Garnett v. Clarke

Filing 13

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief United States District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 8/31/2015. (tvt)

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HOW ARD Z.
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HAROLD W .
CLARKE,
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t t t DNA odgna e fom Duf a Ga ne t t n fo Duf a a
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te . r et msl i t etf
t e o cuso f he ra?h u y c ute r et
oft r pe c r s fom J nua y 1 2003 a Aprl29,2003,butc ced hi of alf
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nd
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f rf ii t a s Gn netofhi rghtt t siy a orf rf lng t pe mi Ga n t t t siy;
o alng o dvie r t
s i o e tf nd/ o aii o r t r e t o e tf

a d (1)a1o t a c t e' a o ecame er r r s le i p eu iet tmus b v e d i
n 11 l f t l oms ls b v -li d ro s eu td n rj d c ha t e iwe n
i
t a e t
he ggr ga e.

St
andar o i
d fRevew

Th c ut s c nsdrh b a peiin fldu e scin2 5 t e t rq ie ns
e o rmut o te a e s t o s ie ndr eto 2 4 md rhe e urme t
t
stf rhi 28U. C. 2 5 ( ) Se to 2 5 4 ) r vd sta :
e ot n
S. j 2 4 d . ci n 2 4 d p o ie h t
An a ia i f a wrt o ha a co us o be l of a pe s n i c t
pplc ton or
i f be s p
n haf
r o n usody

pls a tt t ej d me to a Saec u t haln tb g a tdwihr s c t a y
t u n o h u g n f tt o r s l o e rn e t epe t o n
r
cam t a wa a j dc td o t meis i Sae c u tp o e dn s l ls t
li h t s du iae n he rt n tt o r r c e ig l e s he
n
a j d c to o ta camdu iain f h t li

( ) r s le i a d cso t t wa c nr r t o iv le a l e s n b e
1 e utd n e iin ha s o tay o, r n oy d n mr a o a l
a i a i of cea l e tbls d Fede a lw, a de e ne by t Supr me
pplc ton , l ry sa ihe
rl a
s t nni d
he
e
Cour oft Unie Stt s;o
t he t d ae r

( r s td i ade sont twa bas don a unras bl deemi ton oft
2) eule n cii ha s e
n e ona e tr nai
he
f c si lg oft e de epr s nt d i t St t c utpr edi
a t n i ht he vi nc e e e n he ae ot' oce ng.

2 U. C. 2 4( ; e as Tiev. oms n 6 7F. 8 1 3 (t Ci. 01 )
8 S. j 25 * s e lo c J l o , 4 3d 7, 0 4h r 2 1 .
A cam i c nsd rdG dudc tdo t emeis' e i i l u tn ieyr ve d a d
li s o i ee t j iae n h rt'wh n t s û bsa tv l e iwe n
a
s

fn ly deemie a e ie c d b t e sae c u tsis aweo af r l ud me to d ce .
al tr n d s v d n e y h tt o r' su l f o ma j g n r e re'
'
6

You v. t e 20 F.d75 , 5 (t Ci. 0 0 (uoigTho sv. vi,1 2F.d4 5 4 5
tm Cao , 5 3 0 7 5 4h r 2 0 ) q tn
ma Da s 9 3 4 , 5

(t ci.1 9 :.A saec u t du iaini G o tayt 'ce rye tbih dfd r l a o l i
4h r 9 9
tt o r a j d c to s û nrr o' la l sa ls e e e a 1w ny f
c
Eh sae c u tarve a a c n l in o po iet ta ra h d b ( Uni d S ae S p e q
G e tt o r ri s t o cuso p st o h t e c e y t
t
he t tts u rme
e
Co r o aq e to o 1w o i tesaec u td cd sac s dfe e tyt a (h Uni d Sae
u t n u si n f a r f h tt o r e i e a e if rnl h n te t tts
e
SuprmeqCour ha onastofmaeilyi si s bl fcs' iln v. yl ,5 U.
e
t s
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3 2 41 1 ( 0 0 .A saec u t ui gi Gmra o a l'i i çd ni e t c re tg v r i g
6 , 2-3 2 0 ) tt o r r ln s t e s n b e'f tG e ti s he o rc o e nn
t
i t
lg l dncp efo Eh S p e )Co r' d cso b tt e s n bl a p ist t rn il t t e
e a p il r m t e u rme u ts e iin u mra o a y p le ha p i cp e o h

fcso t p o e ' c s . I . Tzsr a o a ln s sa d r i a o j cieo e 1 a 41 .
a t f he ds n rs a e' d li e s n b e e s tn ad s n b e tv n . d. t 0
'
Gl ) wilno dic r a l e s na e a iai off dea 1w t es lhe sae c ts
çW e l t s en n mr a o bl pplc ton
e rl a ml s t tt our'
decson leswel o sdet bo
ii i
l ut i he unda i ofpe s i edif r nce ofopilon.' Tie,647 F.
res
nni sbl fe e s
ri '' c
3d

