Walker v. Mod-U-Kraf Homes, LLC
Filing
48
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 12/19/2013. (lab)
CL S OFFI U S. DI COUR)
ERK'
CE
SX
AT ROANOKE,VA
FI
LED
I THE U N I
N
TED STA TES DI
STRI CO UR T
CT
FOR TH E W ESTERN D I
STRI O F V I I I
CT
RG N A
RO AN OK E D I I ON
V SI
BEC 18 2,
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1
J A . L ,C
ULI D &/
BY:
CL
E
RO BI L.W A LK ER,
N
Ci lA c i n N o. 1
vi to
7: 2CV 00470
Pl ntf ,
ai i f
M EM O R AN DU M O PINIO N
V.
M O D- - AF HO M ES,LLC,
U KR
Hon.Gl n E.
e Conr d
a
Chi U nie St t s Di t i tJ
ef t d a e sr c udge
Dee
f ndant
.
Thi e pl ym e di c i i ton a i unde Til Vl oft Ci lRi sA d of196 i
s m o nt s r m na i cton
r te I he vi ght
4 s
p e e tyb f r t ec u t nted fn a tsmo infrs mmayj d me t F rt era o sst
r sn l eo e h o r o h e e d n ' to o u r u g n . o h e s n e
f t bel ,t c tw ilg a tt de e nt sm o i
orh ow he our l r n he f nda ' ton.
Fact Backzround
ual
The f l i f ct a e pr e e i t lg m os f vor bl t t pl i if Se
olow ng a s r es nt d n he i ht t a a e o he a ntf . e
Andes v.Li rvLobby,nc.477U. 242, 5( 986)( i t tale de mus be
ron bet
l ,
S. 25 1
notng ha l vi nce t
c nsr di t l h mo tfv rb et tepat o p sn s mmayj g n)
o tue n he i t s a o a l o h ry p o ig u r ud me t.
g
Robi L. ake ,a5 yea - dwoma waspr vi l e o byM od- lr fHomes
n W l r 2- r o1
n,
e ousy mpl yed
u-k a
,
LLC ($ U- a ', mo a ho ma acurngc
(Mod- Kr f) a dulr me nuf t i ompa bas di Roc MountVigi a.
ny e n ky
, r ni
W al rwor f M od- -or fon t dif r ntoc a i :f o 2007 t 2009, he s w a l i
ke
ked or
u l a
wo f e e
c s ons r m
o
w n he s a d
of due t t downt m i t e nom y;a f om M a 201 untlJ y 20 11 w he he
f
o he
ul n he co
nd r
y
0 i ul
, n r
e pl e w ast nni t
m oym nt
e na ed. She ge r l w o ke i t fna f ni hi de r m e ,c ul ng
ne aly r d n he i l i s ng pa t nt a ki
a pa ntng t i i i e h ho e ori x' a i ne r d t e oft pr
nd i i r m ns de ac us
k ' s t a e he nd he oduc i lne.
bo
ton i
Durng hers
i
econd per od ofem pl entwih M od- - r ,W al began datng one of
i
oym
t
u K af
ker
i
hercow or s,Ray Cas dy. Cas dy w as al o t m i ed i Jul 201l.
ker
si
si
s er nat n y
'
K
Ca sdyha ahit y ofno getng aong wih a he cowor r Da dM uli . Durng
si
d sor
t ti l
t not r
ke , vi
lns
i
hi de ii Cas i de c i d M uli a a C oud f ulm ou h c r t rw ho di no hi buts i
s pos ton, sdy s rbe
lns s d
l
o
t ha ac e
d t ng
tr
uP toubl ' nd a Snui a e.' Cas i D e a 3 ECF N o. 2. Ca s dy t s i i d t tM uli
r e' a
t s nc '
s dy p. t 4,
28s i e tfe ha
lns
k sa waysvul a l a a
ç l
wa
gar nd oud nd noga .' Ls a 35. W he a kedi hec dr cala s ii
nt' ds t
n s f oul e l ny pecfc
vul rtes Cas i pr de t f l i e m pl
ga ii , s dy ovi d he olow ng xa e:
Iwaswoki onawaloneda a t r g rjac epe esandi aound
r ng
l
y, nd hee wee oupl opl t ng r
wih t i ha i t i poc t , nd la wor ng. Andhe la shi wor a ea
t her nds n her ke s a
m
ki
e ve s k r ,
c esove t r and he i s
om
r he e,
s howi t m s m e hi o t s t e
ng he o t ng n hi el phone, u know ,
m
s m e phot ors e hi
o
os om t ng. They a e ove t r c r yi on a
r
r he e a r ng
boutt t a la
ha , nd m
wor ng c s e wals
ki m om
l.
And hecomesove t r a gr bshi c oth a l
r he e nd a
s r c nd ooksdown a s - and
nd ays -
lu h - gk hi y ua ed wnt r whyd n'y uj s . .(' Yo k o l
a g s kW l o r o hee
l e
o t o u t . .'
1 u n w,
j mp da dg tnh sfc . Is i, 'Be th n y uc nd i g t o rti b c
u e n o i i a e ad (t s ti g o a o s e y u al a k
j
ove t yourwor ae a don' c ba kove hee,' a hec r ddown
ro
k ra nd t ome c r r g' nd owe e
l
a t of .
nd ook f
I at35d.
36.
