McGhee v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA et al

Filing 76

AMENDED MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Samuel G. Wilson on 03/06/2014. (rkc)

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BUR R ELL A .M CGH EE,

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ai if

AM ENDED M EM OR ANDUM OPI
NION

V.

U NI
TED STA TE S O F A M ERI ,etal,
CA
.
By:Sam uelG .W is
l on
U nie St e D it i tJudge
t d at s s r c

D ef
endant .
s

The pl i t f , r lA . c he fl t s m e c m al a tce a ton aga ns t Unied
a n i f Bur el M G e, ied hi di al pr c i c i
i t he t

Sttst rt Fe r Tor Cli Ac (
ae mde he deal t ams t FTCA) 28U. C.jj1 b) 2671268 a
,
S.
346( , - 0, nd

Lo u f ne sc m, Ct c1 '( p y iin sa fn a e y a dt d co st e te
c m-e n .o LLC Lo 1 ) a h sca tf g g nc ) n wo o tr md r h
m'

c u tss p lme tl28U. C. 1 6 , n / rdv riyj rs ito 28U.. j1 3
o r' u p e n a,
S. j 3 7 a d o ie st u idcin,
SC. 3 2.
M c he a s r s c a m s a ns t doc or i vi l a asem pl ye s oft U nie St t s
G e s e t l i gai t he t s ndi dualy nd
o e
he t d a e

a Loc .TheUnie Stt sha move t dimiscai sag ns i a ii o oft docor '
nd
um
td ae s
d o s s lm
ai t t rsng ut he t s

aci nsbec us i as e t,t y wer i pe ntc r cor r t rt n e pl es Fort
to
a e,t s rs he
e nde nde onta t s a he ha m oye .
he
r s t tf l t c t ' t t Unie St t s m oto
ea ons ha olow, he our gr s he t d a e ' i n.
an
1.

M c e tl ac pli i t sc t al gi t on M a c 30, 1 whieapai n
Ghe ied om a nt n hi our, le ng hat
r h 201 , l
te t

a t Vee a AfaisM edia Ce e i Sae Vigni (û C',t doco sneglge l
t he tr ns f r
c l ntr n lm, r i a 1VAM ' he tr
)
i nty
pe f me hi a t os opi s de s ge y, es tngi pe m a ntne vedn ag c i us
ror d s rhr c c houl r ur r r uli n r ne
r
m e, ontnuo

pai i hi l rbod a s a rng on hi ne k and f c l
n n s owe
y, nd c ri
s c
a e.

1M cGhee a s ale s ne i nce by ot rV A M C s a fm e be s whos e pl ym e s a us t
l o l ge glge
he
tf m r
e m o nt t t he
Unie stt doesnotdiput
t d a es
s e.

Th UntdS ae mo e t ds s pls n t 1 b ()a 1 ( ( ) a s ri t a i
e ie tts v d o imis t ua t o 2()1 nd 2b)6 , s et h tt
r
ng
wasi me fo la lt f t doc or 'aci be a et y we e i pende co r c o s
mmt r m i biiy or he t s tons c us he
r nde
nt nta t r ,
notV AM C e pl es and i ha no wai d s r gn i m uniy f t a tons ofi pe
m oye ,
t s t ve ove ei m
t or he c i
nde ndent

c r t s The c thel ahea i t t m oton t ra s m e ,a e e e a o der
ontacor .
our d
rng, ook he i mde dvie nt nd nt r d n r
per ti lm ied dic r on t is Afe conduci dic r t Unied St t smove
mit i t s ove y
ng
he s ue. tr
tng s ove y, he t
ae
d

frs mmayj d me ta d i s p o t fi mo in s bmitdfv d po iinta s rp sa d
o u r u g n n , n u p r o t to , u te i e e sto r n cit n
s
num e ous e bis a M c he r s nde
r
xhi t , nd G e e po d.

