Jones v. Kroger Company et al

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 1/12/2015. (lab)

CLERK' OFFI U . DI T.
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JUL C. UD ,
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KROGER LI I PARTNERSHI 1 e a,
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ai , onesalegest tshe sufer dabus f ,anxi y,depress on,s e,
l
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Towns nd orKr r The ha alom ove f dim is oft Til VI cl m ag ns Towns nd,
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7

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'
W a t 2006 W L 3838235,at# The co twilt r f e di m i sJ s' V H RA cl i f f iu e
lon,
5.
ur l he e or s s one s
a m or a l r
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o tt
ar
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ibl or te 1 oltons e sa So hen
r . nc, 59 3d 77, 80- 4t
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r 998 . one s uns l onc d hi nt t a r me . e . ' . t 6:Def' Re y Ex.1, oc tN o. The c tw il hc ef e dim i st Til V I cl i a i t
.s pl
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24.
our l t r or s s he te l a m ga ns

Towns nd,a Count1 wilpr e a aTil V1 s xualha as me cai agans Kr ronl
e
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n
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s r s l i o e ala i
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c
kes t a ul

fra e oye t r ait a i ta e oye û c us rheqha o eda prciema
o n mpl r o etlae gans n mpl e s a e s
be
s ppos ny a tc de
unlwf 'byt tsaut 42U. C. 2000 3() Thedee
a ul' ha tt e.
S. j
e- a.
fndant ha move t dimist s
s ve
d o s s hi
cl m unde Rul 1 b)1,agui t J sfie t e us he a nitai rme esont s
ai
r e 2( ( ) r ng hat one ald o xha t r dmi srtve e di
hi
cl m whe s f ld t i udea lga i ofr t lai i he EEOC c r . The c tdiag e s
ai
n he aie o ncl
le tons e a iton n r
ha ge
our s r e .
A pl ntf m us t c ly e us he ad i sr tve r m e esby f lng a c r o
ai i f t ypi a l xha t r m ni ta i e di
ii
ha ge f

d s rmiainwi t EEOC p irt fl gaTieVl lws i.S e4 U. C. 2 0 e 5 t()
ici n to t he
h
ro o in
i
t l a ut e 2 S. j 0 0 - ( 1 ;
l
)
Br ntv. l At. aylnd,I ,288F.d 1 1 ( hCi.
ya Bel lM r a nc.
3 24, 32 4t r 2002) A plitf' EEOC c ge
. anifs
har
defne t s pe ofhe r g t fl s ti f r lc t See J
i s he co
r i ht o ie ui n ede a our .
onesv. ve tGr
Cal r oup.Lt ,551 F.
d.
3d

297, ( h Ci.
300 4t r 2009) l mus i ntf t pa te a d s rbege r l t a tonsorprcies
. t t de iy he ris nd s ci nealy he ci
de
a tc
co ai dof' Chac v. t
mpl ne .
'
ko PauxentI t, F. 505,508( hCi.
ns.429 3d
4t r 2005)(ii 29C. R.j
ctng
F.
8

1 .2( ) çonl t edici nai cai sae i t i ta c ge t er a o bl r ae
601 1 b). d y hos srmi ton l ms ttd n he niil har ,hos e s na y eltd
t t or gi lc pl i ,a t e de o d by r a ona e i s i ton o t orgi lco pl i t
o he i na om a nt nd hos vel pe
e s bl nve tga i f he i na m a n

ma bemanti di as e ntTil VI lws t' J ne ,551F. a 300(ii Eva v.
y
i ane n ubs que te l a ui.' o s
3d t
ctng ns
Te hs Applc tons& Sen,Co.8 F. 954,963( h Ci.1 ) pli ifsf l eioe us
c . iai
. , 0 3d
4t r 996).A antf aiur s xha t
t

a miitaierme is.d p ie t efd rl o rso s be tmatr u idcino e ge l
d n srtv e de ..e rv s h e e a c u t f u j c te j rs ito v r h r
(lt ) - I1
lf l1' (
i '
I i undipu ed t tJ s di notco pl i ofr t la i i he EEOC c r Se EEO C
ts
s t ha one d
m a n e a i ton n r
ha ge. e