Ca s d a s de c i w ha he cons de e t be hi h s hool lke be vi by M uli a
s i y l o s rbed
t
i rd o
g c
-i
ha or
lns nd
anot cowor Jam esY oung:
her
ker,
(
Youngjwoul grbhi c oc a s y,rdle t enut ael ngf you.'j
d a s r th nd a j- y,hes s r ooki or l'
l
The woul c et my wor a e a us m y tbl s w a la abi m e sa
y
d om o
k r a nd e
a e a nd e ve g s nd
t n,you know ,l ugh abo i. And t n a t ri c i d a co i d,1
he
a
ut t
he fe t ontnue nd ntnue
a oa hedt m a s i .. (ûlook,youknow, guysae ti hi shool
ppr c he nd ad, . ' s
l
you
rn' n gh c
a y r . Yo n e t ce ny u me su o rh r, n ti i mywo ka e .'
n mo e
u e d o la o r s p ve ee a d h s s
r r agj
'
An te si , iW ha aey ug igt d a o tt () An lsi , 'Yo u td h y ad (l t r o on o o b u i?'
q
' d ad gi uj s j
youknow,cea yourmes up.' 1si rdYougotas ove t r Don'
ln
s g' ad, j
j
aw r hee.
t
comeove her a la yourmes i myara.'
r e nd e ve
sn
e l'
q
And, u kno t swason a e r o he da l ba i. They woul c
yo
w, hi
n ve y- t r iy ss
d ome ove
r
teej s t -j s t g ts me o y sg a. J t op s p o e
h r u t o - u t o e o b d ' o t us t u h e pl.
I a 43d. t 44.
2
Ac di t Ca sd M uli mz You mad c udeco me st me a wom e alke:
cor ng o s i y, lns d
ng
e r
m nt o n nd
n i
Q.
( i Mr M uli syt enut a el ngf youorDld , lns a hes s r ooki or
Tha wa g
t s Young')fvort, Muli woul gorg aongwihi, ur
s a ie but lns
d iht l
t tbl t
i out....
t
Q.
Di M r M uli syt enut ael ngf youa wel...?
d . lns a hes s r ooki or
s l
Ye ye h.
ah, a
H e s i t s m e t ng.
a d he a hi
Oh,ye
ah. Y e h. Oh,ye h.
a
a
A nd t e c ude c m e sm ad by M r Y oung a M r M uli wer
hes r
om nt
e
.
nd . lns e
die t d a m e a w om e alke?
r c e t n nd
n i
Oh,yeah.
Q.
Di ts m t cae.
dn' ee o r
An tmet yha teo p ru t , e h. l wa j s terme tl y.
yi he d h p o tni y a t s u t h i n ai
y
t
Tha' tewa t e t ik. l'j s terme tl y y u k o Th y s e
ts h y h y hn ts u t h i n ai , o n w. e e
t
a o r uniy t yo kno ,do s m e hi lke t tt y go f i. M os
n ppo t t o, u
w
o t ng i ha he
or t
t
pe pl j t l o b a ds y Oh ta' t wa t e ae J s d a wih
o e us wak n y n a , ,h ts he y h y r . u t e l t
i. Butw he t y sa tge tng i yourf c yo know , t stm e t s op.
t
n he t r ti n
a e, u
i' i o t
I at89d.
90.
A no he i i n oc ur e when M uli m a a vul rc m e t Cas i i t
t r nc de t c r d
lns de
ga om nt o
s dy n he
pr e e ofW al r A s W a ke w a goi i o a d ' o w or M uli t ned t Cas i a
es nc
ke .
l r s ng nt i
box' t
k, lns ur
o
s dy nd
si $W e1g onu i t tbo i youwa abl o Andt nhet kof ar t c me.'
ad,( l, o p n ha x f
nt owj b.
he oo f ound he ol r'
1 a 54. Casi tsiidt theltri i ( lns)fc 'a t dhi t it t smes.'
d. t
sdy etfe ha ae i n Muli ' a e' nd ol m o s op hi s'
got
s
1 a 55.
d. t
W he a ked i he had e rhe r M uli m a a ot rc m e st W a ke ,Ca s d
n s
f
ve a d
lns ke ny he om nt o l r s i y
t i i t he once over d M uli say,io h,1betyou coul holerreall
estfed hat
hear
lns
t
d l
oud,coul tyou.'
dn'
'
I at56.
d.
3
W a ke a Ca s dy r i l a e l h t t rdurng t rl h br k. W he t
l r nd s i outne y t unc oge he
i hei unc ea
n he
e pl esbr f l h on J y 20,2011 W a kerand Ca sdy w a ked a r st pa ki l tt
m oye
oke or unc
ul
, l
si
l
c os he r ng o o
Ca s dy' t uc M uli , ho w asw a ki i f o ofW a ke a Cas i t ne ar
s i s r k.
lns w
l ng n r nt
l r nd
s dy, ur d ound a
nd
s i dW i ri yotrm ou h,wi ne i yo l m o h.' W a kerDe a 11 ECF N o.28- . I
a d, t ene n t
t
e r n tr ut '
l
p. t 3,
1 n
r pons ,Ca sdyt dMuli t Cs g s mout up, a S ale hi as hi rdne k.
es e s i ol
lns o lhut hij
h ' nd i ld m omet ng e c '
'
c
'
Ca s dy D e a 60,ECF N o. si
p. t
28 2.
