i pe i
pplc bl r a y ove age rod s rbed
' n he
'
ds f he i t ton rod
di i f c r f r nc t s pa a e wa r nt pe i f t t
d n a t e e e e wo e r t r a y rods or wo ypesofcli ,t t xtwoul ha
a ms he e
d ve
s i c t d.The at m ai i e pr t ton f vor by Hofm a t tt ni t da lm iai
o ndia e
le tve ntr ea i a ed
f n; ha he ne p y i t ton
pe i onl a i afe t e r i oft sngul r t alwa r nt pe i i f ly co it nt
rod y ppled tr he xpiaton he i a , ot
ra y rod; s ul nsse
w ih t t xtoft lm ia i c a e.
t he e
he i t ton l us

14

Eve i t mea ng oft c a e i a bi
n f he
ni
he l us s m guous s h t tno m e i c n be ac ur e y
uc ha
anng a
c atl

d tr n d t e t f miirr l o c nrc itr eain p e ista tin t e n o a
ee mi e , h n he a l ue f o ta t n eprtto rval h t l l he ve t f n
a
g
a guiy i t wrte c r t s ambi uiy m us be c tued agans t dr fe of t
mbi t n he itn ontac, uch
g t
t
onsz
i t he a tr he

a e nt' M a tn & M atn.I .v.Brdlv Entr.Ja-. 50 S. 2d 849,851 ( 1 )
greme .' ri
ri nc
a e
ess c, 4 E.
Va. 998

(iig Ma ne v. to Ba k o Va, 5 S. 2 5 9( . 9 5 ; inv. e aCo t. .
ctn ho y Nains n f .4 5 E.d , Va 1 9 ) W n Ald nsr Cos
31 S. 2 1 3 1 ( .1 8 );s e as Ca p M g . l c v Brt,71 S. 2 2 9 21
5 E.d 9 , 95 Va 9 4 ) e lo p o mt V. n . . it 1 E.d 0 , 1
( . 01 )( p li gprn il i t ec ne to teVUCC) T rd a tdt warn ytr al
Va 2 1 a py n icpe n h o tx f h
. ho rfe he ra t ems r
d
t l ua of t lm ia i pe i To t e e t r i an ambi iy, t Cou tm us
he ang ge
he i tton rod.
he xtnt he e s
gu t he
r
t
consr i a ns Thor
t ue t gai t
.

l s m a y,t Co tc l s t tt pa tes t t orgi lag e m e 'di no
n um r he ur oncude ha he ri , l he i na r e nt' d t
by
ag e t r e t lm iai pe i Even i t y di agr e t ar e lmia i pe i t t
r e o educ he i t ton rod.
f he d e o educ d i tton rod, ha
pe i s d be t nt s ve m on hs et r be a e t t i t be tr r adi oft t xtor
rod houl
we y- e n
t , ihe c us ha s he te e ng
he e
be a e t m e ni oft cl us i n bi
c us he a ng he a e s m guous a nm bi t i co t ue ag ns t dr f e of
nd
guiy s nsr d ai t he a t r

t doc l e .Fort s r as ,t Co tde est M oton t Dim is a t c am s a i t
he tm nt
he e e ons he ur ni he
i o s s s o l i ga ns
Tho .
r
C. Cl i sagai tDai l r Tr ks
am
ns
m e uc
The e a e t cli s ag i t Dam lr Tr ks:one f br c of e es a i ple
r r wo am
a ns i e uc
or ea h
xpr s nd m i d
wa r nte and a t rf rvi a i ofVigi a' Le on Law.Dam lrar st tt cai f r
ra is
no he o olton
r ni s m
i e gue ha he l m o
br a ofwa r nte f ist sa ea cai a t tt Le
e ch
ra is a l o tt l m nd ha he mon La cai i t i ey.
w l m s mtm l
1. Expres and lm pled W arrant Cl m s
s
i
y ai

Dai e ofer d Hofm a a m i tn wa r t s e ECF No.46- butar s i pr ry
ml r f e
f n
te
ran y, e
2,
gue t ope l
dicai
s l med a 1i pled wa r ntes Hofma c r ty no est to e a s ir gi s a wrte
l m i
ra i . f n orecl t ha nc
upple ve
itn

wa rnt t s s ir c nno wholy dicam i i warntes See 15 U. C.j 2308.
ra y, hi upple n t
l s li mpled ra i .
S.
15

Da ml r pur t t dicai a 1 i id wa r nte i is wrte wa r n y,but t s a tm p
i e
pors o s l m 1 mple
r a i s n t itn r a t
hi te t

co r ve st M M W A.Ho f n' i i wara ycamsa i tDamlrs vve.Se i
nta ne he
fma s mpled r nt li gans i e ur i
e és
Dam l alo ar st tHofm an' al ga i agans i on t wa r nt cl m sct a n
i er s gue ha
f
s le tons i t t he rd y ai
mti
i ufi intf t t sa ea pl i e c am f r i .The Cour ag e . Ame d Compli
ns tce ac s o t t
ausbl l i or elef
t r es The
nde
ant

lssa la tt n y o e ç ee t a dn n c nfr te 'i t eRV,ECF No 28! 1 , u fist
it t e s we t -n t f cs n o - o o miis'n h
d
.
1 b t al o
s ciy whih oft s def c sar a ti a e t Dam lr Thus Hofm a s ge r a l a i ns
pe f
c
he e e t e trbutbl o i e .
, f n' ne al leg to
agans Dai lr a e i ufii ntunde Two bl a l
i t m e r ns fc e
r
m v nd qbalt sa e a pl i e c am f r le .
o tt
ausbl l i or e if

S eRo bisv.Oka o ,51 F.d 1 4 1 5 ( 0h Ci.2 0 )(tT) e bzd n rsso te
e b n
lh ma 9 3 2 2, 2 0 1 t r 0 8 ç h l e e t n h
(
r
pli if t pr de f i no i of t gr mds f t c am s m a a i t ea h of t
a ntf s o ovi ar tce
he ol
or he l i
de gans c
he

dee nt.).Thus t Cour gr t DamlrsM oi t Dimis butg a sHofmanl vet
fnda s'
,he
t ans i e ' ton o s s , r nt f ea o
a nd.Hofman' r pons t Dam lr s M oton t Dim is i l
me
f
s es e o i e '
i o s s ncudes m o e de a l a t hi
r ti s o s
i e a tons wih Dam lr ECF No.5 a 3- a Hofman c d add t s i or ai t t
ntr c i
t
i e,
4 t 4, nd
f
oul
hi nf m ton o he
c m pl i t hel pr vi s e oft r quie de al l Hof ma c n pr de gr a e f c ua
o ant o p o de om
he e r d t i. f f n a ovi
e tr a t l

deai t hi cl m s agans Dai lr a n t t i or ai n c ai i hi r s ns t
t l o s ai
i t m t , ki o he nf m to ont ned n s e po e o
Da ml rsM oton t Dim is t c am swoul lkey s vveam oton t dimi sl
i e'
i o s s , he l i
d i l ur i
i o s s .4
2. Le on L a Cl m
m
w ai

