Dunn v. Millirons

Filing 61

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 3/31/2016. (eot)

CLERK' OFFI U. DI O URT
S
CE S. ST.
ATROANOKE,
VA
FIED
L

I THE UN I
N
TED STA TES D I
STRI COU RT
CT
FOR THE' ESTERN DI
W
STRI OF VI NI
CT
RGI A
RO AN O KE D I I ON
V SI

MA2 3 1 2 1
26
JUL
K
BY;

CL
ERK
EP

BRJ SCOTT D UN N ,
AN
Ci lAc i N o. 14CV 00429
vi ton
7:
Pl i if
a ntf ,

M EM OM NDUM OPI ON
NI
SHERI M ORGAN M I RON S
FF
LLI

Hon.Gl n E.Co a
e
nr d
Chi fUnied St t Diti tJ
e
t
aes src udge

Def nda .
e nt

Bra Sc tDunn pr vi l wo ke a ade y s rf i t ofi eofGie Coun y
in ot
e ousy r d s put he if n he fc
ls
t
She ifM o g M ilr . Thi ca e a i e f om She ifM ilr 'de i i t t r i t D lnn'
rf
r an lions
s s rs s r
r f lions c s on o e m na e l s
r

e oy e . Dul cai st tt tr i ton c tt ed ar t it y dic r i vi a i of
mpl m nt
m l m ha he e m na i onsiut
ealaor s ha ge n olton
t Fa s Cl i sA c a t Fi s A m e e . D ur a s a s r s a c a m f rw r
he l e a m
t nd he r t
ndm nt
m l o s e t l i o ongf l
u
di c z unde sa e l w . The c s i pr s nty be or t co ton She ifM ilr 'm oto f
s ha ge
r tt a
a e s e e l f e he ur
rf lions
i n or

s mmayj g n . Fo teflo n ra o ,h moin wil g a tdi p r a dd n e i
u r ud me t r h olwig e s ns te to lbe rn e n a t n e id n.
pal .
'
t

Backzround

Th f lo n fcsfo t sl r j d me tr c r a eet e t ip td o , ee
e o lwig a t r m he lmma y u g n e o d r ih r mds u e r wh r
di put d, a e pr e e i t lgh m os f vor bl t t pl i if See Ande s ' v. Li r y
s e r es nt d n he i t
t a a e o he a ntf .
r on
be t

Lo b I c, 7U. 2 2 2 5( 9 6 (mp szn ta Eth e d n eo t no mo a t s obe
b y,n .47 S. 4 , 5 1 8 ) e haiig h ts l e vie c fhe n v n i t
g
beived,a a1j tta ei e e e a et bedrwn i hi fvor'whe r i o amoto f
le
nd 1 usii bl nfr nc s r o
a n s a ,' n ulng n
in or
s
umma yj me )
r udg nt.

Dlnn wa hied by She ifM ilr nsi 2008. Att tm eDunn wa hied,hehed t
l
s r
rf lio n
he i
s r
l he
r nk of s r a i She ifM ilr ns c n of c
a
e ge nt n
rf lio ' hai
omm a
nd. He e nmaly a ti d t r nk of
ve
l ta ne he n
leut na .
i e nt
D urng t c u'e of hi e pl e a a de y,D unn alo s r d o t Boa d of
i he ot s
s m oym nt s
put
s e ve n he
r

Su l s sofGie Count Pro t r nni f hi e e t s ton t boa d,Dlnn r c ve
pewior
ls
y. i r o u ng or s l ced ea
he z
l e ei d
pe m iso fom She ifM ilr .
r sin r
rf lions
I ea l 201 t Boa d ofSupe v s sr c i compl i sr ga di t co y a ma
n ry
3, he
r
r ior e eved
ant e r ng he unt ni l

s etrfo me eso Gie An ma Re c e(t ', lc l ou t e o g n z to Atta
h le r m mb r f ls i l s u (
GAR' a o a v ln e r r a iain. h t
)
tme,hea ma s le wasma ge by She ifM ilr , f nde byt c mt asdiece by
i t ni l het r
na d
rf lions but u d he ol y
r td
t Boar of Su r i or . The GA R m e be s co pl ne a
he
d
pe v s s
m r m ai d boutt phys c c tons o t
he
i al ondii
f he

a mals tr a t l ve o ca e r eved by t a mal. The c e nsr ie by t GAR
ni
hele nd he e l f r ec i
he ni s
onc r as d
he
m e be s 1 d t f t rques i r r ng whe he Cha tt Pe ki , he s le ' onl e pl ,
m r e o urhe
tons ega di
t r s iy r ns t he t r s y m oyee
w a a t ly w or ng a 1oft hotr f r whi h s w a be ng pai
s c ua l
ki l he ls o
c he s i
d.
I J y of 201 m e be s of t Boa d of Supe v s s as d Dur t s a t She i f
n ul
3, m r
he
r
r i or ke
m o pe k o
rf

M ilr a
lions bout t is r ie by t GAR me be s Of t e is s Dunn wa m os
he s ues a s d
he
m r.
hos sue ,
s
t
co e ned w ih w he he t c
nc r
t
t r he ount w a pa ng f r hour t tPe ki di nota ly w or Se
y s yi o
s ha r ns d
dua l
k. e

Dum De Tr 91 Pl' Br Op nSu J Ex. (tlhePekn t i wa mo ei o tn . .
r p. . , .s . p' mm. . A G-j r is hng s r mp ra t . .
g-

F j uj s c n' b p yngs me o y frh u st e aen two l n .) Al o g Dl nha n
o u t a t e a i o b d o o r h y r o r i g'. t u h l d o
c '
h
n
s r i or c nt olo rPe ki ort a m als le i hi pos ton w ih t s rf s of i e t
upe v s y o r ve r ns he ni
he t r n s ii
t he he if f c , he
c un y w asr pons bl f pa ngt s a fng a nc t te pl d Pe ki t w o k a t s le .
o t
es
i e or yi he t f i ge y ha m oye r ns o r t he he t r
She i fM ilr ( i d of ' t i c s f om t s afi a nc f rhour a l ge y w or d
r f lions s gne f on he nvoi e r he t fng ge y o
s
s le dl
ke

by Pe ki ,and t e i c we e t pr s e a pai by t Boa d of Supe v s r .
r ns
hos nvoies r hen oce s d nd d
he
r
r io s

M ilr De Tr 37,P1' Br Opp' Summ .J.Ex.K. Dul e tm a e t tt c y pad
lions p. .
.s .
n
m si t s ha he ount i

Pe ki ove $70, f wor t ts di no pe f
r ns r 000 or k ha he d t ronn.
Dul s e nty me wih She ifM ilr i t s rf ofi durng wor hour .
m ubs que l t t
rf lions n he he irs fce i
k
s