Cha ge De .sM ot Dim isEx.2,Doc tN o.1 Howeve , heFourh Cic thasr c ze a
r , f'
. s s
ke
2.
rt
t r ui
e ogni d n
e e i t t e usi r quie e f ce ti r tla i c am s whe apli ifhasbee
xc pton o he xha ton e r m nt or ra n ea iton l i :
n a ntf
n
r t la e a ns f flng a c r ofdi c i i to w ih t EEOC ,s Sm a r s t r t i ton
e a i t d gai t or ii
ha ge
s rm na i n t he
he i y ai e he e ala i

cam f t frttmei f rlc t' Ne lonv. one, F. 58 590( hCi.1 .Thi
li or he is i n edea our. as St 958 2d 4, 4t r 992) s
'
e ptoni khei via ec olayofgheFourhCic ts i nealya e e prnci et tt
xce i s s ne tbl or lr t
t
t rui'j ge r l cc ptd i pl ha he
s opeofa Til Vl lws tm a e e t a ki ofdic i i ton lkeorr lt d t a lga i
c
te 1 a ui y xt nd o ny nd
s rm na i i
e ae o le tons
c aned i t cha geand gr ngoutofs h alegai d i t pe ncy oft ca e be or
ont i n he r
owi
uc l tons urng he nde
he s f e

t g
he EEOCj''l ( tngHilv. etr El Co.67 F. 381 390n. ( hCi.1 2).Thi
.' d.cii l W sen ec. , 2 2d ,
6 4t r 98 ) s
e pton a s r c ni est ta pl i ifwho hasts e be n r t la ed a i tf flng a
xce i l o e og z ha
a ntf
tonc e e a i t ga ns or ii n

a i sr tve c r .wilna ur ly be gm s a
dm nita i ha ge.. l t al
l hy bouti tngf t r t la i by flng a s cond
nvii urher e aiton
ii
e

c r ec ani a t frtrtlaton.' I (ii M ahor v. tr& Co.88 F.
ha g ompli ng bout he is eai i '' d.ctng l ta Cote
, 5 2d
1 1 1 (t Ci.1 ).I s apl ntf whoalgest ts wa rt itda ns f flng
305, 3 2 7h r 989) n um, ai if
le ha he s ealae gai t or ii
a EEOC c r nee notf l a s co c r be or brngi he r t la i c ai i f de a
n
ha ge d
ie e nd ha ge f e i ng r e a i ton l m n e r l

coul .4
'
t

The de e nt a know l
f nda s c
edgeN e l on,butc end t ti i i pplca e he e. Spe fc l
as
ont
ha t s na i bl r
cii aly,
t de e nt a gue t tJ
he f nda s r
ha oneshasa l ge t ts e r e e r t la i n be or f lng herEEO C
le d ha he xpe i nc d e a i to f e ii
cha ge. n s
r l uppor oft s a gum e , he de enda t f uson a sngl pa agr ph oft com pl nt
t hi r
nt t
f
n s oc
i e r a
he
ai ,

whih al ge t tJ nese re d r t la i df he lwf a pr e t a tonsoffrt
c le s ha o
xpe ince e aiton tor r a ul nd ot ced c i
is
l i wrte a ve balc
odg ng it n nd r ompli swih Defnda t a
ant t
e n s boutt unlwf a ha a sng
he a ul nd r s i

b h vir., n sc n ld igac mpan wi t EEOC wh n Dee d n sf i dt a to g r
e a o ..a d e o d o gn o lit t he
h
e f n a t al o c n hej
e
prvi c ant. Compl!49(mp ssadde .Thede e nt aguet tJ wa
e ous ompli s'
'
.
e hai
d)
f nda s r ha ones s
r quie t i l c pl i soft e t is ' r t i t y a s i he EEO C c r a t the
e r d o nc ude om a nt
hes t r t' e ala or ct n r
f
ha ge, nd ha r

fiu et d s srp t sc u t f u idcino e h rrtlai ncam.
alr o o o ti s hi o r o j rs it v r e eaito li
o
The c t lne t r ad a sngl ale ton oft c pl n i i ol ton,a t def nda s
our dec i s o e
i e l ga i
he om ai t n s a i s he e nt
s
ugge t The c pl i r pe t dl aleg t tt d e nt r t la ed a i tJ
s.
om a nt e a e y l es ha he ef nda s e a i t ga ns onesafe t
t r hey

l r dt ts hadfldanEEOC c r e.Se Compl!1 (kmmedael upon(he tlngoft
eane ha he
ie
ha g e
. 9 kl
it y
t j ii
he
EEOC compl ntbei r pore t Def nda s .De e nt bega tki s tntve a tng bl
ai
ng e td o e nt .. f nda s
n a ng ubsa i nd a i e

a s e o nta tonst r gones' ;J.(le ngt ta trt d e nt lane oft
dvere mplyme ci owad J 1' j. algi ha fe he efnda s e r d he
) s
EEOC c ge s t f c t s e a s r foor,cla t br a r m ,Cr h dut 'a
har , he t
was or ed o we p nd c ub l s e n he e k oo tas
y, nd