Acc di t t t s e e de ,t docor be n wor ng a t VAM C a
or ng o he mdiput d vi nce he t s ga
ki t he
bouta
yea be o e M c
r fr
Ghee' s ge y,unde conta s be wee t VAM C a Locz ;a be we
s ur r
r
r ct; t n he
nd
lm nd t en
Locl a e h doc o . TheVAM C- Im con r c sa e tti e e sy a e a
tm nd ac
tr
LOCI
ta t tt d:t s xpr s l gr ed nd
l
unde sood t tt si anon- r ona s viescon r c ,a de i d i Fe a Ac sto
rt
ha hi s
pe s l er c
ta t s fne n der l quiii n

Re ai (
gulton FAR)37.012t de whihpr esi lsr ie rnderdbyt Conta t oris
1 , m r c of sona e vc s e e
he rcor t

he lh c r p o ie sa ern e e i i c p ct a a ide e d n c nr co . ( 6 - a 27
at -a e r vd r r e d r d n t a a iy s n n p n e t o ta t r' ECF 4 9 t )
s
'
A cc di t t tc r t se e spr s ons t Unied St t r t i d l c t olo r
or ng o ha ontac ' xpr s ovi i , he t
a es e a ne ç on r ve
no

pr e sona a pe t oft s r i sr nde e i l ng by e
of s i l s c s he e vce e r d, ncudi
xampl t Co r c orso is
e, he nta t ' r t

he lh c r p o ie s p ofsina me ia j dg n , ig o i, rs ctcme ia te t n s'
at -a e r vd r' r e so l dc lu me t da n ss o pe ii d c lr ame t.
'
( 6 - a 27 Ea h Lo u d co c n rc,nt r , r vd dt t a h d co wo l b ç t
ECF 4 9 t ) c c m- o tr o ta t i u n p o ie ha e c o tr ud e t
a
a1i sa tn a pef r n a a id pe d n c nr co ofl cl , a dr q rdt
lt
me cig nd ro mi g s n n e n e t o ta tr Lo t ' n e uie o
mj '
S x rillme ia j d me ta ge d e e )a p o rae'( 6 - a 1 3
t e cse d c l u g n s h ) e mld p r p it . ECF 4 9 t , )
e
'
TheVAM C s e t d t doc or a trLoc pr - c e ne t m a s ntt i c rc a
elc e he t s fe
um e s r e d he nd e he r uriul

via t t VAMC, ongwiht eofot rdocor whome t quaiyi ciei t le
te o he
al
t hos
he t s
t he lf ng rtra. cutl
2Fe r A c ston Regul ton 37.1 de i s a ç n- r ona s r i e c r c ' a % conta t
de al qui ii
ai
01 f ne t pe s l e v c s ont a t' s ç
no
a
rc

u d rwhc t epes n e rn e igt s r ie aen ts b e t et rb tec nr c' tr o
n e ih h ro n l e d rn he e vc s r o u j c, i y h o ta ts e ms r
he
by t m a r ofisa i s r t o t t s r s on a co r us ly pr vaii i
he nne
t dm ni t a i n, o he upe vi i nd nt ol ua l e lng n

rltons psbewe nt Unie Sttsa ise oye . 48C. R.j37.01
eai hi t e he td ae nd t mpl es'
'
F.
1 .
2

De a 1 Ac or ngt J me Cutl,af me a ot e c i andr c ie f Loc i
p. t 3) c di o a s te or r cc mt xe utve
e nztr or um,f
t VAM C nol rwa e t wor wih apa tculrdoc or Locl woul sm pl fl t
he
onge nt d o
k t
ri a
t , tm
d i y il he

va a ywihanohe docor t 4eDe a 61 W hent t docor be nwor nga t
c nc t t r t .cutl p. t )
he wo t s ga
ki t he
VAM C,t VAM C pr vi d co put tani adi tton s t m ,a I f na gai t
he
o de m er r i ng, ca i yse n D or vi tng he
on
buidi a ofies cet tt docor rr yus d. ( obers D ep a 45- 51; oioz
l ng, nd fc pa ha he t s ael e 3 R
t 7, M t a
.

