Towler v. Manis

Filing 12

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 9/2/2014. (tvt)

cœ - s oFFl u, Dl cour
ce s. sm
AT ROANOKE,
VA

FL D
I/

sEP 23 2 1
29
I T H E U N I ED S TE S D I
N
T
TA
STR I CO U RT
CT
FO R T H E W E S ER N D I RI O F V I I I
T
ST CT
RG N A
J
UL .
,C E
BY;
ROAN OU DI SI
VI ON
J I LEE TOW LER,
AM E
Case N o.7: - 00458
8 cvPett oner,
ii

M EM O RAN D U M O PIN IO N
C ARI. A N I W at
M
S, dem

R e ponde .
s
nt

By:H on.M i
chaelF.U êbansl
d

Unt d S ae Diti: u
ie tt s src J dge

Peii rJ mi Le Towlt(d tdo t'orK wlF',ht ghc e,le ape i f
ttone a e e
e T i ne' < e ) t ou ounslfld dton ot
pe
To
awttofha a c
i
be s omusputua t 28U. C. 225 DktNo.1 Repo ntfldamodont
s nt o
S. j 4. .
. s nde le
o
dim i ,D kt N o.3,and Pett r hasfl a r
s ss
.
ibne
led esponse.D kt N o.7.A ccor ngl t m ateri now
.
di y, he t s
rpe f decii
i or son.
Res
ponde cont
nt
ends t t sol cli i t petton i ptocedlr ly def t becaus
hat he e l m n he ii s
z al auled
e

Towl rdi noti l i i hi pe i f a a t t Cout ofA ppe l ofVig ti a t t a a
e d
nc ude t n s dton or ppe l o he
t
as
r ila nd ha , s
r ul,t scour m a notconsderi.The cout concl
es t hi
t y
i t
t
udest Tow lrhasas rt a gat w a cl m
hat
e
se ed
e y ni

ofa m a i e e s hc e t ove c e hi pt e ua def tl a t thi c nm i pr pe l
c l nnoc nc uf i nt o r om s oc dt l a tt nd ha s l i s o ry
bef e t cour .Fott sr on,dicuss i m or det i bel Res
or he
t
hi eas
s ed n
e al ow, pondentsm odon t dim i i
'
o s ss s
D EN IED .

1.

Fact and Pr
ual
ocedut Background
al
Fact B ackgr
ual
ound
Tow l w aschat wih ei f l esa ii f om t r
et
ged t ght eoni r sng r he obber oft CV S D rug St ei
y he
or n

t Town ofAla it onDe e r1 2008 Hewave hi rg t aj ya wa ti beo e
he
tvsa
c mbe , .
i d s iht o ur nd s ted ft
J J T.
udge ohn Cookoft Cic tCou tofCa
he tui z
mpbelCount.Jud Cookf hi gtt o a
l
y ge
ound m tiy n
l
num berofcount ,i uci t s e convi
s ncl lng he ol
cdon he chalengesilhi f alhabeaspeddon- us of
l
t s eder
e

a ft t i t com m ison ofa blr ary. See D kt N o.1.On t convi
tearn n he
si
zgl l
.
hat
cdon, hew asse enced t
nt
o

t fve ye rm a t y m i m um s nt nc on Aprl1 ,201 D kt 5, A , t1 2.
he i - a nda or ni
e e e
i 6
0. . Ex. a - 2
l li peddon bef t s cour ,he ar
n ls
ore hi
t
guest hi convi i w asf conductt - bas
hat s
cton
or
hat
ed
on an i erveni l lde son- no l t s fcest est ih li gutt Att tm e ofhi ti and
nt
ng ega cii
onge ufi o abls ls ' . he i
l
s tal

t f i ofhi pe ii f a a ,t c z lng 1w plr ua t CA a y v.
he l ng
l
s tton ot ppe l he ontoli a z s nt o e s Com m onw e lh,9 Va.
at

App.4 38 S. . 31 (9 )wa tatac nvidon f us o:cs a ofafram d
70, 9 E 2d 6 1 90 s la o c oz e lply
i
le t nHng
c m ison ofabut a y c d be ba e on a us ordiply w hi i t bu gl rz d pr m ie .
om s i
glr oul
sd
ny e
s a
l n he r a i e e s s
e
Cr w asa oga ed by t Supt e Cour ofV igi a' dec son i Rowl v.Com m onw eat
eas
br t
he
em
t
t ni s ii n
and
lh,

2 1Va 3 6 4 0 7 7SE.d3 , 3 (0 1,su do Mac 4 2 1 , l To e' dtc a pel
8 . 9 , 0 , 0 . 2 31 3 3 2 1 )is e n rh , 0 1 whi wlrs ie t p a
e
waspendi I Row lnd,t Supr e Cout ofVigi a hel t a convi i f us otdipl of
ng. n
a he
em
t
t ni d hat
cton or e
s ay
a fr ' dt ng com m is on ofabut ar requied t t fre m be us ordipl
teat ui
m
si
gl y
r hat he t ar
ed
s ayed dlrng
zi
enty t t pre ies.
t o he m s
Pedtonerar
i
guest t e dence i hi case esabls t hew al i o t cml st e,
hat he vi
n s
t ihes hat
ked nt he l g or

whi w asopen t t publc a t om e,a onl dipl yed hi fr m once hew asi i H e t
ch
o he
i t he ' nd y s a
s teat
nsde. hus
cai st hi cur enti rce adon f t s convi
l m hat s r nca r
or hi
cdon vi at hi due pr
ol es s
ocessrght becaus t
i s
e he
e dence esabls t a es enta eem entoft crm e us ordipl ofa weapon t m ake
vi
t ihes hat n s il l
he i - e
s ay
o
enty- d notocclr
r -di
z.