( s fr e t wor t û r ngl 'lt a ni f'; i (le ngt tdl tnotmedurngher
wa l o c d o k he paki ot ae t gh ) d. algi ha çal i
i
e pl en wih D e e nt a a c hi rpr o t he m a ng t co pl ntt t EEO C w as
m oym t t f nda s s as e i r o r ki he m ai o he

(o s e ras d't pef m t s d i ) i a !23('n f t rrtlai f ( r flngoft
J neq ve ke 'o ror he e utes;d. t
; urhe eaiton or hel ii
l
he
EEOC c antgone )wasco i l vebal r prma da sngl ou f i e ina
ompli l s
ntnuousy r ly e i nde nd i ed- t or ntnto l
4 Som e c t i o herc r uishaver tea e f o t sexc pton f l ng t Supr Cour ' de son i
ours n t ic t
e r t d r m hi e i olowi he
eme
ts cii n
N a' R. Pa s n e Co . . o g n, 3 U. ,l ( 0 2 , c e h sz dt en e f rû tita h r n et t e
tl R. s e g r p v M r a 5 6 S 01 2 0 ) whih mp a ie h e d o ç rc d e e c o h
s
.--

p o e ua rq rme t'o Til Vl.S e ec.Ke lyv. mal3 1F. u pz 3 , 0( D. 2 05.Th Fo rh
r c d rle uie ns' f te I e . . , ee S l, 9 S p .d 0 4 D. C. 0 ) e u t
Cic th we e, a e piiyrj ce t sve e haiigta i asn..e isbidigpe e e t i ti
rui o v rh s x l t ee td hi iw, mp szn h tç lo . man n n rc d n' n hs
,
cl
Ne
r
'
cic t J ,551F. a 303.
r ui. ones
3d t

10

humiito e rasme ,s or a rdiul i fontofhe c wor r'l i (legi t ta
lain, mbar s nt c n, nd i c e n r
r o- ke s'; d. al ng ha
Kr re oye i tucedot r kobeepe i l S rh'ongo s,a t i e i ly
oge mpl e nsr t he s '
t
s caly ha s
l ne) nd o ntntonal
s he ehe f t l sde ia edutes ., nd s ciia l nots he ehe f rhe nor lc s er
c dul r or he es sr bl i .. a pe fc ly
c dul r o r ma a hi

dute .'afe he EEOC c antwasfld) Thec antdoe no c anasngl aleg ton
is..' tr r
ompli
ie .
ompli
s t onti i e l ai
ofar t it y a ton oc ur i be or J sfl hercompl ntwih t EEOC.Consd r d a a
e ala or ci
c rng f e one ied
ai t he
ie e s
w hol t c tfndst tt c pl i a l ge t tJ
e, he our i
ha he om a nt le s ha onese r e ed r t i ton a i i f o t
xpe i nc e ala i r s ng r m he

fl gh rEEOC c mpan .Th c u th h ss be tmatr u id ci no rh rrtlai ncam
ii e
n
o lit e o r tus a u j c te j rs ito ve e eaito li
he e. See N e l on,958 F. a 5
r
as
2d t 90.