M i y t ough l h,W ake c le aco ke ,Sa aBur
dwa hr
unc
l r a ld
wor r ndr
nopp, ndt d he t t l
a ol r o e l
t rs per s ,W a Cr ge ,o m e tW ake a Cas i a Ca sd swor t to whe t y
hei u vior yne ai r t e
l r nd sdy t s i y'
ksai n
n he
gotba k f om lm ch, l c us t ss uf w ih Davi M uli i goi t sop t y. W a ke D e
c r t
t a e hi t f t
be
d
lns s ng o t oda '
'
l r p.
a 11 ECFNo. 1. W he t yr t ne i i t lnswa l ngrg a g akera
t 7,
28n he eur d nsde,û i s ooki iht t W l nd
Mul
Ca sd qlug i . I . t1 8 Co e u n l, ahe t a rt r igt Ca sd swo ksain
s iy a hng' d a 1 . nsq e ty rt r h n eu nn o siy' r tto
'
a wa tng f Cr ge ,W al ra Cas i we t M uli wor sa i t confo hi . I a
nd ii or ai r
ke nd sdy nt o
lns' k tton o
r nt m d. t
W he W a kera Ca s d a oa he M uli ,Ca s d s i $ o you ha a pr e ?
n l
nd s i y ppr c d
lns s i y a d, ;
D
ve obl m
Thi ne t s op. 1 a l . l r pons ,M uli baled up hi f s sa s i ' i i on,
s eds o t ' d. t 2l n es
'
e
lns l
s i t nd a d, û ng t
Br
brng i on.' 1 W akert ig be wee t m , nd .. up i . . uli 'f c a . . nt d
i t ' d.
l hen 'ot t n he a
. n . M lns a e, nd . poi e
( r fnge a hi 'andsi if sne dst so rghtnow. 1 W hieW ake d nist hi
hej i r t m,' ad,ihi e o tp i
' d.
'
l l r e e ouc ng
M uli ,ot e pl yee ,i l i s r i orCr i r r pore t ts m a phys ca c a t
lns her m o s nc ud ng upe v s
a ge , e t d ha he de
i l ont c
wihhi Se Cr ge De a 1 ECFNo. 3($ga he tnge poki a hi ....gl
t m. e ai r p. t 8,
28- i s wq r i r ng t m
I
lt
l ke lkes wa hitnghi ont c s.) Cr i r7/ / lHa it Sttme ,
oo d i he s ti m he he t' ; age 20201 ndwrten ae ntECF
'
No.28- a 3(û sw Robi W ake i Davi Muli glfc holei a poki he fnge a
9 t ;I a
n l rn
d lns' a e lrng nd ng r i r t
hi ' , r J neJ hns Af. 3, No. 11a 2(ks g ake)punc nghe fngesi o
m.'' y a o on f! ECF 28- t ( aw W l r
) Ma
1
hi r i r nt
( lnsqc s.) Ma yJ neJ hns 720/ 1Ha it Sttme , No.28- la 4 (i
Muli ' het' ; r a o on / 1 ndwrten ae ntECF
'
1 t d
I
4
. ..
win se Ro i W ak rh vngwod i af si gg r r wi Da i M uln gn ls ewa
t e s d bn le a i
r s n u sn mame ) t vd lis a d h s
h
punc nghi i t c s wihhe fnges' ; vi Muli 7/ 11Ha itnSttme ,
hi m n he het t r i r.) Da d lns 20/
'
ndwrte ae ntECF
No. 9a 5( . . satcke byRa Ca sd a Robi W ake . Sheputhe ha o mea
28- t 1 . wa ta d
y siy nd
n lr
r nds n
nd
waspus ngme' . Bya1a co s Casi soodbe ndW ake hol ngupaha r See
hi
.'
)
l c unt, sdy t
hi
l r di
mme .
W akerDe a 1 ECFNo. 1(û aypike upaha rt twa lyi onhi tbl a ha
l
p. t 24,
28- lk c d
l
mme ha s a ng
s a e nd d
iupi hi ha lket s';Casi De a 61 ECFNo.28- (û lpi dupt ha
t n s nd i hi.) sdy p. t ,
'
2i
And cke
he mmer...
a lhe r Sa ag noppl...syi Ra dr t ha rnow. Drp i. Dr i.)
nd ad ndr Bur
a ng, y, op he mme
o t op t' ;
'
Bur De a 28,ECFNo.28- (û sw g al r upa Da dM uli 'tbl up i hi f ea
nopp p. t
6 : a W kel t vi
l
lns a e n s ac nd
Raywasbe ndhe wihaha r';Cr ge De a 1 20,ECFNo.28- (t ywa sa ng
hi r t
mme .l ai r p. t 9'
3û
Ra s tndi
be ndRobi wiht ha r' Ca sdyputt hamme downwhe heheadBur
hi
n t he mme .
). si
he
r
n
r nopptli
elng
hi t do s a afe he s w t tpe e w e e g t r ng a ound.
m o
o nd t r a ha opl r a he i r
Cr i ri e v ned a die t d W al ra Ca s dy t g w ih hi t t br a r .
a ge nt r e
nd r c e
ke nd s i o o t m o he e k oom
W hie w al ng i t tdie ton,Ca s d g i o a ale c ton w ih a herc o ke ,Br d
l
ki n ha r c i
s i y ot nt n t r a i
t not
ow r r a
Ragans.
On t day oft ale c tons t pl ntm a ge , i ky Adki , ec i d a r o c l
he
he t r a i , he a
na r R c
ns r e ve adi al
a s ng hi t the w asnee d i t pl ntbe a e ofa f g . H e s e nty m e wih
dvi i
m ha
de n he a
c us
i ht
ubs que l t t
Cr i r W al r a Cas i i t br a r ,a Cr i ra s d hi t tt r had bee t o
a ge , ke , nd
sdy n he e k oom nd a ge dvi e m ha he e
nw
at r a i
le c tons. l r s ns t Adki 'i t a obs r to ,Cas i s d,C fyou ar goi t fr
n e po e o
ns nii l e va i ns
s dy ai d
l
e ng o i e
me, iem enow, a W al rs i i el,fyou a efrng hi ,Ia quitng. W al rDe a
fr
' nd
'
ke ad, k l i
W
r ii m m
ti '
'
ke p. t
l ECF N o. - Adki i c t t the ha no ye m a a de s onsa ad s W a ke
32,
28 1.
ns ndi a ed ha
d t t de ny ci i
nd vied l r
t go back t w or
o
o
k.