l i notneces ar t del dee y i o t f soft ofens ort t tm ony atti f
ts
s y o ve pl nt he act
he f e he esi
tal ot

p m o e o r l go Rep n e tsmo n t ds s. ep r e tfcsaet t ma (
u ss f ui n s o d n ' do o imisTh edn n a t r ha a n who
n
J Cookdeemi wa To e)e ee t CVSi Ala saVigni s tybeo e9: p.
udge
tr ned s wlr ntrd he
n tvit, ti a hotl fr 00 m.
1 p cf al,u g Co kfu dhm gut o t eo t c re c t sfu dhm 511 o alse ofns
S eii l J d e o o n i tl fi fhe hag d omt;o n i 1 f e sr fe e
cy
'y v
1
on one c mt a dim i s d t ot rt Dkt 5, A,a 1 2.
ot , nd s s e he he wo. . Ex. t 2H ewa s nt nce on aloft c c insa f l : e ye r f r
se e d
l he onvito s olows t n a s or obber ;t eey ar f us ofa fr a m i
y hr e s or e
te r n
comm ison ofr r ;t y a sf a t m pt d r
si
obbe y wo e r or te e obber ;fveye r f us ofalr a m i c mi son ofbt l r ;
y i a s or e
i e r n om s i
ug a y
t nt y a sf s a ut ybur l r whie a m e w11 a de dl we pon;a hv y a sf unlwfll we tng am a k i
we y e r or t t or g a y l r d :1 a y a
nd o e r or a ll ai
y
s n
pubhc Dkt 5, A,a 1 2. 1oft s e eswe e s pe d, t t e e
. . Ex. t - Al he ent nc
r us nde wih he xc péon oft t e - a m a t y
he ht e ye r nda ot
m i m um f us ofa Er r i c m ison ofa r
ni
or e
ea m n om s i
obbe y a t fve y a m a t y m i m um f rus ofa tr a m i
r , nd he i - e r nda or ni
o e
ie r n

t c
he ommisonofabt a y I
si
uglr ..
i

on D ece ber 1,2008.Tow l v.Com m onw eat 59 V a.App.284,288,718 S. 2d 463,465m
er
lh,
E.
66

(01 )as a Dk . 5 6a 1 Hi fc wa p t al c n e ld b thse e weee p s d Dk .
2 1, lo t tNo. - t . s a e s ad l o c ae , u i y s r x o e . t
y
N o.5- at1.H e wal up t t phat acy count w her a cl k wasw ordng and ha
6
ked
o he
m
et
e er
l
nded he a
t

not de ndng mone a t e tni t k1l ri s di notgvehi t m one J Thece k
e ma i
y nd ht a e ng o ' he f he d
l
i m he
y. i
lr
.

t dfed attilt ,aferre ng t not s l
es i
ta hat t adi he e, he ooked back att m a A tt tpoi ,he pus up
he n. ha nt
hed
hi s t and r
s hit
eveal w hatappear t be t handl a tiye ofagun t w asot v ie
ed
ed o
he
e nd tgg z
hat
het s
conceaed i t f ontofhi w a sba I at29s alo TralTr.at85l n he r
s i t nd. d.
ee s i
87.
A st cer wasgat i t m one t m an s ea ed and dem anded falt m oney and
he l k
hetng he
y, he
cr m
tl he
t O xycontn' f om t phar acit D kt N o.5- at2.W hen t phat acitt d t m an t he
he
i ' r he
m s. .
6
he
m s ol he
hat
coul notacces t s e,and t i w oul t a l tm e t exam i tl al ady- tl
d
s he af
hat t
d ake ong i o
nc le te fled

pres i i t det m i whi oneswer f O xycondn,t m an l twihoutany O xycondn,but
crptons o er ne ch
e or
he
ef t

wih a oxi aey$ 00fom t c s r gitr a t pha ma yc e ./ .
t ppr m tl 230. r he a h e se s t he r c ount t J=
.
B.

Pr
ocedur Backgt
al
ound

To l rw a s nt nc d on A ptl1 2 0.
we se e e
i 6, 01 Towl :tm ey a l e hi c c
e i l ppe l d s onvi donst t
o he
Cour ofA ppeal ofVigm l I hi petdon f appea,w lih w asfl on A ugus 24,2010,he
t
s
r '' n s i
a.
or
l lc
ted
t
zased fve as i ent ofer See D kt N o.5- at5- H e di noti l t cl m r s i hi
i
i sgnm s
tor.
.
2
7.
d
ncude he ni aied n s

fde a ha a pe ii t t sc zq whih i ba ed o tl S e eCouz ofVigml ' de ii i
e r l be s tton o hi olr
c s s n le upz m
t
z ' ' s cson n
a
Row l 3
and.