J sha a s re he r t la i c am a ns bo h Kr e a Towns
one s s e td r e a iton l i gai t t og r nd
end. Asdic s d
s us e
a
bove,
howe ,Towns c l behel i vi ly la ef Til Vl vi a i . Thec t
ver
end amot
d ndi dua l ibl or te l oltons
our
wilt r f e dim i s Coun 1 1a i tTowns nd,a t Til V l r t la i n cl i w ilpr e
l he e or s s
t l ga ns
e
nd he te I e a i t o a m l oc ed
a i tK- eronl
ga ns r
og
y.
I . o 1 :A s aul and Bat e y
v c unt V
s t
tr
l Coun l ,J
n
t V onesas e t a sa e l a s ul a ba t r c a m pr m i e on t a l ge
s r s t t aw s a t nd te y l i e s d
wo le d

a s t .Fis,J sa s rst tTowns nd a Kr e a ebot la eunde t docrneof
s auls r t one s e t ha
e nd og r r h ibl
r he ti
rs
e ponde ts r orf G a m on' Se e be 1 201 as a t i whi h G a m on i e t y
a upe i or m
s pt m r 8, 2 s ul, n
c
m
l pea edl
r

c us dhi bodyt c i oc a twih (oness i as xua ma r i e ngt ce t or
a e s
o ome nt ontc t J 'l n e l nne, ntndi o rae

smuaesx a c n a to a t. Co l a ! 6 5 - 0 S c n , o e a s rsta To s n i
i lt e u l o tc r cs' mp . t ! , 7 6 . e o d J n s se t h t wn e d s
'
pe s na l la e a K r ri la e und rt doc rne ofr s
r o ly i bl nd oge s i bl
e he t i
e ponde ts r orf Tow ns s
a upe i or
end'
M a c 30, 3 a s ul,i w hi h Towns nd bum ped J
rh
201 s a t n c
e
ones s c s r pea edl a yele a he afe
' he t e t y nd l d t r t r

s c ane a benga sgne lt ni tpaki l d y.Co . !21, - The
he ompli d bout i s i d ae gh r ng ot ut
mpl!
6165.
def
endant az t t scl m m us be di m i sed w ih r pectt Tow ns s aleged assaul,
s gue hat hi ai
t
s s
t es
o
end' l
t

be us t Vigi aW or r'Co ns to Ac ($ CA' , CodeAnn.j65. 1 e s ,
ca e he r ni
kes mpe ain t 1
VW
' Va.
)
2- 01 t eg.

p o i e tes l r me y fra yij r J ne ma h v s sane a ars l.Th c u t g e s
r v d s h oe e d o n nu y o s y a e u ti d s e ut e o r a re .
TheVW CA prvie c ranrg t a dr me ist e l y e wh s fe S nij r b
o d s e ti ih s n e d e o mp o e s o u fr i nu y y
a
ac i nta ii outofa i t cou s oft e oyme , whihû xcl lalohe rght a
cde rsng
nd n he re he mpl nt' c d udeg 1 t r i s nd
'
e
r e e o s e pl e. .a c m on l w orot r s ' M il v.W as ngt W or ac .
em di s f uch m oye . t om
a
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' ler
hi on
kpl e

I ,298F. p.2d.364,371( D. 2004)
nc.
Sup
E. Va.
.TheVW CA t k e udesa e oye fom
hus d cl
pr
n mpl e r

b i gn c mmo 1w p ro a ij r camsa an t c - mply eo e o e f rij re
rn ig o n a e s n l nu y li g is a o e o e r mply r o nu is
s san dd rn t c u s o e o me t' 1 .$ ij r i s b e t ot e cu i i p o iin
u ti e u ig he o re f mply n a d k nu y s u j c t he x l svt r v so s
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An
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he VW
f t s he es t n c de
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antf

e oyme t' RihmondNe papes I .v.Ha l
mpl n . c
'
ws rsnc
zewood,457S. 2d56,58( 1 ) Thus t
E.
Va. 995 .
,he

c i c liq iyi ç eh r(o e ')ij r wa ( )a ij r b a cd n, 2 aii go to , 3 a d
rt a n ur s i t e J n ss n u y s 1 n nu y y c i e t( ) rsn u f ( ) n
i
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i t c s of he e pl e . M il r 298 F.Su 2d. t371 The cou tfnds t ta
n he our e , r m oym nt' le ,
'
pp, a
.
r i ha ny