5
Ad nsas oneoft ot rs r ior , e fM n ng, ot keCas i t t c e enc
ki ked
he he upe v s s J f nni t a
sdy o he onf r e
r
oom a ob a n a sat m e f om hi . M a ng dr f e t f l ng sa e e , hi h Cas i
nd t i t e nt r
m
nni
a t d he olowi t t m nt w c
s dy
r vi w e a s g d;
e e d nd i ne
Ra s ys t Robi hasc pl i d t he s per i orbe or
y a hat
n
om a ne o r u v s
f e.
Ra syste g g ti t erlteg o p gn l o ea dlu hl a dl o ) o r
y a h y q e n h i i l r u s a d j k n a g l n o kg t wad
t
hi .
m
Ra syshehashadtoubl wih Br g ga lac eoftme beor a
ya
r e t ad Ra ns oupl i s f e nd
num er tm esw ih Davi M uli
ous i
t
d
lns.
Today' confo ai sated i t paki ltwaki outgoi t l hlq
s r ntton trg l n he r ng o l ng
ng o unc .
Ra andRobnweewaki t t r. Da dwa c ngfom a he
y
i r l ng ogehell vi s omi r not r
diec i waie untlhe go be i t m a gesur d s e hi a ti tng
r ton, t d i
t s de he nd t e om t ng bou t i
put
t we nei temo t'a lo e a t e a lu h dg Ra s i g1 D.
he e i n h uh' nd o k d t h m nd a g e . y ad ; G.
q
:
Re kne dg)t ke phis mout s .' Lae at l hRa a oa hed
dnec e s o e g! h hutg' tr fer unc y ppr c
)
Da d a t d hi ,iv younee t ' nd Da dbac d u br he u a s i
vi nd ol m t ook
t
d o'a
vi
ke p, us d p, nd ad
gibrngion.' Ra syst si nott frttmeheha a kgd)Da dt kee hi
i i t (' y a hi s he is i
l
1
s s e vi o p s
co m e st hi s l a s op t B ,
m nt o m e f nd t he S.
Ra Ca s dy 7/ / 1W rte St t m e ,
y si
20 1
it n a e nt ECF N o. 1 a 2. W he M a ng a ke Cas i i he
28- 0 t
n nni s d
sdy f
ha a hi el e t ad Ca s d w r t t f l w i a tonalc m e s:
d nyt ng s o d, s i y o e he olo ng ddii
om nt
Da dM uli ma armakast t tbo ( r Robi wa wor ng)wa whee
vi
lns de e r o ha x whee
n s ki
s r
t g tab o j b.
o e lw o
Brd g ans mal sxua i ndosi myfce. ( iki t ueou a
a Rag l del e lnnue
n a
Stc ng ong
t nd
lug ng(ndjj ei )
a hi a e rng .
I w oul s e t m e t ti e pl ee woul m i t i own bus nes m or wor
t
d em o
ha f m oy s
d nd he r
i s
e
k
wo l g t o e 1h dt l Da i Mulnsb f r t th slu higa dj kiga d
u d e d n . a od vd l eo e ha i a g n n o n n
i
c ryigo a o t a wa b igs i a dj k da o tn e e t so
ar n n b u wh t s en ad n o e b u e d d o tp.
1 a 4.
d. t
M a ng t n obt i t f l ng sa e tfom W ake :
nni he
aned he olowi tt men r
l r
L boutMa 201 (1Da dM uli woul makea c ai a mell lwas
Al
y 1 , vi
lns
d
c ustons bout .
goi i t bo t woka Da d si (ji youwantabl obgou i t t
ng n he x o r nd vi ad d f
owj
p n ha
boxg' 1t nkIwast onl pes i t tboxgl W hen1wal e pas hi
.q hi
'
he y ron n ha
.
kgdl t s
t e,he w oul s s uf lke t-- e s goes,t
abl
d ay t f i tlher he
here i i '- 2 or3 tm es a week.
t s'
i
6
Toda wewe ewal ngo t l h,mea Ra . Da da J Crf weei
y
r ki ut o unc
nd yll vi nd ohn a t r n
fontofus. Da dke s yi t e ri t mout ' ra ove,lug ng.
r
gl vi pt a ng,t ne n he
wi
h'ove nd r a hi
Dur ng l h It d Ra lw astr d ofD a d' m out lca l d Sa r a t d he
i unc ol y
ie
vi s
h.
le nd a nd ol r
t t l W a t m e tus a Ra s t bl a tr l h. Co i ba k f o l
o e l yne o e
t y' a e fe unc
m ng c r m unch,
goi t Ra stbl ,wehadt goby Da d' a e . Da dt ne andsa td
ng o y' a ell
o
vi s r alj vi ur d
tre
lo ig a dlu higa us. Ra we to ra da k e jhm wh th wa
o k n n a g n t r) y n ve n s gd i a e s
lughi a. Ar ume g ns d. Plntma ge gott r a t dust got
a ng t g nt el ue
a
na r hee nd ol o o
bra r
e k oom. W epase b Br d( ga )a pus ng(q ue Don'know
s d y a Ra ns nd hi ens d.
t
who pus d tr t
he i s.