Hofman a s al ge t tD am lrvi a e t Vigi a Le o Law,a Dam lra gu s
f
lo le s ha i e olt d he r ni m n
nd i e r e
t tt scli i untmel Hofm a fr tfl d t orgna co pl nti sa e c ton Aprl26,
ha hi am s i y. f n is ie he i i l m ai n tt our
i

2 2,us af w d y b f r te e p rto o t eg te mo t sau eo lmi to sf rte
01 j t e a s e o e h x iain f he ih e n- nh ttt f i t in o h
a
Le on La '' Le on La cai org nal na
m
w. Ihe m
w l m i i ly med Tho as t de e nt but Hofman
r
he f nda ,
f
1 The Cour doe no a r s Damlr' a gume t tt Amende Compli doesnotale t tDamlrwas
4
t s t dd e s i e s r
nt ha he
d
ant
lge ha i e
gi n t r quied notc oft RV ' de e t ,s V a. Co eAn j 82- 0 ( )a (
ve he e r
i e he
s f c s ee
d n. j . 6 7 3 () VUCC)a 5 12 7 1 ( mo
nd 9.- 0 . 3 Le n

La ,b c u eamoint ds s i ap e t sa et a d esti fcu lise S mi ko v Mo ao Co c
w) e a s
to o imis s rmame tg o d rs hs ata su . e t l . n c ah
e
Co p, 8 F. u p. 4 1 0 ,1 8( D. 1. 0 ) Ca bel Et xCop.41 F. pp 2 7 , 4 ( . Va
r .5 2 S p 2 0 9 01 N. 1120 8; mp lv. he r , 3 Su . d 38 7 0 W D. .
2 0 ) I Hof n d srs h we e,h ma icu e moe ifr to a o tt p o ie n tc i hsSeo d
0 6 . f fma eit , o v r e y n ld r no main b u he r vd d oie n i c n
Ame
nded Compli .The Cotr alo doesnotadd es Dai e ' cli t tHofma di notpl d al to of
ant
lt s
r s mlrs am ha
f n d
ea legains
mir r enttonwihpa tc a iybec us Hofmandoesnota s r a cam f mir pr enttonorfa
sep es ai
t riulrt a e f
s e t ny li or s e es ai
r ud.

16

c nge t na e de e ntt Da ml i t Ame d Co pl i afe Tho a g d t tt
ha d he m d f nda o i er n he
nde
m ant tr r r ue ha he

Le n La d e n ta p y t te c mp ee moo h me j s te ç efp o eld moo ie
mo w o s o p l o h o ltd tr o , u t h ç l-r p l
s
e trz d
c si,'Va.Code Ann.j5 1207. ,whih Damlr ma ufcl e See Paks v.Ne r
ha ss'
9.- 11 c i e n a tz d.
r
r
wma
Cop .38 F.Supp.2d 966,969( . Va.2005)( di t tt Le La onl a i t
, 4
W D.
hol ng ha he mon w y pples o
t cha ss nott c ee moorhome .Buts e Revnol v.Frihti r e a.No.4:
he si, he ompltd t
)
e
ds
ea lnes t l,
07-

CV- 0 01 2 0 W L 2 2 5 9 * - ( . Va 2 0 )( odngt a t e Le n La a p ist
00 , 07
2 0 6 , 5 7 W D. . 0 7 h li h t h mo w p le o
c eed motr ho ) The Ame d Compli wa fld on De mbe 1 201 a
omplt
o mes.
nde
ant s ie
ce r 4, 2, nd
Hofm a s r ed Dam lra Dr w s a tr on ora
f n ev
i e nd e oon fe ,
boutJ nuar 1 201 ECF Nos 38 & 39.
a y 0, 3.
.

Dai lra g st tsa ut oflm ia i ba st a e
m e r ue ha tt e i ttons r he m ndmentbe us t a e m e doesnot
ca e he m nd nt
r lt ba k t t flngoft org na c
ea e c o he ii
ht i i l ompl i .
ant

Rue 1 g v msa n e p e d n s Rul 1 ()g ve rlto ba k. l 1 ()sae :
l 5 o e me d d la i g ; e 5c o ms eain c Ru e 5 c tts
( )W he a Ame
1
n n
ndme ReaesBa k An a ndme tt apl di r ae bac
nt lt c
me
n o ea ng elts k
t t da e oft orgi lpl a ng w he
o he t
he i na e di
n:

( t e lw t tpr vd st ea pl a l sau e o lmiai n al wsr lto
A) h a ha o ie h p i b e ttt f i tto s lo eain
c
ba k;
c

( t a ndmenta s rsa cam ordee e t tar e outoft c
B) he me
s et li
fns ha os
he onduc
t
ta ac i n,or oc r enc s tout
r ns to
cu r e e
--ora tm pt d t be s tout i t o i na
te e o
e
- n he r gi l
pl adi o
e ng; r

( t n ndme c ng t pa t ort na ngoft pa t a i twhom
C) he me
nt ha es he ry he mi
he ry gans
a cai i a sre i Rul 15c)1( i stsid a i,wihi t pei
l m s se td, f e ( ()B) s aife nd f t n he rod
p o ie b Rul 4 m)frsr igtesl nsa dc mpan ,h p ryt b
r vd d y e ( o e vn h l
mmo n o litt e a t o e
br ug i by a e e :
o ht n
m ndm nt

()rc ie s c noit o t e a to t ti wiln tb p eu ie i
i e ev d u h tc f h cin ha t l o e rj d c d n
de e ng on t m e is a
f ndi
he rt ; nd

(i k e o s o l ha ekn wn t tt ea to wo l h v b e b o g t
i n w r h u d v o ha h cin ud a e e n r u h
)
a i ti,butf amit ke c nc r ng t pr pe pa t si ntt
gans t
or
sa o e ni he o r ry' de iy.