De a 38, ) Alhought VAM C s he edpaint,t docor co ds ppl t rown
p. t 41 t
he
c dul te s he t s ul u y hei
me c lt s a dref rpatent wihi t VAM C S( oioz De a 20) Ac or ngt Lar
dia ool4 n e i s t n he
M t a p. t
c di o ry
.

Li c b,M . ,aVAM C e oye ,t doc o si r e t m s ves- a VAM C s f
ps om
D.
mpl e he t r ntoduc d he el
nd
Gf
ir
ntoduce t - t pai nt a ç ocl ,' t r c
d hem o te s s d tms'a e m omm onl us d a t VAM C t i ntf nonl
y e t he
o de iy

pema ntphyscins.( pscom b D ep a 29)
r ne
i a 6 Li
t
.

TheVAM C di notpa t doc or . Rahe , heVAM C pai Loc bas o t
d
y he t s t r t
d
um
ed n he
docor 'tme r , 7a t n Locz pa dt doc or a houry r t wih a tona
t s i ca ds nd he
lm i he t s n
l a e t ddii l

c mpe sto f rç nc 1'tmea dc rane pe s s't tl De a 1 ) Nete t eVAM C
o n ain o ç a1 i n eti x n e . cu te p. t 5 ih r h
o
'
n rLo u wa r s n i ef rwi odn t ed co s tx s ( ot z De a 2 - ; b ro
o c m s epo sbl o t lig h o t r' a e .M io a p. t 2 3 Ro e s n
hh
De a 1 ) Loc pad frt i me c lmapr ciela lt i urnce a t doco swee
p. t 8
um i o her dia l a tc ibiiy ns a , nd he tr r
rs
e ponsbl f rt i own wor r sc
i e o her
ke ' ompe ai be ft ,he lh i lr nc a r tr me plns
ns ton ne is a t nsza e, nd eie nt a .

( oiozaDe a 22- Robes De a 1
M t
p. t 3; ron p. t 8)

3Th d co sddn th l a miitai p sto ( .. e o Orh p dis a t eVAM C.
e o t r i o od d n srtve o i ns eg Chif f to e c ) t h
i
4Dr M oioza s i hi ow n l upe , szge y c ps a ope a i r
uppled s
o s lr r a , nd r tng oom s s
. t
hoe .
5A ut i ton w a o y r qui e whe r f ni a pa i tout i oft V A M C a t s ç os s
horza i
s nl e r d
n e e ng
ten
s de he
s hi ç t
c

money.'Li combDe At26'( ps
p.
7)

6Loc l Tene m e ç ne f li a ofi e f a tm e ort m po arl t ki t pl c of
tm
ns ans û
o ilng n tc or i
e r iy a ng he a e
a he - us d es cily ofadoc or'tloc t Te
not r
e pe a l
t . tw tm nens'M e ram-Webse .om,
'
. ri
'
trc

hup:- . aim- bse .oe ditonry/ocl
/
/
me a we trc
ci
l lm%zotne (a tviwe J nua y26, 4)
e ns ls e d a r 201 .
Se Blvi v.Sheha i 31 F. pp.2d598,600( . Va.2004)(i ngt tanureç da
e e ns
s dr, 3 Su
W D.
fndi ha
s d
hel
lc m tn n (e o ayfl i ) sto a teh s ia' .
o u e e s tmp r r il n po iin t h o p tl'
)
7The doc o sw or d e ghtho l da att VA M C .
tr
ke i
tr ys he
8Loc as pad f t doc or 'r alhous ng a a r t lc r t teDe a 31
i nd en a a . cutl p. t )
um 1o i or he t s ent
3

