Clark v. Clarke

Filing 30

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 2/28/2017. (slt)

CLERKS OFFI U.S. ST COURT
CE
DI .
AT ROANOG ,
VA

FL
JED

MA2 û1 2 1
27

I TH E U N I D STATE S D I
N
TE
STRI CO U RT
CT

FOR THE W ES
TERN DI TRJ OFW RGI A
S CT
NI
ROAN O K E D I SI N
W O

JU

BY:

EY CLERK
CL
E

BM NDON J ES CIARK,
AM
,

)
)
)
)
)
)
)

Pet t oner
ii
,

H ARO LD W .CL ARI ,
G
Res
pondent
.

CASE N O .7:
14CV00042

M EM O RAN D U M O PI ION
N
By:H on.M i
chaelF.Ur
bansd
l

Ulie St t Diti tJ
zt d a es src udge

Br n J m e Clr ,aVigni i t p oc e i pc . ,f e t spei f r a
a don a s a k
ri a nmae r e dng -q K û d hi t
don o
wzt of ha a c r s p s a t 28 U.. j 2 5 c le g n t v lct of hi
i
be s o pu , uru nt o
SC. 2 4, haln i g he aiiy
l
s

c nfne nto a jd me b t Cic tCou toft Ciy ofW a neboz Repond nt
o i me n u g nt y he z ui r he t
y s o. s e
fld a mod t cil s Clr sj 2 5 pei ,a Clr r s e ,m a ig t e matz
le
on o l nis ak' 2 4 t
s
éon nd a k epond d kn h te
rpe f diposton. Afe r viw oft r oz t c tconcudest tClr s c nm ha
i or s ii
tr e e
he ec d, he our
l
ha a k' l i
s

no m e i,r quii t m oton t dimi st begr nt
rt e tng he i o s s o
a ed.
1.

Backgr
ound

Clr w a c ct d of one c
ak
s onvi e
ount of bur l r wih a w e pon, t c
gay t
a
wo ount of
s
a a t m aii woundi t c
ggr va ed lcous
ng, wo ount ofus ofa f a m whie c
s
e
ue r
l omm idng a f l
t
e ony,

a onec un o sre g n pat i do ivovngajv ni . Afe Clr sdie ta pe l
nd
o t f tet a g zi pa n n li u e l tz ak' tc p a
c
e
a sa e ha as pe ii w e e uns c sul he fl t pr e f a ha as pe ii
nd t t be
tton r
uc es f ,
ied he es nt eder l be
tton

pu s ntt 2 U. C.j 2 41 Th dstc c zti tal de e rle be a e Clr h d
rua o 8 S.
2 . e itit ok niil nid eif c us ak a
r
y
f ie t e us sa e r m edi , a
a ld o xha t t t e
es nd t c ut a s deni Clt s m odon f
he ot
lo
ed
a k'
or

z onsde a i
ec i r ton. H owe r t Fotr h Cic t Cour of Appe l r m a d f f t r
ve , he
zt t ui
t
a s e nde or ut he
pr e ngs The f ct .nd pr edur l hit y pe tnent t Clr s ha as cni a e a
oc edi .
a sa
oc
a sor r i
o a k' be l m t s
f l s
olow .

O n t ni ofN ove be 25,2006,Cl k w e t AprlTuz rsaparm e a 216
he ght
m r
at nt o
i
ne '
t nt t
Sout W i
h nchese Ave ,i W a nes o. Fi pe e we e i i t a t e :Tur z
tr
nue n y bor
ve opl r nsde he parm nt
ne ,

Tur rsf - e zod da g e , jve l n me JP.f tre n y a - d K. .a eg e nne' i y a - l u htr a u ni a d . , o zt e - e rol W , nd ihte
ve
e

) a-l J me Go d n O' in (lok wna f B. o < a 't sa tr fraCrps
r rod a s r o Bre as no s f ' r f b, he lng em o
e
O. ' Cr 7
i
g ng me r. Clr a f l w Blodsg ng me r W . Ra ha W a hng o a
a
mbe) a k nd el
o o
a
mbe sS. , s me s i t n, nd
J da S tcda a r c d t e a rme twih r d ba a sc v rn t etfc sl SW .
or n til nd pp oa he h pat n t e nd na o e ig h i a e . .
knoc
ked on Ttr rs door butTur r r us d t l t m i sa
zne '
,
ne ef e o et he n, t dng, r o not com e i
ç
D
n.

D on' brng t st m y hous ' H 'g Tz. .2,5.
t i hi o
e.' r
vol
S. .pus d Tur r ba kwa ds and S. . W as ngt Sti a a Clr br
W
he
ne c r
W ,
hi on, tcklnd, nd a k oke

i o t a tm e . S. . s ood ove Tut r whie W a hngt Sti klnd, a Clr
nt he pa t nt
W t
r
ne
l
s
on, tc a
nd a k
pr e
oc eded t a bedr
o
oom whe e t y s K . .onc i t lg,a as s O ' in f r
r he hot W
e n he e nd lo hot Bre ou.
orfve tm es The bule t tsnz k K . .l
i i .
lt ha t c W odged i he t gh a s had a sg fc nts a .
n r hi nd he
imii a c r
O ' i n l ti e nalor nsa ha s na c d da a ,wih abuletr m ni ng l d ne
Bte os nt r
ga nd d pi l or m ge t
l e ni odge xt

t hi s ne He a s ha acol t y a a ieos om y.
o s pi .
lo d
osom nd n l t
Clt fe t s ene,a w a l t a r t d i N e
a k l d he c
nd s aer r ese n wpor N e on D e m be 1 2006.
t ws
ce r ,

Upon a r s ,polc f
r e t i e ound a . c lbe ha
3z- ai r ndpm izCl r spos es i a t bule si t t
r a k'
s son, nd he lt n ha
ha
ndgun m at he a s l f
c d hel ound i Tur rs pa l l . Cl z conf s t t he s a
n
ne ' rdng ot
ak
es ed ha
hot t
O ' i a sa ed t thewi hed O ' i n had di
Bren, nd t t ha
s
Bre
ed.

1 efu c d fndntweeme eso t NieTryG r n Teh a dGrn d s's be o teBlo s
Th o r o ee a s r mb r fhe n e Wie c s n e a e' u st f h o d
)
g n ,a ec h d amo v frteatc :1 Walngo wa u stwizhss o -ob se itr K. .frd t g
a g nd ah a
d e o h tak () si tn s p e t i o nt-e tpsse, W ,o ai
n
l
n
JP.whowa afitdwihteCr ,2 Src ln f a ab e ' t O're b cu eO' inwa sp o e t gv
.,
s fl e t h i () t ka d f d e f wi B in ea s Bre s u p sd o ie
la
ps
i
h
.
h
Srclndapso, u h dn t ()a dalo tec d fn a t weea r wihO' in atrdso eiga dBlo s
tika
itlb t a o, 3 n l f h o ee d ns z ngy t Br fe ic v z n - o d
e
n
gaf:(Blo Kie' o amal xo ti tea rme t
rfi f o d 1 r' n i
ç
1)
bo usde h pat n.
2

O n M a 2,2007,Clr ent r d a A lor guit p1a i t Cic tCour oft Ciy
y
a k e e n f d ly e 2 n he t ui
t he t
ofW a s o,a w a c ct of bur ar wih a we pon,t c
yne bor nd s onvi ed
gl y t
.
a
wo ount of a a t d
s
ggr va e
m aii w oundi t count ofus of a f t i c m ison of a f l
lc ous
ng, wo
s
e
aeq. n om s i
m
eony,a s r et
nd te

ga gpatcpa ni oligajve i .
n rii ùo nv vn u nl
e
A t hi s e i he rng,Clr t tfed t t he ha r m aned outi durng t
s ent nc ng a i
a k esii ha
d e i
sde i he
s
hootng,a as S. . W a hi on,a Sti klnd r n f om t s ne one of t
i
nd
W , s ngt
nd rc a
a r
he ce ,
hem ha
d

gve hi t 32- ai rw e pon.H e he r guns sfom t pa l l ,butdi notknow
i n m he c lbe a
ad
hot r he tdng ot
d
who ha fr d t m .Al o,Cl r cam ed t theha fr d t s l f
d le he
s
a k li
ha
d le he hel ound a t s nea da
t he ce
y
pror t t s
i o he hootngs Clr c am e t t hi ea le c e sons we e les t pr ec t
i . a k l i d ha s rir onf s i
r i o ot t he
younge pa tcpant .
r rii s

Thej g sntncd Clr t a a t tr off t-hzey asi
ud e e e e ak o n ci em
ve
oryt e e r n

Prs 3
ionClr s c
a k' odef ndant ,W a hi on a St l nd,pladed gtit a we e c ct d
e
s
s ngt nd dcda
e
zly nd r onvi e
oft s m e sx ofe e asClr W as ngt and Sti a ci note e Alor plas
he a
i f ns s
a k.
hi on
rcklnd ld
nt r f d e .

