Karavias v. Commonwealth of VA et al

Filing 34

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 7/26/2013. (tvt)

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CLERK' OFFI U. DI . S CE S, ST COURT AT M NVI E, LL VA I T EU IE SA E DSRC C U T N H NT D T T S IT IT O R FO R TH E W ESTER N D I STR I O F VI G I A CT R NI R O A NO K E D I I O N V SI j 2LX Wt E'j 'g zg 2 UL BY: E C RK Y * D JA SO N S.K AR AVI S, l A l, Pl nt f , ai i f cu K Ci lA c i N o.7: 2- vvi t on 1 c 00624 M EM O R AND U M O PI O N NI COM M ONW ER TH OF VA,e aI, t . D ef ndant . e s By: H on.Jac t on L . i e ls K sr Se or U nie St t D i t i tJudge ni t d a es s r c J on S. z vi s aVigi ai aepr e ng pr K ,fl d aci lrght a ton pur ua as Ka a a , r ni nm t oc edi o ie vi i s c i s nt t 4 U. C. 1 3wi ti dcinv se i 28U. C. 1 4 .Plitf iiil n me a o 2 S. j 98 t u s ito e td n hj S. j 3 3 an if n tal a d s y dee nt t Commonwe 1hofVigi a Core i Ofke (ç O' D. r r a Nure fnda s he at r ni, rctonal t r I ' Fame, nd s C/ ) W ht, n Ip e o syd s se camsa an t reW ht wi o t rj d c a dtr nae ita d rviu l imisd li g i s Nu s it t u p eu ie n emi td h he a ad fnd n , u s a tt 28U. C. 1 5 e( )B)i a d j1 5 b ( ) P an if r s ee a tp ru n o S. j 91 ()2 ( (i n 91 A( )1. litf ) a l ge t tC/ Fa rus e es i f c ,i vi a i oft Ei ht A m e le s ha O nne ed xc s ve or e n ol ton he g h ndm e oft nt he Unie Stt sConsiuton.TheComm onweat ofVigi a a C/ Fa m e tl am o i f td ae tt i 1h r ni nd O r r ied ton or s mmayj dg n ;h c u t n ee is tc , ls n t Ro e o ov. rio 5 8F.d 3 9 u r u me t te o r e trd t Noie pt ua t o s b r Gars n, 2 2 0 r (t Ci.1 ) a t c tne rcevedaflngfom pli ift tt Clr dockee a a 4h r 975 ; nd he our xt e i ii r antf ha he ek td s r s ns i o p sto t d fn a t ' to f rs mma yj d me t Be a s tec s wa epo e n p o i n o ee d n s mo in o u r u g n . c u e h a e s i c i r rpe f di pos ton,lr vi w e t r c d a g a t de e nt m oton f ons de ed i or s ii e e d he e or nd r n ed f nda s' i or sl r j g n .In tdi t eM e rn l Opn o t a tedo u n d c ee a t mmay ud me t o e n h mo a dz ii n h t h c me t o k td s m plitf srs o s i o p iint t es mmayj d me tmo ind dno c n anv rfe an if e p n e n p osto o h u r u g n to i t o ti e iid e de e a t , r le on t ve ii d Com pl i t oppos t e denc s vi nc , nd hus I e i d he rt e a nt o e he vi e uppori tng d fn a t' to f rsl yj g n . ee d n s moin o l mmm' ud me t Howe r t c tha now rceve pli ifsmotonf s ve ,he our s e i d antf i or ummmyj udgmen a t nd a fda t w hi h he a l gedl s gne on J y 11 201 a wihi t tm e pe m it by t f i vi, c le y i d ul , 3, nd t n he i r ted he c tsRos bor notc A s a c tcu tng m e tr i r pons t t c r tbudge a y our ' e o i e. os- ti asle n es e o he ur en tr e r e , heClr r c nty t r na e t pos ofk ebox t whi h pl i ifs nthi m o i nvionm nt t e k e e l e mi t d he t t o c antf e s ton f rs mma yj d me t a dr -o tn o temal e utdi t ed lyf risd l r t te o u r u g n , n er u ig f h i r s le n h ea o t ei y o h ve Clr sOfi e Be a eplitf i e tte t h v h smoinf rs mmayj dg n a d ek' fc . c us anif s nild o a e i to o u r u me t n a tdavi co i r d i lg oft docke i a pos a de ay,Iva a e t prorM e or ndum fi t ns de e n i ht he tng nd t l l c t he i m a Opi on a Or r Bec us eve wih t ne e de epli tf i note il d t r i ,Ig an ni nd de . a e n t he w vi nc a n if s ntte o elef r t d fn a t'a dd n p an ifsmo in frs mmayj d me t ee d n s n e y litf to s o u r u g n . 