1.
1

Th UntdS ae ha mo e t ds s a df rs mma yj d me t ag i gt a t e
e ie tts s v d o imis n o u r u g n , r u n h t h
doc or we e i pe ntc r c or , V A M C e pl ye ,be us t VA M C di nothave
t s r nde nde ont a t s not
m o es ca e he
d

t powe t rt co r c st s r iet i da t da ope ai and c r t e r ie of
he
r mde he nta t o upe v s her y-o- y r tons
ontol he xe c s

t i me ia j g n s Th c u ti d t a t er lto s i b t e teVAM C a dte
her dc lud me t. e o r fn s h t h eain hp ewe n h
n h
doc or be r noneoft halm a ksofa e oye - m pl e r l to hi a gr nt t
t s as
he l r
n mpl re oye e ai ns p nd a s he
g
over e ' m oton t di m i sM c he sFTCA c a m sa i i ou oft tr l tons p.
nm nt s i o s s
G e'
l i r s ng t ha e a i hi g

TheFTCA pr des: lmie wave ofs r gn i
ovi 1 i t d i r ove ei mmuniy,ma ng t Fede a
a
t
ki he
rl
Gove n e la et t s m ee e asaprva epa t f rce ti t rsoff de ale pl es
r m nt ibl o he a
xt nt
i t ry o ran o t
e r m oye
ac i wihi t s ope oft i e pl e .' t St t sv.Or e ns 425 U . 807,813
tng t n he c
he r m oym nt' Unied a e
la ,
S.

(1 6) Thepl nl
97 .
ai angua oft FTCA prcl i i labiiyf a tonsofi pe nt
ge he
e udes mputng i lt or ci
nde nde

c n rco s1 w ood v S a d r Pm4 t Co.l c, 7 F.d 8 5 8 9( t Ci.1 8 ) W h t r
o ta t r.0
tn ad ucs . n .6 1 2 2 , 2 4h r 9 2 . ehe
.

an i vi li agove nm e e o ora i pe ntc r c o i aquesi off de al
ndi dua s
r nt mpl yee n nde nde onta t r s
ton e r

lw. g ev. ie Stts 41 U. 5 , 28( 9 3 .Th Fo t Cic iha a ple a
a Lo u Untd ae , 2 S. 21 5 1 7 ) e urh r ut s p id
C ontolt t'o physcin- nta t s sa i ç y wher t Gove nme ha t po runder
ç r es't
c
i a co r c or , t tng: E
onl
e he
r nt s he we
9Thepa tesha ag ee t tno e de ir hea i i r uie a s it d t is f ra
ri ve r d ha
vi nta y rng s eq r d nd ubm te he s ue o

de iin ba e onde ii a e bis Thec tc i r t is l rRul 1 b) 1
cso s d
postons nd xhi t.
our onsdes he sue mde e 2( ()
be a e%ll t pe s i quesi weei pe ntc r t sa no gove n nt
c us çif he rons n ton r nde nde ontacor nd t r me
e lye s te t eg v r me t sn twav disi nt a di n ts b e t os i i t i
mp o e ,h n h o e n n ha o ie t mmu iy n s o u j c t ut n h s
c t' e ont rc uc. a rv.Unie Stt ,8 F.Supp.1 1 ( D.Va.
our'bas d hei ond tKrme
td aes 43
066, 068 E.
1 9 ) Ro bv. ie S e , 0F.d 8 4 8 7( t Ci.1 9 ) s eas W i imsv. i d
9 4 ; b Untd uts 8 3 8 , 8 4h r 9 6 ; e lo l n
l
Unt
e
Stts 50F. 299,304- ( h Ci.1 ( di t tt dititc ts dha dimisd
ae , 3d
05 4t r 995) hol ng ha he src our houl ve s se
frwa to jlidito u d r1 ( ) 1 rt e t ng a tn sl r j d me twh nte
o n f t s cin n e 2 b ( ) ah r ha rn ig tmma y u g n e h
r
g r ntdi notwai isi
ovenme d
ve t mmuniyunde t FTCA) Eve t
t
r he
. n hought c t l ga t
he our wil rnt he
Unie Stt 'motont dimisunde 1 b)1,t c thasafo de M c et be ftofal
td aes i o s s
r 2( ( ) he our
fr d Ghe he nei
l
o t ep o e u a p oe to so amoi nfrs mmayj dg n . e Lufi UntdS ae ,
f h r c d r l rt ci n f to o u r u me t S e tv. ie tts No.
l1 1 201 W L 1 49526,a 4- ( h Ci. i 24, 3 ( tng Ke lsv.Unie Stt s 585
- 966, 3
7
t 6 4t r Aprl 201 ) cii
rl
td ae ,
F.d 1 1 (t Ci. ).
3 87, 95 4h r 2009)
1 tl FTCA , a a w a ve ofs ve e g i m uniy, s sr c l c t u d, a 1n bi uii s a e
0 ç-he
s
i r o rin m
t i ti ty ons r e and 1 m g te r