A ppz i a ey fvewee s a t zRowl nd wa de i d,on A pzl1 201 ,t Cour of
ox m t l i
k fe
a
s cde
i 2, 1 he
t
A ppeal isued ape cuzam opi on denyiz Towl z' pedton f appeal SeeD kt N o. at1.
ss
r i
ni
tg
es
i oz
.
. 1-1

Threda sltrTowltfldade ndfrt e -udgerviw oft tde ii a f t fzttme
e y ae, e le
ma o hrej
ee
ha cson nd or he ls i
s ik al c t d Ro a f t pr ii t a t e de e wa i ufi i ntt c c hi .
pec i l ie
y
wl nd or he opos ton l t he vi nc s ns fc e o onvi t m
a

To e wa ga e a a a onJ 1 201 a i hiJ y201 brefi l da agu nt
wlt s tntd n ppe l une 5, 1, nd n s ul 1 i ,ncude n t me
3A snotd,Rowlnd wa is d on M ach4,2 m or t n sx mont atrTowlrspe
e
a
s sue
r
011, e ha i
hs fe
e ' ddonwa fld.
s te

bas on Rowl
ed
and. H e adm it t t at enthad notbeen pt er butt
ted hat he gum
es ved,
equesed an dends
t
'

ofj tc 'e e
usie' xc pdonunde Vigri SuprmeCour Rue5 1 DktNo.5- a 1 1 TheCour of
t rila e
t l A:8. .
4 t 2-5.
t
Appeal is an opi on on D ecem bet20,2011,afum i hi convi tons.D kt N o.5- at1s s ued
ni
f ng s
ci
.
6
12.
Thatcour r us t addr a ar entbas on Rowl becaus i wasnotrased i Tow lt'
t ef ed o
ess ny gum
ed
and
et
i n
es

pe
ddon f a a a Vigi aSu e Cour Rtl 5 1 pr de t tfr nl a sgnme sof
or ppel nd z ni prme
t te A:2 ovi s ha çol y si nt
ct otassgned i ta petéon f appealw ilbenotced by' t Cot ofA ppeas.See D kt N o.5r
i
n le i
ot
l
i
' he ut
l
.
6
at4.
Thatcout f t not t Rul 5 : unlkeRul 5A : cont nsno fgood caus 'ot
t ut het ed hat e A 12, i
e 18, qi
<
e'
û
t

e ofj tc 'e e
nds usie' xcpdont e us t pt e a dea t I a 4n.
o xc e he oc durl ful. d. t 7.
Towl t a
er hen ppeal t t Supr e Cour ofVig ni whi aso ref
ed o he
em
t
z i a, ch l
used hi peddon f
s
ot

a a onAprl17 201 DktNo.5- Hi pei f rherngwa as de e onJ 1 ,
ppe l
i , 2. .
7. s tdon or e ai s lo nid, une 5
2012.SeeD kt N o.1- at4;D kt N o.5 at2.
.
1
.
Towl s
et ubseque l fl a sat ha
nty led t e beaspetton i t Cicui Com tf Ca pbel Count
ii n he r t
or m
l
y.
l hi snt habeaspedton,he al
n ste
i
leged tmt<he wasbei hel i vi at n ofD ue Pr sbas on
l t
ng d n ol b
oces
ed

g4c i wheet e de ewa i ufiint' DktNo.11a 1 S i al,hecame t t
a onvcdon r he vi nc s ns fce .
' .
- t . pechcly li d ha
t e wasno e dence t s
her
vi
o uppor hi c cdon f us ofa f m i t com m ison ofa
t s onvi
or e
uear n he
si
bur a beca no evi
glry, use
dencc s
howed heus t fr m t gai ent t t buidi ast t
ed he lear o n ry o he l ng, equied
by Rowl D kt N o.1- at4.H i pedton w asdeni by t ct ztcour on t gr
and. .
1,
s
i
ed he icli
t he oundst li
hat as

ca m wa pr e al def ule D kt N o.1 1
li
s oc dut ly a t d.
.
-.
The st ehabeascout r oned t Tow l scbi w aspr
at
t eas
hat
er' m
ocedtt l bar becaus he
taly red
e

fie t r iei i hi peii f a a a notdt tçlhepeceve utlt oft agu ntdoe
ald o as tn s tton ot ppe l nd e ha <l r i d i y he z me
t
i
s
notexcuset Pa i bar F
he rrgan4 . -

el v Bo k t 2 5Va 3 , 4 (6 SE.d6 J(9 8. Dk. .
r . o e, 3 . 5 4 ,3 6 . 2 2 1 8 )' tNo
'

1-1 at2.The s at ha ascour alo di gt w ih Tow l sass don t t case ofO '
t e be
t s sa eed t
er' el
hat he
Connorv.

