Luqmaan v. Volvo Group North America, LLC et al

Filing 37

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 3/26/15. (eot)

I THE UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI NI
CT
RGI A
ROA N OK E D I I ON
V SI

HAKI LUQM AAN,
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Pl i if
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VOLVO GROUP NORTH AM ERI LLC,e a1,
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O G2m OFFI E U. . SI cOUR7'
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JULI C.
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Ci lA cton N o.7: CV vi
i
14- 00115

M EM O M N D UM O PI I N
N O
By:H on.G l n E.Co a
e
nr d
Chi fUnie St t D it i tJ
e
t d a es s rc udge

Pli ifHa m Luqm a n fld t se o e dic i i ton a ton a i tDe e n s
antf ki
a ie hi mpl ym nt s rm na i c i gans f nda t

Vol Gr NorhAmerc LLC andVol Tr c No t Ameia,nc (ole tvey,ç vo' ,
vo oup t
ia,
vo u ks rh
rc l . c lci l ç
Vol '
)
alegi t tVol de ot hi bec us ofhi r ei vi a i ofTil V1 oft Ci lRi ht Ac
l ng ha
vo m ed m
a e
s ac n olton
te 1 he vi g s t

o 1 4 (t-l VI' , U. C.j2000ee s q.Thec s i pr entybefr t c to Vol s
f 96 ili e 1' 42 S.
-t
)
te
a e s es l o e he our n vo'

moin frs mmayj dg n .F rt f lo ngr a o s t ec u t l g a t h t t n.
t o u r u me t o he olwi e s n ,h o r wi r n t a moi
o
l
o
Fact and ProceduralH i oa
ual
st

The f l i f c s a e eiherundi pu e or w he e di put d, r pr e e i t lghtm os
olow ng a t r t
s t d, , r s e a e es nt d n he i
t

f r bl t Luq a SeeAndes v.Li t Lo l ,477U. 242,255( 98 .
avo a e o ma n.
ron bery bbysnc.
S.
1 6)
Luqm a a A f i n- m e i a m a w a hie by M a k Tr ksi 1 7. e hel a va i t
an, n rca A r c n n, s r d
c uc n 98 H
d
rey

ofpostonsi t tcompa ove t nexts ve alye s Lu a n De a 47 51 De .sM ot
ii n ha
ny r he
e r ar . qm a
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.
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z
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A
t
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r
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Vale ($ 'f clt i Dubln, r i a,olowi t mege bewe Mac Tr c a
ly ç
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)
i Vigni f l ng he r r t en k u ks nd
Vol L.AtNRV,Luqma ni tal wor a aQuaiyAsurnceAdvior apostont twas
vo.d
a
a niily ked s
lt s a
s ,
ii ha
eve ual r ild Se orQuaiyEngi e .d.
nt ly ette ni
lt
ne r I

AtNRV,t Cuso rOpton Ce e (ç ',as know' a t New Ve ceOpton
he tme i
ntr $
COC' lo
)
n s he
hil i
C e t r pr de c t er wih t a lt t c t i e t i t uc or r w ih o i t ta e not
n e , ovi s us om s t he biiy o us om z he r r k de s t ptons ha r

patoft no mal oduci pr es .t a 62.TheCOC ç se sed(tNRV)i ava it of
r he r pr ton oc s lt.t
i xit a
ha
n rey

fr . S t hn De l!2, f' M o . u J Ex 2 Do k t . 9- I iil t COC
o ms' u p i c. De.s t S mm. . . , c e No 2 2.ntal he
'
y,
pr e s d opto or r ,whie a t lphysc m odii to oft t uc w a o s zce t Font ne
oc s e
i n de s
l c ua
i al
fca i n he r ks s ut olr d o
ai

M odiiai Compa Cç ai ',ac
fc ton
ny Font ne' ompa t ti unaflatdwihVol buti l aed
)
ny ha s fii e t
vo
s oc t
Sieal rghtupt r fom NRV.'d.Luqma ntrtwor i t COC asaSe orQuaiy
ttrly i
l
he oad r
'1
a is ked n he
ni
lt
Eng ne rdurng t stmepe i Luqma n De a 53- 4,5 60, 5- 6. sdute i ude
i e
i hi i
rod.
a
p. t 5 9- 21 1 Hi is ncl d
quotng o i f c t r ,kee ng ta k ofopton or r i a daa s ,or rngpa t f o i
i ptons or usome s pi r c
i
de s n
t ba e de i
rs or pton
or r ,c eai tna i r pors coo di tng bilng, ndm a n a ni aca heofo i or r
de s r tng i ncal e t, r na i li a
i t i ng
c
ptons de
ha i
matras. d.a 65- Vol e nt ly dima l t sve son oft COC.L a Att ttm e,
e i l 1 t 66. vo ve ua l s nted hi r i
he
d
-