Durngt meei Dunna sd SheifM ilr t tCheBoad g Supe vs r was ups t'
i he tng,
dvie
rf lions ha ç
t
r of r io s q e,
'

b c u e( o lit ( rjc mi i a o t h a i l h le a dh w tea i ls le ( s
e a s ç mpans wee o ng n b u t e nma s etr n 0 h nma hetr wa )
c
bei nm. Dt De Tr 65. Dunn e
ng ' mn p. .
'
mphasze t thi S ggetco en wa a Cha tt
i d ha s l s nc r s bout siy
bi

g ekis ben p i f rh u st a s wan' wo kig'a dt a i wa S o g i gt b g o 'i
p r n q ig ad o o r h t he s t r n , n h t t s t t o n o e o d'f
'
n
he tmer co dswe ea t d. I Dunn s
ri e r
r udie d.
ugge t t tShe ifM ilr i t l atm ecl k o a
sed ha
rf lions nsa l i
oc r

c meaa t ea i ls le t k e ta k o t eh u sta Pekn a t al woke . I .
n r t h n ma hetr o e p r c f h o r h t r is cu ly r b d
She ifM ilr nsbec me u e durng t meei a t eae t ki k outt GAR
rf lio
a
ps t i he
tng, nd hr t ned o c
he

me r whoha b e vou t eiga t s le . Th s rf as a vs dDt t C n gij
mbes
d e n lne rn the hetr e heif lo d ie mn o i d hs
mi
o b i s, a didc tdCh tt udb i g r s b s itrs j s no t wo r a u gh
wn usne s' n n iae t a iwo l e n Dum'q e tn eet u t t o ry bo t t e
'
t
s lej' I a 68.
hetr. d. t
'
Folow i t m e tng,She ifM ilr S t t d a tng dif e l ' o a d Dlnn. 1 a
l ng he e i
rf lions E are c i
s
f er nty' t w r l
d. t

Dul t sii d t tt s rf i t r ce wih hi i a E mpr e sona a r de'm n r
m e tfe ha he he if n e a td t m n n t of s i l nd u ' nne ,
t
a i id t tDunn ha i ta e t c pli sr ga di t s le ,whi h we euli a ey
nd mple ha
d niit d he om a nt e r ng he hetr
c
r tm t l
publci ed i t l a ne s pe s I a 87i z n he oc l w pa r . d. t 89.
I Augus of2013, o l s Sa e , hepolcec e i Pe br ,V igi a, nt c e D ul
n
t
D ug a dl r t
i hi f n m oke r ni co a t d m

r ga di t pos i lt of a quii s l ve ces fom t s rf s ofi f t t
e r ng he sbiiy
c rng up us hi l '
r he he if fce or he own'
s
polc de rm e . D unn a e d t s
i e pa t nt
. gr e o how Sa e t ve c e t the w a i e e t d i a uii
dl r he hi l s ha
s nt r s e n cq rng.

Two ori e da ltr rf M ilr ac osed Dunn whie he wa o dut a ç ot i
hre ys ae,Sheif lions c t
l
s n y nd s ) n
gg
g m'jfc ' 1 a 96. The s rf e
Dur s a e.' d. t
he if mphasze t the wa çhe godda mohef-i
i d ha
ss
t
mn t r--ng

3

s rf a ound he e'and t the wasr s nsbl f m a ng de ii nsa
he if r
r ,'
ha
e po i e or ki
c so boutt ve cls I a
he hi e . d. t
96.
On t m o ni of Se e be 1 20 1 a c
he r ng
pt m r , 3, onve e e s o e bur a y w a r por e t t
ni nc t r
gl r
s e t d o he

s rf ' ofi e. Dunn pr e d t t co ninc sor a f hour lt r a trhe be n hi
he ifs fc
oc ede o he nve e e t e ew
s a e , fe
ga s
as i d s f. Upc hi a valDunn f mdev de t tha notbee c l c e byt de i
sgne hit
m s ni ,
ot
i nce ha d
n ole t d he putes
r ponsbl f pr e sng t c i es e . W he Dlnn r que t t tc ra n de isr t n t
es i e or oc s i he rm c ne
n l e sed ha e ti pute eur o
t c
he onve e e s o e t de i r f e t r t n be a e t y w e e e ge i a f nt s
ni nc t r , he putes e us d o e ur c us he
r nga d n a a y
f t l m e tng.
oo ba l e i
Dunn s eq nty i ude t s i or a i n i a e r t t he m a i t Com put r
ubs ue l ncl d hi nf m t o n n nty ha
de n he
e

Ai d Dipath (1 ' s tm utlze by t s rf s ofi . Dlnn rpore t the ha
de s c (
CAD') yse ii d he heif fce l e td ha
d
a t m pt d t c t c o he de i s r ga d ng hi fndi a t c
te e o on a t t r pute e r i
s i ngs t he onve e s o e a t tç he e
ni nce t r , nd ha i r
t

we en tc n ca so ivetg tr gv ia ljt a ss'h m. P1' Br Op n S mm. . C.
r o e h iin r n siao s a albe o s it' i
.s . p' u J Ex.
Dunn no e t t( t 1 ad s d t the ha pl ns a c d no r s
t d ha i
uni 5 vie ha
d a nd oul t e pond,'a t t( tt4
' nd ha E i
ur
a vie t tUni 15wa ha ng hi f nt s f t lm e tngwih Uni 9. I
d s d ha
t
s vi
s a a y oo bal e i
t
t ' d.
'
Tha s me m o h,She ifM ilr nsde eed t f as f t lc
ta
nt
rf lio
l t he ant y oo bal omm e fom t CAD
nt r he
e r a de otd Dunn t t r nk ofs r a . Durng t c s ofa sng Dul oft
nty, nd m e
o he a
e ge nt
i he our e
dvii
m
he
de i She ifM ilr ( ngrl hi i ht d't f ctt tDt ha r f r nc t f nt y
moton, rf lions t iy ghlg e ' he a ha mn d e e e ed he a as
a
f t l m e tng i t CAD e r a t d hi t tçe r
oo ba l ei n he
nty, nd ol m ha dve ybody' i t ofi e C t shi f -i
' n he fc d e s --ng
ha

g t. Du De l!3 Pl' Br Op n S mm. . B; n De Tr 1 8 Up nlnnn t t
us' nn c. , . . p' u J Ex. Du n p. . 3 . o e r ig ha
'
s
hi CA D e r had be n m odii d,D unn ad s d She f M ilr t t t m od fc ton c d
s
nty
e
te
vi e
df
li ons ha he
i i a i oul
c tt e a vi a i ofVi gi a l w .
ons iut
ol ton
r ni a
On Se e be 29,201 Dunn vi ie t r s de e ofM i ha lFa l , ho hel t r nk of
pt m r
3,
st d he e i nc
c e ls w
d he a

maorunde She ifM ilr . Dunni onnedFal t tdheBoar g qgoi t haveg rf
j
r rf lions
nf
l
's ha ç
t
d was ng o
she if

4

M il o s ivetg tdb t eAto n yGe ea. Fal De Tr 1 , .sBrOp nS mm. . .
li n q n siae y h l r e n r l' ls p. . 5 P1' . p' u J Ex
r
'
D . Dunn us t tr C
ed he e m s
embe l me y'a G ndia e t ti wa s t ng t do wih t
zz e nt' nd d c t d ha t s ome hi o
i
t he
a m a s le . 1
ni l he t r' d.
'