Ohi 38 U. 92(9 ) s dc r . iial,t ha asc ur desrbe O'
o, 5 S. 1 96 ,houl ontolSpecfc l he be o t ci d Conno a
y
rs
4 1 t nv P ria , 0 S. .d 6 0 6 4( a 1 7 hed t a ah b a c mu p tû n rma no u eh b a
S a o . a r n 2 5 E 2 8 , 8 ' . 9 $, l h t a e s o s e io e y t s a e s
V
c pust r ie a is t the fie t r ie a ti la on a a .
or o a s n sue ha
al d o a s t ra nd
ppe l

t l gta < p o e u a b ro ac nsiubn lkht sno f rco e , a c n l e ta
' i h t' r c d rl a n o t t a r wa t o e ls d' nd o cud d h t
un
a
t
'
tfo lts a gmne i s e y t t s fc e y oft e de e a doe nott ie a c ét tona
f w e' r
nt s ol l o he ufi i nc
he vi nc nd s
a s ons u i l
rg a D kt N o.1 1 a 2. n Se e be 1 201 t S e e Cot ofV ig' t r f e Towl ts
i ht'
' .
- t O
pt m r 2, 3, he upt m
ut
t m ' e us d
a
e'
pe ii f a a a oft s a e ha a de ii
tton oz n ppe l he t t be s c son.
Thus,ateac pr vi l veloft vi snceTowlr fr r s t Row l ar e h e ous e
e ew i
e tst aied he
and gum nt

w hi h he ilda l di a ox m a ey f t da sa t zi wa de i d vig ri ' c t ha z f e
c
ri l d ppr i t l or y y fe t s c de - r izas our s ve e us d
y
t a es t m ert oft cli .I t t ha cons senty he d t t cl tzi pr
o ddr s he is he am nsead, hey ve
i t l l hat he air s ocedur l
aly

ba r d be a e he f ie t r i ei i hi i ta pe
r e c us
al d o a s t n s niil ddon f a a- des t t f c t tRo a
or ppe l
pie he a t ha wl nd
ha notbe n decde a t fm e he fld t tpe i f a a a de pie t f c t t r i a
d
e
i d t he i
t ha tdon or ppe l nd s t he a t hat he e s
e
stong at entt ,ptt uantt Rokl Tow l 'sconductasproved atti w oul nots fce t
t
gum
hat z s
o
and,
et
'
ral
d
uf
o
s t n a convi i f us ofa fr ar durng com m i i ofa but a sO n O ct t 3, 2013,
usai
cton or e
te m
i
sson
glry.
obe

Towl rHm e y fl d hi f de a ha a c uspe
e
l te s e r l be s om
ddon.
1I.

Exhauston
i

A sat prs
t e i onerseeki f a habeasrei hasan oblgadon t pres hi cli si sat
ng edet l
lef
i
o
ent s am n t e

c tbeor riigt m i Jj225 pe
our f e asn be n t 4 édon. eW of v.phns 565F. 1 ,16 ( hCi.
Se le -o on,
3d 40 0 4t r

2 0 )(iig2 U.. j2 5 >)1( ) AsteFo thCic ih se pan d
0 9 ct 8 SC. 2 4 ()A). h u t rut a x li e ,
n
.
I ghepeii Fs camsweenotpr sntdi saec tr,t ywil
f t ttone j li
r
ee e n tt ott he l
gene l beprocedur ly def zt a t f alcourtwilbe
raly
al
alled, nd he eder
l

una et a j c t t m. eVi onv. ue 436F.d41 ,41
bl o dudiae he Se ns Tr ,
3 2 7
(t Ci. 06 . j225 peii rma howe r o romes ha
4h r20 )A
4 ttone y, ve, vec
uc
pr edua dea tbys wi K a ea pr j c 'otby
oc t l ful ho ng i us nd eudie'
c
es abls ng t hi conf e entcons esda m icar i of
t ihi bat s
m m
dtut < s rage

j tc 'W an ihtv. k , U. 72 9 ,9 S.Ct249 5
usie. iwr
'
S es433 S. , 0-91 7
. 7, 3
L, . d5 4(9 7 9 Nelv P l, 7 F3 2 6 2 1(t Ci.
Ed 2 9 1 7 ) Mc i . ok 4 6 .d 0 , 1 4h r
l
20 )(ii Colma v.
07 ctng e n Thom s 5 U. 72 7 ,1 S. .
on, 01 S. 2, 50 11 Ct
25 11 L. 2d6 (9 ). prpe s ngoff cu l
46, 5 Ed. 40 1 91)A o r howi
f ta
a
5The c tdoesnotaddr s t mert ofhi c ' i t sopi on,a not t tt pa de ha notbre ed
our
e s he is
s bl . hi ni nd es ha he r s ve
m n
if

temeisi tic utBu c. tNo 55a 1 -8( mmon at sbifb fr Vig '' Co rof p as
h rt n hs o r. t fDk. . - t 71 Co
wel re eo e rmt s ut Ap el,
h'
'a
c e ng t ti ' e e e no t tm ony c er ng whe e t gt wa whe To e e e e t sor ' a a g ' g
onc di ha t ' s nt d esi
pr
onc ni
r he m s n wl r nt r d he t e' nd r m n

t a twj i t er c r d e n tetb ih ta To e d s ly dt fra m whe e t r gt so e i as d e no
h t f l l h e o d o s o sa l h t wlr ip a e he le r
g ze
s
n n ei he t r,t lo o s t
n
af maieyso ta To e ddn uetef et whl g iige ty'. ti t e tec ltsmpyc n ld s
fi t l h w h t wlr i ot s h i a' t ann nr.lAths i ,h oz i l o cu e
r v
r m e
'
m
r
t t i p tinino s be tods sa o t go n so p o e ua d ful
ha hs eio s t u jc t i sl n he ru d f r cd rl ea t
t
mi
.

i nc 'i s fce t stsyt tmic rigeofj dc '
nnoce e's ufiint o aif he f sara
us e'
r le ent See H ousev.Bel,547 U . 518,536-37,126 S.Ct
eq'iem .
l
S.
.