1 . Dee a t p e e t h f l wi f csi s p o t ft ermoinf rsl r j d me t fnd n s r sn t e ol ng a t n u p r o h i to o l o mmay u g n . On Nove mber1 2011 C/ Gi on a C/ Buc na r tived l h ta fo e h i ae 4, , O bs nd O ha n ere unc r ys r m ac nm t i p anifsp da t eRe On o S aePrs n(ROS '. Toa c mpiht i ts t o t r n litf o t h d i n tt io E P' 1 c o ls hs a k,he fke s C ) us atr y sotbox, whi h i am ealbox wih a o n sdepl c a i tac ldoo a ed t a l t ' c s ' t t n pe i a ed gans el r nd a hersd t tha ahi ed l t s cte ie si i .2 The ta so box i afi d t t ta not i e ha s ng ock o e tr tm nsde r y lt s fxe o he r y s oton a ce ldoorby l e i t tay s o i o t bo a by s i ng t t p oft box ove t l l ow rng he r l t nt he x nd ldi he o he r he ta sotlt h. Theta sotbox t n be omesaba e bewee t i t a sa fde piet ry l ac r y- l he c ni r t n he nma e nd t f s t he ope ta so on t c l door n r y l t he e l . W he C/ Gi on putt t a s otbox on pl i if s doo t r t i ve pl i i f sl n O bs he r y- l a ntf r o ere a ntf unch ta pl i ifsuc hi handsi i t box. C/ Gi o o de e pl ntf t r m ovehi ha r y, antf t k s nsde he O bs n r r d ai if o e s nds 1RO SP i co i r a t d i srtveLong Tem Segr to Uni,'m ea ngt tm os ofisi ats lke s nsde ed n ç m nitai A r egain t ' ni ha t t nm e , i pli if a eke i t rsnglantf, r pt n hei i e bunkcel f ra oxi t yt nt hr holspe da Thi t ofs c e ls o ppr mael we pt ee tr r y. s ype e ur housngi de i i s sgnedf t VDOC' mos vi e o defa i t . or he S t olnt r int nmaes 2I e e tngl , onl pl ntf des rbest t a sotbo aswei ng t ry- i pounds Pl i tf doe note a n nt r s i y y ai if c i he r y- l x ghi hit fve . anif s xpl i how heknow show muc t box weghs a Leve- i aesa RO SP ar notper it t w akar h he i , nd ls nm t t e m ted o l oundt pod he wih t boxt fedot ri aes Plitf ' knowldgeoft bo sw eghtc d oc by,f e t he oe he nm t . an ifs e he x' i oul cur or xampl lfi o e,itng r pus ngt boxof ofaceldoor hi he f l . 2 f om t box,butpl ntf e u e a t i d t knoc t box oft ce ldoor C/ G i o ca l d r he ai ifr f s d nd re o k he he l . O bs n le C/ Fn m e f as i t nc bec us C/ Fa m e w a a s ni of i e w ho w a a hor z t c r y O r r or ss a e a e O r r s e or f c r s ut i ed o a r pe rs a W he C/ Fn m e a rve a t c l he s w pl i if s a m si t ta sot ppe pr y. n O r r r i d t he el, a a ntf ' r n he r y l , t yi t pus t ta s o box f om t door s w pl i ifhol ng wha l r ng o h he r y- l t r he , a a ntf di t ooke lke a pl s i di a tc ba a he r pli ift z a e t t ow f eson t ofie s C/ Fa m e ti d t r ta h t g, nd a d antf h e t n o hr ec he fc r . O r r re o eat c he bo t t doo s ve a tm e t s clet ba re be wee t ofk e sandpl n if