Luqma nbi fra obt nedaposton a aSeni QuaiyEngi e i t Qualt Depat nta
a d o nd ai
ii s
or lt
ne r n he
iy
rme t
NRV.-s t67Jla 68.
t
Vol lt ri toduce at or f m ai e ' ri oft COC, ch i m ode e a trt
vo ae n r
d t e or lz d've son he
m
whi t
l d fe he

wa Mac Tr cksha edopinsa isf iiyi M ac e, nns va a.Sut nDe l!2.
y k u
ndl to t t aclt n ungi Pe yl ni phi c.
Unde t sm ode ,
r hi
l NRV e oye pe f nne t opto wor i hous r t rt n outour i i
mpl es r o d he i ns k n- e, ahe ha
s cng t

t Font ne.
o
ai Luqmaa Dep.a 78- 1 Luqmaa a i t wor i t new COC i e ry2011.t, t
n
t 8.
n ppled o k n he
n al
Lla
74- Hewa i e ve d byVi She brc a Vol e oye ba ed outofM a t e. d a 75.
75.
s nt r iwe
c r ik,
vo mpl e s
c mgi L- t
a

Shebrc hie Luqmn a M a ge oft COC i Fe uay 2011 J a 8 8 Theeatr
r ik rd
nn s na r he
n br r
.Z t 2-3. r fe ,
Luqm a n i e v e d a hie Pr ton Supe viorSc tHe he i t hi onl die tr por,
a nt r i we nd r d oduc i
r s
ot t rng on, s y r c e t

who wa r ponsbl f t i y-o- y r mi oft busne s' 1 a 95- Luqm a n alo
s es i e or he t t da ur ng he i s . d. t 96.
da
'
a s
i e v ewed c ndi t f a Bus ne sA nal tpos ton;how e r no one w ashi e t f l t sr e
nt r i
a da es or
i s
ys
ii
ve ,
r d o il hi ol

duet ahii fe zei e nt byVovo. d a 89- 93- AsCOC M a ge,Luqml s
o rng r e mplme ed
l L- t 90, 94.
o
na z
mn'
r pons biii i ude quotng prce t c t m e s ke pi t a ofo i nsor r i a da a s ,
es
i ltes ncl d
i
i s o us o r , e ng r ck
pt o
de s n
t ba e

pr pa i fna i r pors a e
e rng i ncal e t, nd xpandi t COC' busne s J= a 98 99. 201 t COC was
ng he
s i s .7 . t - By 2,he
f m aly i or a e i o t N RV ' o ga za i na s r c ur unde t Cus o e Engi e i
or l nc por t d nt he
S r ni to l t u t e
r he
tm r
ne rng

De rme .J-a 1 1 Luqmaa rpo tdt StveW or l,CE Gr upM a ge,whoi tu
pa t nt JS t 07- 08.
n e re o e
rel
o
na r
n tm
2

rpo tdt l nM ic l,t Die rofCuso rEngne rng.. a 11 1
t re o va thel he r do
tme
i ei J t 5- 6.
C,
Th ne COC f c c lng i isda t da busnes ,i udi bei s r-t fe a
e w
a ed hale es n t y-o- y i s ncl ng ng ho tsa f d nd
sr gglng t ber ogni e andr s c e wihi t NRV hir c whih Luqmaa ati ed t
tu i o ec z d
e pe t d t n he
e ar hy, c
n trbut o

t in bewe nt M a Tr ksa Vol sdesoft busnes .#-a 1 1 Thes c le s
enso t e he ck uc nd vo i
he i s J , t 05- 06. e halnge

rs le i ma p we is s Lu ma nh dt S e g a db ro lt g twhae e hep ( )c ud
e utd n n o r sue : q a a o û g ) n o r wg o e
b
tv r l he o l
t ge t t uc buit'i t COC . d. t260.Even s t CO C s ilha t t n down s e optons
o t he r ks l' n he
1 a
o, he
tl d o ur
om
i

wo k Jl a 1 2; u p i De l!3. n t ls,heCOC wa p oka l u d rLuq a s
r ..a t 4 S t hn c . No ehee s t
l
s r t be n e ma n'
diec i Sut n D e a 42,Pl' Br i Opp. 11 D oc tN o. 11;La
r ton. phi p. t
.s . n
Ex. , ke
35Fon D e a 1 11
p. t 0- s
Pl' Br i Opp. 1 D oc tN o. -1 A s CO C M a ge ,Luqm n n wor d t e ve t t r e n
.s . n
Ex. 3, ke
35 3.
na r
a
ke w l o hi t e

hourda ,a wela s ewe ke , t
ys s l s om
e nds wihoutemmi ove tme.Luqm a n De a 1
ng ri
a
p. t 25.
N RV i a uni ze f ciiy whos ba ga ni uni e pl esa e r pr e e by t Unie
s
oni d a lt
e r i ng t m oye r e es nt d
he t d