Clr ptr ue diec a
a k zs d r t ppeas a gu ng t tt tilc ute r i notf t rr ducng
l, r i ha he ra ot r ed n
urhe e i
li s nt
ns e ence due t mi i e dence pr
o dgaton vi
oduc a s nt ncng. Clr cnm ed t t t
ed t e e i
a k li
ha he
nltgaton e de e de onsr ed t the wa ac al i
ii i vi nc m
tat ha
s m ly nnoc ntor onl nnni al i ol d
e
y i m ly t ve
w
i t ctm es The Cour ofAppeasofVigi a a ft
n he i .
t
l
r ni fi- hi c
med s onvi ton,hollng t tft e
ci
ci ha fher
i s t nta e denc a i tt def ndanti t i m a t r...s fc e f ahndi ofguit
s ubsa il vi e gans he e
n l s te
a
uf i nt or
ng
l
on a lsx c r s' a t t t s e i pos waswihi t r nge pr s tbed by lw .
l i ha ge , nd ha he entnce m
'
ed
t n he a
e ci
a
2No t Caoi v Alod 4 0U..2 (9 0 (eo nzn ta d fn a tma pedg 'ywhl manqnn
rh rlm . f r, 0 S 5 1 7 ) rc g iig h t ee d n y la ut i itiig
r
l
t e
in cnc)
n o e e.
3 Clr ' i c m e c r i d a pot nda m a i
a k s ndit nt a re
e l x mum s nt nc of t e lf fm e pl eght en ye z . 'he
e e e
hr e ie i s us i e
as F
Com monwe lh a gu d f a a dve s nt nc of f t eg ye r ;Clr s a t he a gue t t c ts ul o y
a t r e or n c
e e e ory- iht a s a k' tor y r d hat he our ho d nl
i
mpos t mi m lm m a t y s nt nc s ''e s e i g dei sr c mende ar ng be we n t n y r a fve
e he ni l
nda or e e e . Ih ent ncng ui lne e om
d a e t e e ea s nd i
m ont t > e p t e ye r a t m ont , t am i i ofni t e ye r and f m . ont .
hs o nt hr e a s nd wo
hs wih
dpo nt ne e n a s
o m hs

3

Clr v.Co
ak
mmon at 2 08Va Ap LEXI 2 4 2 0 WJ 2 9 6 ,a * n. ( y1 ,
welh, 0
. p.
S 3 , 0 8 = 01 5 1 t 1 4 Ma 3
2 08.TheS pr meCo tofVigni r f s dt v e Clr tmeyfld ape in f awrt
0 )
u e
ur
r i a e u e e iw. a k i l l
e
dto or i
ofha as c us i t Cic tCott of t Ciy ofW a s o,r sng fve c nm s4 O n
be om
n he r ui
zt he t
yne bor aii i l i .
O ct7,2009,t cr tc tdeni habea r lef a Cl r di notpt ue a ha a a
he icui our
ed
s ei , nd a k d
us
be s ppea
l

t t Supr m e Cour ofVigi a.
o he
e
t
r ni

On J n r 31 2 4,Clr f d a peion f r a wrtofha e s c r i fde a
a ua y , 01 ak ie
tt o
i
i
b a o pus n e r l
cititc r. Hi j 2 5 peiin a s rs a sn l 5 h Ame me cnm:Tra c uns l
l rc ou t s 2 4 tto s e t ige 1t
s
nd nt li il o e
'

(

r
ende e i f tve as it nc by a sng and al wi Clz t ent r i o a Alor guit
r d nefec i
ss a e
dvii
lo ng a k o e nt n f d ly
pla whe c
e
n ouns ldi not beive Clr w a guit of t c i es he wa ad sng hi t
e d
le
a k s ly
he rm
s vii
m o

plad guit t a whih Clr di notcom nnt I s
e
ly o, nd c a k d
i. n uppor ofhi pe
t
s édon,Clr s nis a
a k ubr t
2011 unexe ut d a fda ta s ve a lte sfom one oft vi tm s O ' i n,a l te fom
c e fi vi nd e r l e t r r
he c i , Bre
et r r
a pts rna e f el Boyy a a s a 201 a fda tfom c
ione m d Y la
' nd l o
'
3 fi vi r
odef nda W as ngt The
e nt
hi on.
m a e i l s a e t t Clr di not s
t ras t t ha a k d
hoot O ' i n,a t Cl r was out i i t sr t
Bre nd hat a k
sde n he tee
when t s
he hootng oc uted.
i
c r

Clr ha notr ie tas c am i any Vigi a c t t ,hi cni i pr dut l
ak s
as d li l i n
r ni our; hus s l m s oce al
y

bar dbyCoe n v. m s n,5 1U. 7 2 ( 9 1 .Alo li cnm i Hmebar d u e
re
lma Tho o 0 S. 2 1 9 ) s ,as li s - re nd r

Va Cod j8016 4( ()a 28U. C. 2 4 .Clr ag e ta u e S hl v. l,
. e . - 5 A)2 nd
S. j 2 4$) ak r u s h t nd r c u Deo
5 3 U. 2 ( 9 ) a M c ignv. tcns 1 3S. .1 2 ( 1 ) hi a t a i noc nc
1 S. 98 1 95, nd oug i Pel , 3 Ct 9 4 20 3 , s c u l n e e
i
of t c i e e us t pr edur ldef ul a tm e- r unde a s a t oflnzt tons
he rm s xc es he oc
a
a t nd i ba
r ny t m e
i ia i .
Thediti tcour i tal dir s e Cl k' f r lha a pe i f f iur t e us sat
src
t nii l snis d ar s ede a be s tdon or a l e o xha t t e
y

4Clr' E esaeha escqmsweea fl ws ()Clr wa d ne hsz tt aprl n r h aip ()
aks v tt b a li
r s ol : a ak s e id i kh o ei ay ezz b
o
mi
t
Clr'pe wa iv l aya iwa c ec da ma eu d rd rs;c Clr 'mud l c n d nsvoae hir
aks la s n ol t s t s o re nd d n e ues () aks lpe o dc o iltd s kht
mt
t b fe fo d u l jo ad ;d c u sl siefcvea ta a do a pela ()teeie c wa is h int
o e re rm o be e p r y () o n e wa n fe d tr l n n p a; nd e h vd n e s nufce
i
ts
o uppor t c i éons
t he onv c .

4

r me is Clr v.Clz , 7:4 c - 00 2 ( . Va Fe 1 ,2 4 ( No. ) Clt
e de . ak
ake No. 1 -v 0 4 W D. . b. 0 01 ) ECF
3 . ak
s
oughtr consde a
e
i r éon of t dimi s ,whih was de e Clr v.Clt ,N o.7:4- vhe s s al
c
nid. a k
a ke
1 c

0 4 ( . Va Apr 1 , 01 )( No. )
00 2 W D. . . 0 2 4 ECF 7.
Clr a ald t t Fourh Ciczt Cour of Appe l, a t Cour of Appeas
a k ppe e o he
t r ti
t
a s nd he
t
l
r ve s d t dimi s la r a
e r e he s s a nd em nded t t diti tc t diec i t c tt t e tCl s
o he s rc our, r tng he our o r a rk'
cli a e us e a de aule unde S a t v.D ie t D e ' of Cor eci ,439 F.
nm s xha t d nd f t d
r r ow
r c or
t
r tons

S p. 5 4 ( D. . 0 6 .TheCoztofAp ash l t tt dsdc c ur s u dha e
up 2d 8 E. Va 2 0 )
lr
pe l ed ha he it t o t ho l v
dee mi e ()wh t r Clr ' a ma i c nc cnm e c e t pr c d a dea ta d
tr n d 1 ehe a ks c l nno e e li x us s he o e url ful n
un i l s ofhi j2 5 p é i ,a d ()i Clr ' a ma i c nc d se c eh sd uby
tmei s s 2 4 e ton n 2 f aks c lnno e e oe x us i o l
ne
de a t d pe ii whet r t unde li i f ctve asi tnce ofcouns lcqm hasm ert
f ule
tton,
he he
ry ng nefe i
ssa
e li
i.

Clz v. a k , 1 - 1 ( t Ci. y1 , 01 )( No. 3 .
ak Clr e No. 4 66 5 4 h r Ma 1 2 6 ECF 1 )
I
I.