W al r7/ / 1 W rte St t m ent ECF N o. 1 a 6.
ke 20 1
i tn a e
,
28- 0 t
W hie M anni o a ne s a e e sf om W a ke and Cas i Adki be i e vi wi
l
ng bt i d t t m nt r
l r
sdy,
ns gan nt r e ng
o he e pl es H e obt ne s gne m i t n s a e e sf om D a d M uli ,Br d Rag ns
t r m oye .
ai d i d te t t m nt 'r
vi
lns a
a ,
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nd a
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o t he t r t o
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t t n t e e ng. I H e w oul f e nty s a ove t pl i tf s c c e ba ki o de s a
ç e hr at ni ' d.
of
'
d r que l t nd r he a n i f ubi l r ng r r t
he a C oncudeg hi or r ... t t r mak,ç es you'ls wha wilha nt you.'
r nd k l ) s de s wih he e r or le l ee t l ppe o ''
c
l O n a he oc s on,a rt pl ntf e e t d nott r ai on t s r i or st a ,he
d.
not r ca i
he he ai i f l c e
o em n
he upe v s ' e m
l a t ha e of( r c r'is he aoundt f ehi 'a si t tû co dSee
i bbed he ndls hej hai,'tpun r r
gr
o ac mp' nd ad ha t ul s
he
w hy a m a w oul s i a w om a s t oa .' I
n
d lt
n' hr t'' d.
l Oc teev. olon Pr tons t Fourh Cic ta tr e t de a oft
n helr
Sc l
oduc i , he
t r ui fim d he nil he
d fn a tsmoi nfr u g n a amatro lws eeteplitf wa s j ce t at al
ee d n ' to o j d me t s te f a wh r h an if s ube td o t iy
d
sr m ' ofs ba e di c s on a c
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t
r l
r r nd upe vior n osum
pr
oducton shop i w hi s w as t onl f al em pl
i
n
ch he
he y em e
oyee. Ochelr 335 F. at328tee,
3d
29.
The m e r pe t dl us d a f m a e m a qui a a pr t de ons r t s xualt c q si f o
n e ae y e
e l nne n s op o m t a e e
e hni ue n r nt
o t pl ntf ,a pr e e he w ih a ponz a c book c ai ng pi t esofm e w ih
f he ai i f nd es nt d r t
ogr phi
ont ni
c ur
n t
pi r e ge t la 1 a 328. The a s us d i xplci s xua i uls'n fontoft pl ntf,
e c d niai . 4, t
y lo e ' i t e l ns t 'i r
e
he ai if
w hi h i l d co m e sr a di ana s x a çs x wih a dog. l a 329. Addii ly, he
c nc ude m nt eg r ng l e nd çe t
' d. t
'
tona l t
pl i ifsma ec
antf
l owor r C onsa l dic s t i s xua e oiswih t rwi sa
ke s û tnty s us ed her e l xpl t t hei ve nd
c
gi lrendsi extem el gr c t s,'4 and,on one occasi ,t pl ntf ssuper sorexpress
rf i
n r
y aphi erm '
on he ai if'
vi
ed
a i e e ti S vi s x w ih young boys ' l
n nt r s n û ng e t
ha
. d.
'
l EEO C v.Fa r oo M edi alClni ,t Foulh Cic tr ve s t e r ofs m a y
n
i br k
c
i c he
' r ui e r ed he nt y um r
t
j d me tnfv ro t ed fn a twh r tealg to s i p o e , ho dt th s l o r f
u g n i a o f h ee d n , ee h l ain ,f r v n s we ha te oe wne o
e
t media ci cttr e ( fmal physca wihhi ype s lz c
he
c l lni 'agetd a e e
iinj t ghl ronaied omme sde i dt
nt sgne o
dem ean and hum ii e her.' Faibr M ed.Clni 609 F. at328. Fori t
lat
'
r ook
i c,
3d
nsance:
W hieghefmaephysca wa prgna ,gheownejfe ue l c
l t e l
iinj s e nt t
r r q nty omme ed
nt
a
boutt szeofhe br ss Ahe s ga bit hea ke t s e he br assa
he i
r ea t .
r he ve rh, s d o e r e t nd
t pum p t m ,s a ed t the w a e t lc u he br as m ik,i uie a utt
o
he t t ha
nt d o i k p r e t l nq r d bo he
s a usofhe lbi and o ne t ts w aspr bl a ( id t ng' i be
tt
r i do,
pi d ha he
oba y i l hi ' n d.
w
J- Thephysca t tfe t tt fe nc oft owne ' c
#.
iin esiid ha he rque y he
rs onduc es ltdahe s rt ne
t caae
r he eur d
fom ma e niy l ve, ndt tbyhere tm a in, ma c
r
t r t ea a ha
si to he de omm e sa
nt bout rbr ssa l a to e
he ea t t e s nc
ort ceawe kdurngat mont pe i L a 330. TheFourh Cic te
wi
e i wo- h rod. (a t
t rui mphasz dt t
ie ha
ûll i c oft s c
ithe mpa t he e omme sma havebe nagg a t byt fc t tgheo r ha
nt y
e r vaed he a t ha t wne ) d
prvi l ma co nt t (hefmal physcinqa thi ge tl andt eofhi wie. 1
e ousy de mme s o t e e i a bou s nias hos
s f ' d.