a 1 (u tn Go d n v. rrn ,46 F.d 1 2 ,1 2 ( t Ci.2 0 :. A fd r lc ur
t 08 q o ig o ma Be ta d 7 3 0 2 0 8 7h r 0 6
e ea o t
rv e n a h b a p tto G r smll)t gtt)c u tsfc lfndn st b s t l e s
e iwi g a e s eiih G et es he sae o r' a ma i ig o e omd mls
p
(ei o e)rb t ûh p e l to o c re te sb ce ra dc n n i ge i e c .' M ilrEl
p tt n r e u s t e r sl in f o rcn s y la n o vicn v d n e ' lei
mp
'
v. ek ,5 U. 2 . 4 ( 0 )( u t 2 U. C.j22 4()1) Le v. a hnlo , 4
Drt e 45 S. 31 2 0 20 5 q oi 8 S.
ng
5 e( ); nz W s i n 4 4
F.d2 5 3 0 01(t Ci. 0 )
3 9 , 0 - 4h r 20 6 .
D i us i
sc s on

Th Co n at c n e e ta camsIa tr u h () cam 1, n p r o cam 1I
e mmo we lh o c d s h t li () h o g d , li l a d a t f li 1
ae e h use ,ha n b e a j dc td o t meisb t sae c u t Th c t twilfrt
r x a td vig e n du iae n he rt y he tt o r. e oz l ls
r
co i whe he t sae co ts nzi on t e cli s we e et r c r r t or a
nsder
t r he tt ur ' lngs
hos am
r ihe onta y o
n

t e onabl a i a i of cea l e i bls d f r l lw o ba e on a lnr as bl
mz as
e pplc ton
l ry sa ihe ede a a r s d
n l e ona e

d tnn n to o t ef cs ec u t l t e a d e stermani cam 1e a d po t n o
ee i ai n f h a t .Th o r wi h n d r s h e i ng li () n ri f
l
o
cl in 1 1
ar 1.

Cl m 1a
ai ()
I hi fr tcai ofi fe tve as it e ofti c ms l Gn ne ta s rs t tc m s ls
n s is l m
ne f c i
ssanc
ral ot e , r t s e t ha ol e '
c c not t c l t me be s of a c e pa ng t r d i font of t bn n whe e t
hoi e
o al wo m r
r w vi he oa n r
he r
r he

a d cin a drp t o p a eo J y2 , 0 3 wa c nsi o l d fce ta prj d c dt e
b u to n a e o k lc n ul 4 2 0 , s o tminal eiin nd eu ie h
t
y
out ome oft ti . I s
c
he ral n wom sa e e t pr s nt d t t sae ha as c t t oft c ew
tt m n s e e e o he t t be our, wo he r
m e r ,Gr or Ba ra J Engls saedt tt y we epr s nta t ti butnotc le
mbe s eg y ue nd oe
ih, tt ha he
r e e t he ral
a ld
t t siy. The bot sa e t tt y woul ha t sii d t tt y we e pr s nta t r d i
o e tf
y h tt d ha he
d ve e tfe ha he
r e e t he oa n
f ntoft Ga ne tba n o J y 24,2003,a t di no no i a hi t ua ha ni
w
he r t r n ul
nd hey d t tce nyt ng mus l ppe ng
on t pr ry. Peii n f a W rtofHa asCo pus Ex.1 7,Gn ne tv.J on,No.CL09he ope t
tto or
i
be
r ,
,
r t
ohns

2 6 ( a io Comt Ci. . e 27 20 9 ( c No 7 6 .
3 7 M d s n t y r Ct F b. , 0 ) Do . . -)
Th sae h be s c u trjce ti cam o i meis n l t t Gn t ha me
e tt a a o r ee td l s li n t zt, zi ha met d t
l
s
ng
n i e tep ro ma c n rt ep eudc p o g o S dc a d.A peiin rcamig ie fcie
et r h ef r n e o h rj ie r n f t kln
h
t o e li n n fe tv
t
as it nceofcot e mus s ts yt t pr e t s s tf t i Sti l nd. Thefrtpr ng of
ssa
ms l t aif he wo- ong d e t e orh n rcda
is o
Sti llndr quiesape ii ne t s
rcca e r
tto r o how tha c
ç t ouns lmadee r ss s roust tco ms lwa not
t
e
ror o e i ha t e s
f nc i lng a t t ouns l gua a ee t de e ntby t Si h Am e e t' me ng t t
u tori s he c
e ' r nt d he f nda
he xt
ndm n , nni ha
'

c t e' rp e e tto fl b lw a o j cie sa d r o r a o a ln s.z Srcca d 46
oms ls e r sn ain el eo n b e tv tn ad f e s n be e s' til n , 6
'
l
U . a 687S. t
88. The s o pr
ec nd ong o Sti klnd r quies a pe ii r t s w t t c m s ls
f rc a e r
ttone o ho ha ol e '