Fe R.Ci .P.1 () I t wo d o te Fo rh Cic i,çth s rq ie n so Rue 1 ()
d.
v
5 c. n he r s f h u t rut û l e e e ur me t f l 5 c
l
r te ta s l a compl x c
el c ubte nd
e ompr ie oft c
om s
wo ompe i polces' Goocman v.Pr xai.l .
tng i i .
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l
a r nc,

494 F. 458,467 ( h Ci.2007 (n ba ) On one ha t Fe a Rul fvorlbeal
3d
4t r
) e nc .
nd, he derl es a i r
n
mendme t pl di . 1 z
nt o ea ngs d. t t o her ha saut s of lmiai
on he t
nd, tt e
i t tons a e lgil tve
r e sai
dee mi tons t t gve de e nt pr c a e r pos fom c am s a tr t pas a of a
tr nai
ha i
f nda s edit bl e e r
li
fe he
s ge
17

s e iid tme' I In lg to t s poiis Ru e 1 ( ) s beu d rt o t fe l pemi
p cfe i . d. i i h f he e l e , l 5c mu t n e so d o r ey r t
' l
c
mne m e ofpl a ngsa t i r l ton- c s l ast polci ofsaut soflmiai ns
nd nt
e di
nd her e ai ba k o ong he i es t t e
i tto

ha be n efeci l sr e ' I (ii 3 J s W m.M oor e a1,M oor s Fe r
ve e f tvey e v d. d. ctng
'
ame
e, t .
e' deal

P a tc j1 .9 3 ((( de 1 9 :.
r cie 51 (qa 3 d. 9 7
1
P ru n t Ru e 1 () Hof n' camsc n r lt b c u de ete sae lw ( 1
u s a t o l 5 c, fma s li a eae a k n r ih r tt a Rue
1 ()1( )o u e t e F d rlRue ( l 1 ()1( & Rul 1 ()1( ) S e Sa tn v
5 c( )A) r nd r h e ea ls Rue 5 c( )B)
e 5c ( )C). e xo .
ACF I sl ,254F. 95 963( 1h Ci.2001 (ûIfa a nd ntrlt bac t rt
ndus. nc.
3d 9,
1t r
) 1() n me me eaes k mde he
1w t pr de t a iabl sat e oflmia i ,t tn e
a hat ovi s he pplc e t ut
i t tons ha m ndme r aes ba k underRul
nt elt
c
e

1 ()1 RA) e n i t en n me two l n trlt b c u d rtef d r l a nle .)(ii
5 c( ) ) ve f h me d n ud o eae a k n e h e ea lw ls' ct
' ng
6A W rght Milr& Ka Fedea Pr tc and Pr e j 1 ( e Supp.2001 ( i
i , le
ne, rl acie
oc dum 503 2d d.
) notng

t a tin 1 9 , l 1 ()wa a n e t ca iyt a rlt n b c ma b p r te e e i i
h t û q 9 1 Ru e 5 c s me d d o lrf h t eai a k y e emitd v n f t
l
o
doe no mee t sa r of t f de alr e i i woul be pe mit d unde t a i bl
s t
t he t nda ds he e r ul f t
d
r te
r he pplca e

l tto slw') By iso tr ,Ru e 1 () 1( g v r swh n Gh a nd n c a e
i ai n a ' . t wn ems l 5 c ( )C) o en e ç e me me t h ng s
mi
)
t
t pa t or t nn i of t pa t agans whom a cai i a s td. Fe R.Ci P.Rul
he ry
he m ng
he ry i t
l m s s ere ' d.
'
v.
e

1 ()1( .Be a e Ho f n c a g d t e pa t a is who he a sre Cli 2 i t e
5c ( )C) c us fma h n e h ry gan t m
s etd am n h
Ame d d Co lit h s a nd n mu tr lt b c u de 1 ( )1( p u d r sae lw
n e mpan , i me me t s eae a k n r 5 c ( )C) . n e tt a
t
ptrua t 1 c( )A) Fort ras dic sd beo t Cour c l t tHofma s
ls nt o 5()1( . he e ons suse lw, he
t oncudes ha
f n'
LemonLa cam a ns Damlrrlt bac under1 c( )A)a t r or doesno a es
w li gai t i e eaes k
5()1( nd heef e
t ddr s

wh t e i wo l as rlt b c u d r1 ()1( .
eh r t ud lo eae a k n e 5 c( )C)
The pe tne Vigi a saut t t gove rlton ba k i j 8. - 1.Tha saut
ri nt r ni tt e ha
ms eai
c s
016.
t tt e
pr des
ovi :

( n n n me to apla ig c n i o a d n a cam o d fns a an ta
A) me d n f e dn ha gng r d i g li r ee e g is
pa t r a e ba k t t da eoft orgi lpl di f rpur esoft sa ut
ry elt s c o he t
he i na ea ngs o
pos
he tt e

oflmiai i t c tfnds()t cai orde e e a s red i t a nded
i ttons f he our i i he l m
fns s et n he me
pl adi a os out of t c
e ng r e
he onduct t a ac i or oc r enc s f t i t
, r ns ton
cu r e et orh n he
18

o iia pe dn ,(i te n n n p rywa ra o a l d lg n i a srig te
rgn l la ig i) h me dig a t s e s n by ii e t n se t h
n
a n e cam o d f ns,a (i)p riso p sn te n n me twiln tb
me d d li r e e e nd i a t p o ig h me d n l o e
i
e
s bsa tal p eu ie i l i ai o temeisa ar s l o t etmi o te
u tnil rj d c d n i g tng n h rt s e ut f h i ng f h
y
t
a e
m ndme .
nt

Va.CodeAnn.j8. - 1 Ast t frtrquieme ,t Cour co ldest t a ndme
016.. o he is e r nt he
t ncu hat he me
nt
c it oft s conduc ,ta aci n,o oc ure easi t orgi lpl di t pur has
onss s he ame
t r ns to r c r nc
n he i na ea ng- he c e
a s e nta tmpt d r parofal al ge y de e tveRV .
nd ubs que te e e i
z le dl f c i
Sec
ond,r r ng whehe Hofm a wa r s na y dii nt i as e tng t a e d
ega di
t r f n s ea o bl lge n s ri he m nde
cai ,t Cour no es t Vigi a cours ha f md r a ona e dii nc i cr um sa es
l m he
t t hat r ni
t ve ot e s bl lge e n ic t nc

c
ompa a et t pr e ca e.Com pa e Prmr eDe Cor v. nc a k Ac ston Fund 1
r bl o he es nt s
r i os v. p. Be hm r quiii

Lt P'hp, Va Ci. 9 , t* ( 9 8 (idngra o a l dlg n ewh nn n e c mpan
d. s i 47 . r 2 6 a 4 1 9 ) fn i e s n b e iie c e me d d o lit
t ta d cli wa fld sx mo hsatrorgi a t ltgai wa sili eal sa )
ha dde am s ie i nt fe i nal nd he ii ton s tl n ry tges;

HM v Sa a e No 1- 4 1 6 ,2 0 W L 3 21 1 ,a * ( .Ci. .Oc.1 ,2 0 )( dng
. v g , . .0 - 6 3 0 6
0 1 0 t 4 Va r Ct t 9 0 6 in i
r s na e dii nc whe a l s t n we ks a a muc as tve m on hs pa s be we n
ea o bl lge e
n t ea t e
e - nd s
h
i
t - s ed t e

kn e t t cli s d ben
owldge hat he am houl
mende a flng oft moton t a
d nd ii
he i o mendt c ant;
he ompli )
Stnlv v.St c 61Va Ci.515,a * (
ae
ork,
. r
t 2 2003)(i ng ras bl dii nc whe n nde
tndi e ona e lge e n me d
cli wa br
a m s oughto yea a trpl ntf l r d t i onna i t ryi t ame d cl m ,
ne r fe ai if ea ne he nf
ton mde l ng he
nde ai

e n t h t de enda s c am e t t a e e t wa nec s a y be a e of a lgal no
ve houg he f nt l i d ha m ndm n
s e sr
c us
e , t

fct ,miunde sandi ) wih Hoove & Stonc.I v.Tr veesl .Co.66 Va Ci.3 a
a ual s rt ng ; t
r r
nc. a lr ns ,
. r 4, t