Aut W or r (d ') Luqmaa De a l Luqma ni notrpr s ntdbyt uni J=
o ke s <UAW '.
n p. t 35.
a s e ee e
he on.#.
Durng hi tm easCOC M a
i si
nage , heUAW fld t greva sa i tVol a gui t t
rt
ie wo i nce gans
vo, r ng ha

Luqmaa waspef ngwor t ts ul ha be npe f me byba g ni unie oye .4,
n
ronni
k ha ho d ve e ror d
r ai ng t mpl es L
TheUAW wa as wori t tt COC wa no gr ngasqui yasi s ul L. a 1 39.On
s lo red ha he
s t owi
ckl t ho d. ds t 38z
J nua y 11 201 t UAW e es e t e d e c e ns'i al te a es e t La s
a r , 3, he
xpr s d hes ç p onc r ' n et r ddr s d o r
de

Bl r t NRV' ViePr i nta Ge rlM a ge .1 Ex.7;Sut nDe . 4.nt s
ombeg,hen
S c esde nd nea na r 1.
J
.
phi cl! l hi
lte ,heUAW c
etr t
omme dLuqma n,whoi t rviw hadç
nde
a
n hei e
l ama veousj wihwha
done r l ob t
t
r s c heha bee gi n. Luq a n De Ex. a 1 TheUAW a s satd t tt y ha
e our es
s n ve ' m a
'
p. 7 t .
lo t e ha he d

t hi butpr s f wha gu
d ng
not
aie or t luqmaa ha donetyi t maket COC be omear e ntpa t
nj s
r ng o
he
c
elva r of
L
'
NRVIbusne s'JJ The we ont s ho ve,t tt t ngne rnggr i no t
i s . -- y nt o ay, we r ha he t i ei oup s t he
'I,
e
a opraegr t o rt t sCOC, bec us t td pa t ntha t
ppr it oup o peae hi
' a e ha e rme d s nohi t a nce(he
'
done t ng o dva t
COCJfom isi e i 'J I t d,t UAW r omme dt tt COC beldbyt
r t nc pton.'#. nsea he
ec
nde ha he
e
he
opeai de rmen,whiùt ybele dwo dsa amor pr ci a oac 'oma ng
rtons pa t t c he ive ul t ke
t
e oa tve ppr h't nagi

a e ndi t COC..sl nM ic l s r t slte wihLuqma n dti ame tnga
nd xpa ng he
J va thel haed hi etr t
é
a trng
ei bout
t COC.I a 1 1
he
d. t 39- 40.
The U A W ' l te pr pt d di cus i o t CO C a s eN RV di e t -e ls a f
S e t r om e s son f he
t om
r c or l ve t f

me tn si J n aya dFe r ay2 3. up i De l!4' F nDe a 1 - 3 Du igti p ro ,
eig n a u r n b u r 01 S thn c. , o p. t 2 1 . rn h s e id
La
Bl r plc Kik Sut n,
ombe g a ed r phi NRV' DiecorofQuaiy,i c r oft COC.-oAc or ngl
S r t
lt n hage he
J c di y,
k

Sut nt onr ponsbiiyofCOC i addii t hi dute i t QuaiyDe rme .1
phi ook es i lt
n ton o s is n he lt pa t nt d.
M ic l a W o r l,i t n, elnquihe c r oft COC a bega t wor s el i t
t he l nd r e l n ur r i s d ontol he
nd
no
k ol y n he

Cusome Engi ei De rme .#. Bl r t na kedSut nt deveopapr poslt
t r ne rng pat ntJ
ombe g he s
phi o
l
o a o
ror niea gr t COC wihi t Qualt De rme i r s et t UAW ' co r .
e ga z nd ow he
t n he
iy pat nt n epons o he
S ncens

l a ! 5.Sut nprs nt hi pr a t t NRV' diecorlve safdurngasafme tngi
d. t
phi e e ed s opos l o he
S r t -e l tf i tf ei n
Fe uay2013.-.Thesafa ove t pr a a isi e ntto J
br r
Ja
p
tf ppr d he opos l nd t mplme ain..
i.

S th n' p o o a ln ole s v r l v n pic sa dp rome. J a !6. rtt
up i s r p s l t v v d e e a mo i g e e n e s l l'Z t Fis,o
i
'
elm i t t COC ' m anpowe i s ,Sut n m ade t Ope a i nsD e r m e r s
i na e he
s
r s ues phi
he
r to
pa t nt e pons bl f
i e or

acualye c i t o inswor J Sut nt eor ta fre Hehei on,t COC'
t l xe utng he pto
k. i phi herf e rnserd t rngt he
s
.