2 6 , 6 L. . ( 1(0 6.
0 4 1 5 Ed 21 2 0 )
W ole,565 F. at160.
f
3d

I i undiput her t Peddone di notpr l exhaus hi cbi ,becaus he di not
ts
s ed e hat
r d
opery
t s m
e
d
ê i e i i hi i talpedton f appealt t Cour ofAppeas ofVigi a.Thus unl he can
a s t n s nii
i or
o he
t
l
r ni
, ess

stsyet ricus a prj l e'ors t thi c me ntc ttzesamic rigeofj tc ,
aif ihe fa e nd eucc ' how ha s onf me onsi t
i
a
saza
usie
t s cot m a notr
hi ut y
each t m ert ofhi cli .
he
is
s am

A.

Ca ea Ptj c
us nd eudie

A pettonezcan s
ii
how caus f f lng t pz
e oz aii o oceduz l exhaustli cli by dem onstatng
aly
zs a m
ri

K omeobjci fcote ena t t dee ekhaji de c mslsef t t c ywih t
K
s
e tve a t xtr l o he fns t t mpe d ot e' fors o ompl t he
Stt'pr e ua r e. gncudi )t tt fc'a otlg lbassfracam wa nottaona y
aes oc dt l ul . i l ng ha he at l e a i o li s e s bl
.
u
a ia e t c uns l o t ts e i e f r nc by ofi i l m ade c m pl nc i pr dc b e' M ut a
va l bl o o e , r ha om nt r e e e
fca s
o i e m ac a l .
a
' r

v. rir 477U. 4 488(986 (ntma quotdonmaksa cttonsomitd. ma a
Cate,
S. 78, 1 ) i e l a
t nd iai
te )To ke
s ngofprj c t pe i tmus de
howi
eudie he dtone
t monstt t tt c ane ofc
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h r t t peiine. e W an ih v S k s 4 3U.. 2 8 - 5 (9 7.
am o he t o t S e iwr t . e, 3 S 7 , 4 8 1 7 )
t
Peiine heeag hestsi t tcus a prj i 'e c pdont t e us
tto r t rues aifes he fa e nd eudce' x e
o he xha don
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e t m nt I t m ha
s hown c us , w lrt le e e i l on t Su e e Co ts
a e To e ei s xt nsve y
he pt m
m '

de ii i Re dv. s 468U. 1(98 )whih rc gnle tutc us ma beesa ihe by
cson n e Ros,
S. 1 4, c e o ' d l a e y
z
tbls d
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els aiure o aie ai hat ts o
hat t egal i s
easona y a lbl t
bl vaia e o

couns .'468 U . at16.Butt Supr e Cout hasalo not
el'
S.
he
em
t
s
ed- bot bef e and aferReed- t
h or
t
hat
t fziiy ofan at ent<cannotconsiat caus i i m eans smpl t a chi was T
he atlt
gum
<
ttze
e ft
i y hat
m
unaccept bl
a e

t ta pat ua c u t t h t tita t .' u l v UntdSae, 2 U.. 1 , 2 (9 8
o h t ti lr o r a t a pat z r i ' Bo se . i tts 5 3 S 6 4 6 3 1 9 )
c
c l me '
e
( i En l v.Ia c 4 U. 1 7,1 n. (98 ). e ane i Engea rieae i
quotng
e sa , 56 S. 0 30 35 1 2) As xpli d n l nd etrtd n
Bouse <g heet bai ofa. . li i a ia e a ot tdee ec unslha peci da
ly,K r he ss
wl
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6

ltgat tu tcl m ,t de a ofcom iy and f aiy couns a ns l i aleged unawat s
ii ed l ai he m nds
t
m lt
el gai t abelng l
enes

o t eo jcina c u efrap oc dua d fut' us y 5 3U. a 6 3n. (uoigEn l, 5
f h be to s a s o t e t l ea l. Bo l , 2 S. t 2 2 q t
'
e
n ge 4 6
U. a 1 )
S. t 34.
Towl em phaszest Rowl expêes l abr ed CJCG ,whi h had bee t 1w i
er
i hat
and
sy ogat
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.
-

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endst hi couns coul notha f esee
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. s dentt
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eas
her t ney n r ni
ensecot s li Rowl
m e n
and- had Tpe cei a ldgat '
f r ved nd i ed'
t cai t Tow l coul ha r s here a ti a on appeal6Bouse , 523 U. at623 n. A s
he l m hat
er
d ve aied
t tal nd
.
l
S.
2.
s
uch,<t dem ands ofcom iy a f alt 'do notalow t s colrtt lbe t f iur t r se t
fhe
t nd m iy'
l hi z o a l he al e o ai he

cli ascaus f pr
am
e or ocedut def zt See Bouse ,523 U . at623 n. Thus Tow l cannot
al atl.
l
S.
2.
,
er
es abls caus f hi pr
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B.