rs ve i fvoroft s veeg 'Robbv.UniedStt ,8 F. 884,88 ( h Ci.1
e ol d n a
he o rin.'
t aes 0 3d
7 4t r 996)
(ii Unie Sttsv. di Vilce.nc.503U. 30,33( 992)
ctng td ae Nor c la l ,
S.
1 )
4

t co r c t s r i eac r c orst y-o- y oper to 'and io c r t de al d
he nta t o upe v s onta t ' da t da
ai ns
t ontol he t ie
physc lpe f m a eoft co r c or c i be s d t t c r t i an e oye orag
i a ror nc
he nta t ' an t ai hat he ontacor s mpl e
ent

oft Unie St e wihi t (
he td ats t n he FTCAZ'W ood,671F. at829,832.Thi doe notmea a
.
'
2d
s s
n, s
t tco tha sa e çha aph i i m us aw a bede m e a i pe ntc r c orsmpl
ha ur s t t d, ç t yscan
t
t l ys
e d n nde nde onta t i y

b c u eo t en c siyt tap y iine rieid p nd n p o e so lud me ti
e a s f h e e st ha h sca xecs n e e e t r f sina j g n n
p o i igme ia te t n t lso h rp te t. Ro bv. td S ae , 0F.d8 4 8 9(t
r v dn dc lr ame t o x r e ain s' b Uni tts 8 3 8 , 8 4h
i
'
e
Ci.1 9 ) Rahe,h Fo rh Cic i h sc n ie e amutt d o p tnilyr lva t a tr
r 9 6 . t rt e u t r ut a o sd r d
liu e f o e tal ee n f co s
i e d t di tl t a i to oft c r t ti t phys c a c e .l I .
nt nde o s il he pplca i n he ont ol es n he
i i n ont xt l d

Gui byt sfn e k,t c te mi st r a i hi be wee t VAM C a
ded hi r m wor he our xa ne he eltons p t n he
nd
t doc o s I t tr r t VAM C ha no c r c wih t docor ,a t doc or had no
he t r . n ha ega d, he
d
onta t t he t s nd he t s
oblga i t t V AM C . Bot t V A M c- a um con r c a t Loc l - t c r t
i ton o he
h he
t oc
t a t nd he lm doc or ontac s

1 H ol ngt tt physci we e i pe ntcon r c or , t Fourh Cic tc i r d:
1 di ha he
i ans r nde nde
ta t s he
t r ui onsde e

( )t tt e p y iin t e te c n rc wa r fre t a a
1 ha h h sca md r h o ta t s eerd o s
ç onta tphyscmx' ( t t physca wa t pr de
t rc
c
ii ' 2) hat he
iin s o ovi
( pai t' cae, () g r sae nt c e ni t
ç ten' r 3 eneal ttme s onc r ng he
out
ma ra quaiy ofs r ierquie unde t co rc,(
nne nd lt
e vc e rd
r he nta t 4)
t l c ofc r by t gove n tove t pr s rpton of
he a k
ontol he
r men
r he e c i i

dnz a medials i ,( t a hort oft physca
gs nd
c upples 5) he ut iy he
iin
t ma erfras ( )c nr cu l e uie nsf ro tc h t s
o k eer l, 6 o ta t a r q rme t o f e ol
i
r
a t abiiy oft physca t de lnet se paint,(
nd he lt
he
iin o ci o e te s 7)
t physc a sr s nsbiiy t pr vi ofk e s c s
he
i i n' e po i lt o o de t pa e, uppor
t