A c ualI
t
nnocence

A. St
andar ofRevi
d
ew

The Ant e r im a Efe tv De t Pe at Ac of1 6 (
i rors nd fci e ah n l t
t
y
99 AEDPA) s v tl
e e ey
r s rct f de alha asr le a f de t sa e prs r . fG e r ly,a f de alcolt m a not
e ti s e r
be ei f for d o tt ione s f ne al
e r
zt y
consde cqm st a pe ii r f ied t r ie a t tm e and i t m a rt quied unde
i r li hat
ttone al o a s t he i
n he nne e r
r

saelm ' Tee uzv.Zoo 8 6F. 8 3 8 7 (t Ci.2 5 (iai o te ) fAn
tt a ' l
k, 0 3d 0 , 0 4h t 01 ) ctt mitd. f j
on
g
e e i i m ade f c s i wl c a com pelng s
xc pton s
or a es n a h
i
li howi of a ua i
ng
ct l nnoc
ence e bl s a
na e
f a cour t consde t m elt ofa pe i
eder l
to
i r he i s
tdone ' ot wie def uled c m s' I For a
rs her s
a t bi . d.
'

peiine t czm a t a i c nc ,fn w)e i e c mus e tbls s fkin do bta tg
tto r o li c u lnno e e t e v d n e t sa ih u f e t u bou a
g

peiine 'jgul t j tf t c ncuson t a hi g a c r to jwo l bea M s ara of
tto zs i o usiy he o l i h t s i r e ain u d
t
nc
c rige
j tc u l s li c n ci wa t pr d t of a fi til' Sc l ,5 3 U..a 3 6
usie ne zs o viton s he o uc
s
ar ra.
' hu 1 S t 1
5

(mp ss i o ii a) Ac u li c nc f oe no y isl p o i e a ba i f r r l f
e ha i n rg n l. t a nno e e f s tb tef r v d
d
ss o ei .
e
I ta ,Fhepei ne ')cnm f rr le d pe ciial on t vai t ofli (r c d al
nse d
t rs li o eif e nds rtc l
do
y he l y as p o e url
di
y
d futd camq' S hl ,5 3 U. a 31 (i g He r r v.Col ,5 6 U. 3 0 40
e a le li . c u 1 S. t 5 cén rea
'
li 0 S. 9 , 3
ns
( 9 3)
1 9 ).
f -qbe s c muspei t a a va e a s bsa ilczm ofa t a i c nc a e
f la a o
r
téons h t d nc u tnta li
c u l nno e e r
e r m ey r r .: I a 322. To sa e s h a c nm ,t pe ii r m us s ts y a frgor '
xte l a e' d. t
t t uc
l i he ttone
t a if fi ous'

bu d n by < up ti qhsalg to ofc s ui na e r rwih ne r l bl e i nc re
f porg i le ai ns on ét to l ro t w ei e vde e
s
ng
a
whe he i be e ul t y s i ii e dence tus wor hy e wine s ac ount ,or c iia
t rt
xc pa or centfc vi
, r t t ye t s c
s
rtc l

ph sc le i nc t a wa no p e e td a til' I .a 3 4 Fu t r Tg v n be n
y ia vde e h t s t r s n e t ra. d t 2 . rhe , fja i g e
'
l
c vc e . .pe ine)no l g rha t ebe ftoft pr s i ofi c n e To t
on itd . g dto r on e s h nei he eumpt
on nno e c . he

c ntay g ti r c me beo et ha a c u twihasrng a i tev s mao iy
o rr,peionej o s fr he be s o r t to - nd n h at jrt
t
oft c esc l i - pr s pton ofgt't' 1 a 326 n.
he as oncusve
e um i
ul.' d. t
42.
The diti t c t m us e t ne al e dence a m a a holsi t e hol
src our
t xani
1 vi
nd
ke
itc hr s d

det r na i a
erni ton bout t pe i
he tdone ' cai of i
rs l m
nnoce e s pa a e f om is i ur i o t
nc e r t r
t nqt'y nt he

fine sofhst l Tee u v. a s ,6 9F.d 3 2 33 ( t Ci. 01 ) Th dititc u t
ar s i da. l z Pe ron 8 3 2 , 0 4h t 2 2 . e src o r
ma c nsd r t na t eofe i nc ,Ho ev. l 5 7 U. 5 8 5 7 ( 0 ) t t n of
y o i e : he tz
r v de e us Bel 4 S. 1 , 3 20 6 , he i g
,
mi

s nison ,Mc g 1 3S Ct a 1 2 ,tecel ii o win se,Hou e 5 7U. a
ub lsi s oui/n, 3 . . t 9 8 h rcblt f te ss
i y
s, 4 S. t
537,552,a t pr tve f ce oft ne y s e ent r or H ous ,547 U. a
nd he oba i or
he wl upplm ed ec d.
e
S. t

5 8 S e v.Bel 5 3 F.d 3 2 3 1 ( . Ci.2 0 .Afe pe f znig t sa lss t e
3 9 ha
l, 9 3 7 , 8 4t r 01 ) tr ro r n hi nay i, l
h
a

dsdc c l tmus dee mi whehe Tti mor l l t a nott tn r a o b e jr r
it t oz
r
t t t ne t r f s e i y h n
i
ke
ha o e s na l l o
z
woul ha f
d ve ound pe ii rglit beyond ar s bl doubt' Sc u ,51 U . a 328.
ttone zly
ea ona e
. hl
'
3 S. t

6

I addi
n
éon, t r vi wi c t has sgnii nt l i de t m a c elbiiy
he e e ng our
i fca atm
o
ke r ci lt
a s s ent i a ua i
s es m s n ct l nnoc
ence c es Se e.. U nied St t s v.Connol ,504 F. 206,
as . e
, t
ae
l
3d

2 3 1 (s Ci.2 0 )( a peln f aeg)mo toflse ai u n ( c -eons
1 -4 1t r 0 7 The p la t f c d s n mph ss po a o fl 'j
pl
i
ji us r c nt:o ... we r g c -eon' tsi y dd noto c i ava ul ...
al e e a a n ho ve, t o fl s e tmon i
ho
he
)
c ur n c z
m
muc ofhi tsi nyr c i d s bsa da cr u tn lc robo ain. ;Unie S ae v.
h
s e tmo e eve u tn l ic msa da o r r to '
) td tt s

Go ae - nz lz 2 F.d 1 ,2 (s Ci.20 1 ( lig e de e ofpejr i wek
nzlzGo ae , 58 3 6 2 1t r 0 ) hodn vi nc
ru y s a
whe i de nde on t c e bit oft o c nvce fl ) s eas M c a v. s i de ,
n t pe d he r di l y ' o itd eons; e lo cr Va b n r
i
w

4 9 F.d 5 8 5 4 (t Ci. 0 7 ( wine si ntfe t a pelnta t emur rra til
9 3 6 , 7 6 h r 2 0 ) A t s de i d he p la s h
i
dee t ra,
but sat t t he c d not i iy t pe eta or a a l e e denta y he rng.
t ed ha
oul
dentf he m t t
t
atr vi ir
ai

fkaon bejr r n do btc ul q sin t ce blyo t sa utfc fo a t r
f e s a l t o s o u o d ueto he rdiit f hi bo a e r m nohe
l
z
i
i at a r tonal c d dic
nm e nd a i l oul s ounthi t s i ony asnot ng m or t n a ate ptt ke p
y
s e tm
hi
e ha n tm
o e

fo beng f g e a ar t' . A d src c u tma h veg e tzdifc t deem i n t
r m i pe g d s a.)
'
itit o r y a t a e fiuly tr nig he
c e biiy of e de e on a T d r c dy but t Fourh Ciczt Cour of Appeas ha
r di lt
vi nc
<
col e or '
'
he
t r ti
t
l s
al e t diti tcour t conçude t tt e de i i de t orunr ibl e
low d he src
to
l
ha he vi nce s na qua e
ela e nough t
o
dimi st pe i wihouta e denta yhe rng. Se Tee z 689 F. a 331.
s s he éton t
n vi ir a i
e l ,
3d t
B. Guit Pl
ly eas

Pl di /11 doe notentr l pr cude ape ii r fom c nm i a ua i e e
ea ng 11
s
iey e l
ttone r
l i ng ct l nnoc nc
a ha s pr ee ngs howe ,g 11 plas a pa ta conf sons çs rousy unde- i '
t bea oc di ;
ver 411 e nd ri l
esi
Te i l
t ne'
m

t e cam . S eChe tn v. io,5 2 Fe App' 38 , 0 (t Ci.2 1 )( oli t tf h
h li e
sa
S s 2 d. x 9 39 9 h r 0 3 h dng ha f e
t
e i e e ... so r l ng' s d on t pe i rsc nf si a g ut pe ) Bue
v d nc
wa ve whemi 'ba e
he dt ' o e son nd t' y la; i
one
l

v.M c o ,3 F.d 6 3,6 ( h Ci.2 0 )rfj i ha d t s e ho o who h s
Ad
41 3 2 26 7t r 0 3 g t s r o e w ne
l
a
c e s d c n a sr a t a i e e7 I Unie S ae v.Br c ,t S p e Cou tof
onfs e a se t c u l nnoc nc . n td tts
).
o e he u r me r
7

t Unie Sttshed t a by pla ig galy f he a c s d i notsmpy sa ng t a g
he td a e l h t
e dn i , f c u e s
t t
i l td h t t
he
a c e )di t edic eea t d s rbe i t i it nt l a c e ji al i ig g i ofa
c us d d h s rt c s e c i d n he ndcme ; t c usd s c t n al
he
m t
t

s bsa i ci . 4 8 U. 5 3 5 ( 9 9 . The Fou t Cicl Cou to App as h s
u tnt rme' 8 S. 6 , 70 1 8 )
ve
'
th r tt r f e l a
i
e n i tuc e diti tcotr st ge r l dinls petions t tc r ctt pla c l
ve ns r t d src zt o ne al s is i
y
ha ontadi he e oloquy.
Se St es v. Le a t , 403 F.
e at
m ser
3d

2 - 2 (t Ci.2 0 ) tfq t a e e
212 4h r 0 5 fln he bsnc
g

e r or na y cr um s a es t t u h ofs n satm e sm ade durng a Rul 11 c l
xta di r ic t nc , he r t
wor t e nt
i
e
oloquy

i concusvey esabls d, and a ditit c t s d, wihout hol ng a e de
s
l i l t ihe
stc our houl
t
di
n vi ndar
y

he dng d sns a j 2 5 m o n t tne e s rl r le on alg t t tc ta itt
a , ir is ny 2 5 do ha c s ai eis l ai ha on r dc he
y
e ons
s r sae nt.
wo n ttme s'
).
A ddii ly, guit pl s gve rs t s ve a i s
tonal
ly ea i ie o e r l s ues unde Scll : t r i no
r au he e s

fcfnde j g o j y fn l g t r c r i not l a r va e , t e sae dd no
a t r ud e r url i c n , he e o d s mal bb e it d h tt i t
i
y
T es nt'e de e i t t ca f snon t e t bls guitbe
d e ' vi nc n he ypi l a l
pr
i o s a ih l yond a r s bl doubt a
ea ona e
, nd
t pe ii r has c lm e li gtl i a pl coloquy. Se Bouse v.U nie St t ,523
he ttone
onft d as z t n
i
ea l
e
l
t d a es

U..6 4 6 -2 (99 )(c l ,J,dse tn )rglo i t c r t d tr n fcu l
S 1 , 313 1 8 S ai . isnig f- w s he ou t o eemie ata
a
ll
i
nnoc nc upon ourr m and ...whe e convi don w a bas upon a a ison ofgt't'
e e'
e
r
c
s ed
n dm si
ul?'

