Karavias v. Commonwealth of VA et al

Filing 31

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 7/23/2013. (tvt)

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CLERK' OFFI U .S.DI COURT S CE ST. ' . AT DANVI E. LL VA . ' FLD Zo I V. E J 23 2 1 UL 23 I THE UNI S N TED TATESDI CT COURT STRI FO R TH E W E STER N D I STR I T O F V I G I I C R N A R O A N O K E D IVISIO N JASO N S.K AR AVIA S,l 1, Pl ntf ai it V. COM M ONW EALTH OF VA,e a . t I, D ef endant s. <J n. c RK BK C i lA cton No.7: c 00624 vi i 12- v- ) ) ) ) ) ) ) M EM O M N DU M O PI I N N O By: H on.Jac on L . i e ks K sr Seni U nie St t s Di t c Judge or t d a e s ri t J s S.Ka a as aV igi ai aepr e ng pr K ,tl d a ci lrght a t o ptr ua a on r vi , r ni nm t oc edi o ie vi i s c i n ts nt . t 4 U.. j1 3wi ti dcinv se i 28U. C. 1 4 .Plitf i tal nn da o 2 SC. 98 t u s ito e td n hj S. j 3 3 an if ni l me s iy defnda st Commo at ofVigi a CorecinalOfi r(t O' D. r r a Nure e nt he nwe lh r ni, r to tce t ' Fn me, nd s C/ ) Whi a dI e iu l ds se camsa ans Nu s W hit to t rj d c a tr n td t n prvo sy imis d li g i t re t wih u p eu ie nd e mi ae t he asadee t ptrua t 28U. C.j 1 5()2)B)i)a j 1 5A( () Pli if r fndan, ls nt o S. 91 e( ( (i nd 91 b)1. antf a l est tC/ Fa m e us d e e s ve f ce i vi a i oft Ei ht Am e leg ha O r r e xc s i or , n ol ton he g h ndm e oft nt he U nied St t s Co tt i The Com m o ea t ofV i g ni a C/ Fa m ertl a m oton f t a e ns iuton. nw 1h r i a nd O r i ed i or ng he t i or s ton sl r j d me ta dplitf r s o d d 1maki t m aterrpef diposii Afe ' mmay u g n, n anif e p n e , tr . rv e n t r c r Ig a t e e d n s moin frsl r j g n . e iwig he e o d, r n d f n a t' to o l mmay ud me t 1. Dee a t p e e t h f lwigf csi s p o t f h i moin frsl r j d me t fnd ns rs n t e ol n a t n u p r o t er to o l o mma y u g n . On No mbe 1 2011 C/ Gi on a C/ Buc na r tive lmc ta fom ea h i t ve r 4, , O bs nd O ha n e re d t h r ys r c nma e i pli ifspoda t RedOni Stt Prs n (I n antf t he on ae io V RCSPS . Toa ompls t sts t ofkes I 2 cc ih hi ak,he t r us d a S r y s o boxr' hi i a m e albox w ih a ope s de pl c a i ta c ldoo a e t a lt t ' w ch s t t n n i a ed ga ns el r nd 1Pl i ifsr s e, whi l gel r i on l bel a c usons a antf ' e pons ch ar y eles a s nd oncl i bouthow C/ Fa ra l gedl us d e s i O nne le y e xce s ve fr e i n t eiid, n h di n t rsn e ie c t o p s d fn a t' to frsmmayj d me t oc ,s o v rfe a d e d o p ee t vd n e o p o e ee d ns moin o u r u g n. Cons que ty,Ir l on pli ifsve iid Compl nt e n l ey antf' rfe ai . 2ROSP i c i r d a K s onsde e n ç i sr tveLong Tem Segr tonUni ' ni t tmos ofisi ts lke Adm nitai r egai t'mea ng ha t t nmae , i pl ntf,aeke i t rsnglai if r pt n hei i ebunk c l f appr m ael t e y-hr hour pe da Thi t ofs cur els or oxi t y w nt t ee s r y. s ype e e ho i i de i d f t VD OC' m os vi e ordefa i aes usng s sgne or he S t olnt int nm t . a he sdet thasahi d l k t s ur ie si i . Theta sotbox i a ûxe t t ta not r i ha nge oc o ec e t m nsde ry l s f d o he r y soto ac l doorby l we i t ta soti o t box a by si ng t t oft box ove t l n el o rng he r y l nt he nd ldi