On Oc obe 21 201 She if M ilr t r natd Du s e oyment Durng t
t r , 3, rf lions e mi e
nn' mpl
.
i he
c ls ofdic r t s rf pr ed t
otr e
s ove y, he he if oduc ypem itn me or nda doc e i a l d i t e
te
m a
um ntng lege nsanc s
ofi ubor na i a unbe om i c
ns di ton nd
c ng onduc by Dunn,a i c t d t tDunn' t r nai n was
t
nd ndia e ha
s e mi to
bas d on t c
e
he onduc outi d i t me or nda. The tr tme or ndum wa da e Augus 27,
t lne n he m a
ls m a
s td
t
201 a t f na m e o a l w a da e Oc obe 8 2013. She if M ilr t tfe t tt
3, nd he i l m r ndtm s t d t r ,
rf li ons esi i d ha he

m e a we epr pa ed o t da e lse t r n.
mor nda r e r n he t s it d he ei
Dul ha neve s e t m e or nda pr
m d
r e n he m a
oduc by She if M ilr . D u s eq nty
ed
rf li ons
nn ubs ue l
r t i a di ia di c ve y c ula t e m i da a obt i d f om t s r f sc put r The
e a ned g t l s o r ons t nt o xa ne t
a ne r he he i f om e .

co ula de e m i d t tt doc nt we e c e t d on t s rf ' c
ns t nt t r ne ha he ume s r r a e
he he ifs omput ronN o mbe 7,
e
ve r
201 a trDl n wa t r naed. She ifM ilr hassnc a kno e d i a a fda tt t
3, fe m
s e mi t
rf lions
i e c wl dge n n fi vi ha
het tfe i orecl r ga di t da e on whih t me or nda we eprpa e Thes rf
esiid nc r ty e r ng he t s
c he m a
r e r d.
he if
now m ant nst tt m e o a we e bas d o ha
i ai ha he m r nda r
e n ndwrte no e t ke on t datslse o
it n t s a n
he e it d n
t me or nda.
he m a
St
andard ofR e e
vi w

Thec s i p ee tyb f r t ec u t nS e ifM i io s moinf rsz r ud me t
a e s r sn l e o é h o r o h rf l r n ' to o l
l
mma yj g n .
Ana r o s mmayj d me ti a p o raewh nEh p e dng ,hed so e ya dds l s r
wad f u r u g n s p r p it e t e la i s t ic v r n ico u e
t
m at i son fl and any aft
er al
i e,
idavisshow t t e i no genui i ue as t any m at alfactand
t
hat her s
ne ss
o
eri

t tt emo n i e tte t j d me ta amatro lw. Fe R.Ci P.5 () To r ie a
ha h va t s n ild o u g n s
te f a ' d.
'
v. 6a . as
ge neis o maeilfc t a ds
nui sue f tra a t o voi umma yj me , pary' evi nc mus beC uc t ta
r udg nta t s de e t l h ha
s

r a o a l u yc u drt r av r itf r h n n mo i p ry. An ro 47 U. a 2 8 l
e s n bej r o l eu n ed c o t e o - vng a t ' des n, 7 S. t 4 . n
'
d cdn wh t e t g a tas mmayj d me t to ,h c u t s ve ter c r i tel h
e iig eh r o rn u r u g n mo in t e o r mu t iw h e o d n h i t
g
.

m os f vor bl t t non- o ng pa t a dr w al r as
t a a e o he
m vi
ry, nd a l e onabl i e e s i hi f vo . 1 a
e nf r nce n s a r d. t

2 5; e as Lie tra Pa t o Va v. u d 71 F.d3 , 2 (t Ci. . 01 )
5 se lo b rain rv f . J d , 8 3 08 31 4h r Va 2 3
Di
scussi
on

Dur a s rs t e c am sagans She ifM ilr ns l Cot l ofhi s c a e d
m se t l e li
u'
i t rf lio . n
mt
s e ond m nde
co pl n ,Dunn c ai s t the w a t r i t i vi a i of t publc polc o V igi a. l
m ai t
l m ha
s e m na ed n ol ton he
i
i y f r ni n
Count I ,Dlnn cl i s t the w a t r i t d i vi a i of t f de a Fa s Cl i s Ac . l
I l
a m ha
s e m na e n ol ton
he e r l l e a m
t n
Count1 1 D lnn c a m st thew ast r na e i r t la i f e r s ng hi rght unde t Fi s
1 , l l i ha
e mi t d n e a i ton or xe ci i
si s
r he r t

Ame nt Dunnha move f sl r j
ndme .
s
d or lmma y udgme ona1t eecams
nt l hr li .
1.

St e Law W ronzf Di charee Cl m
at
ul s
ai

The Com m onw e 1h of Vi gi a ge r ly a r s t t doc r ne ofa - ile pl m e ,
at
r ni ne a l dhe e o he t i
t w l m oy nt

m e ni t te oy e l ssf a i fniet r a c n bet nni t f am os a r a o
a ng ha mpl m nt a t or n nde i t e m nd a
e na ed or l t ny e s n.

W edma v.Exxon M o lCor ,776 F.d 21 221 ( h Ci.201 ) S- ve,t r i a
i n
bi p.
3 4,
4t r 5 . çl
lowe r hee s n
e e i t t sdoc rnef a - l e oye who ca m t ha be n dicha gedi vi a i of
xc pton o hi
ti or twil mpl es
li o ve e s r n olton
publcpolc ' I The Su e Cour o Vigi ahasr ogni d t e sm ai nsi whih a
i iy. d.
'
m me
t f r ni
ec ze hr e i to n c n
a - ile pl ye m ay e t bls t thi di c r vi a e publc polc
tw l m o e
s a i h ha s s ha ge ol t d
i
i y:

()wh r a e ly rfrda e lye f re r iigasauo iyc e tdrg t
1 ee n mpo e ie n mp o e o xecsn tt trl r ae ih ;
()wh nt ep bl poiyi ' x ii ye p e s di tesau ea tee lye
2 e h u i l s C pl t x rs e n h ttt nd h mp o e
c c e cl
w a cl a l a m e be of t t cl s of pe s di e ty e il d t t pr e ton
s e ry
m r ha a s
r ons r c l ntte o he ot c i

e t itd b tep b i p lc ' a ()t e et ed shag wa bae o t e
nmcae y h u lc oiy' nd 3 t r h ic r e s s d n h
;
wh
em pl
oyee' ref alt e
s us o ngage i a crm i act'
n
i nal .'