J s eSc l c ndnu d:f e u by t d fnda wilntod ee i e c g th dd no
u dc ai o e t s ma l he e e nt li r uc v d n e t e i t
a
pr
ha
c mmi t ci j...a t e Go r me ...wi ha t fnd a pr uc win se
o t he rme
nd h ve n nt
l ve o i nd od e t e s s
l
syn t a he di go r tt ci e. ThsS e ; t n C nO t r n e y a n c rig Of
aig h t
d c m ni he rm j i e n s o ; t o e A d Ys a ra e
j t e b t p od e o .) S at v.Bad n 5 0 F. 1 2 ,1 4 n. (t Ci.20 7
usi , ut o r uc ne'; n ih
c
'
lwi , 1 3d 1 7 1 0 9 9. r 0 )
h

r e ae a r of a po e li c ng at be we n t e pu o e of t a t a i oc nc
V r wa e
tnda n o r iy t e h m s
he cu l nn e e
g twa a u e i Sc l a is a pl a n t c s si vovn guly (z no c nts)
ae y nno nc d n h u nd t p i ùo o a e n lig i o
c
t
o et
pla .) Rui v. z lz 2 0 N =3 3 5 , 00 U. Dit LEXI 96 6 , t* n. ( D .
e s' ; z Gon ae , 0 9 V1 23 5 8 2 9 S. s.
'
S 6 8 a 8 5 C.
8

Ca.Oc.2 2 0 )( ll g ta te h be sc r f tc sde p tdo rsg lyplai
l t , 0 9 hocn h t h a a ou t f
i
mus oni r ei ne' ui e n
t
deez nn wh t rpeiine c nm e tt Sc l sa a d).
trniig ehe t o r a e he h u tnd r '
t
C. Schl Gat w ay
up
e
I poranty,t s ni T ct li
m
t l he er nal ' - nnoc nce:ca e r led on c peli e de e of
a ua
e ' s s ei
om lng vi nc

a ta i oc nc . Se Bou l ,5 U. a 6 Sodn t tça tzli e e me n
cu l nn e e e se 23 S. t 23 lig ha f caa nnocnc ' a s
d
fc u li c nc ,no me e lg li ufiinc . I S hl ,a p io s vel n e v d o
a t a nno e e t z e a ns fce y' n c u
).
rs n ut ia c i e
l
s
howed t peddone i t di ng halsxt -i s onds be or gu r r ponde t t
he
r n he ni
l i y fve ec
f e a ds es
d o he

mur rh wa c r e wih.Th peiine i cu d afda ist a ()pr f se Sc l '
de e s hag d t
e tto z n lde fi vt h t 1 o e s d hup s

ino e e ()ie iida h ri t a t asi n,()sae t tt peiine c ud
n c nc ,2 d ntfe note nmae s he sal t 3 ttd ha he t o r o l
a
t
notha t a l fom t dilng halt t m ur r s ne i t known ea e Hm e,a
ve r veed r
he ri
l o he
de ce n he
lps d
nd

()r v ae t tt e peiine ha b e u urid,c rany no a i hewa rzhig a y
4 e e ld ha h tto r d e n nh re e til t s f
s ts n wa
fom a m ur r s ene Sc u , 513 U . a 335 40. l H ous t pe i r pr e ed
r
de c . hl
S. t n
e, he téone es nt
t tm ony t tt vi tm ' hus nd had al it t s ve a pe e t the ha m ur r d hi
esi
ha he c i s ba
cm ted o e r l opl ha
d
de e s
wie,a a s c led i o quesi t pr ec i s c nta f e i pr . 547 U . at55
f nd lo al nt
ton he os uton' e r l or nsc oof
S.
4

( Co thed t a f h is g s co e'
The ur l h t r e sue wa j l s .
t
).
I pr ng a tz i
n ovi caal nnoc
ence fec ntng a hda t a e awa viw e wih Txt e e
,ft a i f vis r l ys e d t e r m

s pcon.'Wil msv.Co l,26 F.d 6 4 7 8 (t Ci.20 1 (uo gUrie Sae v.
usii ' la
'
i
e 0 3 8 , 0 61 r 0 ) q :n z d tts
n
t
Ch mbe ,9 4 F.d 1 3 1 4 ( t Ci.1 9 ) (u e s de i â to ot r r und b
- a t 4 2 25 , 26 6h t 9 1 s re d n r n he o s
U... j 2 15()) Ge r l , TW j r a m o in f r a ne til i ba e u
SSG. D . a). ne al f hee
y g
to o
w ra s s d pon
r ca aton oft tm ony gve a t t l s
e nt i
esi
i n t he da, uch t dm ony i T
es
sl
ooke upon wih t u% os
d
t he
t

s p con,'Unt d Sttsv. oh o 48 F.d 1 7 ,1 79 ( h Ci.1 7 )(uo g Un td
us ii r ie ae J ns n, 7 2 2 8 2 4t r 9 3 q dn ie
Sttsv. wi,3 F.d 1 7 1 9 ( t Ci.1 6 ),as e im t to yi c e s sa t e
ae Le s 38 2 3 , 3 6. r 9 4) k pdcs ha nl n r a e s i
h
m
9

pass S eKo aev. rema 2 6Fe . x2 0 2 2(t Ci. 0 )Sodngt t
se . e molf Quatr n, 4 d App' 7 , 7 5h r 20 7 li ha
t c e biiy ofa r a a
he r di lt
ec nt don afi vi wa r éga e whe i wasnots it d un1 eght
fda t s ni t d
n t
ubnate
i

y a sa tra c v cin) c r.d nid 5 2 U. 1 6 ( 0 9) Furhe c urs ç ve l te
e r fe on ito , e t e e , 5 S. 1 8 2 0 ). t r o t f
ha i l
t
c nfde e i g c e e a ts p te e i t t e pe nc b c us he h d no ûng
o nc n a od fnd n ') ossntncng ruh x de e e a e
a d
whatoe r t l e by i i i tng hi s l afe r c i ng a 60- t s e . D r w v.
s ve o os
ncrm na i
m ef t r e evi
yea ent nce'
?
e

Sc t 2 F.d 46 ,4 3 (t Ci.1 9 ) (ii Dr w v.S ae 7 3S. .d 2 7 2 8 ( x
ot, 8 3 0 6 5 h r 9 4 ctng e
t t, 4 W 2 0 , 2 fe .
Ctm. p.1 8 ).
i Ap 9 7)
1 1 E vi
1.
dence

A. l
ncul or Evi
pat y
dence

Clr s pl a coloquy a li sat e s t polce a a s nt ncng a e sgni ant
a k' e
l
nd ls t em nt o i nd t e e i r i ûc
e dence ofhi gtit D urng hi pl coloquy,Clz t tfe t he a hi a t ne ha
vi
s zl.
i
s ea l
a k esii d hat
nd s tor y d
dic s d t c r , t ee e s of t c r , a wha t Com m onwe lh was
s us e he ha ges he lm nt
he ha ges nd
t he
at

r quied t pr bef e he c d be f
e r o ove or
oul
ound 5 11 H e s a e t he ha ha a qua e tm e
11.
t t d hat
d d de t i
t m e t and conf r wih hi a ne r ga di t c e a a def ns he ha t t
o
e
e t s tor y e r ng he as nd ny
e es
d o he
c r . Folowi t Comm onweat s pt s a i ofa s m a y oft e de e,Cl r
ha ges
l ng he
lh' e ent ton
um r
he vi nc
ak
satd t he had f e l a vol a iy de i t plad guit ,be us he di notwa t
t e hat
r ey nd unt rl c ded o e
ly ca e
d
nt o

rs a l e ji s ntnc fo beng f nd gét a til E e as t l t c r t a he
ik ong r al e e e z m i ou tly t ra. l lo od he ou t h t
unde sood t tby pl adi gait ,he wa w avi s ve a ofhi rght ,i l ng hi rghtt
rt
ha
e ng ly
s i ng e r l
s i s ncudi
si o

a tilbyj y a li rg t pr s nte i e ea c fo h sa c e s Het sxe t a
ra ur nd ls iht o e e v d nc nd on r nt i c usr .
et d h t
no one ha c r e li i o pl di guit ,a t he wass fed wih t s r e of
d oe c d nm nt ea ng ly nd hat
aés i
t he e dc s
.
li a t ne
ns tor y.