* (0 4 (i dn plitf n tt h v b e r a o a l dlg n wh n i watd t y a sa d
2 2 0 ) fn ig anif o o a e e n e s n by iie t e t ie wo e r n
f u mo tst fl moi n f rla e t a n ) J me v As ln Fo d M ecly l c,46 Va
o r nh o ie to o e v o me d ; n s . h a d r - rt . n .
r
.
Ci. a *3( 998 (i ngpli if nott ber a o bl dlge whe t y s
r 272, t 1 ) fndi antfs o e s na y ii nt n he oughtt a nd
o me
a l s s x m ont a t r obt i ng i or a i unde l ng t n e
t ea t i
hs fe
a ni nf m ton
ryi he m ndm e a t r was no
nt nd he e

i c ton t y co d notha obt i i i t t ye r pr oust t thad t y a tmpt d t
ndi ai he ul
ve aned t n he wo a s evi o ha
he te e o

do s .
o)
19

l t pr s ntc s Thora g d t ti w a nott pr rpa t f t Le on La c ai
n he e e a e,
r ue ha t s
he ope ry or he m
w lm

i a moton t dim isfld i J 201 The c e wast n ta f r e t t sdititi Augus
n
i o s s ie n une 2.
as
he r nse r d o hi src n
t
201 Hofm a Tho ,a Ca ng W ord we e s hedul t pr e or a gu e o t s
2. f n, r nd mpi
l
r c
ed o es nt al r m nt n hi
moton t dim ison Oc o r22,201 whe eHofm a woul pr s
i o s s
t be
2, r
f n
d e umabl ha a gue i f vor
y ve r d n a
oft Re ds i e pr t to of t Le on La as i a id t m o orhom e - u rwhih
he ynol ntr e ai n
he m
w
t pple o t
s nde
c
Thor i a pr r de e nt i t a of t i e pr a i i Pa ks whe e Dam l ri t onl
s
ope f nda - nse d
he nt r etton n r , r
i e s he y
pr rde e n .J tbef et he rng,howe r Thora Ca pi W ord alowe Hofma
ope f nda t us or he a i
ve ,
nd m ng
l l d
f n
t a e hi c
o m nd s ompl i .Hofma t n fl t Am e d Compli o De mbe 1 201
ant
f n he ied he
nde
ant n ce r 4, 2,
c ngi t de e ntna e i t Le
ha ng he f nda
m d n he mon La cam t Da ml r The ls t n t m o h
w li o i e .
e s ha wo- nt
deay i ûlng t Amende Com pl nti nots fc e g oundsf fndi l c ofr s bl
l n i he
d
ai s
ufi i nt r
or
ng a k
ea ona e
dii nce es cily i lg oft sae c tr lngst ta l sg sca l l rpe i of
lge , pe a l n i ht he t t our u i ha low i ni nty onge rods
de a Ther f e, he Cour c l st tHofma a t d wih r as bl dii nc i n e ng
l y.
e or t
t oncude ha
f n c e t e ona e lge e n m ndi
t Le o La c am .
he m n w l i

Th Co r as c n ld st tDamlrwiln tb prj d c d i d fndn t e Le n
e u t lo o cu e ha i e l o e eu ie n ee ig h mo
La c am on t me is Si tca l Dai e r c i d notc oft Le o La c am a t
w li
he rt . gnii nty, ml r e e ve
ie he m n w l i t he
e t s m e tm e i r c i d notc oft wa r nt c ai - w he i w a s r e f rt t r ttm e i
xac a
i t e e ve
i e he r a y l m
n t s e v d o he i s i n

J r 201 Dai e a gue t bec us i di not r ceve notc of t c am wihi t
anua y
3. ml r r s hat a e t d
e i
ie
he l i
t n he
lm ia i pe i t a e m e s d no r l t ba k.Thi ar ume f ist r c ni e t t
i t tons rod, he m nd nt houl t e ae c
s g nt a l o e og z ha
t çlm iai pe i 'r f r e t i t r a i ba k c exti l s t alowa e tme f
he si t ton rod' e e r d o n he elton c ont ncude he l bl i or

s r ieofpr es.Se Robi on v.Clps 602 F. 605,608 (t Ci.201 (% Ei tton
e vc
oc s e
ns
i e,
3d
4h r 0) 1 lmiai
The
pe i f pur esofa yzng whehe t ne y adde def nda r ceve notc a s d
rod' or pos
nal i
t r he wl
d e nt e i d i e nd houl

ha ha kno e oft a ton (orp pos s ofRul 1 cqi t Fedea Rul ofCi l
ve d wldge he ci f ur e
e 5() s he
rl e
vi
Pr e le 4( sr c pei (Ru1 4( '.';Es hba he v.Chesebr Shoppi Ct. 49
oc dtr m) e vie rod < e m))' c c r
)
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na r,
20

Va Ci. 8 a * (9 9 (vign a1w pany sae ta t saueo l tto si t le u o
. r 8 , t 3 1 9 ) l r ii a lil tt s h the tt t f i ai n s old p n
ç
mi
t flng oft lws t a no upon t tme ofs r i e o t de e nt Putdif r nty,a
he i
he a ui, nd t
he i
e v c n he f nda .
fe e l s
l a t s ti tl d i tm e t lm iatons r qui e enti s ts i d.Se c of pr es m a
ong s he ui s i e n i , he i t i
e rm
s aife
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t n tkeup t aye rafe t flng oft s t' .Damlrwass r e wihi bot t fde a
he a
o a tr he ii
he ui.' i e
)
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Rul 4( s r ie d a ln l a d te Vign a o ey a sr ie d a ln .S e Va R.Ci P.
e m) e vc e di es n h r ii n -e r e vc e d ie e .
v.
3: e .I ot rwor ,Damlrdi i fc rcevenotc oft s twihi t lmiai pei
5() n he ds i e d n a t e i
ie he ui t n he i ttons rod
unde bot f de ala saer e ofc vi pr dur
r h e r nd t t uls i l oce e.
Furhe m or ,no dicove y ha t ke pl ce a a ti lda e has notbe n s t Vigi a
t r e
s r s a n a nd ra t
e e . r ni

c u t h v f u d n p eu ie t a d fn a ti c s smo e a v d i t e l iain sa e
o rs a e o n o rj d c o ee d n n a e r d mwe n h i g to tg s
t
t t pr e c e Se Fr nci v.W oodv,74 Fe R.Se v.3 82,2009 W L 2371
han he es nt as . e a s
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r d
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( D. . ul 31 20 9 ( d n n p eu iewhe d so e' h dar a y b g n b tv r lte
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y
t
ha bee done i udi no de iinsha ng be n tke ;Ha q 2006 W L 30 1 a *4
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(i ign p eu iewh n a a n dc mpan c n e d fnd nsf racam, ve t u h
tndn o rj dc e n me de o lit ha g d ee a t o li e n ho g
bot t o1 a ne defndansha al be n d e ;At nsv. lr 50Va.Ci.3 a *l
h he d nd w e t d l e epos d) ki Chese,
r 65, t