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ual nnoce ;
nce

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lch s he ec
hod

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ih i u r c s bi o l r p ry e eo e hs o r. e le 5 5 3 t 6 a
mic tigeofj dc ,uc a a hmli e e c ne us apr e m a deful . pe i ri
sara
us e s h s c nnoc nc , a xc e oc d l a t A dtone s
)

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a zy
i
k
h
p td n r i l to tene e ie c . S hu v Deo 5 3U.. 9 , 2 (9 5 .Thep r s o
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t act im ocence exce i i <t bal
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6Rowlnd' de e e a t e a r nty r ie t a gu e uli a ey a c e by Vigi asSupr m e Cour
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r ni '
e
t
a t c os oft e i nc a til on M a c 26,2 .Se e .Rowl nd v. m onwe lh,O pe ng Brefof
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rh
009 e . ,
a
Com
at
ni
i

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rea 5 6 S a 0 -0 )
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ct t
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l

fee'l r Wi hi, U. 35 3 (97 )( ra J, onc zng.
t . n e ns 397 S. 8, 72 1 0 Haln,.c uri )
'
Res
ponde c e t tTo lr c nnotr l on Sc u ' d c t i e e'e c pdon
nt ont nds ha w e a
ey
hl s f tml nnoc nc ' x e
a
becaus he doesnotpoi t any Tne e dence' t s
e
nt o
f w vi
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rer act
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ound pr ofguitbe
oof
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eas
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t 7 t 2 q oi a k o . t i a 4 3 S3 7 3 4 1 7 ). wlt lo set h t e w
n
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cdon beca e f al di
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cton.
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Connorv.Ohi
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5 S. 1 6.0
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d t ih
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ual nnocence orwhet t cour m ay alo re e alt e dence i lghtofa i erve ng
her he
t
s viw l he vi
ni
n nt ni
change i l a det m i t ac uali
n aw nd et ne hat t nnoce hasbeen s k inty es a ihed. ' cov
nce
ufi e l t bls
rhe ut
concudes t a i et ng change i t tw m ay s fce.
l
hat n nt veni
n he a
uf

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i n r ous
ext ,
m ton f tz nnocence' t
' hat

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s
t ma t he i
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cded etoa tviy s
o e
1 I O'
0 n Connor t S e e Cour hed,on die a a ofa sa e de e ntsc i don, t thi fiur t
y he upr m
t l
r ct ppe l
t t f nda ' onv c
ha s a l e o

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be t t ra a d ur i i t p e ln tt ot t h o e u o o nt n s i e n l sn r u nt
n
r
r
n
e
c dnotpr cudehi fom rii t tfde a cam .-d a 9 The e, he e t de ii c ng ng t 1 w wa
oul
el
m r asng ha e r l li J= t 3. r as r , he cson ha i he a
s
de i whiet de e ntsdie ta a w a pe ng.I a 9 Alhough t s a eha a c the d t tO'
cded l he f nda ' r c ppe l s ndi d. t 2. t
he t t be s out l ha Connor
wasi ppost be us i i ol d a c ttzi lc am , l To e a s red onl a s l e y oft e de c nm ,
na ie ca e t nv ve onsit ona li whie wl r s e t
t
y ufkinc
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t Supt m e Cout hasc e ry hed t ta ha a peééone ' Foure nt Am e m e due pr es rght a evi l t d
he
e
t
l a l l ha
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.

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t
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tii, 4 S 3 7 3 73 8 1 7 )Aco dn l, wlr o s set o t zo l bi
tt

i l sstmtonswheeape ine c netbls t tt taona ej orwoul ha c nvitd
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um
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crm nal'

e. Unie Sttsv. lt 73 F. 241 2 ( Ci. 3)(ppli t sdemi ofa tml
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i
nnocencei cont ofdet m i ng whet t Kactz i
n
ext
er ni
het he f aal nnocence' e
' xcepdon i t sa ngs caus
n he vi l e

of28U. C.j2255woul alw amoton t bebz htunde 28U. C.j22419seas Matnv.
S.
d lo
i o
oug
r
S.
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Pee ,31 F.d79 8 ( hCi. 03 ( tt ni t tha a pedone ha sae s fce
rz 9 3 9, 04 6t r 20 ) deemi ng ha be s t t d ttd ufiint
cl m of(act li
ai
t ua nnocence' bas on a Suptem e Cotttdecii deci afethi convi
' ed
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cdon t alow
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lm t p o e du e j2 4 (i t esvn sca s ofj2 5 ).l Bo se isl ( j2 5 c s) t e
n o r c e nd r 2 1 va h a i g lu e
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Supt eCour recogni d t possbiiy ofa actz im ocence cli beng bas on a c ngei
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t elw tte ta f w e ie c . 5 3U.. t 2 -4(e ndngt alw p d n ta
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or s rct zt o t ih hat s nnocence base on acl ii def ii ofan
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ee ntofhi ofe e; e as Da sv. tdStts41 U. 33 3 - (97 ( i f
lme
s fns)s e lo vi Unie ae, 7 S. 3, 4647 1 4) notng '
no
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or
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cdon a puni hm entf an actt t lw doesnotm ake c i i '
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or
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rm nal'

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s eul n ntr ni ha n a f tnty euls n omplt sata e usiel.
i
ASt 5 h Cic tha e ane s e ntt bot Sc u a Mc zg i '
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The Cout de lnest a e t gove nm e ' s e don t ti
t ci o cc pt he
r nts uc s
ha n

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ouign.he
t a o i t caa i e e li o
t ei tnc swhe eapeii rpr s nt ne f cs ie ne y
hos nsa e
r
ttone e e s w a t,x. wl
dicover evi nce ofim ocence,a by i plcadon t under i
s
ed de
t
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o
m ne
t e casest ha a i an equia e excepdon i caseswher
hos
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t bl
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e
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he nnocence i oc i
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ai
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t
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i nal al
oaches
.
..