10

A ts nt i t Com m onw e lh t nde ed fa s t néalpr f roft e de e ...
e encng, he
at e r < ubs a
ofe
he vi nc

i s ppo toft e g i y pla'b p e e tng e i nc t tClr c nf se t () fb g hs
n u t h ul e ' y r s n i vde e ha a k o e s d o: 1 s n i
t
t
3 - ai rp sol n bu nn on ofO' in' bl ba a s( i ga g c o s i fo of
z c l it a d r ig e
be
Bre s ue nd na Crps n olr) n r nt

.

Tur rs a rm e t da be or t s i i r a iton f Hva Crpsl a r O ' in
ne ' pa t nt he y f e he hootng n etla i or l i e de Bre

wrtn f oodI l zii g aiti Tune' a r e palngl ,()gvn W ahngo a
iig f
Bl oie' n rfiin r rs par nt rd ot 2 iig s i tn
l
gu ()s tn a K. . nd O' in wih a.z-ai rwe pon ()ftngt pit lo ea
n, 3 hoo ig t W a
Bre t 3 c l
be a , 4 ti he so nc t

O' in beo e lsg jmme ,()fei t a rme beo ehe wa a l t fx hs
Bze fr n un a d 5 leng he pat nt fr
i
s be o l i
jmme wepon,()wihig ta O' in ha did bea eClr wa g ig t sr etme
a d a
6 s n h t Bre d e cus ak s on o ev i
a y yf rt e s tn ,a ()sa g t tK. .dd no d sr et bes ot S eClr v.
n wa o h hoo igs nd 7 tdn ha W i t e e v o h . e ak
Com m onweat 2008 W L 2019561 2008 Va.
lh,
,
App.LEXI 234,at*1 n. H rg Tr vol 2,4S
4; ' . .

20,80- Furhe ,t Com m onwe 1h i t
82.
t r he
at ntoduc e de e t t polce had dicove ed a
ed vi nc ha
i
s r
s l c i at t c i e s e pa ki l t t m at
hel asng
he rm c n: r ng ot ha
ched s ls c aned i a . cai r
hel ont i
n 3z- lbe
wea
pon f
ound on Clt whe hewasa r t i N e
ak
n
r esed n wpor N e son D ec m ber1 2006.
t w
e
,
The Com m onw e 1h ac
at knowldge t Clr s s a e ent t polc about hi own
e d hat a k' t t m s o
ie
s

i ve e we e i
nvol m nt r nconssent but e r m ey i ul or Re r ng t . cai pit
it ,
xte l nc pat y. ga di he 32- 1bet sol
t t polce r cove ed on Clr durng hi a r s ,Cl k intal i or e N e
ha
i e r
ak
i
s r e t ar tiily nf m d wpor N e s
t w
O fi rSny t t the sol t we pon f om li unce,butt n l t rs i t the boughti
fce
de ha
t e he a
r ls l
he a e ad ha
t
of t s t t of Cha l t vil Clr t d a com plt l dif r nt s or t W a nes o
f he tee s
rotes le. a k ol
e ey fe e t y o
y bor
O fi r Luza r sa
fce
de , t dng t W a li on ha yel d t t O ' i was r ac ng f a gun
hat slngt
d le ha Bren
e hi or
wlie Cl r a Stikl nd we e s l outi t a r e . U pon he rng W as ngt
ll a k nd rc a
r dl
sde he pa % nt
ai
hi on

s , Clr s i t t he r n i o t a rm e a gr bbed t gun fom a dz we t
hout a k ad ha
a nt he pa t nt nd a
he
r
a r hat

O' in wa r a higi o,a s a O' in w11 t pso .Thegu jmme a Clr
Bre s e c n nt nd hot t Bre t he it l
:
n a d, nd ak

l tt apa t e . W hie e éng t f ontdoor he ate pt d t fr a he s ove hi
ef he rm nt
l xi
he r
,
t m e o te not r hot r s

he dba ki ot ea rme , uttepso jmme a an o rmnne jmme
a c nt l pat ntb h itla d g i r e i d a d.
n
I a i e ve j ta fw h zsltz Clr t l o fc r t talf rc dee da s
n n ntr iw us e ot ae , a k o d fie s ha l ou o f n nt
r
entr t a rm e bec us t y c d hea O ' i n i i ,wih Clr sa i a t y
e ed he pa t nt a e he oul
r Bre nsde t a k t tng s he
ent r d,< el i he w on' c e out t us we wilgo i ' H rg Tr vol 2,15. Clr as
e e < l) f
W
t om
o ,
l
n.' ' . .
a k lo
t d polce t t Sti a s O ' i fve tm e , a t t Sti l
ol
i ha rcklnd hot Bren i i s nd ha zcdand r ceved t .
e i
he 45cai rpit fom W a hi on,who wasgve t g by Clr
lbe sol t
s ngt
i n he un
a k.D urng quesi ng,Clr
i
toni
ak
i or ed ofi e s t t he had gi W as ngt t gu t hol be a e Cl r f s goi
nf m
fc r ha
ven
hi on he n o d c us a k t
wa
ng

go t a rme qt fsfg O. ' I . t1
t he pat nt o itiht B. d a 4.
'

Ft t r t Co
z he , he mmon at o l e sae n s fo K. . JP,a S. .a t
r
we 1h ut n d ttme t r m W , . nd W t he
i
s nt ncng hea i K . .t d polce t tW as ngt s he ,a t tf hr e i vi l
e e i
rng. W ol
i ha
hi on hot r nd ha f e ndi dua s
t

c mei g t be r ml' whl S. .so o e Tur r I .a 6 . t l of c r t t
a n t he d oo , ie W t od v r ne . d t .jP. o d h e s ha
o
'
T ak h d a g ve y bi hartl,t twa a unq hat tl, a at ug JP.di not
f r a
cl
r g isye ha s iue isye' nd l h . d
'
ho
know Clr he wa a e t i ntf li by t har t l a one oft tue m e wea i z
a k,
s bl o de iy nm
he isye s
he l e n
rng ed

ba
ndanast br i o Tut rsa rm ent J S. .jaedt tClr a Sti a s
hat oke nt
ne ' pa t . Z W tt ha ak nd rcklnd hot
.

O ' in a K . .I
Bre nd W d.
La ty,Clr f l a it hi i vem e a m e be snp i t Bl
s l a k uly dnated s nvol
nt nd m z li n he oods Afe li
. t z zs

a r t Clr m ade gang sgns whie beng phot r phe dmi pr s i a r f e a
r es, a k
i
l i
og a d
ng oce sng nd e us d n
ofi rsofe ofBur rl ng durng quesi lng bec us t i éasoft z t uz nt :81 '
fce ' f z
ge ii
i
tori
a e he ni l
he esa a , C 4,'
a s s ood f f ood l le .' Atli s nt ncng,Clr t d t cour t thi t too K O B'
lo t
or f
Bl
G lr'
zs e e i
a k ol he
t ha s a t K
M
'
m ea f e be ofBl
nt f m r
M
oods' a li fna s a e entwas To ne t ng a
y' nd ls i l t t m
:f
hi boutBl
ood,you l
ook

f
orwa d t t de l H e' s
r o he vi.
s uppos t beyour f t r' I at128,146.
ed o
a he .' d.
12

B.E xc pat y Evi
ul or
dence
A ts nt ncng,Clr ccm e t the wa ac ual i
e e i
a k li d ha
s t ly nnoc nt of t c r ,a w a
e
he ha ges nd s
pl di guit i f a of convitons a ti lt tw otl lad t sgnii a l l r prs
ea ng ly n e r
ci
t ra ha
zd e o i fc nty onge ion

sntncs Clr tsie t th arve a Tlne' a rme t fsf O' in,b ta
e e e. ak etf d ha e ri d t z rs pat nt o itkht Bre ut h t
i
r
he ne r e e e t a rm ent I t ad,he sa d be nd i t pa l 1 wlie hi
ve nt r d he pa t
. nse
t ye
hi n he rdng ot al s
c
odef ndant w e upsar a s O ' i and K . . Clr cni e t t he ha gi
e
s nt t is nd hot Bren
W
a k l m d ha
d ven

W ahigt hs.z cl rpitlt hod du n Clr' pa ne fsf wih O' in,a
s n on i 3 -ai so o l ti g aks ln d itkht t Bre nd
be
a t rt s
fe he hooéng,s e ga li bac t gun asal t ga m e be sfe
om one ve nm
k he
l he ng m t l d.
M or ove ,c
e r ouns lde onsr e t tt s l c i t tm a c d t s l i t
e m
tat d ha he hel asng ha
t he he hels n he
w e pon r cove e by N e
a
e
rd
wpor N e spolcedurng Clr sa r s ca e fom t pa ki l ,
t w
i
i
a k' r e t m r
he r ng ot
notTur rs apa t e . Clr e ane t he ha fr t tbuletpror t t ni of
ne '
rm nt a k xpii d hat
d led ha
l i o he ght
t s
he hootng,t r ait a i tt Crpsm em bert thad a hoz a Bl
i o et la e gans he i
ha
ut ed né- oodsgr ft i
afii n