he op he r he ta s o l t h. The ta s o box t n be m e a ba r e be wee t i a e a s a fde pie t ry lt ac r y- l t he co s r i r t n he nm t nd t f s t he ope ta so on t c ldoor n r y lt he el . W he C/ Gi on putt ta sotbox on pli ifsdoort r tivepl ntf sl h n O bs he r y- l antf o e re ai if unc ta pl i ifsuc hi ha i i t box.C/ Gi o or r d pl i ift r movehi ha r y, antf t k s nds nsde he O bs n de e antf o e s nds fo t bo butpl i ifr f s d a ti t knoc t box oft c l door C/ Gi on c l r m he x, antf e u e nd red o k he he e l . O bs aled C/ Fam e f as itnc be a e C/ Fa m e wasa s ni ofkerwho wasa horze t ca r O r r or ssa e c us O r r e or t ut i d o r y pe rs a W he C/ Fa mera rve a t cel hes pl i ifsa m si t ta sot ppe pr y. n O r ri d t he l, aw antf' r n he r y l , t yi t pus t ta s o box f om t door s w pl ntf hol ng w ha l d lke a pl s i r ng o h he r y- l t r he , a ai i f di t ooke i a tc ba a he dpli tf t e t n t t ow f ce o t ofi r . C/ Fa g, nd ar a n if hr a e o hr e s n he tce s O nnerti dt r ta h t re o eat c he bo t t doo s ve a tm e t s clet ba re be we n t ofi r a pl i ifsa ms x o he r e r l i s o e tr he r ir t e he tce s nd antf r . Alhoug pli tf con i d t pus t box a y fom t door C/ Fa m e wa uli t l t h a n if tnue o h he wa r he , O r r s tma ey a et l k t ta sotcl e a trs c i t ta sotbox. bl o oc he r y l os d fe e urng he r y- l Pl i ifdi notpr s ntany e de et oppos de e nt 'moton.I t d,pl ntf antf d ee vi nc o e f nda s i nsea ai if m e e y al ge i t ve iid Com pl ntt tC/ Fa merr peaed y hi pl ntf a msa r l le s n he rfe ai ha O r e t l t ai ifs r nd ha wiht box, usng br n fnge s br ies and s r pe . Pli tf ar ue t tt sf ce nds t he ca i oke i r , u s , c a s a n if g s ha hi or wase e svebe us pl i ifwa l ked i i a c l,a her quess$30, i da a s xc s i ca e antf s oc nsde e l nd e t 000 n m ge . I l. A. A p ry i e tte t s mmayj d me t f h p e d n s t ed so r a dd s lsze a t s nild o u r u g n i t e la i g ,h ic vey n ico t r m ae i l on fl ,a a a fda t s tra s ie nd ny fi vis how t tt r i no ge nediput a t a m a e i f c . ha he e s nui s e s o ny t ral a t Fe R.Ci P.56() ae ilf csa et enec s r t esa iht elme sofapa t s d. v. a.M tra a t r hos esay o tbls he e nt ry' c u eo a to An e s nv. b rvLo b , n .47 U.. 4 , 4 ( 9 6 .A g n i is o a s f cin. d ro Lie t b y I c, 7 S 2 2 2 8 1 8 ) e une sue f m aera f c e ssi,i viwi t r cor a a1 r s t il a t xit f n e ng he e d nd 1 ea onabl i e e e dr wn t e r i a e nf r nc s a her fom n lghtm os f vor bl t t non- ovi pa t a r s bl f ttnde c d r t n a ve di tf i t a a e o he m ng r y, ea ona e ac -i r oul e ur r c or t non- nt L- Themovi pa t hast bur nofs ngtha t r i ana e eof he mova . d o ng ry he de howi i t hee s bs nc t e de et s vi nc o uppor t nonmovi pa t sca e.'Cel e Cor v.Car t 477U . 