( 9 9 (id n n p eudc b c u e a tild t ha n tb e s tn r h d d s o ey t e
1 9 ) fn i g o rj ie e a s ra ae d o e n e o a ic v r t n
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s bsa tal c mpltd); i o e 4 Va Ci. 9 , t* (id n n p eu iewh n a n e
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y
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ompl i fld sx mont a r org na a i a
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r d hat he ii i
n t ry

sa e ) I f c,nt eCo r' o r s ac , h o l c s t r a h afn i o p eu iedd s
tg s .n a t i h u ts wn e e rh t e ny a e o e c idng f rj d c i o
whe t pl i ifs
n he antf oughtame e t m ont be or ti .J mes 46 Va.Ci.272,a #
ndm nt wo
hs f e ral a ,
r
t 3.
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5 s rod s 20 ys r e
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Va 1 9 )(olciga t rt h ligta sr iei p o rwi n 1 0d y atrrmo a, o 1 0d ysfo fl g
. 9 9 c letn uhoiy odn h t evc s rpe t 2 a s fe e v ln t 2 a rm ii
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o
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Ac or ngl be us a1tle ee t o r ai ba k f p pos sofj 8. - 1ha
c di y, ca e 1 lre lmens f elton c or ur e
016. ve
be n s ife t Cour c ude t t Le o La c am i t Am e
e atsi d, he
t oncl s hat he m n w l i n he
nded Compl i r lt s
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ba k t t dat oft flng of t orgi lcompl i ,whi h wasfld wihi t e g e nc o he e
he ii
he i na
ant
c
ie
t n he i ht e
mont saut oflmia i .The e or Hofm a s n nd e i tm ey a t Cour de e
h tt e
i t tons
r f e, f n' me m nt s i l nd he
t ni s
Dam lr sM oton t Dimi st Le on La c am .
i e'
i o s s he m
w li
D . C l m sag ns D r w
ai
ai t e

Hofma a l est tDr w,a RV c
f n leg ha e n
ompone s s i ,br ac d e e s a i ple
nt uppler e he xpr s nd m i d
wa r ntes whe c
ra i
n ompone s i pr uc d a de i r t Thor we e de e tve.l r pons ,
nt t od e nd lve ed o
r f c i n es e
Dr w a gues fr t t t Hofm a s cli s a e untm ey a s co t t hi c am s f lon t
e r
is ha
f n' am r
i l nd e nd ha s l i ai
he
m e is
rt .
1. Ti elnes oft C l m s
m i s he ai

Dr w fr tda m s t Hofman' ca ms a e t i ey be a e t y we e notbr ht
e is i hat f
s li
r mtm l c us he
r
oug
wihi t o - r wa r t pe i The wr an y and lm ia i pe i ,ho ve ,a e no
t n he ne yea
ran y rod.
t
i t ton rods we r z t
i i lconc pt .The wa r nt pe i co r t c pone pa t f a s c fe pe i of
dentca
e s
ra y rod ve s he om
nt rs or pe ii d rod
tm e;i ot rwor ,i defnest tm e i whih t wara orhasa r s i lt t r pa ro
i
n he
ds t i he i n
c he r nt
e ponsbiiy o e i r

r pl et c e pars The lm iai n pe i howe r plce c ta nt ont tm ei whih
e ac he over d t.
i tto rod,
ve , a s onsr i s he i n c
t buye mus s Dr w ' lm ied wa r y pe i d i pl nl lmie t one yea ,s ECF No.
he
r t ue. e s i t
rant ro s ai y i t d o
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5 2 a 1 (-hs war ny i h n r d fr a p ro o o e ( )y a fo t e d t o rti
0- t tl i ra t s o o e o
<ei d f n 1 e r r m h ae f eal
ptr ha e. butt lmiedwarnt doe note n me i almiai pei Si et pates
lc s '
), he i t ra y s
ve nton i tton rod. nc he ri

d dn ta r et r d c telmiain p ro ( y teo ii la r e n ' . d An j82i o g e o e u e h i tto s ei d d h rgna g e me t'Va Co e n. .
b
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u s J=& e ch
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'
2-

7 () Eve a c p ig Drw' c ne to t ti d lv r o te c mpo e t t Tho i t e
252 . n c e tn e s o tn in ha t ei ey f h o n n s o r s h
s

22

pe tne û e r of de i r 'f lm ia i pur e ,ECF N o.50- a 6 n. i ha not a g d
r i nt i nde
t
lve y' or i t ton pos s
2 t 3, t s
r ue

t tt tdelve y oc ured be or Aprl26,2008,f yea s be or Hofm a fl d hi cai on
ha ha i r c r
f e
i
our r f e
f n ie s l m
Aprl26,201 The ef r ,be us Dr w ' lm ie wa r nt di notdiplce t de a tsa u e
i
2. r o e ca e e s i t d ra y d
s a he f ul t t t
oflm ia i ,Hofm a tmel fl d hi cli sa i tDr w .
i t tons
f n i y ie s am gans e
2. Expre s W arr y
s
ant
H of m a a l ges t t Dr w pr vi d a w rt e w a r nt f is c
f n le
ha
e
o de
it n r a y or t ompone s t t Thor
nt ha

i o p rtdit t ec mp ee RV, No 28!28 b tHo f n as camst t frtsw
nc r o ae n o h o ltd
ECF .
, u fma lo li ha he is a
t s wr te war a y i c
hi it n
r nt n onne ton w ih t s ltga i ECF N o. 55 a 2.H ofm a i ii d
ci
t hi ii ton.
t
f n dentf e

Dr w as t wa r t oft alege y de eci pars t oug Thor s owne ' manua,whih
e
he ran or he l dl f tve t hr h
'
rs
l
c

pr de t ls ofie snotwa r nt d by Thora lse t na a phone ntmbe oft s
ovi d he it t m
ra e
nd it d he me nd
l r he e
co pone m mm f tle s Se ECF N o.32- a 1 The he ng of t s ls i tSUPPLI S
m
nt
ac tr r . e
1 t 6.
adi
hi i t s I
ER
-

PRO VI I G SEPA RATE W A RR AN TI ' t ,i yi t tt ec
D N
ES,' i. mpl ng ha hes ompone ma acl e s
nt nuf tz r
r
.