sa m s x o he r e r l i s o e tr he ri r t n he t r aitf r . Alhoughpli ifc i t antf ontnued t pus t bo a y fom t door C/ Far rwasuli ael o h he x wa r he , O me tm t y a et l k t ta sotcos d afe s c i t ta sotbo bl o oc he r y l l e tr e urng he r y- l x. Pl i ifm e el a lgesi t ve ii Co pl ntt tC/ Fn me r peaedl hi antf r y le n he rted m ai ha O r r e t y t pli ifsa msa ha wih t bo c usng br n fnge s bnzs s a s r pes Pl i if antf r nd nds t he x, a i oke i r , ie , nd c a . antf a gue t tt s f c w ase e s ve be us pl ntf wasl ke i i a ce l a he r r s ha hi or e xc s i ca e ai if oc d ns de l, nd eque t ss $ 00 0i d ma e .I hi afd vii s p o t fhsmo inf rsl r j d me tplitf 3 ,0 n a g s n s fia tn u p r o i to o l mmay u g n , an if ad isha ng hi ha i i t ta sotbox, hedoesnotdenytyi t dil m t vi s nds nsde he r y- l but r ng o sodget ta he r ysotbox fom t doo .Pl i ifde e t tapl tcbagoff ese se but no a y,doe not l r he r antf ni s ha asi ec xit d , t bl s a rt thene rtle e d t t o f eson sa f ve ha ve lr atne o hr w ec tf. II. A. A p ry i e t ldt s mma yj d me ti t epe dng ,h ds o ey a dd sl s r a t s ni e o u r u g n f h la i s te ic v r n ico u e t m a e il on fl,a a afi viss t ra s ie nd ny fda t how t tt r i no ge nedipu e a t a m aera f c . ha he e s nui s t s o ny t il a t Fe R. v. 5 () M aeil a t aet o en c s ayt e tbiht ee n so apat s d. Ci P. 6 a . tra f cs r h s e e sr o sa l he lme t f ry' s ca eofa ton.Andes v. be t Lo l ,477U. 242, ( 986 .A ge neis of us ci ron Li ry bbvsnc. S. 248 1 ) nui sue m a e i lf c e s si , n vi w i t r cor a al r as bl i e e s dr wn t r f o i a t r a a t xi t f i e ng he e d nd l e ona e nf r nce a he e r m n lg m os f vor bl t t noni ht t a a e o he movi pa t ar as bl f tfnde c dr tu' ave ditf ng ry, e ona e ac-i r oul et n r c or t non- o n .L. Themovi pa t hast bur n ofs ng tha t r i a abs nc of he m va t ds , ng ry he de howi t t he e s n e e t e de e t s vi nc o uppor t nonm ovi pa t sca e ' Cel e Cor v.Ca r t , U . 31 325 t he ng ry' s .' ot x p. te t 477 S. 7, ( 986) l t mova ts tsi st sbur n,he t no mova mus s tf t s cfc 1 . f he n aite hi de t n he n- nt t e orh pe ii, a s i ef c st tdemonsr t t e se e ofage ne is off c f ti .I a 322dmisbl a t ha ta e he xit nc nui s ue a t or ral d. t 23; s eW iln v Grfi 95 F.d8 0 8 3( t Ci.1 91 ( oigalg to i av rfe e l ms . ifn, 2 2 2 , 2 4h r 9 ) n tn l ains n eiid i e c ompl i ba ed onpe s lkno e a e t e valntofa o ant s r ona wl dge r he qui e n pposng a fda tf sl a y i fi vi or tmm r j d me t u po e) A p ryi e tte t s mmayj d me t f h r c r a awh l c udn t u g n p r s s. a t s n i d o u r u g n i t e e o d s oe o l o l lada r tona tiroff tt fnd i f voroft no m ova . W ila s 952 F. a 823. A e a i l re ac o i n a he nnt lim , 2d t pa t tc nnotcr a eagenui i s ofm a e i f c tlough m e es c a i ort buidi of ry ln et ne s ue t ral a t lr r pe ul ton he l ng o i e e euponanot r' Be ev. r 769F. 21 21 ( hCi.1 .The eor, ne nfr nc he . al Hadv, ' 2d 3, 4 4t r 985) r f e çml r t u po tds c ain. .sn te o g t d f