I ( i Rowa v.TrcorSunpl Co.559 S. 2d 709,711( .201 . Cl msba e on
d. quotng
n
at
y ,
E.
Va 2) ai
sd
t s s e r os a e of e r f r ed t as t
he e c na i r t n e e r o
s m a cl i s ' a t r B owm a v. St t Ba of
Bow n a m ,' f e
n
a e nk

6

Ke s il, 31S. 2 7 7( . 98 )t efrt aei whiht eS p e Co r o Vign af u d
y vle 3 E.d 9 Va 1 5 ,h is c s n c h u r me u t f r ii o n
t ta a - ilem pl
ha n t w l
oyee' t nni ton c d vi a e publc polc
s e na i oul ol t
i i y.
l t sca e,
n hi s Dunn a g st tt e de e s r o
r ue ha he vi nc u r undi hi t nni ton s
ng s e na i uppo t a c a m f r
rs li o

wr uldic r unde a 1tle s na i r ogni d by t Supr m e Co tofVig ni The
ongf s ha ge
r 1 lr e ce ros ec ze
he
e
ur
r i a.
co twila e sea h i t '
ur l ddr s c n ul
n.
Exerci of a St ut l Creat Ri
se
at oriv
ed zht

Thefr ts e ro -whe ea e o rd s ha ge a e oye f e r ii asa u orl
is c na i
r n mpl ye ic r d n mpl e or xe c sng t t t iy
c e t d r gh - w as r c ni d i Bowm a l t t c e,s ve a e pl es w e e di c r d
rae i t
e og ze n
n. n ha as e r l m oye
r s ha ge
be a e t y r f s d t vo e s r s of soc i t m a r die t by t e pl r Bo nan,
c us he e u e o t ha e
t k n he nne r c ed
he m oye . m
331 S. 2d a 799. Unde a e s i s a e s a ut , t e pl es as s r hol r , w e e
E. t
r n xitng t t t t e he m oye ,
ha e de s
r

g r nt d t rght t one vo e f ea h s r of soc hed,whih,t Cour o ewed,
ua a ee he i
o
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es
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e
i vi ua soc de sb c or t m a
ndi d l t khol r y op a e nage nt' I a 8
me .' d. t 01. Be us t rghtc e r d by
ca e he i onf re
t sa ut wa i f t r nc of esa ihe publc polc t Cour e
he tt e s n urhe a e
tbls d
i
iy, he
t mphasz d t t the
ie ha s
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ha e de o
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r t k n he
c por ton.' 1 A c r ngl S ppl ng a na ow e e i t t e pl en - t w iln1e,
or a i ' d. co di y, û yi
a
n' xc pton o he m oym t a - l l '
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t Cour he d t tt pl ntf ss a e a c us ofac i n f wr ngf di c r f om e pl e .
he
t l ha he ai i f t t d a e
to or o ul s ha ge r
m oym nt

I s e ng t f lw ihi t s fr te pto t r Bowm a Dunn a gue t the w a fr d
n e ki o al t n hi is xce i n mde
n,
r s ha
s ie
f re r i i a s a ut y r ghtofi uiy g a e t hi asa m e be oft Gie Co mt B oa d of
o xe c sng t t or i
nq r r nt d o m
m r he l s t y
r

Supevio s Spe fc ly,Dl ct t Vigi a Code j 1 2- whih s t frh vaius
r s r . ciial mn ies o r ni
5. 403, c es o t ro

power a d i ofc yboadso s r ior, pr de t tSgq boadma i r it
s nd utes ount r f upe vs s and ovi s ha çthe r y nquie no

t ofi a co
he fcil nduc ofa y o fc orofi r whehe e e tveora ntve, t co mt o ofa
t n fi e
fce , t r l ci
ppoi i of he t y r ny

dsrc te e f' Va Co ej1 2 4 3 C)
itit h r o .
' . d 5.- 0 ( .
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s d he an a
5. 403 nd xitng e de ,he our concudes ha
t s s a ut di no gi Dul t rghtt i r i o She if M ilr ns o fc a co uc . The
hi t t e d t ve m he i o nquie nt
r f li o ' f i l nd t
s a ut c e s r g sa pow e s o t boa d ofs r i or asa w hol ,a doe nots c fc ly
t t e onf r i ht nd
r n he r
upe v s s
e nd s
pe i i a l
a ho i e i vi ua boa d m e be s t i r i o t o f c al c
ut r z ndi d l r
m r o nquie nt he f i i onduc of co y ofi e s
t
unt tc r .

M or ove ,e n i t sé ut di conf rs h rgh o i vi lboa d m e r ,s rfsa e not
e r ve f he t t e d
e uc i t n ndi dua
r
mbe s he if r
co y o fc r unde Vigi al w. l t a t y a e ( onsiuto lofi r ,'
unt fi e s
r r ni a
nse d, he r ç tt i na fce s'whos ofi esa
c
e fc nd

p wesS r c e to so t c n ttto is l. Ro pv W ht, 68S. 2 6 2 6 5( . 01 )
o r G e r ain f he o siuin tef' o . it7 E.d 9 , 9 Va 2 5 .
a
'
W hi s eif a doh rc n ttto l fie sma pef r c ranf n to si c nu to wi
l h rfs n te o siuina o fc r y ro m e ti u ci n n o j ncin t
e
h
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o a o en n,t y r i
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'
l
l a go r e ha no c t ol o r t i w o k pe f
oc l ve nm nt s
on r ve he r r r onnanc ' 1 a 696. Acc di y,t
e. d. t
'
or ngl he

cou tco l t ts rfsa enotofiesoft co y frpur esofj 1 2- a t ,
r ncudes ha he if r
fc r he unt o pos
5. 403 nd, hus
t tt saue>r desnobassf a aci bl Bo ncam i t i tntc s
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B.

V i ati of a Publc Polcv Expressed i a St Stat e
ol on
i
i
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ate
ut

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e nd c naro n c n tw l m o e y s a i h ha s s ha g o a ed

publcpolc i whe t publcpolc i t xplcil e es e i t saut a t e oye wa
i iy s n he
i i y s s i ty xpr s d n he t t e nd he mpl e s
e
c e r y a m e be oft tcl sofpe s nsd r c l e il d t t pr ec i n e
la l
m r ha as
r o i e ty ntt e o he ot to nunci t d by t publc
ae
he
i
polc ' Row a 559 S. 2d a 711. The Supr m e Cour ofV igi a ha f m d t s s na i t
i y.
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n,
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e
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e s i onl t i tnce . CivofViui aBe hv.Hars 523 S. 2d 239,245( 2000)
xit n y wo nsa s t
r ni ac
ri,
E.
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.
ç-he frti tnc i veslwsc ani e ii sae nt ofpublcpolc ( g.Eti t
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u i oiy f h
c
mmo we 1h f r ii t aj

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d. q oi
ng c h r .