Tur rspa l l .
ne ' rdng ot
Addi ly, couns l hi i e s e i onsse i s an ongs t e e t s e '
donal
e ghlght d om nc i tnc e a
t he y vé ne s s
t tm ony r ga di Clr s pr ence i t a rm e durng t s i A prlTut r
esi
e r ng a k' es
n he pa t nt i he hootng.
i
ne

o y i e tf d W a hig on SW . a d Stil nd a me t r of t s dn ,JP.
nl d n ii
e
s n t , . , n rcda spe eao s he hoo g . '
S
wrten sat e onl r e s t W a li on a S. . a i K . .S sa em e s t polc
it t em nt y ef r o
slngt nd W , nd n W ' t t nt o
ie,

s ne rs a e t t s s w Clr i i t a rm e . 1 a 57- Atone poi ,K . .
he ve t t d ha he a
a k nsde he pa t nt d. t 60.
nt W
e
ven t d polce t s w a one hundr d pe c nts e t the br he ,W as ngt ha
ol
i hat he s e
r e ur ha t ot r
hi on, d

s he ,e n t
hot r ve hough S. .ha i plc ed Sti kl nd a Clr a t s e s J . a 59.
W
d m iat tc a nd a k s he hoot r . da t
-

C. Cl k' N e Evi
ar s w
dence

Clr of e s t ca e i ofne e de e i s
a k f r wo t gores
w vi nc n uppor ofli a t ali
t as c u nnoce e c lm :
nc l i

() a fd vt fo c de e a W a lng o a d vci O' in sa ng t t Clr i
1 fi a is r m o f nd nt st t n n it
i
m Bre té ha ak s
i noc nt a ()lte sfo vci O' in a f l Bo 't a e upae Clr fo t
n e ; nd 2 etr r m it Bre nd Yel y' h t xc l t ak r m he
m
a
s
hootng ofO ' i n.
i
Bre

I W a hi on' N ove be
n
s ngt s
m r

201 afi vi, he sa ed t t he had pe s l
3 fda t
t t ha
z ona

knowldge of t s
e
he hootng of O ' i n and K . . a t Cl k w a outi i t st t
i
Bze
W , nd hat ar
s sde n he tee
w he t s
n he hooéng ha ne a wasuni ve when t s
ppe d, nd
nvol d
he hootng oc ur e W a li on
i
c r d. snngt
as m ant i d hi i
lo i ane s nnoc nc O ' in,i a une c ed O c obe 17,2011 a fda t sa e
e e. Bre n n
xe ut
t r
fi vi, t t d
t Clr di notc m i t c i e ,a s d ber l a e
hat a k d
om t he rm s nd houl
e e s d.

Clr as s it d f lte s fom O ' in. l t & s lte ,O ' in cli e
a k lo ubnate our e t r r
Bre 5 n he t e t r Bre nm d
t he ha notwrten t Com m onweat 6 a t he ne r i plc e Clr i t
hat
d
it he
lhy nd hat
ve m iat d a k n he

s ooé ,a t a hek w Clz dd nots othi S eLetrNo 1 fo J me O' in
h ng nd h t ne a k i
ho m. e te . r m a s Bre
t Br nd Clr 1 - 1( No.1 Ata h.1 . I li s c nd lte ,O' in i or d
o a on ak, 0 1 ECF
, tc ) n ls e o etr Bre nf me
Cl k t t he woul hep Clr be a e t y had no T ef' but t t O ' in wa e t
ar ha
d l a k c us he
d ,:
be
ha Bre
nt d o

f n o J r e gtika ) gil7 Le trNo.2 fo J me O' in t Brndo Clr ,9
f g n o d n s rc lnd sc. te
ba
'
r m a s Bre o a n a k
( N o 1 Ata h.1. I O' in' t idlte,O' in a lgz d f zt afda i tki
ECF . , tc ) n Bre s h r etr Bre poo ie o he fi vt a ng

s lngb cus hewa tyngt g ti noaie e LetrNo.3fom J me O' in t
o o ea e
s ri o e t trz d.S e te
r n s Bre o
Br n Clr ( t 2 2 11, ( No 1 Ata h.1. l O' in' f urhlte,O' in
a don a k Oc. 3, 0 ) 4 ECF . , tc ) n Bre s o t etr Bre
5One lte wasdaed Ocober23, 2011 a he wasNove r 1 2011 a t ot r. lter wer
e tr
t
t
, not r
mbe 6,
, nd he he t et s e
wo
undae
td.
6 O ' in was r f encng t Or on M ot t M odiy Sentnce Com monw e t v. Clr No.
Bre
eer i he der
.
o
f
e ,
alh
a k,

CR0 0 1 7 1 2 a 1 ( .Ci.Ct Oc.3 2 0 ) ta sae ta O' in ha wrte te Co n at,
8 00 0 - 1 , t Va r . t , 0 7 , h t ttd h t Bre d itn h mmo we 1
h
i omigteprsc tr $ )ta E Bre )wa ben c ec da dtr ae e b Mr Clr whi b t me wee
nfr n h o e uo:t h t o' in s ig o re n he tn d y . ak l oh n r
1
e
ic reae a MideRie Re in l al2)ta Mr Clr wa sil fiae wi c rang n s a d3 ta te
n acrtd t d l v r go a Ji; h t . ak s tlafl td t eti a g ; n ) h t h
i
h
c e so t lte ss it t t Cour by M r Clr we efle.
ontnt f he etr ubm ted o he
t
. ak r as '
'

s a e t he kne t Clr had nots hi ,butt tSti kl ha bee t s
t t d hat
w hat a k
hot m
ha zc and d
n he hootr
e,

a O ' in wo l tsiy t t a f c. Se LetrN o.4 fom J me O' in t Bt ndo
nd Bre u d e tf o h t a t e te
r a s Bre o a n

Clr ( v.1 ,2 1,5 6 ( No.1 Ata h.1 . O' in a k wld d t tt r wee
a k No 6 01 ) - ECF
, tc ) Bre c no e ge ha he e z
no ha d f elngsbe we O ' i n a Clr I a 6.
r e i
t en Bre nd a k. d. t

Yel Boy' unda e lte dicus e a c
la
s
t d e t r s s d onve s ton t tYel Boy a O ' in ha
r a i ha la
nd Bre d

ha a ou Clr . Yel Bo wr e Tg Bre js i h k ws ( tClr cd n s othmj
d b t a k l y ot:fo' in ad e no t
a
ha a k l ot ho i
i
c u e ( Bre a d Clr ha )tle a we e s pposd t f ht.. wh n t a sltwe
a s O' in n ak d ak d nd r u e o i
g
e h t li nt

do g ak h dal ewha t fc lokon Iilfc a j trn. Letrfo Yel Bo
wn clrl a i
k
t he u k o
l s ae nd us a ' te r m l y
1
'
a
t Brndo Clr , - ( No. , t c 1.
o a n a k 7 8 ECF
1 Ata h. )
l
V.

Anal i
ys s

H e e t e dence ofer d by Clz does not rs t t lve r t d by Sc u .
r , he vi
f e
ak
ie o he e l equie
hl
Clr ha not s nit com pelng e de e t r ie s f e doubt a
ak s
ubr ted
li vi nc o as ufkint
bouthi gutt a
s ' nd
l
unde m i confdencei li convitons
r ne
i
n 's
l
ci .

Fis ,Clr s s it d a fda t l k c elbiiy a do notofe a com pelng cnm
r t a k' ubnate fi vis ac r ci lt nd
fr
li li
of a t li
c ua nnoc
ence Bot O ' i n a W as ngt a e f l and f m ergang m e be s
.
h Bre nd
hi on r eons
or
m r.
Futhe , O ' in wa Clr s c l
t r
Bre
s a k' hidhood find bef e t y bec m e ga rva s a
re
or he
a
ng i l, nd
W a hi on i a c
s ngt s odef nda t tcai e t m anti bi i
e nt ha l m d o i an s nnoc e die ty c z di
enc , t c l onta céng
W a li on' pl a c l
slngt s e oloquy wih hi afi vi. The afi vis a e a s i r di y s t l k
t s fda t
fda t t lo nc e bl hor, ac
a s c fc de al t woul bolt r t i beiva lt a we e wtten s ver lye r afer
ny pe ii t is hat
d se her le biiy, nd r it e a a s t
t s
he hootngs Telngl
i . li y,Cl r does not ofe a fda t fom a of t ot r vi i s or
ak
f r fi vis r
ny
he he ctm
eyes t es.
vi ness