di pr vi a c ns e -a i wa r nt Dr w ca ms a o ot r t ngs t t is lmie
d o de
o um rf eng ra y. e li , m ng he hi , ha t i td
wa r t e e c a o y t t i ta ptr ha e and nott t c umer Se ECF No.
ran y xt nds over ge nl o he niil lc s r
o he ons
. e

50- a 1 (ç- s ( ew lmiedqwa rnt i nonta fr e a e e o y t t orgi
2 t Cl Dr i t
-hi
ra y s rnseabl nd xtnds nl o he i nal

p rh sra q rngt epr d c drcl fo g Lipe t mp n n s I .Fa iiya s al t
u c a e c uii h o u t ie ty rm a p r Co o e t,ncj cl nd h lno
t
be c t e t e e t any t r pa t i l ng, no lm ied t t uli t plr has rof
onsnzd o xt nd o
hid ry, ncudi but t i t o, he tma e zc e

t e pr t') Fort r s dic s beow,t Cour a e t tDrw prpel lmied
he nd oduc. . he eaons s used l he
'
t gres ha e o ry i t
t e r s w a r t t Thor
he xp e s r an y o
.

The Fourh Cicui has pr vi l addr s ed a sm ia bu ditnc is i Bue t r v.
t r t
e ousy
es
i l r t si t s ue n
tne

R. . at & So sI c, F.d 1 6 ( t Ci.1 9 ) l Bu t e ,ac mmeca lu d y h d
W M ri
n
ns n .47 3 1 4h r 9 5 . n e t r o r il a n r a
n
pur s d aus d pice oflt y e pme éa i,' e ni t s l rpr vi d no e es or
cha e
e e
amdr qui nt is s'm a ng he ele o de
xpr s

i le warn is J= a 1 7. e ly eo t lt r wa ij e b t i e uime ta d
mp id ra te .# t 1 An mpo e f he amd y s nurd y h s q p n n
23

aguedt tVigi aCodej8. 31 ce tdani i war nt t at r pa t r gadls oft
r
ha r ni
2- 8 rae
mpled ra y o hid ry e r e s he
wara isbe wee t s le a pur s r Se ton 8. 318esa ihest
r nte t n he el r nd cha e . c i 2t bls hat

Lac ofprviy bet e pl i ifa de e nts lbe no de e e i any aci n
k
it
we n antf nd f nda hal
f ns n
to
br
oughta i tt m a a t r rors le ofgoodst r co rdn ag f rbr a h
gans he nuf c u e
e lr
o e ve m es o e c
ofwa r nt e e s o i idso f ne i nce at
ra y, xpr s r mple r or glge , lhough t pl i ifdi no
he antf d t
pur ha e t goods fom t de e nt i t pl ntf was a pe s n whom t
c s he
r he f nda , f he ai if
ro
he
m a a tze or s lr m i r a ona y ha expe t d t us c um e,o be
nuf c lr r
ele ght e s bl ve
c e o e, ons
r
a f t by t goods
feced he
;

Va Co e An j 82 31 .Th Fo rh Cic t h l t a t s p o iin d d n t ce t a
. d
n. .- 8 e u t rui ed h t hi r v so i o r ae n
id pe d n wa rny i f r s e b e usr ,i meey t o e re )o f rs e bl usr o a
n e n e t ra t n o e e a l e s t r l k nfrrd n o e e a e es f
c
pr
oduc bo h t be ft a lm ia i of w a r tes pr de t t pur ha e . Bue t ,47
t t he ne is nd i t tons
r an i
ovi d o he c s r '
' tner

F.d a 11 Si e t s l ga no wara y t t pur has r t r m ot us r a s l ke a
3 t 9. nc he eler ve
r nt o he c e , he e e e lo ac d
wa r nt l pora ty f t pr en c e t Fourh Cic tnot d t twhie t rgh s oft
r a y. m t n l or he es t as , he
t r ui e ha
l he i t
he

t r pa t <c n rs no hi r t n Ehe plrhasrt ough whih he obane t i id
hid ry Ea ie
ghe ha t ) zc e hr
c
ti d he mple

war ny' j. a 1 9 ( i n Go d a v W hth a Br s, 91 F.S p 5 2,5 7 ( . Va
ra t, -. t 1 ct g o b r . ie e d o .5
' ps
i
u p. 5 6 W D. .
1 8 ) afd s b no Be l v.Had , 6 F.d 21 (t Ci.1 5 j 82 3 8 $ n no wa
9 4 , f u m ae
r y 7 9 2 3 4h r 98 $, .- 1 d
i
y
pur
port t lm i a s le s abiiy t dicai war i s t f e e e us s' 1 a 11
s o i t e lr'
lt o s l m
rante o or s eabl er . d. t 8
'

(
empha i a
ss dded)
.
The con e oft pr s ntc e i dif r ntfom i Bue t rbe a e he e t orgi l
t xt he e e as s fe e r n
tne c us r he i na

s le di i f c ofe a e es wa r nt t t buye .l t a e ofa ot rclus i t
el r d n a t f r n xpr s ra y o he
r n he bs nce ny he a e n he
lm ie wa r n y,t twa r nt woul e end t f e e abl us r oft pr uc de piet lc
i t d r a t ha ra y
d xt o or s e e e s he od t s t he a k

o prvt b t e teusra dt eo i ia s l r Va Co eAn j8.- 8 se as Bu t e ,
f iiy ewe n h e n h rgn l el . . d n. 2 31 9 e lo t t r
e
n
47 F. a 11 (çse tonl8. 318... i ypr sr sf r mot usr t war nte ara
3d t 8 ûl ci
2smpl e eve or e e e s he ra is le dy

e j y d b aai daep r h s r' . o e v d b t Fo rh Cic t h we e , n o ii a
no e y l mme it u c a e .) As bsr e y he u t rui, o v r a rgn l
'
s l i silfeet dicl m wara isast f r s e e us s Bue t r 47 F. a 11 a c d
eler s tl r o s ai
r nte
o o e e abl er . tne ,
3d t 8; c or

McMaho v.Ad nc Str sCo. I ,705 S. 2d 1 ,1 1 ( .Va.201 ( vi,C..
n
va e o e
. nc.
E. 31 38-43 W
0) Da s J,
24

c
oncuni (ole i numeousc s sa sai t tf cou ti t countyha i ldaed
ng) c lctng
r a e nd ttng ha é
no r n he
r s nvai t

a e prs war ny t tl td rp a e n o r p i o ap o u tt teo i ia pu c a e '
n x e s ra t ha i e e lc me t r e ar f r d c o h rgn l rh sr).
mi
The Dr w lm ie wa r nt pl i y e e
e i t d r a y anl xt nded onl t t i ta pm cha e a Hofm a i no
y o he niil
s r nd
f n s t
e ild t e br ispr t to .6The ef e, t cour gr nt Dr w' M oton t Dim ison t
ntte o nf ce t o eci ns'
r br he
t a s e s i o s s
he
e e sw a r nt c a m .
xpr s r a y l i
3. I ple W ar ant
m id
r y