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mmonwe 1h Ed .Svs Co . 439 S. 2d 328,331 ( 1 4) The s c i tnc
at uc
. p,
E.
Va. 99 .
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s ve a ha
i
xplcty tt
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pr ry i s r onalfe dom s he t s f t o we f r of t pe e i ge r l'' 1
re
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( u tn M ilrv S
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nc, 6 E.d 5 8 Va 9 7 ) l h a
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om
vilts' I (u tn Bo n 3 S. 2 a 8 ) t e i as e i sau ef l wihno e
oae . d.q o ig wma , 31 E.d t 01. ç n f p ct ttt al t i n
'
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k
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oft e c t gor e , n e pl e m us a s be am e be o t cl s ofi vi l t tt s ii
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pu i poiy. 1 (ii Dr vv. w Ma ke Poulr Pr ucs I ,518S. 2d31 31 (
blc lc ' d. ctng a Ne
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1 )
999).
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tt e ei d
m
-

Vigi aCodej1 2- -doesno f wihi et roft i tnc i whiht SuprmeCou t
r ni
5. 408
tk t n ihe he nsa es n c he e
r

ofVigi aha f
r ni s oundpublcpolcest ts
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r
n lm
c i 5. 408 ovi s i
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ne
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c un a e o he r n l te s f e tng he o y

a s l pef m s h d i ,noti nsse wihhi ofc ,ast boa ddiecs' Va Codej
nd hal ror uc utes
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5. 408( .
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r a t a d ha he t t e s i ne o ot c t
pr ry i t , r o l r e
, at
s f t orw e f r oft pe e i ge r . M il r 36 S. . a 91 s e a s H a s 523 S. 2d
a e y,
l a e he opl n ne al'
' le , 2 E 2d t 8; e l o ni ,
E.

a 2 6( o dn t t saued s rb n t ep wesa d te o ap lc f r ec u dn t eu e a
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o c f i iy o u t ongf sha ge l m) c di y, mn s
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9

a . Rowan, S. 2dat711 Topr t st ofBom na ca m,a e oye G ts
ct'
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559 E.
.
ove hi ype
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mus how
t the c ul ha bee pr e ut d unde Vigi a c i i lw ha he e ged i t conduc
ha
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nga
n he
t
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nc a d
he mpl r'
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i e nopy.I . N o.1 CV- 22,201 U . Dit
nc,
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0 S. s.

LEXI 5 7 0 a * 1( D. . u e2, 01 ) seas S ae v Sh n n a M e lHo p.No
S 3 5 , t 1 E. Va J n 2 0 9 e lo c ts . e a do h m' s , .
5:5 c - 0 3 , 01 U. DitLEXI 1 5 6 a * 6( . Va Oc.1 , 01 )
1 -v 0 0 2 2 5 S. s.
S 41 2 , t 2 W D. . t 9 2 5 .
I hi bre i o
n s i f n pposton t t pe ng m o i n,Dunn a gues t t She if M ilr
ii o he ndi
to
r
ha
rf lions
e
ngage i c i i co uc by de ei Dunn' e r fom t CAD r c d deaii a t r
d n rm nal nd t
l tng
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e or t lng no he
de y' i l m e t w ih a f nt s f ba lt m ,and by n0tpr ry s r i i t a m al
put s nvo ve n t
a a y oot l ea
ope l upe v s ng he ni
s le ort w or pe f m ed by Pe ki
he t r he
k r or
r ns. W hie D unn f rhe ar s t the co pl ne a
l
u t r gue ha
m ai d bout

t s G a 'la tviis ...o t pa toft de e n y' m ct t no e de s
he e ç wf c i te
unl u
n he r he f nda t'Dul ies o
vi nce ugge tng
si
t the w a a ke t pa tc pa e i t a l ge crm i lc
ha
s s d o ri i t n he le d i na onduc . Pl' Br i Opp' t Slm m .
t
.s . n
n o l
J.

1 W iho s h e de e Dunn i una et pr t thewa t r i t df r f sngt e ge
9. t ut uc vi nc ,
s bl o ove ha
s e m na e or e u i o nga
i a c i i lac ,a r qui e f t s pa tc a t ofBow m an c ai . Se Sc t s 201 U .
n rm na t s e r d or hi r i ul r ype
lm
e a e , 5 S.

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s.
S 41
t 27 t a e ae al o le ny a t o how ha
Be
s d
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o t rme' , e lo wan . v n a s c . n .No. 0 CV0 5 5 2 0 S. s.
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r hes ea o , he our c ude ha l
s aied o es nt uf i e vi nce o
es a i h t t he w as w r uly di c r d i vi a i of V igi a l w . A c r ngl She if
t bls ha
ongf l s ha ge n ol ton
r ni a
co di y, rf

M il o s moi nfrs mmayj g n wil eg a tdwi r s c t Co n 1
li n ' to o u r ud me t l b r ne t epe t o u t .
r
h

10

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FC A R e alat o C l m
t i i n ai

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ef t t sop 1ormoevi ainsoft ss ha e . 31U. C.j3730( .
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udes ha
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ot t c s a n ûn urhe a e' n
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o
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t r n mpl e nga d n oe td ci t ours ppl
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Ceaet c mpa yc nd c t a ivov sa o j ci eyr a o bepo sb l yo a F a to '
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he
nn,
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lions i e tted t s m a y
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j d me to Co t1.
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12

Spe fcal c rsS tbaa et i e e t ofa e oyeewho,a acii e c
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te
i
c en ora a empl a ta matrofpes na i ee t ( whehe t
onc r
sn
oyee bou
te
ro l ntrs; 2) t r he
e o si e e ti s a ng u n t mat rofpublcc r out ghe t
mpl yee' nt r s n pe ki po he te
i once n wei d he
go nme ' i e e ti pr di e f c i a e fcints r ce t t publc
ver nts ntr s n ovi ng fe tve nd fi e e vi s o he
i;

a ( whehe t e oye spr tce s ec wa a s t i f cori t
nd 3) t r he mpl e' oe td pe h s ubsantal a t n he
e pl
m oyee' t r i ton de i i
s e m na i
c s on.

Mc v,1 7 F.d a 2 7 78 To a od s mmayj g n ,a p an ifEs rq ie t a d c
ve 5 3 t 7 - .
v i u r ud me t litf s e ur d o d u e
i
e de e s fci ntt s
vi nc uf i e o how m a e i lf c si di put ast e h oft t e pr
t r a a t n s e o ac
he hr e ongs oft M c e
he v y

t s. Ad ms 6 0F.da 5 1 I mo i f rs mmayj dg n , h rf M il o sag e t a
e t' a , 4 3 t 6 . n vng o u r u me t S eif li n r u s h t
'
r
Dlnn' cai f isund t frta t r pr . Fort f l wi r s ,
l s l m al
er he is nd hid ongs
he olo ng ea ons howe r t c t
ve , he our
fndst s rf ' a gum e s unpe s s ve.
i
he he if s r
nt
r ua i
1.