Pr ton Supe v s a Luqma sdie tr por, o aposton on t man pr uci n lne oft
oduc i
r ior nd
an' r c e t t
ii
he i od to i
he

Opeai De rme ..-l t n,Mi Ai a Opeai De rme empl ,a s da
rtons pa t ntJJ n ur ke ken, n rtons pat nt oyee sume
1.
ne r ea OptonCe e Coor naorwihi t COC.. UnlkeHehe i on,whoha be n
w ol s i
ntr
di t t n he
J
Z i
t rngt
d e

f c s do tea ta e e uinof h o to swo k, k n' j b fc s do d v lpigi tu to
o u e n h cu l x c to t e p in r Aie s o o u e n e eo n nsr cins
a pr dursr aedt optoni tlains J Sut n as ce tdane bagani uni
nd oce e elt o i nsalto .. phi lo rae
Z
w r i ng t
pos ton,t Opton Ce e Spe i ls , hi h w a de i d t a e st U A W ' c e nsa utis
ii he
i
nt r c a i t w c
s s gne o ddr s he
S onc r bo t

l kofrpr e ai wihi t COC.d. t!7.
ac
e esntton t n he
I a
TonyRoya, bagani t te oye asumed
la r i ng mi mpl e, s
t sposton.l
hi
ii d.

Sut n al o be i ve t tk tm a s ns f t CO C t s ar wih a c e s a e f o a
phi s le d ha l
i de e e /r he
o t t t l an l t r m

ma ge ntsa poi . J. a !8. phi t rf r ei natd Luq nn' postonofCOC
na me tnd nt' -. t Sut n hee o e lmi e
' IS
J
mn s ii
4

fc l l
Ma ge , ndr al ae hi dutesbewe nt ne postons L a Specii aly,BilPadden,a40na r a e loc td s i t e wo w ii . d
.
.

yea Vol e oyeewhoha be n die tyrpori t Sut ni t QuaiyDe rme a ha
r vo mpl
d e rcl e tng o phi n he lt pa t nt nd d

bee s tt r ie agee t c i woki f Vol a t COC' Chi Busne sLe de .#
n e o etr , r d o ontnue r ng or vo s he
s ef i s a r Ja
.

Pa d n' r l to usd o mak tn ( lo'jo to sb i s'a dd n gngt eo e al
d e s oe s c e n r eig Vov s pi n usne s' n t a i h v r l
f
ma
wor oa oft de rme . J Padde eansagrde 1 s ayonVol spa s al I Bo
kl d he pat nt' #.
'
n r
a 1 alr
vo' y c e.d.
Dat who ha be n wor ng i Vol sLogitc Depa t e ,
lon,
d e
ki n vo'
si s
rm nt bega wor ng ast COC'
n
ki
he
s
Busnes Lea r 1 l t tr e Dat sr po i ltesi l t i g optonsf c t
i s de . d. n ha ol, lon' es nsbiii ncude s
quotn
i or usomer,
s
w rtng pur has or s a r c vi m a e i s f r o i w o k.' d.H e e r a g a 8 s l r o
ii
c e der , nd e ei ng t ral o ptons r ' l
a ns r de a a y n

Vol spa s ae.- Dat rporst Padde whoi t nrpo t t Sut n.l
vo' y c l J lon e t o
4,
n,
n ur e rs o phi d.
Sut n a s m oved Luqm a n t a ne post o Sut n s a e t the S d a s c fc nee
phi l o
a o
w
ii n. phi t t d ha
ç
ha pe i i
d

f rgwq a )i teQu lt De rme t'be a eS ilyFik a o h rNRV e lye , s
o lu ma n n h ai pat n y c us hre n , n t e
y
'
mp o e wa
l vi apostonasSe orQuaiy Engi e a t ttme.d.a !9.Sut ni w t tLuqmaa
ea ng
ii
ni
lt
ne r t ha i 1 t
phi t
kne ha
n

c u dd ti j bwela h ha p e iusy wo k du d rg t hn a aSe irQuaiyEn i e r
o l o h s o l, s e d rv o l r e n e sup i) s no
l
t gn e
a hed t sposto i e a ey prort be
nd l hi ii n mm dit l i o comi COC M a
ng
nage . l l t sposto
r' d. n hi ii n,
'
Luqm a n' r ponsbiiisi udeç
a s es i lte ncl i rt ndi a c lc i da aon ho t pr ti g ti
unde sa ng nd ole tng t
w he oduc s e tng
buiti t i s ii a s gne ar an a e s ng i s s i l ng de ec s a w a r nt c a m s
l n he r pec tc s i d ea d ddr s i s ue , nc udi
f t nd r a y l i ,

fom aq lt sa poi . I AsaSe orQualt Engi r Luqma neansagrde8s ayon
r
uaiy tnd nt' d.
'
ni
iy
nee,
a r
a
alr