Dr w a s a gue t ti e f tvey dicli e al i id wa r n i s On t s c page
e lo r s ha t feci l s am d 1 mple
r a te . he e ond
of t wa r nt Dr pur t t dic am a1 i i d wa r n i .Hofm a a gue t t s
he r a y, ew
pors o s l i 1 mple
r a tes
f n r s hat hi
a tm pt i i f c i bec us Dr w made a wrte wa r nt t hi , a c um e , a t
te
s nefe tve
a e e
itn ra y o m
ons r nd he
M M W A pr bis Dr w fom dic am i t i ple wa r nte whe i pr des a wrte
ohi t e r
s l i ng he m i d ra is
n t ovi
itn

wa r nt t a c um e .The Cour concudest tt M M W A i no a i bl be a e Dr w
ra y o ons r
t
l
ha he
s t pplca e c us e
di no ofe Hofm a a ç itn wa r n y' unde t M M W A .Acc di y,t M M W A '
d t fr
f n ç te
wr
ra t '
r he
or ngl he
S
lmia i on t dicli e of i id wa r ntes i no a i bl a t VUCC gove st
i t ton
he s am r mple
ra i s t pplca e nd he
m he

deer nai n ofwhe he Dr w vai y didamedt ewa r n i s
t mi to
t r e
ldl s i
hes r a te .
The r l va pori oft M M W A saes G s pple m a dica m o modiy ...a
e e nt ton he
tt : Q u ir y s li r
NO
f
ny

i id warn y t a c n u r wih r s c t s h c nsl r p o uc i ( ) s c s p le
mpl
e ra t o o s me t epe t o uc o t
me r d t f 1 u h u p ir
m a a wrte wa r nt t t co um e wih r s c t s h c ume pr t' 1 U. C.
kes ny it n r a y o he ns r t e pe t o uc ons r oduc . 5 S.
'

j 2308() The Fe r Trde Commison' r gultonsha eabort on t dei ton of
a.
deal a
s i s e ai
ve l aed he fnii

1 f n ar t t excusonsi t Dr w lm iedwar nt a eune o c bl bec et wa a y wasno
6Hofma gues hat he l i n he e i t
ra y r
nf r ea e aus he n'nt
t
gi n t t Pli ifbe or t pur s Se ECF No.55at5- I
ve o he antf f e he cha e. e
6. ndeed t M M W A and isa tnda rgultons
, he
t te nt e a i

s n rl rq iet twrte warnisû ema ea albl t tec n u r(rp opetv c nlme)p irt t
e eal e ur ha i n ra te t d v i e o h o s me o r s cie o sl r ro o he
y
t
b
a
sl o tep o u tt hi ' 1 U.. j 30 () seas 1 C. R.jj7 22,7 23. r,h we e,Hof n'
ae f h r d c o m. 5 SC. 2 2b ; e lo 6 F.
'
0 . 0 . Hee o v r fma s
rght a e dei tve ofThors putpli y,a l ast lmiai ae vald agans Thor t y ae vald agans
i s r rva i
';
anl s ong he i ttons r i
i t
, he r i
i t
Hofm a Se Goodba ,591F.Supp.at567.The non- ovii oft wa rnt t Hofm a pr purha e i t
f n. e
r
pr son he ra y o
f n e- c s s hus
ir lva .TheCour as ex es sno o ni on t vibiiyofa potnta cai agans Tho f r pr s ntng
ree nt
t lo pr se
pi on he a lt
ny e il l m
i t r or e e e i
t tDr w w a r nt is c pone st cons
ha e
r a ed t om
nt o
umer .
s

() s cal n epe t o mpone
nt
ç itn war ny' fund i 1 U. C. j 23016 , epe ily i r s c t co
ç te
wr
ra t ' o
n 5 S.
m anuf lr s:
actzer

The M a
gnus n-M os W a r t Ac g r ly a i s t wrte w ar n i s
o
s
ran y t ene a l pple o itn r a te
c rng c um e pr t .M a c um e pr t a e co r d by wa r n i s
ove i ons r oduc s ny ons r oduc s r ve e
r a te
whih a e net r i e d f s nor e or a e by, c um e s A comm o
c r
ihe nt nde or
nf ce bl
ons r .
n
e m pl i a w a r nt gi n by a com pone s i r t a m a a ur r of
xa e s
r a y ve
nt upple o
nuf ct e

c ume pr t.( ma a t e ma i t n,war ntt s c
ons r oducs The nufcurr y,n ur ra he e omponent t
so
c n u r . Th c mp ne ts p le ' wa t i g n rly gv n s ll t te
o s me s) e o o n u p irs nuny s e e al ie oey o h
pr tma ac u e ,a i neihe i e d t be c
oduc nuf t r r nd s t r ntnde o
onve t t c um e no
yed o he ons r r
br
oughtt t co um e ' a tnton i co c i wih t s l Suc wara i s
o he ns rs te i n nne ton t he ae. h
r nte

aeno s b e tt t eAc, ic awrte warn yu d rscin 1 ()of h Ac
r t u j c o h t sn e itn ra t n t e to 016 t e t
mus be m e ç r oft ba i oft ba g n bewee a s i ra a buye f r
t co ç t he ss he r ai t n upple nd
pa
ro
purposes ot t r al '
her han es e.'

1 C. R.j700. c .
6 F.
3()
The pr e c e i on a1 f swih t c td e mpl .Dr di noti e t lm ie
es nt as s
1 our t he ie xa e ew d
nt nd he i td

war ny t be gv n t o e o c d b t e c ns me.Se ECF No 5 2 a 1 (s-i g e
ra t o
ie o r nfr e y h o u r e
. 0- t 'l s Drw
-h
lmie wa rny i no rnse a e a e e onl t t oi na purhaera quii t
i tdl ra t s nta frbl nd xtnds y o he rgi l c s c rng he

p o uc drcl fo ( Lipe t mp ne t, n . Fa iiya d s al tb c nsr e t e tn
r d t ie t r m a p r Co o n s l c) cl n h l no e o tu d o xe d
y
t
t a yt idpa t icudng b tn tl tdt ,h utmaep lc a e o t ee dp o u t' . e
o n hr ry,n l i , u o i e o te l t t h s r f h n r d c.) Th
mi
i
r
'
Drw lmie warn y wa gv n s ll t t p o u tma u a t rr( o ) a d wa ç et e
e i td ra t s ie oey o he r d c n f cu e Th r, n s û ih r
n
i e
nt nded t be c
o
onve t t co lm e no br htt t co m e ' at nton i c
yed o he nsl r r oug o he nml rs te i n onne ton
ci

wi t es l. 1 C. R. 7 0.() I d e Ho f ns w t eDrw lmie warn yf r h frt
t h ae' 6 F. j 0 3c . n e d, fma a h e i td ra t o t e is
h
'
tmei c n e to wih Drw' Mo in t Dimis ECF No.5 a 2 (plitf sfrtsg to
i n o n ci n t e s to o s s .
5 t t an if is ih f
t
Drw' wa rnt i a a t hme t isM e a
e s ra y s n tac nt o t mor ndum i Suppor ofisM oin t Dimis'
n
t t to o s s .
).
The Dr w lmie wa r y i t r f e no a I itn wa r nt 'unde t M M W A.7Be a e
e i t d rant s he e or t t te
wr
ra y'
r he
1 c us
t M M W A i i pplca e, heVUCC gove nst dicl me oft i ple wa r nt
he
s na i bl t
r he s ai r he m id ra y.