15

Sec
ond,t lte s do notofe any ne c
he e t r
fr
w ompeli e de e ofClr si
lng vi nc
a k' nnoce e;
nc

i ta t ltesmeeyrieaehi g nea fitkht'te r:t thewa notprsnti
nse d,he etr rl etrt s e zlfsf ' h o y ha
f
s
ee n
t a rm e dutng t s i be us he w a watng f O ' i n i t pa ki l .
he pa t nt i he hootng ca e
s ii or Bre n he r ng ot
M or
eover Yel Boy ci note ha pe s lkno e oft s
, la
ld
ven ve r ona
wl dge he hooéngs he s ntal te
; e
etr

t Clr pa aphr i O ' in' s a e ent about Clr s lck of i ve e . A lo, t
o a k r asng Bre s t t m
a k' a
nvol m nt
s he
c e ofYelaBpy' sa e e a
ontxt
l
s t t m nt boutClr ss
a k' uppos r a i i pr em a i f he t
ed e cton s obl tc: v n hat

s twe d wn y ha a l e wha t f k l o y u fc a d j tr n' J. a 8
hi nt o ou d i
k
t he uc ook n o r a e n us a . - t .
' I
L
O ' in c d notha t d Yel Boy aboutCl r sr a i consde i O ' in wasi t
Bre oul
ve ol la
a k' e cton
i rng Bre
n he

pr s ofbeng s a Clr wasa t nty i t pa ki l .Clr ha notc nm e t
oce s
i hot nd a k
ppa e l n he t ng ot a k s
l i d hat
Y el Boy ha i or aton fom ot rwines esor pa tcpa soft s
la
d nf m i r
he t s
rii nt
he hoodngs or t he
, hat
w a pr e a t s ne t ga
s es nt t he ce o uge Cl t s r c i
a k' ea ton. Cl a l Yela Boy' c m e s a e
e ty, l
s om nt t
nas i s e cont xt lnk,bec us Yela Boy woul notknow wha Cl k' f ce l
isng om
e ual i
a e l
d
t ar s a ooke
d
lke unl s ,ofc s Clr wa t li Yel Boy wha t s yi t lte .
i , es
our e, a k s elng la
t o a n he e t r
Thid, e
r ven wih s e i onssency i t Com m onweat s e de , Cl r s
t om nc it
.
n he
lh' vi nce a k'
e a ton of hi a i on t ni of N ove be 25,2006 doe notm a s ns .
xplna i
s ctons
he ght
m r
s
ke e e
cni s t ha be n i t pa ki 1 i or t fsfght O' i n,butt cout c nnot
l m o ve e n he r ng ot n der o iti
Bre
he
' a
t

c rhe ho Clz c udho sl beiv t tafsf wa g igt o cz a hi pat
omp e nd w ak o l net l e ha itkht s on o c t s s ry
y e
r
a oac d t a r m e ofknown Crpsaftit s ar e wih a l s t ha
ppr he he pa t nt
i - fla e m d t t ea t wo ndgunsa
nd
wi. r ba nas cove i t i f c . The cour fnds i i r l unbei va e t t
t ed nda
h
rng her a es
t i
t nhe enty
le bl ha

a e e m y ga m embe s who had s ve a r c nt vi ent c r a
vow d ne
ng
r
e zl ee
ol
onfont dons woul put
;
d
1Be i sClr s i i t a rmen par ng 1 a bt ng O' in' bl banda , s ve a heae
sde ak hootng n he pa t t ki ot nd rni
Bre s ue
na e r l td
gang-eaed i i nt had r e l oc ure i ol ng Clr hi codeenda s a t vitms O' in ha t d
r lt ncde s
ec nty c r d nv vi
ak, s
f nt, nd he ci . Bre d ol

Clr d rngap o ec lta ç ed n'k o E ak;h n v rk e E ak a . . wh nh d s e( ak ,
ak u i
h n alh t t o t n w clrj e e e n w clr q nd . And e e o e C1r)
h
h ' g igt s o t( ak i (i)fc o sg t'Src a d t d Clr ta h h d fu h O' in p irt te
es on o h o Clr j n hs a e n ihy tikln ol ak h t e a o g t Bre ro o h
'
16

a i t i we pons a m e ey obs r e a Cl r a O ' i enga d i a fsfght The
sde her a
nd r l
e v s a k nd Bren
ge n iti .
c t as Ends Cl r s sa e e t t he ha no i a a
our lo
a k' t t m nt ha
d
de bout t t' i enéons of
he t nt
ue

W ahn t ,Src lnd,a S. .a te fre t i wa i o Tur rsa rme t be
s jon tika nd W s h y oc d her y nt
ne' pat nt o
e t ey unlkey, es i ly c i rng W a hi on' ups de e
xtem l
i l
pecal onsde i
s ngt s
et m anor a pror
nd i

c r aton ofK . . aswela Stikl a S. . prorsat m e sr ga di O ' i
onfont i
W ,
l s tc and nd W ' i t e nt e r ng Bren.
S
Fourh, Cl k' e a éon f hi m ul e i
t
at s xpl na
oz s
dpl nconsse s a e e s a blt nt
it nt t t m nt nd a a
f brca
a i donsi unbeiva e Clr cni st the conf s e t polc i or r t pr ec t
s
le bl. a k l m ha
e s d o ie n de o ot t he

y
ounge pa tcpa s s c fcal t c rf W a l on. H rg Tr vol 2,11 H o e r i
r rii nt, pe ii l o ove or sùngt
y
' . .
8. w ve , n
Clr sconf s i ,he e iil i i t salofhi code e nt i b0t t s
a k'
e sons
xplcty mplca e l
s
f nda s n
h he hoodngsa
nd
t bur a y a e t r prncpasori t s c
he glr s ihe i i l
n he e ond- g ee Clr a s sngld W as ngt out
de r . a k lo i e
hi on
i satng t tClr ha gi n W a hi on a handgun bef e t s
n t i ha a k d ve
s ngt
or he hootngs I i f e oni ;
i . ' s f as ng'
I r
f l ng t a horte de i l c how e r Clr sa ndonm e ofhi conf son i or r
or yi o ut ii s fes ogi;
ve , a k' ba
nt
s
es i n de

t cnm inocnc a a i a ln ty ji sne e wa muc mor rtona,abet
o li n e e nd vod e gh al e tnc s h
e ai l l i
cihones.
ls
t

Fit unde a Schl a l i,t f c inde woul silha t det r i w het rt
fh,
r
up nayss he a ti r
d tl ve o e m ne
he o

beive Clr s d iti 7 ve son of e s bolt e by a fda t a lte s a hor d by
le
a k' f s fght' r i
f
vent
ser d
fi vis nd e tr ut e
f l ,orf l hi i ta c e son t the s O ' i n a wihe t the ha di d,t
e ons
olow s niil onf s i ha
hot Bre nd s d ha
d e he
e wines ac ount ofClr i t a rm ent t sr c t um sa ile de ofge tng
ye t s c
s
a k n he pa t
, he tong ic tnta vi nce
ti
a r s e w lie i pos e son ofone oft w e ponsus i t s
r e t d zl n
s si
he a
ed n he hootng,a wel as Clr s
i
s l
a k'
a knowl m e of hi guit i ii pl coloquy. The c t fnds t t Clr s clm i
c
edge nt
s l n ks ea l
our i
ha a k' li s

Nove r25 s igs,W as ngt ha ha a atr ai wih hi s t besepsse K. . who wasdatng
mbe
hootn
hi on d d n le c ton t s oon-o- -t itr W ,
i

Crp -fiae j v ni JP.a d S. . a c le te me ç bu c o sae ngg r'frno rtlaig a ans
isafl td u e l . , n W h d ald h n f n h f crd i es' o t eait g i t
i
e
a
n
O' e HrgTr vol2,85- 99-1 2.
Brin. ' . .
90, 0

net rcr bl nor com pelng,a e n wih s e unc r ant a t t pr c s i ndte
ihe edi e
li nd ve t om
e t i y s o he e ie de is
oft s
he hoot r ,lga i ufii nc i note
e s e l ns fc e y s
nough t pr ac u li
o ove t a nnoc
enceunde Sc u .
r hl
I s m a y t c ztfndst tClr hasnots
n um r , he otr i
ha a k
hown t the i a m a l i
ha
s c ly nnoc ntof
e

t bur a y ofTur rs a rm entor t s
he glr
ne ' pa t
he hooùngs of O ' i n a K . . Ba e upon a
Bre nd W
sd

c i r ton ofa lof t ne e de e com bi d wih pror i ul t y a e ul or
onsde a i
l
he w vi nc
ne t i nc pa or nd xc pat y

e i e c ,t c u tfndst ti i no l ey t ta y r a on bl jr r wo d h ve ha a
v d n e he o r i ha t s t i l ha n e s a e u o ul a
k
d
r s bl doubta t Clr sguit
ea ona e
s o a k' l.
I f i Ass s ance Cl m
nefectve
it
ai

Re r e s of whet r Cl t s e de e m e s t de a ng Schl sa r hi
ga dls
he a k' vi nc
et he m ndi
u t nda d, s
unde li Si h Am e
ry ng xt
ndm enti f ctve asi t
nefe i
ssance ofc
ouns lc nm fist s rctSti ll
e l i al he ti rctand
v.W a hi t t t To s a e a c tm tona cni f i fec i a ss a e,Clr m us
s n on es.
tt
onsi i l l m or ne f tve s it nc
ak
t

sdsy t t - o Src ln ts b s wi () çha c nsl pefr n e wa
a f he wopr ng tika d et y ho ng 1 f t ou e' roma c s
t
s
deiint:a ()T h tt d fce pe f r nc p eudc d t e de e e' 4 6 U..6 ,
fce , nd 2 f a he eiint ro ma e r j ie h fns . 6 S 68
'
t
'
68 - 8 ( 9 4 . A pe io rmu to e c < sr g p e u i ' t a c unslstc c l
66 7 1 8 )
tt ne s v r ome f ton r s mpton' h t o e' a é a
i
a

deii d ig terptsntto weezao bl c mpee ,a d t c ur ma a jdg
csons urn h e ee ain r es na y o tnt n he o t y du e
couns ls pe f m a e de ii ntonl whe a pettone de ons r t t tTt lghtofa lt
e' ror nc fc e
y
n
ii r m
ta es ha f' i
il
l he
c t um sa s t i ntfed a s oromi sonsw e e outi t wi r
ic t nce , he de ii ct
si
r
sde he de ange ofpr es i ly
of sonal
c pe e asi tnce' 1 a 689 9 8
om t nt ssa .' d. t - 0.