Vol spa s ae.d. t!8.
vo' y c l l a
Sut n t d Luqm a n a
phi ol
a bouthi r s i
s ea sgnme du i am e tng i M ic lsofie o
nt rng
e i n t hel' fc n

Fe r ay28 201 .d. t 1 ; q a De a 1 86 Ac o dn t Sup i , e pli dth t
b u r , 3 1 a ! 0 Lu ma n p. t 5 -2. c r i g o th n he x ane k a
t
g
Luqma n')ta frwa pa t t ove alr ga zai t hel a es t is wihi t
a s r nse s r of he r l eor ni ton o p ddr s he sues t n he
COC.' phi De . 8.Luqma howe r co e t theç nott dwhyhewa rmov '
'Sut n cl!
an,
ve , ntnds ha ç
was ol
s e ed'
fom hi poston asCOC M a ge .
r
s ii
na r Luqmaa De a 24- Afe t sm e tng,Sut n e ld
n p. t 25. tr hi e i
phi maie

ot rdie t -e lsafa Luqmaa sk iae 'ea tont hi r si nt Sut nDe la !
he rcorlve tf bout
n' û ttd'r ci o s em sgnme . phi c.t
ag

1 Ex.6.I t tem ai,Sut n s a ed t the ha ex a ne t Luqm a n t thi de s on wasbas d
0,
n ha
l phi t t ha
d pl i d o
a ha s cii
e
on V ol s r c m im e t t CO C a t t ed t r f es t or ni a i ' Pl' Br i O pp.
vo' e om t nt o he
nd he t
ne o e r h he ga z ton. .s . n
'
Ex.A .
The f l ng da N RV announc d t pe s
olowi
y,
e he r onne c ngesas oc a ed wih t CO C
l ha
s it
t he

ro g nz to i cu i gLu ma n' ra sg me tv aitr a e i. up i De l! 1 , 7.
e r a iain,n ld n q a s e sin n , i n en l mal S th n c. 0 Ex.
The pa tesdi put w he he Luqm a sr s i nm e c tt t a l t a t a f rora
ri s e
t r
an' ea s g nt ons iu es a er l r ns e

de oto Vol c e t tS uqmaa ha onl bene itd fom hi ta f r'Def' M ot Summ .
m i n. vo ontnds ha i
n s y
fte r
s r nse .
' .s
.
J. t1 Alhough Luqm a n' s lr gr det c c l c nge fom a 9 t an 8 whe he was
a 0. t
a s aa y a e hni aly ha d r
o
n

r a sg d h sb s s lr o $ ,7 ddn tc a e Lu ma nDe a 1 1 AsaSe irQu lt
e sine , i a e aay f 917 6 i o h ng . q a p. t 8 .
no aiy
Engi er Luqm a n i alo ei bl f ove tm e whi m e he e r a ave ag of$950 mor pe
ne ,
a s s lgi e or ri , ch ans a ns n r e
e r

monhnow t n b or hi r sinme .1 a 181 1 2;Shif rDecla !3,Def' M ot Summ.J
t
ha ef e s ea sg nt d. t - 8
fne
.t
.s .
.
Ex.4,Doc tNo. 4. m a a s r ceved ar ie i 201 brngi hi ba es lr t $94,
ke
29- Luq an lo e i
a s n 4, i ng s s aa y o
529.

Shif Dec. t!5. cor ngt JryShif r NRV' Die t ofHuma Res ur s t
fner la
Ac di o er fne,
S rcor
n o ce ,he
Busnes Lea rposton i t COC,whih i lhec os te vae postont Luqmn sf r e
i s de
ii n he
c s s l es qui lnt ii o
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a 6.
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o
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f rhsp sto a COC M a a e a dwa p ro migta j b stsa trl a tetmeo hs
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s abls
i ac e as
s r m na or m i
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t how t the
ha
w a ,i f t dem ot ,t ti , ha he w asr s i ne t a l e -e pos ton. a rs 499 F. pp'
s n ac ,
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ea s g d o ow r l vel ii H r i ,
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a 2 2.t- me efc t t ne j ba sg me ti ls a p ai gt tee o e 'd e no
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ome i fca ti ntl f t' s mpl
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o tt e n d re mply n cin v n f h e o o s a s o
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pr s nti t ol poston. 1 a 256e e n he d ii ' d. t
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r , q a r u s h t i e si n n s e to , e a s i j il,
r pons biii , nd oppor uniy f r a nce e w e e lm ie by t m ove.Spec fca l Luqm a n
es
i ltes a
t t o dva m nt r i t d
he
ii ly,
a

a s rst t a COC M a
s e t ha , s
nage ,heha t au hort t hiea s r iedie tr pors m a ge
r
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c
ompa fnds entri oc rcson Vclo' be f a ac ast COC' uli t de iinny u , e nt onta t
v s hal nd t he
S tmae cso