1 Hofma poi soutt tTho i i i islmied wa r y t tDr waspr di a wa rnt die ty t t
7 f n nt
ha
r mpled n t i t
rant ha ew
ovi ng
ra y r cl o he

c n u r s eECF No 3 1a 1 (it g Drw,tec mp n nsi ma u atrd frtec mpee RV,a d i
o s me . e
. 2- t 6 lsi e h o o e t t n fcu e o h o ltd
n
n t
s
p n n mbe u d rte h a i C UP ERS PROVI NG SEP
ho e u r n e h e dng E PLI
S
DI
ARATE WARRANTI ' .Th rg lto ,
ES' e e uain
)
howe r f us on t wrte t r oft war nt a t i e oft wa rnt i deemi ng whehe i i a
ve , oc es he itn ems he ra y nd he ntnt he ra or n tr ni
t rts

26

The mai quesi t er t VUCC i whe he Dr w' dic am e of t i id
n
ton md he
s
t r e s sli r
he mple

war nis i t o pc u ' u d r j82 31 Co pc o i a s s wrte ds a e o
ra t s t ns iuo s' n e .- 6. ns iu us l n o itn, iply d, r
e
c
me
pr e e t ta r s na e pe s a ns whom i i t ope a e oughtt ha notce i.'Va.
es ntd ha ea o bl r on gai t
t s o rt
o ve i d t'

CodeAnn.j 8.A- ( (1 .Thedicame ofi i wa rnte i ont sc pa ofa
1 201b) 0)
sli r mpled ra is s he e ond ge
t ehr e pagelmie wara y.Thet xtsz oft dic am e i r
i td
r nt
e ie he s l i r s oughl t cet sz ofan ot r
y wi he ie
y he
i t lmie wa r nt a t e ie dicai e pa ag a a a si ca t llte s I a ton,
n he i td ra y nd he ntr s l m r r r ph ppe r n pia e tr . n ddii
i i s t of fom t r s of t t xt by ho iont l lne above a be t t dic am e
ts e f r
he e t
he e
rz a i s
nd neah he s l i r

pa a a TheCour de e mi st taûr as bl pe s agans whom i i t ope a e o htt
r gr ph.
t t r ne ha te ona e r on i t
t s o r t ug o
ha notc i. I Addii ly,t di cam e m e i G e c t biiy' asr r d unde
ve i ed t' d.
'
tonal he s li r ntons t r han a lt ' equie
m
r

j 2 31 ( )t d sli t ei le warn y o mec a tb l y Drw tusv l y ds li d
8.- 6 2 o icam h mpid ra t f rh n a ii . e h ai icame
t
dl
a 1 i ple wa
1 m i d nunte a t Thor I i cea fom Buetner t t a e f tve dic ame of
is s o
.t s l r r
t ha n feci
s li r
wa r ntes by t s l t t buyer i e f tve a t t r mot us r 47 F. a 11 1
ra i
he eler o he
s feci s o he e e e .
3d t 8- 9.

Theeor bec us Dr w efci y dicai t i id warntesa t Thor(hebuye)
rf e, a e e fe tvel s l med he mple ra i s o
t
r
t n t ya' as dicai a t Hofma (hermoeus r. Cour g a t Drw' M oto
he he l lo s l med s o f n t e t e) The
e
t r n s e s in
t Dimi sHofm a ' i ple wa r nt cai a i tivs
o s s
f n s m i d ra y l m gans tl
E. Pl ntf M oton t Dim isCam pi W ord' Count rcai
ai irs
i o s s
ng
l s
e l m
H o f a a s fl d a M o i t Dim is Cnmpi W o l s Count r l m ,whih s e
fm n lo ie
ton o s s
ng
rd'
e cai
c e ks
a t e s f es ba e on a pr so i t Buye ' Or r The Cour de e t M oto t
tom y' e
sd
ovii n n he
rs de .
t ni s he
in o

Dimist Co n ecam b c u e i i p e tlea t i j n t r . eCo r wild tr n t e
s s he u tr li e a s t s rmat t h s u cu e Th u t l eemie h
r
a i biiy oft spr so a t c l i oft c s s d i be
pplca lt
hi ovii n t he onc uson he a e houl t comenec s r
es a y.

wrte w ar nt I t oppost w eet ,t t a tonsofac pont pa tbuye c d e
itn ra y. f he
ie r rue hen he c i
om
nt r
r oul xpandt la lt of
he ibiiy
t c pone pa ts le wihouta aci on t s lers pa t Thors a tons t r f e ca
he om
nt r elr t
ny ton
he el ' r.
' ci , he eor , nnote nd t
xpa he
labiiy ofDr w a ha noi pa tont Cour' a l i a t Hofm a scam sagans Dr w .
i lt
e nd ve m c
he
ts nayss s o f n' li
i t e
I The Cour expr s s no opi on on whet Thor c d a s r a cam a ns Dr w f r br c oft lm ied
S
t
es e
ni
her
oul s e t li gai t e o ea h
he i t
wa rnt
ra y.

27

On a r a e not t Cour ' doc tls sThora Ca ng W ord a c mt r l mant
elt d e, he
ts ke it
nd mpi
l s ot e cai s
s e ng a t ne sf es The c e cai f f esi bas on apr vii i t Buye ' Or r a
e ki tor y' e .
ountr l m or e s ed
o son n he
r s de ,
c r c be wee H of m a a Ca pi W ord. r be ng no a r ntco r c ua o s a ut r
ont a t t n
f n nd m ng
l The e i
ppa e
nt a t l r t t o y
pr son e ilng Thor t a t m e s f s s e M uli v.Ri a N at Bn 403 S. 2d 33
ovi i ntti
o to y' ee , e
lns
chl nds
. nk,
E.
4,

3 5 ( .1 91 (t n r l a s n a s e ii c nr cu lo sau o. p o iin t t c nrr ,
3 Va 9 ) ç eal b e t p cfc o ta t a r ttt l r vso o he o ta y
Ge y,
y
atr e sfe a en tr c v r beby ap e aln l ia tfo te lsn ltg n .) t eCo r
to n y' e s r o e o e a l
rv i g i g n r m h o ig i a t', h u t
i t
i '
w ilt r i t Thorasa c e c ai a .
l e m na e
ount r l m nt
V.

CO N C LU SI N
O

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