31 325 t he ng ry' s ' otx p. tet S. 7, ( 98 ) l temo a tsts st i b r e t nten nmo a tmu ts t o t s ct , 1 6 . f h v n aife hs u d n,he h o - v n s e f rh pe i k ad isbl f c st tde onsr t t e se e ofa ge neis off c f ti l I a 322- . m s i e a t ha m ta e he xit nc nui sue a t or ra . d. t 23, s eW ilnmsv.Grf 952F. 820,823( hCi.1 )( tngal to i ave iid e li isn, 2d 4t r 991 noi legains n rfe c ompl ntbas d on pe s lknowl ai e rona edgea et equi e ofa opposng a fda tf s ma y r he valnt n i fi vi or um r j dg n p r os s.A pa t i e tte t sl r j d me ti t er c r a awh l c u dno u me t u p e ) ry s nild o t mmay u g n f h e o d s oe o l t l d ar tonalti roff c t fnd i f vo oft non- o nt W ila s 952 F. a 823. A ea a i re a t o i n a r he m va . lim , 2d t pa t t n tc ea e a ge ne i s ofm a e i lf c t ough m er s c a i ort buid ng of r y t nno r t c nui s ue t r a a t hr e pe ul ton he l i o ei frn eu o a o h r' Be l v. r y 7 9F.d21 , 4( t Ci.1 8 ) Th rf r , n n ee c p n n t e . ae Had , 6 2 3 21 4h r 9 5 . e eo e ' tmjr t u p re s c lto . .sn t no h t d f a asl l j d me tmo in. t ee ms p o td pe u ain . i o e ug o ee t l l mma' u g n to ' y ' El sv. tlAs ' ofBus & Ed .Ra o.I ,53F. 55,62( h Ci.1 . mi Na ' sn . uc di nc. 3d 4t r 995) B. Pl ntf c nnotr c rda ge a ns dee nt i a ofiilc pa t vi j1983. ai if n e ove ma s gai t fnda s n n fca a ciy a N e t ra s a e no is of i i l ac i i t rof i alc pac tesa e pe s f rpur es o ihe t t r t fc a s tng n hei fci a ii r r ons o pos f j1 3.W i v Mih c nDe to S aePoie 49 U. 5 ( 9 9 .Ac o dngy Fame , e 98 l . c ia p' f tt l , 1 S. 8 1 8 ) c r i l , r r wh n l c s d i an ofk i lc pa t a t Co monweat ofVig ni a ei mune fom t ss t 1 ue n t a a ciy, nd he m 1h ri a r m r hi ui. d. C/ Fn me ar O r r guest tt e es i f r ecli as e t a ns hi i a i vi ua ha he xc sve o c a m s red gai t m n n ndi d l c pa iyi bardbyt docrneofq lfe i a ct s re he ti uaiid mmuniy.Quaii i l t pe mis t lfed mmlniy r t l r me ofiil pef ngdiceinar f nci ...(obe s el fom la lt f i n nt fcas ronni srto y ' tons t 1 hi ded r ibiiy or gove u cvi dn a si of rast i c i l m ge ns a her onduc doe no vi ae cea l esa ihe saut y or t s t olt l ry t bls d t t or c tt tona rg sofwhi h ar s bl pe s wo d ha 110w1. Ha l v.Fizce ad, onsiu i l i ht c ea ona e r on ul ve 11 15 row ' t rl 457U. 8 818( 98 .Quaii i S. 00, 1 2) lfed mmuniypr de i t ovi s mmuniyfo s trt rt namee t r m ui ahe ha r de e e t la lt Thus w he he a def nda ca cl i qua ii i m t iy i a ptr ques i f ns o i biiy. , t r e nt n a m lfed m m t s le ton of1w a i pr rydeemi dprti .Sa irv. t 533U. 1 20001( ) a nd s ope l tr ne eral uce Kaz, S. 94, - 2001 , ove ze pq oh rgomd k Pe ro v. la a , 5 U. 2 ( 0 )( r ti glwe c u t m ld t e r t s y a s n Calh n 5 5 S. 23 20 9 pemit o r o rs n . t dicei t dee mi whihqualûe i he srton o tr ne c i d mmuniypr t a l frt. t ong o nayze is) Onc adef ntr s st q lfe i e enda aie he ua iid mmuniy de e e apl i ifbe r t btr n t t f ns , antf a s he zde o s how t tade enda ' co uc vi a e t pl n ifsrg . Henr v.Pt el 501F.d 37 ha f nts nd t olt d he aitf i ht y ml l, 3 4, 378( hCi. ) G-heunlwf nes oft a tonmus bea rntwhe asese fom t 4t r 2007 . t r a ul s he ci t ppae n s s d r he pes cieo a o j cieyra o beo fca c ag dwi k o e g ofetb ihe lw. rpe tv f n b e tv l e s na l fiil h r e t n wld e sa ls d a ' h ' Lo e v. bis n, 4F.d 4 6 4 9(t Ci.1 9 ) s eAn es nv. eg t n 48 U. 6 5 p z Ro n o 91 2 8 , 8 4h r 9 0 ; e d ro Crih o , 3 S. 3 , 6 0( 9 7 (-h