saf s p is a d e up n , ( ) t e pec na e of t
tf, u pl , n q ime t 8 h r e tg
e
he
phys c a s t a pr c i e whi h w as de e t a tvii
i i n' ot l a tc
c
vot d o c i tes

t rt c rc,()t natr oft c ns ton t t
mde he onta t 9 he tle he ompe ai o he
p y iin icu n meh d (e s h d l)a d rt s(i lr
h sca , n ldig to fe c e u e n ae smia
t t e p ysca sus a fe ) ( 0 (h alg d e o e ')
o h h iin' u l e s, 1 ) te le e mply rs
rc d e ng r rme s ( 1 pr ci mehods of
e or ke pi equie nt, 1 ) es rbed t
veiyi paintei biiy f teame ,a ( 2)t e ent
rf ng te lgi lt or r t nt nd 1 he xt
of(healge empl rs r viw oft physca sofkes
t le d
oye') e e
he iin' t .
Robb,80F.da 889(ii W ood,671F. a 83 & n.1 ) Usngsmia a l i,
3 t
ctng
2d. t 0
0 . i i lr nayss numeous
r
cour shave hel t phys ci pr di m edi ser ces a f alf ltesar i
t
d hat
i ans ovi ng
cal vi t eder aciii e ndependent

c r t sunde t FTCA.Se e. ,Carlov.UniedStt ,5F. 1 1 ( hCi.
ontacor
r he
e, g. ril
t aes 3d 302, 305 9t r
1 ;Br s r v.Unie Stt , 9F. 1 ,1 ( hCi.1 ;Leonev.Unie Stt ,
993) ous ad
td aes 98 2d 71 78 5t r 993)
td aes
91 F. 46,51( Ci.1 .
0 2d
2d r 990)

e e sy pr de t tt doc or we e i pende c ta t s a t doc o sa e a s h
xpr s l ovi d ha he t s r nde
nt on r c or , nd he t r ctd s uc

b man an n s l d srto o e t erme c l u g n .Th r i n e d n es g sigt t
y itii g oe ic ei n v r h i dia j d me t e e s o vie c ug e tn ha
t VA M C e r s d m or t m i m alc r ove û he pe i r l a i s r tve de a l '
he
xe ci e
e han ni
ontol r f
t
rphe a , dm ni ta i
t is '

i i t lt t docor 'da t da pr so ofm e c ls r c .
ncden a o he t s y-o- y ovii n
di a e vies Robb,80F. a 8883d t
91

( ingW o d 6 F.da 8 2 ; e as Cie e v.n v He 1 S s Sev . 1 5F.d2 6 2 0
ct
i
o , 71 2 t 3 ) s e lo lc k l o a at y . r s, 1 3 5 , 6
h
( hCi.1 ( di t taphyscinwa a i pe ntc rcort rTil Vl e n
4t r 997) hol ng ha
i a s n nde nde onta t mde te I ve

t o g t eh ptl o to ldt d nitaied tis).
h u h h os ia c n r le ç mi srtv eal'
a
Apa tfom l c ng c r oft doc or 'pe f ma eoft c e a pe t oft i
r r a ki ontol he t s ror nc
he or s c s her
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es i ltes d lo n nta t o ypi l mpl re oye eltons p, he
d
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nt neis

lkeme c lmapr ciei trnc SeeKr me v.Unie Stt ,843F.Supp.1 1 ( D.
i
dia l a tc nsla e.
a r
td aes
066, 070 E.
Va.1 (t me fom t gove n n t ahe t c ee iywhi i tunc nstst
994) ûpay nt r he r me t o alh ar ntt ch n t' ompe ae he
i vi heat ca epr de on isown t msi a i c t ofi pe ntc r dor
ndi dual lh r ovi r t
er s n ndi a or nde nde onta