Fi s Pr
r t on: oft M c e Te t
he v v s

The f r tpr oft M c e t s r quie t co tt c i rw he he D ul s
i s ong he v y e t e r s he ur o ons de
t r m poke a a
s

c tze upon a ma tr ofpublc c e n. Thi lhr ho d i r 'i $ quesi of1w f t
ii n
te
i onc r
s s es l nquiy' s 1
t
a
ton a or he

c u ' Ur fk v. l r , 6F.d4 , 0 ( t Ci. 0 0 .
o /. o s y Gimo e 21 3 01 4 6 4h r 2 0 )
'
I de e m i ng whe he a e pl yee s
n t r ni
t r n m o
poke a a c tze o as a e pl yee ( he Supr e
s ii n r
n m o ,t
t
em

Cour hasi tu td (owe c ïqt e gei a C acia'i r i o t e o e' ç iy
t nsr ce l r ouls o nga n pr tc l nquiy nt he mplye s dal
pr es i l a tvii s't di c r w he he t s c a i s oc ur ed i t nor a co s o
of s ona c i te o s e n
t r he pee h t s ue c r n he m l ur e f

t s o dn r d te . Hu tr v To o M o k vle 7 9 F.d 3 9 3 7 (t Ci.2 5
ho e r iay uis' ne . wn f c s il, 8 3 8 , 9 4h r 01 )
'
13

(uoig Gac ti 5 7 U. a 4 2 4 4 . I Gac ti t e S p e Co r e p e syde l d t
q tn ret, 4 S. t 2 , 2 ) n re t h u rme u t x r sl ci o
,
ne
f uson whee a e oye ss c wasma orwhehe t s ec r ae t t s jc
oc
r n mpl e' pee h
de,
t r he pe h eltd o he ube t
ma troft e oye s e oyme . Ga c ti 547 U. a 420. The Co te
te
he mpl e' mpl
nt
r e t,
S. t
ur mpha i e t f
sz d ha

Gthe Fis Ame d n p oe t s me e p e so s rltd t t s e k rs j b, a d t t
s l rt
g
n me t r tcs o
x rs in eae o he p a e ' o ' n ha
'
çgq oye i s ca e ma rceve Fis Ame me pr ecin f e e sonsma a
se mpl es n ome s s y e i rt nd nt ot to or xprs i
de t
w o k. 1 a 420r ' d. t
'
421. A c r i y, t Cour f
co d ngl he
t ound S ndipostve ' t f c t t t
ç
no s ii ' he a t ha he

e o e e p e s d h sve i ie hso tc o a is e rltd t t e e l y esj b. 1
mply e x r se i iws nsd i fi e n n su eae o h mp o e ' o d.
M o erc n l,nLa ev F n k , 3 S. . 3 9( 4 ,h S prmeCo r rieae t a çth
r e e ty i n . r n s 1 4 Ct2 6 201 ) t e u e
u t etrtd h ts l e
g
c ii a que ton unde Ga ce' i whe he t s e h a i s i is l or na iy w ihi t s o of
rt c l s i
r r ti s
t
t r he pe c t s ue s t e f di r l t n he c pe
a em pl e' dute ,notw he he i m e e y c
n
oye s i s
t r t r l once nst e d i . La ,13 S. .a 2379.
r hos utes '
' ne 4 Ct t
Appl ng t s prnc pl s t c tc l
yi he e i i e , he our onc udest tDunn ha a
ha
s dduce e de s t i nt
d vi nce ufk e
t e t bls t he s
o s a i h hat
poke as a c tze whe he m e w ih She if M ilr ns r r ng t a m a
ii n
n
t t
r f li o ega di he ni l
s le i J y o 201 l a g ng t t c r y,She i fM ilr r pe t dl e pha i e t t
he t r n ul f 3. n r ui o he ontar
r f lions e a e y m
s z s ha

Sth me tn . .o kplc i t es eifso fc dli wo kh u s'whl û t g n weeo
G j e eig . to a e n h h rf' fie t ng r o r, ie +0h me j r n
l
r
'
d t ' De sBr S p S mm . . , e as De . Re yBr S p S
uy. f' . u p. u J 7' e lo f' pl . u p. umm. . (Th me tng
'
s
s
J 6 & e ei
(
be we n Dunn a She ifM ilr oc ur e i t s rf sofi , i wor hour , l b0t
t e
nd rf lions o r d n he he if fee dm ng k
s whie h

Du n a d S rf M il o sweeo d t ' . Ase plie a v ,h we e , h mee fc t a
n n heif lr n r n u y.)
i
'
x an d bo e o v r t e r a t h t
Dul e e s d hi c e nsi i t s rf' o tc r t rt n publcy,i ( tdipostve.
m xpr s e s onc r nsde he he ifs fi e, ahe ha
il s t
no s ii '
'

Gac ti 5 7 U. a 4 0. No i te fc t a t e s b e to Dum' c mme t rltd t t
ret, 4 S. t 2
r s h a t h t h u j c f l s o ns eae o he
ç i i a o r tons'ofhi e pl r D e .sRe y Br Supp.Sum m . 6. See La 1 S.
t c es nd pe a i '
pol
s m oye . f' pl .
J.
ne, 34

Ct a 2379 (mpha ii t tt re' s i not ng a s e h t tsmpl rlt t publc
.t
e
szng ha ç c ti ad hi bout pe c ha i y eaes o i
Ga t
e pl m e ' a t tprorde i i S ec ze t ts e h by publcem pl yee r l t d t t i
m oy nt' nd ha i
c s ons d ogni d ha pe c
r
i
o s e a e o he r

e oy nthol s ci vaue'.
mpl me
ds pe al l '
)

14

M or ove ,w ih r s c t t S rtca que to unde G a c ti' no hi i t r c d
e r t e pe t o he i ii l s i n
c
r r e t, t ng n he e or
'

be or t c ti c t st tDlnn' s c r ga di t a m a s le f l wihi t s o of
f e he our ndia e ha l s pee h e r ng he ni l het r el t n he c pe
Dunn' or na y du i sasa de y. Lane 1 S. . t2379. l e i i undipu e t tDlnn
s di r t e
put
, 34 Ct a
nde d, t s
s t d ha l
w a no r s
s t e pons bl f r m a n ai ng t s le , ove s ei t a m a s c r , or s l s ng
i e o
i t ni he he t r
r e ng he ni l ' a e
upewi i

Pe ki . Th ,i r c ng outt Sherf M ilr r r ng t a m a s le ,Dl wasnot
r ns
us n ea hi
o
if lions ega di he ni l het r l
nn

smpy d i g h sj b. I se d t e e ie e viye i te lg t n o t fv rbe t Du
i l on i o
n ta , h vd nc ev d n h ih A s a o a l o M
de o ta e t theac e asaprva e c tze a t be s ofot rc tz nse e e t t Boa d o
m nsr t s ha
td
i t ii n, t he he t
he ii e l ct d o he z f
Su l s s
pewi or .
Ba e on t c r ntr c d,t co t s co udest tD ur ' co m e t r z ng t
s d he ur e e or he ur al o ncl
ha
m s m n s ega di he
a m a s t r pe t i t a m a l r ofpublc c nc r Thi i r t ns on t tc t nt f m ,
ni l hele r a ned o
te
i o e n.
s nquiy ur
he t on e , or
a co e ' oft s c a i s . Conni k,461 U . a 1 48. G e i ve a m a t r o
nd nt xt' he pee h t s ue
c
S. t 47t ch nvol s
spe
te f
publc c
i once n whe i i ves a i s of s a ,poltc ,or ot r i e e t t a c m uniy.
r
n t nvol
n s ue
oci l ii al
he nt r s o om
t'
'