si n tt s yt t n o fca a to i p oe tdb q aiidi miyu ls 4 1 8 ) s -i s o o a ha a fiil cin s r tce y u lfe mmt t n e s ç l t ve y a ton i ques i haspr vi l be n he d unl w f ... i i t s y t ti t lght he r c i n ton e ous y e l a ul but t s o a ha n he i ofpr -xitng1w t unl une smus bea rnt' ;seas Edwadsv.CiyofGol bor ee si a he awf l s t ppae .) e lo ' r t ds o, 1 8F.d2 , ( t Ci. 9 9 (ttn ce rye tbls e 1w i t Fo rhCic t e est 7 3 31 251 4h r 1 9 ) saig la l sa ih d a n he u t ruir fr o de i i nsoft Supr m e Cour oft Unie St t , he Cou ofA ppe s f t Four h Cic t c so he e t he t d a es t rt al or he t r ui, a t hi s co toft saei whiht ca eaos) nd he ghe t ur he tt n c he s r e . 4 A p io e algnge c si ef remu t be tv l s o ta ad fn a tCnfitd rs n r l i x e sv o c s o j ci ey h w h t e e d n E lce e i ume e s r a dwa t np i a ds frng' ilyv. bes 47 U. 31 , 2 ( 9 6 ; e z c say n n o an n ufei . 'R te Al r, 5 S. 2 3 0 1 8 ) se W is v.Setr 501U. 294,298( 991 ( di t ta Ei hAme lon ie, S. 1 ) hol ng ha n ght ndmen cam f t li or e c sief r erq ie a o j cied prv to o ab schl nne d a dta p io o fcas x e sv o c e u rs n b e tv e iain f a i t ma e n h t rs n fiil s j tveyace wihas fce l c pa esaeofmi ) Theef e t prpe i uiyi ubeci l td t ufiinty ul bl tt nd . r or ,he o r nq r s whe he t f r ea i wasûn a good f ih e f t om ant n orr sor di cplneor t r he o c ppled t i at for t i ai et e s i i m ai i l a s sialy f rt ve ypu pos ofc usnghann. W hily,475U . a 3 21 lcousy nd aditc l o he r r e a i ' ' te S. t 20- . Th s b e tv c mp n nt n o a s s4 u hfco sa tene df rtea p iaino fr e t e u j cie o o e e c mp se ç c a tr s h e o h p lc to f oc ,he s r lto s pb t e ten e a t ea u to f ret twa u e , n t ee tn o ij r eain hi ewe n h e d nd h mo n f o c ha s s d a d h x e t f nu y i lce ' I a 3 (n en l u tto mak , leain , n ctto o te ) Th o j ci nfitd. d. t 21 itr a q oain r s atrto s a d i in mitd . e b e tve ' a elme ge al rquie mor t naéçmi mi us off ce Huds v. c ila 503U. e nt nerly e r s e ha ni s e or . on M M lin, S. 1 9- 0( 992) Core to lsafmus a tin ha t t rprslr ,a feq ntywihoutt , 1 1 . rcina tf t c t se,mde e sze nd r ue l t he i l yofa s ond c uxur ec hanc 'a t c tmus gi prs ofii l ç de r ngi de e enc i e, nd he our ' t ve ion fc a s s -a ng f r e n wi t a i a e c i ofpolce a pr ci st ti t rj he dopton nd xe uton iis nd a tce ha n hei udgme aene dt pr srv nt r ede o ee e i e nalor ra dicplne a t m ant i i tmtonals urt ' W hily,475 U. a 320* nt r de nd s i i nd o i an nsi i ec iy. ' te S. t , Huds 5 U . a 7. on, 03 S. t Afe r l ng onl o t ve ii d Compl i , antf f l t pr des c fc,a s i e tr e yi y n he rfe ant pli if ais o ovi pe ii dmisbl f c st tde a t ha monsr t how C/ Fa me us d f c ma ii l a s ditc l t pur el ta e O r r e or e lc ousy nd a sialy o pos y c us ha m .Cons que l C/ Fa m e i e ild t quaiid i mt t bec us t r co d a e r e nty, O r r s ntte o lfe m miy a e he e r e nc sFa me ' us off c asa good f ih e f t o mait n orr sor dicplne. vi e r r s e or e at for t n ai et e s i i Pl i tf s a gtm e t tt f ce w a exc s ve be a e he w a l ke i i t c li a n if r z nt ha he or s es i c us s oc