saus' M ac l v. tdStts 807F.Supp. 779- ( . Ga.1 2) Bec us co e
tt .); Donad Unie ae ,
775, 80 M D.
99 . a e r
as t ofa e o - m pl e r lto hi we e a e , hec tfndst tt docor we e
pec s n mpl yere oye ea i ns p r bs nt t our i ha he t s r
i pe
nde nden c r c o s
t onta t r .
M cGhee a guest tt doc o sw e e e pl e be us t V A M C r qui e t Loc l
r
ha he t r r m oye s ca e he
e r d he
lm

docor t r nde medials r i sd i busnes hour ,s heduld t i pa int,a pr d
t so e r
c e vce urng i s
s c
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t m wih slgialf c ltes e pm e ,a a dit ton s t .Thi i,howe r amyo c
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viw oft mi ie i de t t a t lr ai hi TheVAM C- um c r tt s y
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S e
a t ly go r d t r a i hi A ss h,t doc or es e i ly pe f m e s r i st t
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Locl a e t pr det t VAM C. l a e ,t doc o s c planc wih t
lm gr ed o ovi o he
n ny vent he t r ' om i e t he

6

s i a i oft VAM C- Um c r c i i no wa t ki ofmea ngf lc r t ti
pec fc tons he
LOC
onta t s n
y he nd
ni u ontol ha s
i cai ofa e pl - mpl er a i hi Nor c e ualy, st pr son o
ndi tve n m oyere oye eltons p. , ontxt l i he ovii f
s dulng s r i s f c ltesa e pm e t a adit ton s tm . e Ciie 115F. a
che i e vce , a iii nd qui n , nd c ai yse Se lc k,
3d t

262( eoft hos tlsi tu nt andohe r otr si fnhe e i t pr vii of
Us he pia' nsr me s
t r es lce s ç r nt n he o son
i

me ia s r ie a dlk wiei n tarla l id c trofe o e sa (e a s ). . e
dc l e vc s n i e s s o eibe n iao mply e tms b c u e . h
mus, n am os e r ca e, e ... aclte pr vi d by t hos t i or rt r nde hi
t i l t ve y s us
f iii s o de
he pial n de o e r s
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)2

M c e as a s rst docor we ee pl esbe a et VAM C r uie t m t
Ghe lo s e t he t s r m oye
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c
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y t t a , i i , nd oc dtr n xc
or
ca i l s
, s ne

c u t sn td,ist ey b i s b e tt ()ho ptlsr lsa ac n iino sa f rvlg s
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8 6F.d8 7 8 0( 0hCi.1 8 )( ligt t p ysca wa a id p n e t o ta t r; e
7 2 5 , 6 1 t r 9 9 hodn ha a h iin s n n e e d n c n rco ) s e
as Ore n , 25U. a 81 C g- q eto h r i n t eh rte(le e g ven n
lo la s 4
S. t 5 t-l u sin e e s o wh t e h alg d o r me t
lhe
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mpl el e i edea
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whehe isda t da ope ainsa es r s dbyt Fe r Gove n t' Rob 80F. a
t r t y-o- y r to r upevie
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r men .
); b, 3d t
888.1
3

1 The c t est tt sar l e i pr pe l f us t c r a ys s o t he pe i r ,
2
our not ha hi p m nt m o ry oc es he ontol nal i n t
t
rphe al
a i sr tvede al whih we e i de alt t r nde i ofm e ca s r c 'a no on
dm nitai
t is c
r nci nt o he e rng
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Shec r ove t pe f ma oft me c ls vies'Robb,80F. a 88891( i
t ontol r he ror nce he dia er c .
t
'
3d t - quotng
fom W ood,671F. a 8 ) çlher lts i c r ove t prmaya tviyc r ce f
r
2d t 31 . ç- ea et s ontol r he i r ci t onta td or
a nott pe i r ,ad i sr tvea t r a i t s a tviy. l a 889;s e as Ciec k,
nd
he rphe al m nitai c s eltng o uch c i t ' d. t
'
e lo l e

11 F. a 260(e ognii t ttahos t mus ase tade eeofc lci c r ove
5 3d t
r c zng ha ( pial t sr gr
onfitng ontol r
e e yd co ' wok- wheh ra e o e , o )a id pe d n c nr co '
v r o t rs r
te n mply e gr n n e n e t o ta tr).