Kiby v.Ciy ofElza t Civ,388 F. 440,446 (t Ci.200 . çf sdoesnoti l
r
t
i beh t
3d
4h r 4) d hi
ncude
t r ona c pl i s a g i va s a
pe s l om a nt nd r e nce bout c tons of e pl e .' D ur m ,737 F. a
ondii
m oym nt ''
ha
3d t

3 0 (uoig Cn b l v.Galwa ,4 3 F.d 2 8 2 7 (t Ci.2 0 ) s e as Sr ma v.
0 q tn mp el
lo y 8 3 5 , 6 4h r 0 7 ; e lo to n
Co ltn Ct.S h.Dit,98 2 1 2 1 6 (t Ci.1 9 )(pe s n lg iv n e ,c mplit
leo v c s. 1F.d 5 , 5 4 h r 9 2 C ro a re a c s o ans
t
a utc tons ofe o e ,o e e sons a utot rma tr ofpe s na i e es d not
bo ondii
mplym nt r xpr s i
bo
he te s
r o l nt r t o
co tt es e h a
hsiut pe c boutma tr ofpublcconc r t ta epr t c e by t Fis Ame e ,but
te s
i
e n ha r o e t d
he rt
ndm nt

a ematr mor i ditl c enedwiht s fi eetoft s atra e oye '
r tes e mme aey onc r
t he el-ntrs he pe le s mpl e.
).
l t i t nt ca e t c e t a c t xt of Dunn' s a e e s r r ng t c
n he ns a
s , he ont n nd on e
s t t m nt ega di he ount
y
ani als t i cat t he w as speaki on a m a e of publc concer as opposed t one of
m
heler ndi e hat
ng
ttr
i
n
o

m e e pe s li e es . Dunn a oa hed She if M ilr ,a t r ue t of o he m e be s of
r r ona nt r t
ppr c
r f li ons t he eq s
t r m r
t Boa d of Supe v s s a t r t boa d r ce ved c pl i s f o l lcii e r ga di t
he
r
r i or , f e he
r e i
om a nt r m oca tz ns e r ng he

a m a s le . Dunn ad s d She if M ilr ns t tt c
ni l het r
vie
rf lio ha he ompl i s i l d alegai t t
ant ncude l tons ha
a m a sw e e no be ng pr r y c r f a t a m als le ,a t tt e pl e r s nsbl
ni l r t i
ope l a ed or t he ni
he t r nd ha he m oye e po i e
f r t a m al 'c r w a be ng pa d f rho st ts di no ac ua l w or Dur e phasze
o he ni s a e s i
i o ur ha he d t t ly
k.
m m
i d

t tm e r oft Boa d ofSupe vior we e ups ta utt alegai ns a t thi bi s
ha mbe s he
r
r s s r
e bo he l to , nd ha s gge t
c e n w ast pos i e m ius ofco y f nds
onc r
he sbl s e
unt ' .
u

I i wels tldt a s e ht a çs e s t b igt lg ta t a o p tnil o g on
t s l et h t pe c h t s e klj o rn o ih cu l r o e ta wr n d ig
e
i
or br a h ofpublc t s ''ne e s rl i ves m a tr of publc c er J ce o v.Faif x
ec
i nl t' c s a iy nvol
te s
i onc n, ur ns n
ra

Co.Va.745F. 868,8 ( h Ci.1 )( i Comik,461U. a 1 ,a doess c
. ,
2d
79 4t r 994 quotng l c
S. t 48) s
pee h

rg z i t emius o g v r me tf n s S ç La e 1 4 S Ct a 2 8 (mp a iig ta a
e a dng h s e f o e n n u d . e n , 3 . . t 3 0 e h szn h t n
e pl e' s c pe ti ng t t m i us o s a ef nds a c nmpton i a gove n e tpr r m
m oye s pee h ra ni o he s e f t t '
u
nd o
i n
r m n og a

C ousyi ve amatrofsg fca publcconc r ';s aloRo ns nv. l 1 F.d
t
obvi l nvol s te ini nt i
en'l ee s bi o Baoc, 60 3

1 3 1 8(t Ci.1 9 )(o dn t ts e c c n en n alg to t a e o e st n wigy
8 , 8 4 h r 9 8 h l ig ha p e h o c r i g le ains h t mply e t o n l
k
mius dpublcf 'addesedamal rofpublcco en) Gi nt c e ofDt ss e h
s e
i' ' r s
unds
te
i nc r . ve he ontnt mn' pe c
r ga d ng t a m a s le ,a c e i w hi h i w a m a t c ' co l
e r i he ni l he t r nd ont xt n
c t s de, he oul nc udest tDunn w a
t
ha
s
s a ng o a rl te o publc c
pe ki n ial r f
i once n. W hie t c e nsr i ed by D unn m a s e m i i
r
l he onc r a s
y e m nor n
c pars t ot rc esi vi c r pton i a publcpr a , ha doesnotr nde t m a
om i on o he as nvol ng or u i n
i ogr m t t
e r he ny

l sdes r i ofc tt i lpr edi n. Se e. ,M e e t v.Rus e lCoun y Sc Bd.N o.
es
e v ng
onsiutona ot o
e, c. r dih
sl
t h. ,

11 CV0 0 4 2 5U. Dit LEXI 1 5 9 ,a #1 ( . Va S p .21 2 5 ( odngt a
:3 0 8 , 01 S. s.
S 2 6 3 t 2 W D. . e t , 01 ) h li h t
c pl i s r ga di a c un y of i i l s m i us of t s hool bus ga age f t pur e of
om a nt e r ng
o t fca ' s e
he c
r
or he pos
obt ni i pec i n s i ke s f hi pe s na ve cl s w hie û i , none he e s a e s d a
ai ng ns to t c r or s r o l hi e , l t nor'
m
'
t l s ddr s e

matro publcco e
te f i nc ng.

I mo n frs mmayj d me to t sis e S rf M i io f c s se lsvey o
n vig o u r u g n n hi su , heif l r ns o u e xcu i l n
l
t f
he onn ofD ur ' s ec s i a l t f c t tt s e w as m ade i t c i oft
m s pe h, pec fc ly he a t ha he pe ch
n he onfnes he

s rf sofi . Howe r t f c t tDtm di notvoi ehi co e'spublcl tdoe not i a
he if fce
ve ,he a t ha u d
c s nc l
n
i y t s ,n ny
way,t de m i t publc c
m r ne he
i once n e
r ncom pas e i hi s e h.' Gol t i v.Che t Ri
s d n s pe c '
ds e n
s nut dce

Vou te Fie Co. 21 F.d 3 7 3 4 ( 0 0 . Exitng p e e e tma e ce rt a Sp u i
l ne r r , 8 3 3 , 5 2 0 )
si rc d n k s la h t ç q bl
l
c
e pl e do no f f i t p o e ton o t Co tt i s Fr e Spe c Cl us m e e y bec us
m oye s
t or e t he r t c i f he ns iuton' e
eh a e rl
a e
t y de i t e e s t i vi w s prva e y r t r t n publcl ' Cr er v.Br w n, 88 F.
he
c de o xpr s he r e
i t l a he ha
i y.' om
o
3d