'
a 329. W ihrs c t hi own a t t owne ha prvi l i s a e a i
t
t epe t o s
naomyshe
r d e ousy t plygdj n mageofhi
di
s
4 Fori t
nsance:
Them en t ke e yday aboutt rs
al d ver
hei exualexperenc oft ni bef e,maki
i es he ght or
ng
c
omme t a u t erfmaep rn r s has( hes l d s eg veg h a (r I
ns bo t h i e l a te s uc t wal
s
owe , h a ood e d, o l
f ked heral ni l ' One e pl
uc
l ght ong.
'
m oyee a
nnouncedt hi gilrend çgave good
hat s rfi t
he dglt ts elk st s lo t ts lk di fo b hid,(n t ts ewo d d i
a , ha h ie o walw,ha he ie t r m e n a dl ha h ul o t
anywher wih hi .
e t m'
'
Oc elre 3 F.da 32 (n en ctto o te )
h te , 35 3 t 9 it ral iains mitd .
14
peni t nt fvet t rytmesa rfrl t i a C r Ha py'onfvet tnoft e
s we y-i o hit i nd eered) o t s M . p
i o e hos
oc s ons ' I a 330. A lhough t r wasno i c ton t tt owne ha e rt he t
ca i . d. t
'
t
he e
ndi a i ha he
r d ve ouc d he
physca i ppr praey,heFourh Cic te
iin na o itl t
t rui mphasze t tShe eg s evi nc t the, t
i d ha t r wal de e ha a
t
l s i plcil pr
ea t m i ty, opos d t tt y e ge i s xuala tviy, w he t owne s i t ts ' e
e ha he nga n e
ci t '
' n he
r a d ha he ' d
ow
hi S g'f hi hepi g pa tc a)matra as di s woul 1thi pumphe br ss'
m bi or s l n a riulr te nd ke f he
de m
r ea t.
'
I
d.
M os rc nty,n Okol v.CivofBatmor 6 F. 21 (t Ci. 1 ,heFou t
t ee l i
i t
li e, 48 3d 6 4h r 201 ) t
rh
Cic t a ae t ee tyo s
ruiv c td h nr f ummayj g n i fvo ofhee l y ro t plitf' h sie
r ud me tn a r t mp o e n he anifs o tl
wo ke vr n n cam, eet ep anifsb s , u i as a o j s f u mo t ,
r n io me t li wh r h litf' o s d rng p n f u t o r nhs
pr ii ne he t ha s x w ih hi i a J c zion m uli e oc as o , ke ques i a t
opos to d r o ve e t m n a uz
tpl c i ns as d
tons bou
he unde w e r a de c i ed s xua e r e est the ha pr ous y e ged i w ih a t r
r
r a , nd s r b e l xpe i nc ha
d evi l nga
n t no he
woma a t woma sda htr J=a 217- Durngt s metmepeid,hepli ifs
n nd he
n' ug e . #. t 18. i he a i
ro t antf
bos f ed he l unde a c e e t bl t o ort e tm e durng m or ng m e tngs a
s ondl
r egs
r onf r nce a e w
hr e i s i
ni
e i , nd
f c bl g a d a ki s heri a co e e e r . 1 a 218.s a s H a r sv. a a
or i y r bbe nd s ed
n
nf r nc oom d. t , ee l o r i M yor nd
CiyCounciofBali e, F. x 1 ,1 89,20 ( h Ci.2011 (e ri ga of
t
l
tmor 429 App' 95 982 4t r
) rvesng rnt
s mmayj dg n o ah si wo ke vr n n cam, e ewo nç r r g lryrfre
u r u me t n o tl r n io me t li wh r me i e e ual eer d
e
we
t a ç ic e ' a d Su t,' maec wo k rSe ae l rfre t gh plitfla aCic
o s bth s jn l c n s' a l o r e û pe tdy eerd o te an it s bth'
'
r
wihoutc mnai by (hepli ifs s r s ,' ndbot e rmeygrphi dic sons
t
onde ton t antfhj upevior'a
h xte l a c susi
be w e n co or sa uts xua ac i t wih w o e a di c s ons a
t e w ker bo e l tviy t m n, nd s us i
boutf m a e a t y,
e l na om
occ rdr ulry)
ure eg al .
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e, i he or ng es
ker
l hat
lns
t
ouched heri
nappr at y,orear ty pr
opri el
nes l oposii
toned her f s
or exualact She doesnotalege
s.
l
t t w entoutoft rw ay t di gus herand m ake herf uncom f abl by engagi i
hat hey
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o s t
eel
ort e
ng n
de
monsr tonsofs xua acsore r l g a cdic sonsr r ng t i s xua a tviy.
ta i
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xteme y r phi s us i ega di her e l c i t
Shed snots
oe
ugges t ts wass j ce t fe ntc
t ha he
ube td o rque omme sa he body. Shedoesnot
nt bout r
cam t ts wa e e t de a ng,g nde- s e t t ors j ce t physca t eas
li ha he s xpos d o me ni e rbaed pihes ub e td o
i lhr t.
l t d,W al rdes r be a wor a e i whi h i w a notunc m on f t o ofhe
nsea
ke
ci s
kpl c n
c t s
om
or w
r
c wor r t ac i aboors mor cma r ll l l noonec
o- ke s o tn
ih, oni nne . dW hie
ondonesboorsmes,heei a
il st r s
l eb t e wha c nj tfa l b c l dsx a h r sme ta dwh ti meeycud b h vo .