ij re s sane b J n sa ars t fTo sn sa s utstsi sti tr ep r iq iy'h
nu is u ti d y o e s e ulo wn e d' sa l aite h s h e - a tn ur , e
t
VW CA tu p o ie J n sss l r me yf rto eij re .
h s r vd s o e ' oe e d o h s n u is
Anij r o c r t ya cd n 'i i o c r C tapatc lrtmea dpa e a o p s dt
nu y c u s i c ie t f t c u s k
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a riua i n lc , s p o e o
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u ltv nu y r m e t v ru . d (iig n s . ri, 8 E.d 5 , 65 Va
t
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o Vign a l c, 3 F. u p. 5 , 5 ( D. .1 9 )(litf' ij r wa k ya cd n 'wh n
f r ii. n .9 2 S p 7 3 7 8 E. Va 9 6 p an ifs n u y s ' c ie t' e
b
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t ybot wor o M a c 30,201 a co di y,t eij i ce ryoc uredt a i nt'
he h ked n r h
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w ihi t m eani oft V W CA .
t n he
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Thes c n ee n -wh te a ij r C rs so to 'h p an ifse ly n -f c e
e o d lme t eh r n n u y k ie u f t e litf mpo me t o us s
a
onwhehe t r i $ ca a co to bewe nwok a ij y. tr 932F.Supp. t758.
t r he e s t us l nnecin t e r nd nur ' e,
a
'Sut
a
Thi el m e C us be consr d lbe aly i f vo ofcove a unde t ac . M il r 298 F. p.
s e nt ' t
m
t ue i r l n a r
r ge
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Sup

2d. t372(ii Br v.Re d,1 S. 2d394,396( 1 ) l c esi vi i e ina
a
ctng own
e 65 E.
Va. 969). n as nvol ng ntnto l
t t,dgj nec s r c us c ci maybee tbls i t e de s
ors kthe esay a al onne ton
sa ihed f he vi nce howst tt atc
ha he ta k
w a die ed a i tt cl i a asa e pl e o bec us oft e pl ym e . M il r 298 F.
s r ct ga ns he a m nt n m oye r a e he m o nt' le ,
'
Supp. a 372. l M il r f e m pl t pl ntf s s vi o , ho had a l ge y s xualy
2d t
n le , or xa e, he ai if uper s r w
le dl e l

ha a s d he i t pa t gr bbe hera s
r s e r n he s, a d
nd hovedhe t r adoora t s r que t ac oft
r owa d
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co pa ss lha a s e polc L. a 371 The Co tf undt tt pl i ifsr uli
m ny' exua r s m nt iy. d t .
.
a
ur o
ha he antf es tng

ij re aos fo h re o me t b c us S v r e e ti ti se a i,( panifs
nu is r e r m e mply n , e a e d ey v n n h s c n zo t lit l
e
he
f
dic e wih( rs peviors wor a c
sontnt t he u r s 'j kplce onduc,he rque tf aco oft .polc a
t r e s or py he.. iy, nd
( rs r s 'latc onhe, wok-eltd.'1 a 372;s as Sute,932F.Supp. t758
he upeviors ta k
rwas r r ae ' d. t
ee lo tr
a

( lit fsij re , usane wh nh rs p r io f ri yrmo e he fo tewok lc
pani n u is s ti d e e u ev s r o cbl e v d r r m h r p a e
f
f l w i he t r i ton, r e f om he e pl ym e be a e t as a tw a w or r a ed a no
olo ng r e m na i a os r
r m o nt c us he s ul s k- elt nd t

' tvae bype s lfei ori s s'.
t i td
mo
rona e lngs mpule '
)

Ont eoh rha d whe a a sultsp ro a t tee ly e .teij r d e n taie
h te n , n n sa tc e s n lo h mpo e .. nu y o s o rs
i
h
outoft e pl e .' H a el ood,
he m oym nt' z w
457 S. 2d a 58.l H a l ood, he pl i ifwass xua l
E. t
n ze w
t
a ntf
e ly

a s t byamal co ke on svealoc sons J a 56.TheSu e Cour ofVigi ahed
sauled
e wor r e r ca i . Z t
prme
t r ni l

t a tep an ifsr s lig ij re ween t o rdb teVW CA, e a s to eij re wee
h t h litf' eu t n u is r o c vee y h
n
b c u e h s n u is r
no w or r l t d. I The Cour r as d t tt s xua as a t û e e ofa pe s lna ur a
t k- e a e d.
t e one ha he e l s uls i r
w
r ona t e nd

no diecedagans ghepli iq a gnje o g ori f t rnc oft e oye ' busne s'
t r t
i t t antf s a mplyeel n urhea e he mpl rs i s .
'
1 ;s al o H art an v,Ret l s & M f .D i rbuton M ar nz Se1 . l ,929 F.Supp.2d 581,
d. ee s
m
aier
rs sti i
ki
' . nc.
v