d ns de he el s s ousbecaus he f l t of erany evi peci e ais o f dence t expl n w hy hi arm sw er out de t cel at o ai s e si he l a i Pl i ifsa msdi no be o ou sdeofhi celwhe r t ni t lmc ta a hi nytme. antf r d t l ng t i s l n eur ng he t h r y, nd s pe s se r f s lt c pl w ih s a f s o de sr quied s e t off r e t r s or di c plne r i t nt e u a o om y t t f ' r r e r om ype o c o e t e s i i a or r C/ Far e ' f ce ula tm pt t hi t ta sotbox on t c l doort ke p nd de . O m r s or f te s o nge he r y l he el o e pl ntf sha s c ey a ai if nds e ur l way fom t ofi r wasa die tc e r he fce s r c ons quenc ofpl i ifst ea t e antf hr t o t ow f ce o t ofi e sa hi r f a t r tln hi n msi i t cel An i t st e t hr e s n he fc r nd s e us l o etr s r nsde he l. nma e' hr a t t ow f eson c r tona sa fundoubt y ca e saf t ac i ha t a t rpr s ur , o hr ec oreci l t f edl us s t f o t n se nd mde e s e a C/ Fa mersde ii n t qui y a f ce u l s ur t box i worhy ofdef r nce. nd O r ' c so o ckl nd or f ly ec e he s t ee Al o g p an ifalg dys san db o e fng r, r ie , n s rpe ,h s ij re t u h litf le e l u tie r k n i es b us s a d ca s t e e n u is h c d onl ha ha ned i pl i ifr f e t r t n hi ha i i t c ldoor Pl ntf s oul y ve ppe f antf e us d o e ur s nds nsde he el . ai if algedl br nfnger a X mi mi br s a s rpesaenotc le y oke i s nd ni s uies nd ca r omme tr t wiht nszae t he difgtr m e t tcotl havebe n c us d i t s e lbo we er peae y s s d m ai i usy s i le nt ha ld e a e f he t e x r e tdl ma he lc o l a s di tc ly a r s pl i if sha a n m saspl i ifa l es A lhough C/ Fa m er nd a s i a l c os a ntf nds nd r a ntf leg . t O r c d ha us dpe rs ay o die tphysca f cet c pe pli if sobedinc C/ oul ve e ppe pr r r c i l or o om l antf e e, O F r rp ritdi scligt ta so b xt r so eo d rwih u ag e trrs o ij yt n me e sse n e t n he ry lt o o e t r r e t o t r ae ik f nm' o r pli iforsaf.Acc di l pl ntf f ist pr s nte de t tC/ Fn e us d f c a ntf t f or ng y, ai if al o e e vi nce ha O m r e or e m a i i l a s di tc ly,a C/ Fa ri entted t qua ii d i m uniy. lc ous y nd a s i a l nd O nne s il o lfe m t 1 11. F rt ef r g i gra o , g a td fn a t'mo inf rs mma yj d me ta d d n a o h o e o n e s ns 1 rn ee d ns to o u r u g n n e y s m ootpl i ifsmotont c pe . antf ' i o om l3 3Pl i if smoton t c pelas m et or rno de e t t pr vi pl ntf wih pe a pape afe a ntf ' i o om ks o de n- f ndan s o o de ai if t n nd r tr c r c i safalege yr vokedpl ntf' pos esi oft eie sbe us awom a co pli abo alte ore tonal tf l dl e ai ifs s son hes tm ca e n m aned ut etr pli ifsnthe .Ther co dr veaspl ntf antf e r e r e l ai ifhasbe abl t fzl r pl t deenda s m oton a c tor s en e o t y e y o f nt ' i nd our der, l a t r ques f pe a pa ri m oo bec us t sm atri r s ve a nor s efom pli ifi r uied. nd he e t or n nd pe s t a e hi te s e ol d nd e pons r antf s eq r The Cl r i di e t d t s nd c esoft s M em or ndtm Opi on a t ac om pa ng e k s r c e o e opi hi a z ni nd he c nyi Or rt pl i ifa couns lofr or f de e nt . de o antf nd e ec d or f nda s E ER:Thi Qsf da ofJ y,201 . 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