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l
l
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i'
o
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Petoni i f aaly anal
r o s actz l
ogous t t cas atba I Pet oni t diti cour de er i
o he e
r. n r o, he srct
t t m ned

t ta ta imoc nc e us dt pr e trldefuloft j2 pe
ha ctzlt e e xc e he oc dta a t he 254 ddone, r ac ng i
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tea
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ed
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ut
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ender
ed

i ufk i ntt s t i hi c vi don. se pl i d by t diti tc ur i Pe t o,t S e e
ns t e o usa n s on c
A x a ne
he stc o t n toni he upr m
Cout ' decii i Bousey is ft l s t Cpetdonet m ay s
ts son n
l tel efect hat f i
s
how actz i
tal nnocence notonl
y

10

t ough t i r
hr
he ntoducton ofne e dencebutby hi i i i eveni changesi t lw .'736
i
w vi
ghlghtng nt l ng
n he a '

F. u p. da 6 8(in Bo se , 2 U.. t 2 -4 . Pet noc u t e ci dwh t c s
S p 2 t 5 ct g u l 5 3 S a 6 32 ) The to i o r d sr
i
be y he a e
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f e t el t n he ls ae nd xta fi r ae o c he ' c tige us e'
mi
exce
pdon s d a y,notng t Taferhi ti ,t cri e f wli hewasconvi ed t der
houl ppl
i hat f t s tal he m or lch
ct m went

as tnta docrna c nge'1 a 659 K rt g wjc t lngi e ea n ofI sci
ubsa il ti l ha . d. t .f
'
unde he no -ontoli ntmttdo hi rme
ofc c , cozdnotposi yha bencon ce ofgt.nt Cot ' ve t mic rige
onvidonjhe tl
sbl ve e
vitd ilI he uts iw,he sara

ofj tc e e
usie xc pdonwa dei d, tlati patf pei r whocn s t stt tpeof
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'I
L
e r al t n he a y
ae s
Petoni and wihi one oft pos i e bas f factzlim ocence' announced i Bouse .Thus
t o
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n
l
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cton
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nnocence cli .
am
The queston t becom eswhet Towl can s f t st
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her
et
ads y he andar f m aki t gat w a
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ng hat e y

a tzli oc nc cam, := whe he hec n s w t ti i f ot l l t n nott tno t a o bl
caa t e e li iç
m
.
t r
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m
ke
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j o wo dha f hi gulybe ondaraona edoubt.. . Sc u ,51 U. a 3 l
ur r ul ve ound m it y
e s bl
.' hl
'
3 S. t 27.n
or f Tow lr t be convi ed undett sandar announced i Row lnd,t ew oll ha t be
der ot
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ct
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pr t he us ordipl
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vi
ta,
,
s ed t hew al i o an open dtz sor and t t f tti e anyone s w agt i li
how hat
ked nt
ag t e
hat he as m
a
m n ls
poss i w asatt pha m ac count aferhehad handed anot t t cer whe he pus up
esson
he r y
er, t
e o he l k, n
hed
hi s r t r vea pa toft gun.Thus t e dence siongl s
s hi t o e l r
he
, he vi
t
y uggess t t weapon w as
t hat he
conceaed upon hi ent a untlhi ar i att phar acy count r.
l
s ry nd i s tval he
m
e
As
urvey ofVigi a cas appl ng Rowl l t cour t concude t Towl thasa
t ni
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and eads he
to
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sr
t ongercas of<act lim ocence' t n def ndant ilt e c es.Fis ,ilRowl is f t
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and t el, he

def
endantent red a unl ked back doorofa r t ur nt butnet oft tvo em pl spt ent
e
n oc
es a a ,
ihez he a
oyee es
sa hi ent 707 S. 2d at332. The fr ttm e one oft e em pl
w m
et.
E.
ts i
hos
oyeess hi ,t e pl
aw m he m oyee

wa izt kic n a e a s ns d a pe s be nd hi . J W' n het ne a ound,t de e nt
s t he t he r a nd e e
r on hi
m . he
i
ur d r
he f nda

wa poi i ag a li . t TheS e Cot ofVigti hed tl e de ewa i ufkintt
s ntng un t nm L.
l
a
upr me ut
t i a l le vi nc s ns i e o
l

s san ac n ito f ru eof fram d rn c mmiso o ab rlr, e a s t ebugayt
u ti o vcin o s a ler uig o sin f u gay b c u e h rlr t
he
e r wihi e t c
nty t ntnt o ommiar bbey ha ata be nc ee beot t dee ntus or
t o r) d le dy e ompltd f e he fnda ed
diply d afr am .. . t3
s a e le z Ji a 34.
t
Vigiza' Supr e Cour appled Rowl t r rs a def ndantsconvi i f us ofa
r ti s
em
t
i
and o eve e
e
'
cton oz e