587( . Va. 3 (e asa tbyc wor rwa pes na i naur s pl ntf srs tng
W D. 201 ) s xual s ul o- ke s ro ln t e, o ai if e uli

ij re ween tc v r db t eVW CA) Bulrv S uh r Sae Co o . n .6 0 SE.d7 8
n u is r o o ee y h
; t . o ten tts - p.l c, 2 . 2 6 ,
e
7 2 7 ( . 0 5 ( litf sij re fo s x a a sutddn t rs fo h re ly n
7 - 3 Va 2 0 ) pan if n u is r m e u l sa l i o a ie r m e mpo me t
bec us he a s l nt sda tonsw e e t r ul ofhi as e t pe s na a tac i n't he a l oul
a e r s aia ' t c i
r he es t
s s red r o l tr to ' o r nd t d
c

notbefil tac dt here o nf'.
ary r e o
mplyme )
I t s c s ,Tow ns nd' pur t d a s ul c e ry a os f o J ne ' empl e a a
n hi a e
e s por e s a t l a l r e r m o s s
oym nt s
K r rc hi r The com pl i a l ge t tTo ns nd,t sor sge a m a e , led a J
oge as e .
a nt le s ha w e he t e' ner l nag r ye l t ones
a bu pe hi c s a ns he i a i i i tng m a rafe s c pl i d a
nd m d s he t gai t r n n ntm da i
nne t r he om a ne boutbei
ng

asi dt wor ç r ng ltdut ' onea ni .Se Compl! 20- .Townsndalege yt d
sgne o k k ki o y'al t ght e
pa
. ! 21
e l dl ol
J s t ti he s t ton w ih Tr vorGa m on i ove l' nd SYou don' w or f yourpa e s you
one ha i iua i
t
t e
m
s r'a d
t k or
r nt ,

wo kf rmea di s me n tlsy uwh t odoy uwi d i o y uwilo ey u j bl I
r o
n f o o e el o a t
o l o t r o l ls o r o ' d.
l
'
Thes sae e s al wih t tm i oft as a t demonsr t t tTowns nd' aci nswe e
e t tm nt, ong t he i ng he s ul,
tae ha
e s to
r
m otva e by wha he per e ve a J
i td
t
c i d s ones s de i ntbe vi asa e pl . N o hi i t
' fa
ha or n m oyee
t ng n he
c pl i s es st tTowns nd' a tonsw e e m o i t d by hi pe s na f lngsori pul e
om a nt ugg t ha
e s ci
r
tva e
s r o l ee i
m ss

t r J s SeeSutr 93 F.
owad one .
te, 2 Supp. 758.Ont c rr j ta i M ilr ( veye nti
at
he ontay,us s n le,t r ve n
e

ti se a i .i wo k rltd. 2 8F. u p. da 3 2 An ij re s f rdb J n sa ars l
h s c n ro..s r -eae ' 9 S p 2 t 7 . y nu is ufee y o e s e ut
'
ofTow ns nd' as a tt a i e o ofhere pl ym e .
e s s ul hus r s ut
m o nt

J r le prmaiyont sc tsopi o i Ha t n,929F.Supp. 581( . Va.
ones eis i rl hi our' nin n rma
2d
W D.
201 ) t aguet tTownsnd' a s twa no wok-eaed.SeePl' Supp. .n Opp. t33 ,o r ha
e s saul s t r rlt
.s
Br i
a 5,
Doc tN o.23. The cour tndshe r i nce on t tde i i t be m i pl c d. l H a t a t
ke
ti
r ela
ha c son o
s a e n rm n, he
pl i ifs d he e pl r f as a ta ba t r a tr s w asvi e l s xua l a s ule by a
a ntf ue r m oye s or s ul nd te y fe he
ol nty e ly s a t d
c wor ri t di l ltpa ki l oft i s r d w or pl ce. 1 a 58 83. Thi c tf
o- ke n he m y-i r ng ot he r ha e
k a
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t tt pl ntf scl i di notf l w ihi t V W CA ' e l i t pr s on,be a e t a t ck
ha he ai i f a m d
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S xc us viy ovi i
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di notarie f herem pl ent i t i wasCpers
d
s rom
oym ; ns ead, t
i onali nat e bet een t o i vi s who
n ur
w
w ndi dual