a aml r j d me t to . t e e ms p re pe ulto . i o n u h o ee t mmay u g n moi n' l ' En i v. tlAs ' o Bu . Ed c Ra i. n .5 F.d5 , 2( t Ci. 9 5 . n s Na' sn f s & u . do l c, 3 3 5 6 4h r 1 9 ) B. Pli ifc nnotrco rdn gesa ns deenda si a ofiilca ciyvi j1 3. antf n e ve ma gai t f nt n n fca pa t a 98 N et asa enorisofi i sa tng i t i ofk i lc pa ii a epe s f rpup os of iher t t t fcal c i n her t a a ctes r r ons o es j1 983.W ilv. ihi nDe tofStt Polc 491U. 58( 989) c di y,Fnme , n l M c ga p' ae ie, S. 1 .Ac or ngl r r whe s i a ofi ilc pa iy,a t Comm onweat ofVigi a a ei mt fo t ss t 1 ued n n fca a ct nd he 1h r ni r m me r m hi ui. d. C. C/ Fa me a gue t tt e es i f cec am a s re agans hi i a i vi l O r r r s ha he xc sve or l i s e td i t m n n ndi dua c pact i ba e byt docrneofqualfe i miy.Quaii di a iy s n'd he ti iid mmt t lte mmuniype mis t r t 4 r me ofki spef mi dicei r fmcins...(obe s el dfom la lt f t n nt t al ror ng s rtonay t to gove t 1 hi de r ibiiy or c vi dn a i of ra t i c i l m ges ns a s her onduc doesnotvi ae cea l esa ihed saut yor t olt l ry t bls t t or 4 c tt i rght ofwhih ar as bl pe s woul haveknown. onsiutonal i s c e ona e r on d ' row v. t r l 'Ha l Fizge a d, 457U. 800,81 ( 982) Quaiidi miypr d i S. 8 1 . lfe mmt t ovies mmuniyfom s trt t namee t r ui aher ha r de e et la lt Thus whet ra de e f ns o ibiiy. , he f ndan ca c am q lfe i mt t i apur que ton t n l i uaii d m miy s e si o 1w a di p o el d tr n dp era.S u irv. t, 3 U. 1 4 2 0 01( 0 ) f a n s r p ry eemie rtil a ce Kaz 5 3 S. 9 , 0 - 2 01, o ruld pqohe g omd h P as nv. la a , 5 U.. 2 ( 0 9 ( e tiglwe c t t ve r e t r r t s y e ro Calh n 5 5 S 2 3 2 0 ) p nnit o r ol s n r . t dicetont deenni whihqualfe i he sr i o t ne c iid mmuniypr t a l efrt. t ong o nayz is) Onc ade e ntr s st q lfe i muniy de e e,apl n ifbe r t btr n t e f nda aie he uaii d m t f ns aitf a s he lde o s how t ta de e n ' c ha f nda t s onduc vi a ed t pl i if sr ght H e ly v. ne l 501 F. 374, t ol t he a ntf i . rr Pur l, 3d 3 8(t Ci. 0 7 .çf eu lwf l e sofhea to mu tb a pae t e a s se fo t e 7 4 h r 2 0 ) s' na u n s t cin s e p rn wh n se s d r m h -h p rp ci o a o j ciey ra o a eo fca c a g dwihk o e eo etbl h dlw. e s e tve f n b e tv l e s n bl fiil h r e t n wldg f sa i e a ' s ' Lo zv. bns n, 4F.d4 6 4 9( t Ci.1 9 ) s eAn e s nv. eg t n, 3U. 6 5 pe Ro i o 91 2 8 , 8 4h r 9 0 ; e d ro Cr iho 48 S. 3 , 6 ( 9 7 (i-i i n t os yt a a o tca a to i p o e tdb q lfe i mi u ls 40 1 8 ) çl s s o t a h t n fi il cin s r tce y uaiid mmt t n e s -h y t ve y aci n i quesi ha pr vi l bee hel t a u ... i i t s yt ti t lg he r to n ton s e ousy n d mlwf l but t s o a ha n he i ht o p e e itn 1w teu lwf l s mus bea p r n .l s eas Ed r sv Ci of ls o o f r -x sig a h na une s t p ae t'; e lo wad . t God b r , ' y 1 8F.d2 , 51( t Ci.1 9 )(ttn ce ry etb ihe 1w i t eFout Cic i rfr t 7 3 31 2 4h r 9 9 saig lal sa ls d a n h t' rut ee s o h de i i oft Supr e Co toft U nie St t s t Co tofAppe l f t Fo t Cic t c s ons he em ur he t d a e , he ur a