1 5 1 2 ( t Ci.1 9 )(ing Gih n v.W e tr Li e Co s l Sc .Dit,4 9 U. 41 ,
31 , 3 6 4h r 9 6 ct
i
va
sen n n o . h s. 3 S. 0
41 - 4 (9 9 Ac o dn l ,h f r o t es e c a is ed e n tC e rv g i o ispu l
3 1 1 7 $. c r ig y te o m f h p e h t su o s o t p ieq t f t bi
d
c
i por.' I
m t' d.
l s ,t co tc l
n um he ur onc udest tt tD ul ' c m e s t She i fM ilr r ga di t
ha ha
m s om nt o
rf li ons e r ng he
a m al he t rw e e m a by D unn asa prva e c tz n s a ng on am a t rofpublc c e n. A s
ni s le r
de
i t ii e pe ki
te
i onc r

s c ,S rf Milr n i n te tte t s mmayj d me tl e t frtp o g o t Mc y
u h heif l o s s o n i d o u r u g n md r he is r n f he ve
i
l
t t
es .

.

2.

Se nd Pr
co
one oft M c e T e t
he v v s

The s c
e ond pr ng of t M c y t t r quie t c t t c i r & t r t
o
he ve ess e r s he our o onsde i he he
whe
e oyee s it r s i s a ng upo a m a trofpublc c e ou we g d t gove n e '
mpl ' n e e t n pe ki
n
te
i onc m t i he he
r m nts
i e es i pr vi ng ef e tve and e f c e s r i e t t publc. M c e 1 F. a 277nt r t n o di
f ci
f i i nt e v c s o he
i'
'
v v, 57 3d t
78.
tf e i t r t oft c m uniy i al o wei d i t s e ua i ' Love La v.M a tn,355
t ' n e es
-h
he om
t s s
ghe n hi val ton.
'
- ne
ri

F. 766,778 ( h Ci.200 (ii Cr r 88 F. a 1 . W he t e oye a t
3d
4t r 4) ctng ome,
3d t 326)
n he mpl e nd he

c mmu iyha easr n itr s i t es b e to t e lye ' s e c ap b i e o e b a s
o nt v to g ne et n h u j c f he mp o es p e h, u lc mply r e r
E hea e bur i at i t s t tt i efcinc c e nsout i ghee oye s
$ vir den n temptng o how ha her f e y onc r
a
wegh t mpl e')
f s
ree peech i eres s.' 1
nt t ' d.

I t v ro sb if fldi s p o t fhi sl r j d me tmo in S rf Mil o s
n he a iu res ie n u p r o s l
mmay u g n to , heif lr n
i
doe not a es t s pr
s
ddr s hi ong of t M c e t s . l t a e of a e de e of d s upton
he v y e t n he bs nce
ny vi nc
ir i

17

r s tng fom Dgnn' communia i t t s rf r ga di t ani a s le ,t c t
e uli r
s
c tons o he he if e r ng he m l he tr he our
c ude ,on t pr s ntr c d,t tDunn' i e e ti add e sng a m a tr o publc c el
oncl s
he e e e or ha
s nt r s n r s i
te f
i onc .
n

o t ihe t s o t e oh r sd . Ac o dn l, sz r j d me t o t i ee n i
uweg d ho e n h t e ie
c r igy l
mmay u g n n hs lme t s
i ppr pr a e
na o i t .
3.

Thi Prone oft M cv e Test
rd
he
v

Unde t t r pr
r he hid ong of t M c e t t t c tco i r w he he t e pl ye s
he v v es , he our ns de s
t r he m o e'
e r i e of hi Fi s Am e
xe c s
s rt
ndm e r g s S a a C ubs a i l o ç otva i f t ' i t
nt i ht s s s t nta ' r m i tng' ac or' n he
w

e o e ' d cso t tr naeh se ly n. Bln v. b rs 7 0F.d3 , 75(t Ci.
mply rs e ii n o emi t i mpo me t a d Ro e t, 3 3 68 3 4h r
20 3 (u tn W a n rv W he lr 1 F.d8 , 0(t Ci. 9 3 ) Be a eti is ei af cu l
1 ) q o ig c e . ee, 3 3 6 9 4h r 1 9 ). c us h s s u s a ta
o e i C a b d cd d o St r j d me t n yi t o eisa e wh r te ea en c u a
n ,t c n e e ie n sl y u g n o l n h s n tnc s ee h r r o a s l
c
mma
f t i diput.' Love- ne,355F. a 776 (uoi Gol ti 218F. 33 352 (t Ci.
acs n s e''
La
3d t
q tng dsen,
3d 7,
4h r

20 0 .
0)
V i w i t r or i t lght m os f vor bl t Dunn,t c t co l
e ng he ec d n he i
t a a e o
he our nc udes t t t
ha he

e de r ie atibl is off c a t whehe Dunn' s e h r ga di t a m a s le was
vi nce as s ra e s ue a t s o t r
s pe c e r ng he ni l het r
a m o i tng f c or i She if M ilr ' de s on t t r na e hi e pl e . Acc di t
tva i a t n
rf
lions ci i o e mi t s m oym nt
or ng o

Dlnn' s n de ii t si
l s wor poston e tmony,t s rf bec meups twhe Dunn a oa he hi i J y
he he if a
e
n
ppr c d m n ul
of201 r gar ng t c pl i sr c i d by t Boa d of Supe wi o s a w n ne D t n t ti
3 e di he om a nt e e ve
he
r
l s r , nd r d m ha t

wo l be i Dmm' d e titr s j s n tt wo . a o tg s lel' Dln De Tr 6 .
ud n
s t s ne et u t o o ny b u t hetr. ln p. . 8
b
he
'
Folowi t m e tng,She ifM ilr be ve i a i r asngl hosiemam e t r Dt
l ng he ei
rf lions ha d n n nc e i y tl l r owa d mn,
a i ple t t Dul ha i t a ed t co pl nt r ga di t s le ,whi h w e e uli a e y
nd m i d ha
m d nii t he m ai s e r ng he he t r
c
r tm t l
publc z i t l a ne s pe . I A ug tof 2013,a t rD ul a ee t m ee a l alpolc
i i ed n he oc l w pa r n
us
fe
m gr d o
t oc
ie
c e who was i t r s e i ac rng s l ve cl s She i f M ilr a os e D ur a
hi f
n e e t d n quii up us hi e , rf
lions cc t d
m nd
diec ed m uli e e e i a hi . I Se em be of201 t s r f de o e Dul a a s
r t
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18

hi t t he wa haed by e r ne i t ofi e. The f l ng m o h, She if M ilr
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19

noco tt i lvi ai n oc r e ort tt rghtvi ae wa notc e ryesa iheda t tm e
nsiutona ol to cu r d ha he i
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t he i
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DATED : s . 1 da ofM a c , 2016.
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