h pp n dt b c wo k r . J-a 5 7 l s d ig tec u t ee tdt edee d n s a g me t
a e e o e o- r e s' #. t 8 . n o on ,h o r rj ce h fn a t' r u n
'
t tt i a l ge know l dge oft a t c r' vi e hi t r a t i alege neg i nce i
ha he r le d
e
he ta ke s ol nt s o y nd he r l d lge
n

manani t rprmie 'rnsor e (heatc rs pes na vi e prdie tonsa
iti ng hei e s s t a f mldj t ta ke 'l ro l olnt e lci nd
t
a t a ton t t pl ntf i o a co to ofe pl m e f pur esoft V W CA . l a 587*
tr c i o he ai if nt
ndii n
m oy nt or pos
he
' d. t ,
'

s e ec.Plmme v. n makCo ,nc, 6 S. 2d7 ( . 9 8 ( odngt a ij re
e . . , u r La d r mm.I .3 6 E. 3 Va 1 8 ) h li h t nu is
s t ne by af ma ede i r drve whe s wasa s ule by a sr nge ass wat d i a di yusai d
e l lve y i r n he
s a td
ta r he ie n ml
ltpa ki l ta os f om he e pl m e , a e he e pl rha notc oft da r
i r ng o r e r
r m oy nt bec us r m oye d i e he nge ous

c tona f ldt pr ec he) Thec te
ondii nd aie o ot t r.
our mpha ie t tiapes na a t kt twa dnno
sz d ha t ro l tac ha s i
wayi f t r nc of(hee oyesqbusne s.c nnotfil beta dt ghepl ntf s
n urhe a e t mpl r' i s ..a
ary rce o t ai if j
emplyme a ac rbutngpr maec us .' l a 588( tngBute ,620S, 2da 773)
o nt s onti i oxi t a e'' d. t cii
lr
E. t .

J n sa g e t tlk i Ha t n teij re s es san da ars lo To s n s
o e r u s ha,ie n rma ,h nu is h u tie s e ut f wn e d'
as a tdo nota i e f om a i ondii ofhe e pl e ' a a Kr erc hi r P1' Supp.Br a 3s ul
rs r
t
c ton
r m oym nt' s
og as e . .s
.t

4.Tha m a bes butt sa gu e bea sno r a i hi t t is be or t c t Thei s
t y
o, hi r m nt r
eltons p o he s ues f e he our.
s ue
he ei whe he Towns nd' as a twaswor r a e orpe s li na ur notwhe he s
r s t r
e s s ul
k-elt d
rona n t e,
t r ome
co ton ofJ nes se pl e i r as d he rs oft r pa t a s ul. A sdi cus e a ve
ndii
o ' m oym nt nc e e r i k hid ry s a t
s s d bo ,
Towns nd' a s ul w ascl a l wor r a e J
e s sa t
e ry
k- el t d. onesa s c t s H a t a f r t pr
l o ie
rm n o he opos ton t t
ii ha
G a m on' pe s lm otves s d s m e
m
s r ona
i
houl o how be i put d t Tow ns be us Towns nd
m e o
end ca e
e

(n o e 'Ga n' n med rn hsa s uto J n s I a 4- * e Co . 21( l gn ta
t v k d' mmo s a u ig i sa l f o e . d. t 5 s e mpl! al ig h t
i
,
e
TownsndyeledChest tonwihTrvorGa
e
l ' iuai t e
t
mmoni ove ')
s r! .Theco tc nnotfnda s
'
ur a
è ny uppor
t
f t st or i H a t a orel e r . Re r e sofwha m a ha m otva e G a m o s
or hi he y, n rm n
s whe e
ga dl s
t y ve
i t d m n'
e lera s uls t c pl i c e r y de o ta e t tTowns nd' a s tw asm otva e by hi
ari s a t , he om a nt l a l m nsr t s ha
e s s aul
i td
s

fusrtonwihJ 'j pef ma e Anyij yrs tngfo Towns sasa tt r or
r tai t oness ob ror nc .
nur euli r m
end' sul heef e
ar e f om herem pl ent w ihi t m eani oft V W CA .
os r
oym , t n he
ng he
15