ma e . e Pl' Br i Op a 7 Hee j y n n ofheers o sblte i h sc re tp sto
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s
i
i
Luqm a n al o a guest tt r as i e lm ie hi o
a s r
ha he e s gnm nt i t d s pporunii s f f ur ad nc m e a
t te or ut e va e nt t
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nage i lr e a w oul hav t a y f a c pe e
r a ol nd
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wihot rVol e oyee t obai ama ge ntposton i t f ur J a 8.Luqmaa
t he vo mpl s o t n
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ii n he ut e.Z t
n
f t re
urhe mphasz t bei r as i d t t s poston t hehel pro t beng s l c e as
ies hat ng e sgne o he ame ii hat
d ir o i ee td
CO C M a
nage w a e bar a s ng a hum ii tng f hi .
r s m r s i nd
la i or m
Vol on t ot rha c r ct r z Luq a n' r s i nm e as a l t r lta f r V ol
vo, he he nd, ha a e i es m a s ea s g nt
a e a r ns e . vo

fr tpoi st t undipu e f c t t alhoug Luqmaa spay g a cha
is nt o he
s t d a t ha , t h
n'
r de ngedi t r a sg e ,
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hi ba e s l r di not I f d ,Luqm aa e m sm o e i hi ne pos ton,bot bec us he i e i i e
s s a ay d . n a
n a
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y nd ca e
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a s i e he e s i
nt V vo l o s e t ha ,

at ug Luqmaa wa r s i ef t COC' peror a whe hewor d a COC M a ge ,
lho h
n s e ponsbl or he
s f m nce
n
ke s
na r
hedi notha t tm a e' ut iy oft tdi son.I t d,Luqm a n wass r ie b W o r l,
d
ve T i t 'a hort
ul
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n ur s upevie
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smep sto i isc r o aehe ac ya e j ystesmeo p ru te frft r a va c me t
a o i n n t o p rt ir rh nd no h a p o tni s o uu e d n e n .
i
i
Consde i t r c d a awhol i t lghtmos f vor bl t Luq aa t c r be ives
i rng he e or s
e n he i
ta a eo
m n, he ou t le

t tar a ona ej orcoul viw Luqma sr a sgnme a ade in, riulryc i rng
ha e s bl ur
d e
an' e s i nt s moto patc a l onsdei
Luq a n' t si o r ga di t r ponsbiiy e r t t hi a t r pe ta f de t hi
m a s e tm ny e r ng he es i lt ntused o m nd he es c for d o m

i e c poston. c twilt rf r a s f pumos sofs
n a h ii The our l hee o e sume or
e umma. j
l udgme t tLuqmaa
y
nt ha
n
1
4

ha s t s i t t r e e e tofhi prm a f i c s
s a i fed he hid l m n
s i ac e a e.
b.

Pos t on O pe or Fil by an I vi
ii
n
led
ndi dualO ut i t Prot ct Cl s
s de he
e ed as

Thec t us ne c i rwhe he Luq n n ha de
our m t xt onsde
t r m n s monsr t d t t a trhi de oto
ta e ha, fe s m i ns
hi f m e poston et rç e ane ope o wasfledby sm ia l qualte i vi souti of
s or r ii ihe s m i d n r
r
il
i l ry- ii d ndi dual sde
t pr ec e c as . H a r s 499 F. pp' a 292. l a
he ot t d l s' r i ,
'
A x t
t ppea s u s e t tt pos ton ofE C
r ndi put d ha he ii
S
CO

M ana r' l rexit a trt r or ni ton. eNRV 201 Or nia i Cha t,Sut n
ge 'no onge ss fe he e ga za i Se
3 ga z tonal rs phi
D e l Ex. I t d,Pa n,t Chi fBus ne s Le deroft COC,a Dalon, he Bus ne s
c . 4. ns ea
dde he e
i s a
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nd t t
i s

Le d ro t a dv so pef r ma yo Lu ma n' f r r o d te . mp r Su t i De l !8
a e f h t iiin, ro m n f q a s o me j b uis Co a e p hn c.
( s i ngt r ponsbiii ofPa n a Datn)wihLuqma nDe a 98- ( s rbi hi
decrbi he es i ltes
dde nd lo t
a p. t 99 de ci ng s

rs nsbiii a COC M a r.Ther s ofLuqma n' rs i lte ha bee rditi e t
epo i ltes s
nage)
et
a s eponsbiiis ve n e srbutd o
de rme souti t COC e iey. eSut nDe l!8.Vol aguest tLuq nc nnot
pa t nt sde he
ntr l Se phi c.
vo r
ha maa a
s tsy t fna ee e ofhi prma f c ec e,be aus hi posto waselm i t d durng t
a if he i l lm nt
s i a i as c e s ii n
i na e
i he