s or he urh r ui, a dtehihe t o r o tesaei whiht c s ao e. n h g s c u t f h tt n c he a e r s ) A p io e algn e e sv f r emus o j cieys o ta ad fn a tSntitd rs n r l ig xc sie o c e t b e tv l h w h t e e d n t lce i ul c s r a wa onpana s frng. W hilvv. ber, U. 31 320( 986) s e me esay nd nt i nd ufei ' ' te Al s 475 S. 2, 1 ;e W is nv.Seie ,5 U. 294,298( 991 ( di t tanEi hAme lo tr 01 S. 1 ) hol ng ha ght ndme tcli f n am or e c siefr er q r sa o j cied prv to o ab sch ma n e a dta p io o fcas x e sv o c e uie n b e tv e iain f a i u n e d n h t rs n fiil s j ci l a tdwihas tcenl c pa esaeofmi .The eo e t pr ri uiyi ub e tvey ce t ufi i ty ul bl tt nd) r fr ,he ope nq r s whe he t f c a i d w a C n a good f ih e f t o m a nt n orr s or di c plne or t r he or e pple sç i a t f or t i ai et e si i 5 malciusy a s ditc ly f t ve y pur eofc i hn m . W hilv,475U . a 3 21 i o l nd a si a l or he r pos ausng r ' ' te S. t 20- . Th s be t c mpo n e c mp se ( u h fco sa ten e f rt a pl ain o fr e te e u j ci o ne t n o a s s t c a tr s h e d o he p i to f o c ,h ve s c rlto hpb t e t n e a dten t o f ret a wa u e , n t ee tn o ij r eains i ewe n he e d n h mo mt f o c h t s s d a d h x e t f nu y ifitd' l . t3 1(ne n l u tto maks atrto s a dctto o te ) Th o j cie n lce . d a 2 i tr a q o ai n r , leain , n i in mi d . e be tv ' a l ee ntge r l rquiesmoet naX mi mi us off ce.Huds v. c ila 503U. lme nealy e r r ha ni s e or on M M lin, S. 1 9 1 ( 9 2 .Cor cin l tf mus a tt h se u d rp e s r, ndfe u n l wi o t h , - 0 1 9 ) re to a saf t c dn a t, n e r su e a rq e ty t u t e i h lz y ofa s co c nce ' and t cou tm us g ve pr s ofk i l twi - a ng de e enc i lxur e nd ha ,' he r ti i on t a s ç de r ngi fr e n tea o to a e e u ino p lce a dp a tc st a i ter u g n a en e e t p ee v h d p in nd x c to f o iis n rcie h t n h ij d me t r e d d o r s r e i e na or ra dicplnea t m ant i i tt tona s urt ' W hil y,475 U. a 320* nt r l de nd s i i nd o i an nsiu i l ec iy.' te S. t , Huds 503 U . a 7. on, S. t Afe r l ng on t ve ii d Compli a r ce afi vi,pl ntf f ist pr de tr eyi he rfe ant nd e nt tda t ai if a l o ovi s ii ,a isbl f t t tde onsr t how C/ Fa m e us d f c malci l a pecfc dm s i e ac s ha m tae O r r e or e i ousy nd s si a l t pu pos l ca eha m. Cons que l C/ Fa me i en il t qua ii aditc ly o r ey us r e nty, O r r s tted o lfed i uniy bec us t r cor e nce C/ Far r sus off c a agood f t e f t o m ant i mm t a e he e d vi s O me ' e or e s aih for t i an orr s or di ci i . e t e s plne Pl i ifsa gumen t tt f c wase e svebe us hewa l ke i i t c l i antf r t ha he or e xc s i ca e s oc d nsde he e l s s i be us he f l t ofe a e de e t e a n w hy hi n w e e o s de t c la pec ous ca e ais o f r ny vi nc o xpl i s nns r ut i he el t a i e. Pl ntf sa nyt m ai i f nns di notbe ong out i ofhi c lw he r t ni t l d l sde s el n e ur ng he unch t a a hi r y, nd s pe sse r u a t c r itnt ef s l o ompl wih sa f sor r r quie s y t t f ' de s e r d omet peoff c t r t e dicplne y or e o esor s i i a or r C/ Fn me ' f c f la tmpt t hi t tay sotbox on t c ldoort ke p nd de . O r rs or e u te s o nge he ' l r he el o e pl i tf s ha s c el a a f om t ofi e sw a a diec cons ue e ofpl i t f sr f al a n if nds e ur y w y r he t c r s r t eq nc a n if e us t r tr hi ar si de t cel and hearng pl ntf st o etzn s m nsi he l i ai if hreatt t ow f o hr eces on t of i , he fcers r ga dl s t t ac ua e s e ofa pl s i ba off ce . A n i a e' t e tt t o f e on e r e s o he t l xit nce a tc g e s nm t s hr a o hr w ec s 6 c r tonalsa fundoubt dl c us ssa ft a ti ha t a t rpr s ur ,a C/ Fa m e ' oreci tf e y a e t f o c n se nd mde e s e nd O r rs de i i t qui y a f c f ly s tr t box i w o t ofdef r nce c s on o ckl nd or e u l ec le he s r hy ee . Al o g pan ifalg d ys tie b o ntn e s b us s a d sr p s te eijzis t u h litf le e l usan d r ke i g r , r ie , n c a e ,h s nl e h r c d onl ha ha ne i pl n ifr us t r t r hi ha i i t c ldoo . Pl i if s oul y ve ppe d f ai t f ef ed o e ' n s nds ns de he el u r a ntf alge ybr nfnge sa X mi mi br s a sr pesaeno c le dl oke i r nd ni s uies nd ca r t omme urt wiht ns ae t he dskl e n t tc u dh v be nc u e i t tit-i epo ndse l xweerp ae l if z me tha o l a e e a s d f he h ry fv u te bo r e e tdy r s a he ma ii l a s ditc l ac os pl i ifsha a a msaspl i ifa lges m s d lc ousy nd a sialy r s antf nds nd r antf le . Alhough C/ Fn me c dha us d pe t O r r oul ve e ppers a ordie tphysc f c t c pr y rc ial or e o ompe pl i ifs l antf obe e e C/ Fa m e pe s sed i s c li t t a s otbox t r s or or w ihouta gr a e di nc , O r r r i t n e tr ng he r y l o e t e der t e tr rs o ij r t p an ifo saf Ac o dn l , ant ff i t p e e te i e c t a C/ Fn r ik f nu y o litf r tf c r ig y pli i al o r sn v d n e h t O me f s us f cemalci l a s si ly,a C/ Fn me i e il t qua ii i t t ed or i ousy nd aditcal nd O r r s ntted o lted mm miy. 11 1. Fort f e ngr a ons 1va a et prorM e a he or goi e s , c t he i mor ndum Opi o a Or r gr nt ni n nd de , a d fn a t' to f rsl r j dg n , e ypanifsmoinf rs mmayj d me t a ee d n s moin o l mmay u me t d n lit f to o u r u g n , nd de a m ootpl i if s m oton t com pe .3 ny s a ntf i o l TheCl r i diece t s nd c e oft sM e a e k s r td o e opi s hi mor ndum Opi on a t ac mpa ng ni nd he co nyi Or rt pl ntf a c de o ai if nd ouns lofr c d f def nda s e e or or e nt . ENTER : Thi da ofJ y, 3. y ul 201 f . 4 e o Unie St t Diti tJ ni t d aes src udge 3Pl i ifs moton t c pela ks me t or rno de enda st pr de pl i ifwih pe a pa a tr a ntf ' i o om s o de n- f nt o ovi a ntf t n nd per fe c r c i safaleg y r ore tonal t f l edl evoke pli ifspos e sonoft eie sbec eaw om a c d antf ssi hes tm aus n ompli d a ane boutalte e tr plitf s nthe .Ther co dr ve spli ifhasbe n a et f l rpl t defnda s m oi a cou o de s anif e r e r e al antf e bl o uly e y o e nt' ton nd rt r r , a t r que tf pe a pa i mootbe us t smate i r s vedandnor po e fom pl ntf i r quied. nd he e s or n nd per s ca e hi tr s e ol es ns r ai if s e r 7

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