Thec u t e dn t wel o go tet idee n n c sayf ra ij r t b c v rdb
o r n e o d lln n h hr lme t e e s r o n nu y o e o ee y
t VW CA.Thsee n rq ie ta teij r o c rtnt ec u s o ' p an ifse ly n ,
he
i lme t e ur s h t h nu y c u s h o re f a litf mpo me t
i
w hi h ér f r t t tm e, a e,a c r um s a esoft a c d . Sute ,932 F.Supp. t759.
c ie e s o he i pl c nd ic t nc
he c i ent'
' tr
a
Towns nd' a s ul a l ge y oc ur e i i t Kr e s o e whe e J sw or d dur ng he w o k
e s s a t le dl c r d ns de he og r t r
r one
ke
i
r r

hour,s t see nti ce rys tsidhee.Se M ilr 298F.Supp. a 372(ttngt tt
s o hi lme s lal aife r e le,
2d t
sai ha he

t r ee n i t lal me'wh nt eij re c mplie o t c u rd d rn tewo k a a a
hid lme t s d e ry t' e h n u is o an d f ù c re u ig h r d y nd t
c
o
gh panifs p a eo e ly n.
t e litf l lc f mpo me t'
).
Be us Tow ns nd' as a ts t si sal t ee e em e soft V W CA ' e l i t
ca e
e s s ul a i t e 1 hr l nt
he
S xc us viy

pr son,t VW CA pr vi sJ nesss ermed f a ij yr uli fom i.Thecour wil
ovii he
o de o ' ol e y or ny nur es tng r t
t l
t r f e di m i s CountI oft c pl i w ih r pec t To ns nd' a l ge as a t The cou t
he e or s s
V
he om a nt t es t o w e s le d s ul.
r
wila s di m is t pori ofCountI t ts kst hol Towns nd la e f G a m on' aleg
l l o s s he ton
V ha ee o d
e i bl or m
s l ed
a s tund r t doc rne ofr pondea s pe i ,asTowns nd i notGa m on' e pl r Se
s aul
e he t i
es
t u ror
e s
m
s m oye . e

Ke sn t nAso s v. et 3 2S. 2 9 0, 01( .1 8 )(un r h d crn o r s o d a
n ico s c . W s, 6 E.d 0 9 Va 9 7 i de t e o tie f e p n e t
t
s ror a em pl yeri la e f t t to ac s o hi e pl e i t em pl
upe i , n
o
s i bl or he ori us t f s m oye f he
oyee w a pe f m i
s r or ng

hi e oye ' busne sa a tngwihi t sopeofhi e oyme .) Co tI wilt
s mpl rs i s nd ci t n he c
s mpl nt'. un V l hus
'
pr e s ey a asae lw c am f as a ta bat r s ki t hol Kr e la ef
oc ed oll s t t a l i or s ul nd te y ee ng o d og r i bl or
Gammon' ale a s ul unde t docrneofr s nde ts ror
s lged s a t
r he ti
e po a upe i .
C oncl i
us on

Fort r as saed, hedefndant'mo i n t dim iswilbegr nt d i pa ta d e
he e ons t t t
e
s to o s s l
a e n r nd enid
i pa t Co lwilbe di m i s d i ise ie y. The VH R A c ai i Count1 wilbe dim i s d,
n r . unt l
s s e n t ntr t
lm n
1 l
s se

a t Til VI s xua ha as me cai wilbedimis d a t Towns nd'Count1 wilt
nd he te I e l r s nt l m l
s se s o
e ,
1 l hus
pr
oceed asa Til V I s
te 1 exualhar m entcl m agai K r
ass
ai
nst ogeronl Countl 1w ilbe di m i ed as
y.
l l
s ss
t Towns
o
end,and w ilproceed asa Til V 1 r alaton cl m agai tKr
l
te 1 et i i
ai
ns ogeronl CountI w il
y.
V l
16

be dimis d a t Towns nd' al ge a s ta t t e e t ti s e t hol Towns nd
s se s o
e s le d s aul nd o he xt nt ha t e ks o d
e
pe s ly la e f r Ga m on' a l ge a s ul;Coun I w ilt ef e pr ee asa as a ta
r ona l i bl o m
s le d s a t
t V l her or oc d
n s ul nd
ba t r cl i ag ns Kr ronl ba e on G a m on' a l ge as a t
te y a m ai t oge
y sd
m
s le d s ul.
The Cl r i di e t d t s nd c r ii d c e oft sm em or ndum opi on a t
e k s r c e o e e tf e opi s hi
a
ni nd he
a om pa ng or rt a1 c
cc
nyi
de o l ouns ofr co d.
el e r

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