r r ni to SeeCaaa v. us o Ra f d,1 F. 3d520,527( D. C. 4)( rntng
eo ga zain.
tln Ho e f eqr 7 supp.
E. N. 201 g a i

s mmayj dg n fre l y ro d srmi t r d moincam i pat e a s e ly r
u r u me t o mp o e n ici nao y e to li n r b c u e mpo e
pr s nt d uncontove td evi ncet pl ntf ' poston wa ei nae t spa t a Ove a l
ee e
r re
de
hat ai ifs ii
s lmi td ç r of n r l
a

cor at r tucurngpr es' ;s as M ahe v.De erNe pa rAge yLLP,6 F.
por e esr t i oc s' ee lo t ws
)
nv
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nc
49 3d

1 9 1 08( 0 hCi. 01 )
1 9, 2 1 t r 2 1 .
Luqm a n ha f ie t m e ni uly r pond t V ol sar
a s al d o a ngf l es
o vo' gume .
nt None hels , a a s
t e s he ppe r

t s es t thi fr rpostoni now oc upidbySut n.SeeP1' Br i Opp.a 3(r ie t
o ugg t ha s ome ii s
c e
phi
.s .n
t s rc
ma geilcontoloft E
na ra
r
he COCIhassnceta fredt Mr Sut n,aCa asans viorofM r
i rnser o . phi
uc i uper s
.
Luqma n. r Sut n c rntywor asDiecorofQuaiya Vol De piehi difrnc i
a M . phi ure l ks
r t
lt t vo. s t s fee e n
ttefom M r Luqmaa sf rtte, r Suphi ma est (
il r
.
n' onne il M . t n nag he COC)wiht s melve of
t he a e l

a hort t nvese i M r Luqma nasM a roft g
ut iy he td n .
a
nage he COQ .) I c ran c s s aTil VI
'.n e ti a e , te 1
'
pl ntf can satsf t f t el entoft pri a f e cas by s i t a s m iary- ii
ai if
i y he ourh em
he m aci
e
how ng hat i l l qualf ed

15

i vi alouti hi pr e e cl shol anewl c e e poston t i t f tona e va e
ndi du
sde s otctd as ds
y- r atd ii hat s he unci l qui l nt

o hi ei n tdp iin. e eg, tg s v. we 46 F. p' 2 2 2 9( t Ci. 01 )
f s l ae osto Se . ..Bt e s Bo n, 6 Ap x 7 , 7 4h r 2 2
mi
r
( ai ifoferde de s esi t the ei nae postonwa Sunci l e vae 't a
pl ntf f e vi nce ugg tng ha r lmi td ii
s % tonaly qui lnt'o
f
ne y- r aed posto fle by a sm iary- ii a i a outi t pr e t cas , r t
wl c e t
ii n ild
i l l qualfed pplc nt sde he ot ced l s whe e he

new postonlnvol dt s mema rala o rihtr ponsbiii ' Mura v.Gimor
ii s ve he a
i
nagei nd vesg es i ltesl; ry
l e,

4 6F.d7 8 71 ( C. r 2 0 )( litf ofee ç e tf l vd n efo wh c aj r c l
0 3 0 , 4 D. Ci. 0 5 pan if frd t n iu e ie c r m ih u y oud
pl
c ncu et t ah rt a f n to al ei n tn t r li tf s p sto , ted fn a t smpy
o ld ha r te h n u cin l l aig he panif ) o iin (h ee d n ) i l
y mi
g vet posto ane ttea tppe gome es)t hol i' . di hi s si
a he iin w il nd a d s one le o d t' Rea ng s ubmisons
)
gene ousy,t c t l as umet tLuqmaa i e t s tsy t f t ee e i t smnnne .
r l he our wil s
ha
n nt nds o ai f he ourh lm nt n hi
r
Thi poston f l f s ve alr as Fis,Sut n i note oyt i aposton c e t d
s ii ais or e r e ons. r t phi s
mpl d n
ii r a e

afe Luqma n' de i Heha s ve ast NRV' Die t ofQuaiy-atdie t -e '
tr
a s moton.
s er d he
S rcor
lt
s rcorlvel'

p sto - a a1 i sbeo e d rng a da tr h COC' ro g niain. up nDe l! 1 3, o i n t 1tme f r , u i , n fe t e
i
s e r a z to S thi c. ! , 4
1 Ex.1 4.M o eove ,Luqm a n ca
0,
,
r
r
a nnots
how t tSut n' pos ton i S u tona l e va e ' t
ha
phi s ii s t nc i ly qui l nt' o
f