i ewe n t a usiib y e al e u l a a s n n a s rl r e e a ir'
n
e
'
Zi ki 547 F. a 228. The a tonst toc ur e m os f e nty - M uli a Y o
s e,
3d t
c i ha c r d
t r que l lns nd ung' k hes
sk e
t
n s'a i s - we e c e r y i ppr i t a unpr e s ona , t y w e e nots e r m e ast
ut ' ntc - r l a l na opra e nd
of s i l but he
r
o xte
o
a ountt a c nge i t t r sa condii nsofW a ke ' e pl ym e . A ddii ly,i i
m
o ha
n he e m nd
to
l r s m o nt
tona l t s
undiput d t tt e c
s e ha hes omm e swe eno diece atW al re usvey,a t tt y we e
nt r t r td
ke xcl i l nd ha he
r
i t a m a t m al a f m a ee pl esalke. Se Faibr M e Clni , F. a 328ns e d de o
e nd e l m oye i
e r ook d. i c 609 3d t
29
(1 eha prvi l rc ze t tt r i adifrncebewe n C ne ai d'sae nt t t
çW ve e ousy e ogni d ha hee s fee
t e ge r lze ttme s ha
polut t w or e r nm e a d r onalge r ba e r m a ks t ts ngl outi vi s f
l e he
k nvi o nt nd pe s
nde - s d e r ' ha i e
ndi dual or
r di ul Co m on e re t c t tt l te ha a g ea e i pac on t i ls e r a
i c e. m
xpe i nce ea hes ha he a t r ve r t r m t he r i t ne s nd
t ar mor sveef msofhaa s nt') Thec tlke s c l st tMuli 'l o
hus e e e r or
rs me . .
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our i wie oncude ha
lns ç w
bl
j b'a i e ri t mout 'c
o ' nd ç ne n he
wi
h' omme t,a hi rmakt thet t( akelc dhole r l
n s nd s e r ha t W l r oul lr ea
be
l ud, e ch ofwhi h w e e m a i f ontofW a ke a he boyf i nd on one occ s on, r no
o ' a
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c
r
de n r
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re
ai ae t
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k a e ha s û m t d t s i na or ntm da i i cul ,
pe
a i ul ...ha i s fcinty sve eorpe v svet atrt co to ofg r e oyme
nd ns t t t s ufi e l e r
r a i o le he ndiins he ) mpl nt
a c e t a a i woki e r
nd r ae n busve r ng nvionmen.' Hars 51 U. a 21(ntr lctto a
t' ri, 0 S. t i ena iains nd
quottonmaksomitd) l ta t y aee mpl oftheki ofr be vi ,t sng,a
ai
r
te . nse d,he r xa es s nd ude ha or ea i nd
t
ofha c
f nd omme st tgheFo t Cic tha jhedaeno s fce l s veea pevasvet
nt ha t urh rui s l r t ufiinty e r nd r i o
cons iut actonabl s
tt e i
e exualhar sm ent' Si et v.D ep' ofCor .Educ. 115 F.A pp' 119,
as
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t
r
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x
1 (t Ci.
22 4h r 2004) s as Cze r v. r ng.I , CCB- 13 201 U. Dit
; ee lo meda Bacodi nc.No.
I -244, 3 S. s.
LEXI 1
S 03282,a *9( M d.J y24, 3)( di t tamaee o sofe i rmaks
t D.
ul 201 hol ng ha
l mplyee' fnsve e r ,
whi h i ude of e i t g vet f m a e pl i tf a i p s e r' nd a he c l gue a d ow
c ncl d f r ng o i he e l a n if û
pa m a ' a not r olea
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bl
j b'we en ts fiin l sveeo p r a iet ce t a a usvewo kige vr n nl S a r
o , r o u fce ty e r r ev sv o rae n b i
'
r n n io me t; rve
v.Sur calM oniorng Ser ,I ,N o.CCB- 01331,2006 U . D i .LEX I 55222,a *14-15
gi
t i
vs. nc.
05S. st
S
t
( Md. ul 27,2006)( di t talowi t pli ift purueahosiewor e r nt
D. J y
hol ng ha l ng he antf o s
tl k nvionme
c a m unde t cic s a esd oul notbe c i t n w ih co r lng Four h Cic tl w ,'
li
r he r um t nc s d
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ons s e t t nt oli
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r he ai if le d ha r s e a l
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a sdhert ts woul 'ge abonuswhe g golabl j b''.
dvie
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ds t
s
n he t ow o '
)
W ak rh sas fi dt p of re ie efo whc ar a o a l j r c ul fn ta
le a lo al o r fe vd nc r m ih e s n be u y o d id h t
e
M uli a Young' a tonsunr s bl i e f r d w ih he w or pe f m a e. A lho h
lns nd
s ci
ea ona y nt r e e t r k r or nc
t ug
W a ke t tted t ts t
l r es ii ha he houghtt tM uli 'be vi s ow e dow n he pe f m a e a w o k,
ha
lns ha or l d
r r or nc t r
s ac
he know l dge t ts d t l s peo e doi t s m e a ountofwor 'd i t s m e
e d ha he t wo e s pl ng he a
had
m
k' ur ng he a
tmepei a t the i e s dwor oa as c rbutdt he it i be nd. W ake
i
rod, nd ha r ncra e
kl d lo onti e o r l aygngl hi '
s
' lr
De a 1 65,ECF N o.30p. t 6420. A d to ly, hie t r co d r ve l t tW a ke hasa hit y
dii na l w l he e r e a s ha
l r
s or
ofa e y a de e son, hi m a ha bee a a t d by he c or r 'c
nxi t nd pr s i w ch y ve n ggr va e
r ow ke s onduc ,d
td
not
eve y w or pl ce a ava i g ve r s t a ac i bl l lcl i .' Andr v. a e t
r
k a ggr ton i s i e o n tona e ega a m '
ews St pl s he
OfieSu rt eEa tl , 7: 1
fc pesor s. nc.No, 1 CV00037, 3U. DitLEXI 92011 a *3 ( . Va.