fr m i com m ison ofa blr ar i f ualcicum s a
tear n
si
zgl y n act
r
t ncest s
hat ugges t s e t tl w otl
t he am estt zd

o ti h t .S eRu hn v. mmo welh 2 4Va 2 0 2 37 , 2 SE.d3 3 3 5(0 2 .l
b an ee e s ig Co n at , 8 . 7 , 7 - 5 7 6 . 2 3 , 3 2 1 ) n
Rus ng, he de e nta a a s i t ha pre o n apa doo wih a c owba t e e t
hi t
f nda nd n s oca e d i d pe
do
t t t
t o nt r he

hous on al tlve. cs fr ttm et v ci s w t m , hevitm wa sa ng a t t of
e
owe e l Ll The is i he i tm a he t c i s tndi t he op
a fi ofs e l lng down t t l erlveland t pem etat s bot car i handguns cam e
lght t ps eaci
o he ow e
he
t or , h ryng
,

t o a he t on t l rlve.. The e t Commonwe lh c e d t t purua t
hr ugh not r oom
he owe e lJ
z r , he
at onc de ha, s nt o
Row l t evi
and, he dence wasi ufi entt convi .284 Va.at281,726 S. 2d at339.
ns fci o
ct
E.

I Blct lv.
n a l l Commonwe lh, 1 90- - 201 WL 1 389( .CtApp.a 1
we
at No. 6 112, 2
24 Va . l n. 7,
201 ) t c r t us t a yt f ndsofj dc 'e e
2 ,he ou t ef ed o ppl he '
e
us e' xcpdonofRul 5 1 t rves t
e A:8 o e te he
def
endantsconvi
'
cdon whe e t evi
r he dencew ast tvo vi i s s t def nthol ng a ft m
hat a
ctm aw he enda
di
tear

m om e sa t rhi f c d e c i o t a r m e . 2 W L 1 89 a * '' Bl c l c ut
nt fe s or e nt nt he pa t nt 201
243 , t 2.lhe a kwel ot
r oned t tt e dence l topen t pos i lt t he used ot diplyed i w hen gni ng ent y
eas
ha he vi
ef
he sbiiy hat
s a t
ni
t

a t doe notf flm ai l pr ve t ta ee ntoft ofe edi notoc ur'Jl He e whie
nd hus s
f fr t y o ha n lme
a
ve
he f ns d
c . ., r , l
't
t e i no eyewines t i ony aboutt l b n oft gun w hen Towl ent ed t CV S,t e
her s
t s estm
he ocat
he
et er he
her
i t tm ony t when hew al up t taephar ac c etaf e ent i t gun w asconceal
s es i
hat
ked
ol
m y ount t t etng, he
ed
untlhe pus up hi s t t te par ofi.Thi cas t i a s r r one f factz l
i
hed
s hit o veal t t s e hus s t onge
or f a a
i
nnocence't Bl a lw as
' han ackvel
.
I s t w hie t cour doesnotdecde t m ett ofTowl ' lgali ufi i
n hor , l he
t
i he
is
ets e ns fcency cl m
ni

12

t y a wil nse d g ve t pa te a o
oda nd l i t a i he ri s n ppor u tt t bte t i s ,t e de e pt s nt d a
t riy o i f he s ue he vi nc e e e t
ti l a t ve y la t s ife t e sa r s tf t i Sc up, hi h i t ti i m o e l l t n
la- t he r e s - atsi s l t nda d e ot h n hl w c s ha t s t i y ha
a
ke

nott tnotas bl j otwoul ha f
ha
e ona e ut
d ve oundhi gt'ybae on t e ieyoft e de e
m ut sd he ntrt he vi nc .
l
The cour em phaszest i i nott y z bi t m e isofTowl ' c1 m , Ra her i
t
i hat t s
oda eac ng he rt
ers ai 1 t , t
2

r lso l ta t c m i p o el beo ei. e Teeuzv. as n, 8 F.d3 2 3 72 (t Ci.
ue ny h the bi s r p r f r t S e l
y
Pero 6 9 3 2 , 2 - 8 4h r
2 1 )( peio tsi c n ecam u e S hlpK o sn t isl p o i eabai f trl f
0 2 a tine' t e c li nd r c u t e o by tef r vd
t
mo
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l t d,hi cnm f rle rle ciial on tz v ldi)ofhi pz ed al dea tdc ms'
nsea s li or eif eis rtc ly le ai tr s oc uzly fule bi .)
'
( ai maksa ctto omitd)
quotton t nd iain te .
11
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Fort r
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D E N IED . Couns ar diect t cont tcham ber wihi fve days oft enty oft s
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M e or ndum O pi on t s he e a t l phone c e e ei ot rt d s us t be tpt e e
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onf r nc n de o ic s he s oc dm
f a e sng t m e is ofTowl êspe i A n a opza e oz r s l i s t sda
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ppr i t de hal s ue hi y.
The Clr i d r c e t s nd a c oft sM e or ndum O pi o t u lc
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13