t ei nae COC M a
he lmi td
nage posto Bur s , F.
r ii n. ge s 466 App' a 279. he Bl be g t ked
x t
W n om r as
Sut n wih r or ni i t COC,Sut n ça s e ' ism e ousype f medby I n
phi t e ga zng he
phi ts um d'dute
vi l ror
va
M ic l,t D iec orofCus om e Engi rng,w ho r nke t o l ve sa
t he l he r t
t r
nee i
a d w e l bove Luqm a n i Vol s
a n
vo'

c r o aeh eac . d a ! 2- Luq n ' f nue j br s o iiiisa en w p i rl
o p rt irrhy I . t ! 3. mn n s o r o e p nsb l e r o rmaiy
t
pe f med by Pa n a Dalon, ndi dual who r po tt Sut n.The u s e r co d t
ror
dde nd t i vi s
e r o phi
ndiput d e r hus
r fec st tSut nha sgni a l m o e a hort a Vol t n Luq aa be or a a trt
e l t ha phi d i fc nty r ut iy t vo ha
m n, f e nd fe he
COC r ga za i Be us Sut n doe notoc upy aposton t ti ûfmci ly e valnt't
eor ni ton. ca e phi
s
c
ii ha s st tonal qui e ' o
t ei i t d poston,t c tco l
he lm na e
ii he our ncudest tLuqma n ha f ie t s
ha
a s al d o how t thi posto çwas
ha s ii n t
fled by a si iarl qualf ed applcantout de oft pr ect cl ' as r red f t l t
il
m l y
ii
i
si
he ot ed assy' equi or he as

e e e oft pr m a f i c e. Har i 499 F.A pp' at292.Luqm aa spr m a f c e c e t us f is l
l m nt he i ac e as
n' i a i as h a l .
r s,
x
lThec tno e t tc or bl agum e c d bemadet t COC Busnes Lea rposto occ e by
our t s ha ol a e r
nt oul
hat he
i s de
iin upid

IL

Pret xt
e

Eve i Luqmaa c d e tbls aprm af i c s ofr cedic i i ton, vo has
n f
n oul sa ih i ace a e a
s rm na i Vol

ofe e al gii ae,
fr d e tm t non- s rm i t r r a on f hi r as i e : mel t tLuqm a n wa
dic i na o y e s or s e sgnm nt na y, ha
a
s
ta f red a pa tofSut n' ove a lr or a z i n oft COC i r pons t t c
r ns e r s r
phi s r l e g niato
he
n es e o he once
nu
pr s nt i t UAW ' l te .Be aus Vol ha c e ry m e isbur n by pr f i ape m isbl
e e ed n he
S et r c e vo s l a l t t de
oferng
r si e
r a on f t r as i
e s or he e sgnment Luqm a i r quie t s
,
an s e r d o how t tt a s red r a on i k t l a
ha he s e t e s s t ualy
ac
pr t f dic i nai 'Hil 354 F.d at284- W hieLuq aa a
eext or s rmi ton.' l,
3
85. l
m n dvanc ss ve a a gum e si
e e rl r
nt n
a a t ptt e t bls pr t xt t c tc l st the hasf ie t c r y hi bur n he e.
n tem o s a i h e e , he our onc ude ha
a l d o a r s de r
Luqm a n f r ta guest thi r s i nm e wasa ( logi ldec s on, gi n t tt CO C
a is r
ha s ea s g nt
n i l ca
i
i i ' ve ha he
'

i sawelr n,hi eani di sonofVol unde ( s ma e nt'Pl' Br i Op a 1
s
wa
l-u gh- r ng vii
vo
r hij nag me .' .s .n p. t 2.
Luqm a n e pha i st tt COC wa pr ia et oughouthi t ur Healo s
a m sze ha he
s oft bl hr
s en e.
s uggesst t
t ha ,
at
lhough t CO C hasr m a ne pr ia e,i w a l s pr iabl a t rt r ga za i t n
he
e i d oft bl t s es oft e fe he eor ni ton ha

beor Se L.Ex.2.Luqmaa as cone t tSut n fie t pr dehi wiha quae
f e. e ds
;
n lo tnds ha phi ald o ovi m t de t

j siiainf rh sra sg me t ise dsai go l ta h S et h tiwo l beg o t h v a
u tfc to o i e sin n ,n ta ttn ny h t e ç lt a t u d o d o a e
f
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rtx , q a s li a n t u vve u r u g n n e Do n l Do ls

C oncl i
us on

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r he e s ttd,he ur l r n vo' i or ummar j
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nt
Cl r i die t d t s c rii d c e oft smemor ndum o ni a t a c
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ExTER:Ths 44 da o rh 2 5.
i
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ChifUnied St t Diti tJ
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t
aes src udge

2Luqm aa as poi st t cic sa ilevi nceou lne i Pa tB, s a i s
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upr , n uppor ofhi prt t
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r
nt For he e ons s us ed n ha e ton, he our ives ha hi vi nce s s t oba i
eext

20