201 S. s.
S
, t 2 W D.
J y 1 201 (ii EEOC v.SunbetRe as I , F. 3 31 ( hCi.
ul , 3) ctng
l ntl.nc.521 3d 06, 6 4t r2008). knse d,
) d ta
l
t obeci pr oft ts i S sgne t dif vo camsbas ona i vi ls
he j tve ong he e t s de i d o sa r li
ed n ndi dua'
hype -e ii t '' 1 ( i Far ookM e Clni,609F. a 328)
rsnstviy.' d. quotng ibr
d. i c
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Thi case i al o di tngui
s
s s s i shabl f
e rom a num ber of e s i Fourt Cicui cases,snce t
xitng
h r t
i he
r atve pow erbet
el i
ween W al and heraleged har
ker
l
asser doesnotconti e t m aki t r
s
rbut o
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c
onduc m or s ve e. A st Cou tobs r i Zi ki hos ie w or e r en c est tha
t e e r
he
r
e ved n s e, tl
k nvionm t as ha ve
s ce ded i t scic tt ve ofe i ve a di pa iy i pow e be w e n t har s e and t
uc e
n hi r ui û
ha
t n nvol d
s rt n
r t e he a s r
he
vitm. l a 227. Fori tnce i J ngsv. ve st ofNorhCaolna 482F. 686( h
ci ' d. t
'
nsa ,n enni
Uni riy
t ri,
3d
4t
Ci.2007)(nba ,heCour e
r
e nc)t
t mpha i dt tt haa s r' saf t fveye rol ma
sze ha he rs e '
wa ory-i - a - d n
pr ng i o a com m en i abo t s xua a tvii s ofyoung w om e s e ofwhom ,lke
obi nt nd
tng ut he e l c i te
n, om
i
J nni , e e a you a s ve t n. J nni ,482 F. d a 697. I Oc tee t vi tm '
e ngs w r s ng s e n ee ' e ncs
'
3 t
n helr , he c i s
s r s pa tc pa ed i t i iy sr a ' ofs x- e dic s on a conduc a l ge by t
upe vi or r i i t n he û l t e m ' e bas d s us i nd
da
t le d
he
vi tm . Oc lr e 335 F. a 328ci
he t e ,
3d t
29. l r ve s ng t di ti tco ts g a ofs m a y
n e r i he s r c ur ' r nt um r
j d me t oted f n a tnR&R Ve tr s teF u t Cic t o n ta t eo j cies v rt of
u g n t h ee d n i
nu e ,h o rh ruif u d h t h be tv e eiy
t har sm entw as com pounded by t f t t har erûw as an adul m al i a s vi or
he as
he act hat he ass û
t e n uper s y
pos ton ove young wom e ba el ha fhi a ' R& R V e ur , F. a 3
ii
r
n r y l s ge.
'
nt es 244 3d t 40. Li w i e i
ke s , n
Far r o M e ia Cl i,h Co r o e v dt t'j r c ud l e s c n ld t a gh l
ib o k d c l i c te u t bsr e ha i u y o l i wie o cu e h t t e
n
a
k
s rt ofghehaa s rs co uctwase ebae byt f tt thewasnotonl (hevitm'j
eveiy t rs e 'q nd
xac r td he ac ha
y t ci s
i dit s r s butas t s eowne of(heme c lci ca whi t vitm woked .'
mme ae upevior lo he ol
r t dia lni t ch he ci r l'
Far ook M e Clni 69F. a 331. He e t co uc al ge by W ake t sno r m o e y
ibr
d. i c,
3d t
r , he nd t le d
l rd
doe t e t l
r s m bl t r pe t d ha as i co
e e e he e a e r sng nduc by s eone i a poston ofa ho iy t tw a de c i d
t om
n
ii
ut r t ha s s rbe
i ot c s s' Ziki,547F.da 228. l t d,W akeral st ts wass jcedt
n her a e .' s e
3 t
nsea
l lege ha he
ube t o
ha a s e by t cowor s nothe s r s s.
r s m nt wo
ker ,
r upe vior
l s m ,t c tc l s ba edupon a loft r l va tf t s t tt r i note ug
n u he our onc ude , s
l he e e n acor , ha he e s
no h
evi nc fom whihaj yco dfndt tt c
de e r
c ur ul i ha he onduc a is wa s fcintys ve eorpe v sve
t t sue s ufi e l e r
rai
t cr a e a a i w o ki e r e . The e i no que to t tt c
o e t n busve r ng nvionm nt
r s
s i n ha he onducte ag i by
ng ed n
M uli a Young w a i ppr i t and i m a ur N one he es ,t wor a e W a ker
lns nd
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t l s he
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cri
'hough cr
ude,i nott helih envionm entagai tw hi Til V I prot s.'
s
he ls
r
ns
ch te 1 ect '
18
Gr nev. Dui Pyl l ,371F.Supp. 75 763( M d.
ee
A. e e.nc.
2d 9, D. 2005) Acc di y,whiet
.
or ngl
l he
c u t o sn t o d n h rc wo k r ' h vo ,t s ga ts mmayj d me tt M o - l a
o r d e o c n o e e o r e s be a ir imu t rn u r u g n o d u- f
fr
on t hos ie w or envi
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k
ronm entcl m .
ai
II
.
Ret i i
alat on
W al ra s c e t M od- -or t r i t d he i r t i ton f c pl i ng abo
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ur
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