Clr ' j 2 4 peiin a s rs a sn l cnm :f ll a c uns lr nd r d i fe d
a ks 25 tto se t i ge li f r il o e e e e ne fc ve
rr
a ssa by ad sng a pe nlti Clr t e e t Alor pl ase n t
s it nce
vii nd r itng a k o ntr he f d e ve hough t lwy r
he a e
bele
ived,ba e on a m as ofe ul t y e de ,t tClr wasnotglit oft ofe e
sd
s
xc pa or vi nce ha a k
zly
he f ns s
8'-eSxhAme d nt u rn esrao a l c mpee c, tp reta v cc jd e wihteb nei o
<' it
'h
l
n me g aa te es n be o tn e no efc d o ay u g d t h e l f
t
hn sg . Yab r u hv Ge , 4 U.. , (0 3.
id iht' ro o . n 5 0 S 1 8 2 0 )
'
18

c ag d. Pe'' Br 1 ,Clr v.Clr e No.71
h t e ' t s . 6 ak
' t
ak ,
:4CV0 0 2 ( No.1. Alho g Clz
0 4 ECF
) t u h ak
ne r r ie t i pz i e is i e ri pr ee ngs cnm d ofli sat ha aspr ee ng
ve as d l s ecs s ue n a ler oc di , li
a
as t e be
oc di
s a e a sm ia cnm :Clr ale d t ha c
t t d i lr li
a k lge hat d ouns li ot ed hi oft l k ofe de e i
e nf m
m
he ac
vi nc n

t Com m onwe lh' pos es i he woul ha i it d on goi t til a t e de e
he
a t s s son,
d ve nss e
ng o ra, nd he vi nc
couns lpr s nt d on hi be l ats encng coul ha be n us t def hi c e.
e ee e
s haf ent i
d ve e ed o end s as
Asde al i hi pl a coloquy,Clr wasc e ned t thi ga a i t woul not
t ied n s e
l
ak
onc r
ha s ng ctviy
d

T ly wel wih a '1
f a l' t l T.Clt ' c unslwane t ti t e j y t jce Clt ' t si y
P
' . u
aks o e t d ha f h ur ee td aks e tmon ,
Cl r woul f e a sgnii a l hi r s nt nc Couns lad s d Clr t t e e i a
ak
d ac
i fc nty ghe e e e.
e vie a k ha nt rng n

Alo d gzt pla a te c n n ig a j g of Clr' i c nc a ni ma
fr tly e nd h n o vicn
i
ud e
aks nno e e nd ani l
ivove nt wa t be t sr tg , be a e t e j g c u d c nsd r t sntncng
n l me
s he s ta e y c us h ud e o l o i e he e e i
gadei s wh n j is do not Clr de i d t pu s e a Alor p e i s ie of t
il
ne e ure
. a k cde o ru n f d la n pt
he
Com m onweat s ove whem i e dence Clr kne oft pot i f a s nt
lh'
r l ng vi
; ak w
he ental ot e ence a
bove
t gui i . La ty,Clr coul ha wihdr wn hi g ly pla pror t s nt ncng,a
he delnes
sl ak
d ve t a
s uit e i o e e i
nd
couns l sat i a afi vi t t couns lwas pr pa ed t t ke t ca e t tili Clr
e t ed n n fda t ha
e
e r o a he s o ra f a k
wihed,butClr deci d t do s
s
a k lne o
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The sat ha scour f
t e bea
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he
Sti a t tbeca e he çf ie t s a e avai r as why he s d notbe bound by hi
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us
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houl
s
s a e ent a ti l c e ni li knowl dge of t Com m onw e lh' e de e a t
t t m s t l a onc r ng ls
e
he
at s vi nc nd he

a q c ofhsc ns l' Clr v. o on No.(L0 0 3 8 0 ,a 9 1 ( .Ci.Ct Oc.
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r ut u t f he t f y e bo o o iue f v d n e g i t
t
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i it d on pl di notgait gone t ti la t out om e of t c e w oul ha be n
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ly,
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dif r nt ..
fe e

1 a 1 The sa e ha as cotr f t r expl ned Cl r s f iur unde
d. t 0.
t t be
zt urhe
ai
a k' al e
r

Sti a
rcklnd:

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ni
g
clr s ttme o l , he tr
q
c
z
he f n e , a r ltd ho i vai n a s tn ,t i t e s ti d b t vc ms t e
eae me n so nd hoo ig he nj s usane y he ié , h
ui
pr s nc ofay un cnl . .n t ho ,g a k smpl c nn d mo tae
ee e
o g l d . i he me clrj i y a ot e nsr t
i
t ta r s bl def ndantwoul ha pladed notguit ,i i t on goi
ha ea ona e e
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ly nssed
ng
t ti la t out e oft pz e ng woul ha bee dif r ntor t
o ra nd he com
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d ve n fe e
he
s nt nc w oul ha be l s
e e e
d ve en es .
I at 10- . Addii ly, on diec a
d.
11
tonal
r t ppea, t Colr of Appe l of Vigila hed;
l he
zt
as
r ri l

Tg.t g Clr i t uc d e de ea sntncngt d n o n i mi elsivove n i
Thl hou h ak ntod e vi nc t e e i o e y r nni z l n l me t n
.l
i
t c i es t Com m onweat ofe ed a s t il pr fr of t e de e,i l ng
he rm , he
lh f r
ubsanta ofe
he vi nc ncudi

Clr s c nf si ,i s po toft g i y p e gj' Clr v.Co on at ,20 8 W L
a k' o e son n up r
he ul las. ak
t
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mm we lh 0
2019561, 2008 Va. App. LEX I 234, a *1 n. The a lat cout c
S
t
4.
ppel e
' ondnued: t
t
he

Co
mmon at ' f u tn le i e e ...g s s ûce f r a fn n ofg i o alsx
we lhs f bsa éa v d nc
s
waj uf int o tdig ul n l i
t
c r s' 1
ha ge .? d.
The cour a r s wih t s a e cour s fndi . Clr ha not ove com e t
t g ee
t he t t
t' i ngs
ak s
r
he
de er ncegi t t f ctfnci oft s a e c t unde t AED PA a Sti kl wih
f e
ven o he a -i lng
he t t ours
r he
nd rc and t

()a fd visfo c v ce flns ()ltesfo c v ce flns a d ()o he e i e e
1 fia t z m on itd eo , 2 etr r m on itd eo , n 3 t r v d nc
t gener ly c r
hat
al or obor t s s e of Clr s s a e e s but die ty conta c s Clr s
a e om
a k' t t m nt,
t cl
t dit a k'
c e son, pl a coloquy, a t Comm onw e lh' fove whem i ' e de . The e
onf s i
e
l
nd he
at s f r l ng' vi nce
s
fndi a e nota unr s bl a i ton off der l1w oran unr s bl detr ana i
i ngs r
n ea ona e pplca i
e a a
ea ona e e n i ton
off t .The ef e t c tgr nt t m oton t dimi s
ac s
r or , he our a s he
i o s s.
W .

20

For t r as satd,t cour GR AN T S t m oton t dimi s Clr ha f ied
he e ons t e he
t
he
i o s s . a k s al
t pr s nts fce l r la e e de e t sat a s t nta c qm of a tz li
o e e ufi inty eibl vi nc o t e ubsa i l l i
ca a nnoc
ence t t
ha

wo l e c ehi pr e u a dea ta tmeba u e S hl a M c g i M o e ve ,
u d x us s oc d r l ful nd i - r nd r c u nd ouign. r o r
Clr s unde li i f ctve a ss a e ofcouns lcli i wihoutm e i. A n a oprat
a k'
ry ng nefe i s it nc
e lm s t
rt
ppr i e
ot rwilent zt sda
de l e hi y.
The Clr i diec e t s nd c esoft sm e or ndum opi on a a com pa i
e k s r t d o e opi
hi m a
ni nd c
nyng
oz z t Tet yand t couns lofz cor f Res
de o
r
o
e
e d or ponde . Futhe ,fndi t tpe i rha
nt
t z i ng ha étone s
f ied t m a a s t ndals
al o ke ubsa
howi oft dela ofa cons itéona rghtasr quie by 28
ng
he
l
ttz
li
e rd

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