1 M cGhe a s m a nt i t tt cour s ul a y a Sa nc by es oppe ' t y and r le
3
e l o i a ns ha he
t ho d ppl n t ge y
t
l' heor
ei s

onGa ev. tdStts 648F.Supp. 439( D.Ohi 1986 ,i whiht
mbl Unie ae ,
438,
N.
o
) n c he
a i sr ti ofapai ntsesaebr ug am e c m apr tc aci n a i tt Unie St t s
dm nitarx
te ' tt o ht
dial l aci e to ga ns he t d a e
bas d on t alege ne i nceofa ane t i ogitdtrngan o r ton on t pa inta aVA
e
he l d glge
n shesol s zi
pe a i
he te t
hos t l 1 a 439- l hol ngt tt Unie Stt swa e t bl esoppe fom as e tng
pia . d. t
40. n di ha he t d a e s quia y t d r
s ri
t tt a t s ol s w asnota gove n e e pl e,t tç ts ii a l s a e t tt
ha he neshe i ogi t
r m nt m oye ha our pec f c ly t t d ha he
7

Att e oft da t rt conta sa i pr ci e, hedoc or ha a loft
he nd he y, mde he
r ct nd n a tc t
t s d l he

halm a ksofi pe ntc r ct s a M c e ha ma s l d not ng s t n i lt
l r
nde nde onta or , nd Ghe s r ha e
hi ubsa ta o
ove c e t tc us on.
r om ha oncl i
11
1.

Fo t f egoi r as ,t c t l gr ntt g m me ' m oto t dimi s
r he or ng e ons he our wil a he ove
nts i n o s s

M c e scamsfu d do tea to so t et d co su e 1 ( )1.
Ghe ' li o n e n h cin f h wo o t r nd r 2 b ( )

EN TER :M a c 6, 4.
r h 201

I I STATESDI CT J
X TED
STRI UDGE

a shesol s hel hi efoutt bet c efofa t sol s r iesa t VA ( t t
ne t i ogit d ms l
o he hi
neshei ogy e vc t he
wih he
VA' c e ) l a 441.Unlket docori Ga e,hedocor i t sc s di nothol or
s ons nt.d. t
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t s n hi a e d
d
pur tt hol a a i sr tveposto wihi t VAM C. Ga ei t r f ei ppost
por o d n dm nitai
ii n t n he
mbl s he e or na
ie

a d i a y c s ,çeq ia l et p e i rrl v lda an t h g ven n 'a dse i1itd
n ,n n a e t l utb e so p l s aey ai g is t e o r me t' n e ms 1 tte
l
t e tbihj rs ito . e eg, n o v Uni dS ae ,1 2F.d2 , 7 ( t Ci.1 9 )
o sa ls u idcin Se , ..Lik us . t tts 4 3 71 2 7 5h r 9 8 ;
e
DelValev.Sa he 1 F.Supp. 1 4,1 2( D.Fl 2001.Theque tonbeor t
l
nc z, 70
2d 25 27 S. a. )
si f e he
cour i aj iditonalquesi a t whehe t Unie Stt ha waveds r i i
t s urs ci
ton s o t r he td aes s i ove egn mmuniy.
t
Thatques i t
ton urnson w het t t o doct are em pl
her he w
ors
oyeest derpri pl ofest
m
nci es
oppel
.
The r m a n pr c s y wha t y a e. R a her w hen e t
y e i e i el
t he r
t ,
s oppe i a i d,i pr c ude on e t bl
l s pple t e l s
quia e
g ot t e t
r mds he s opped pa t 9o t ki a co r r pos ton. l doesnota t rt tpa t s sa us
ry m a ng
nt a y ii
t
le ha r y' t t .
Cons
eque l i i no a s tci ntve cl t e f c a w a verofs e g i m t iy.
nty, t s t ufi e
hi e o f e t
i
over i n m m t
8