d fce tp ro n ep eu ie hm o h rb d mo tai aG e s n bl p o blt t a, u
eiin e fnna c rj dc d i r e y e nsrt
ng ç a o a e r ba iiy h t b t
r
f c
or ouns ls e r s t r ul o t pr ee ng wo d have be n dif r nt' I a 69 C
e ' ror , he es t f he oc di
ul
e fe e ' d. t 4. W
r s na e' oba lt i a pr biiy s fci ntt t de ne t confde e of t o co e '
ea o bl pr biiy s
oba lt ufi e o m nni he
i nc
he ut m .'

I
d.

2Skiklnd e tbls aisr pr umptont tc elsconduc flsw ihi t w i r ngeof
c a sa ihes ttong es
i ha ouns '
t al t n he de a

rao a ey oeso a assa c . 4 6U. a 68 Su iilsrtn o c t e' pe r n emusbehihl
e sn bl r fsin l sitn e' 6 S. t 9. ç dca cuiy f omsls db ma c t g y
'
l
d frnilna dGv r efr ( t b ma et ei n t tedso t efcso hidsg t. . n t e au t te
eee tay n e ey fotmus) e d o l ae h itri fe t f n ih . a d o v lae h
mi
ng
(h l n d c n u t9o c t e' p rp ciea tetme' J
c al ge l o d c m oms ls es etv th i . .
e
'Z
8

The sa e co tc ude t tti lc ms lm a a r s na e sr t gi de son nott
t t ur oncl d ha ra ot e de ea o bl ta e c cii
o
c lt s wine s swho woul ha o y add t tt y s w a he r nohi t ua t t
al he e t s e
d ve nl
ed ha he a nd a d t ng mus l ha

da The c tr s ne t tt s l of G a no li 't tm o woul notha c e t d a
y.
our ea o d ha hi dnd
< w- tlng' esi ny
s
d
ve r a e

r ao bl p o a iiy o a dfe e tr s th d i b e p e e td. ( c No 7 1 a 2. Th
e s na e r b b l f ifr n eul a t e n r sn e Do . . - 0 t ) e
t
Fourh Cic t ha a knowl dge t t hlevaua i a i f e tve as itnc cli Gwe gi
t r ui s c
e d ha
l tng n ne f ci - ssa e a m, &
ve
co elwi l tt i de e m i ng whi h wine s t c l a pm' of t i til sr t gy.
uns
de aiude n t r ni
c
t s es o a l s t
he r ra ta e '
'

Untd Sae v. e s 7 0F.d3 4 3 4 (t Ci. 3 .Se W is n v Gre e 1 5F.d 3 6
ie tts Dy s , 3 3 5 , 6 4 h r 201 ) e lo . e n , 5 3 9 ,
40 (t Ci.1 98 (u tn Przt v Th mps n,9 6 F.d 1 6 ,1 71 n. (t Ci.1 9 )
4 4 h r 9 ) q o ig t t . o o 9 2 5 0 5
e
9 4 h r 9 3)
( e iinsa u wha t so e ie et ito u e çr o e o tilsrtg ,a a tr y
ç cso bo t type f vd nc o nr d c ae n s f ra tae y nd tone s
r

h veg e tlttd o wh r t e c nf c tej r ' atn in a d wh t... vie c t y c n
a ra aiu e n e e h y a o us h u y s te to n a
e d n e he a
c o s no t ito u e'' Attil t j r h adt si n t a t er a ce wa pa ig te
h o e t o nr d c .'
) ra,he u y e r e tmo y h t h o d rw s vn h
r wih he vy,l e pme a lda a t t whe Duf a tmpt t s r n f hel durng
oad t a oud qui nt l y nd ha , n
f te ed o c e m or p i
t a s ul,Gn ne tc r he mout wih hi ha
he s a t r t ove ed r
h t s nds.I wa no um ea o bl f t sa ec t
t s t
s na e or he t t our
t c l ,t r f e,t tti lc m s lma a r as na e sr t c dec so t tc lng t e
o onc ude he e or ha ra ot e de e o bl ta egi
ii n ha ali hes
wine s s woul nothave a d t de e e' ca e Nor wa t sa e co ltt e ona e i
t se
d
i ed he f ns s s .
s he tt tr mr as bl n

d tr nn t t te c ie t f r o t s win se d d n tr s l i p eudc t Gn n t
eemiig ha h hoc o og hee t e s s i o e ut n rj ie o r et
Bec us t sa e c ts nli wa net r co r r t nor a t e ona e a ia i of
a e he tt our' lng s ihe nta y o,
n mr as bl pplc ton ,

Srcca d a d wa no b s d o a l e s n b ed tr n to o t ef cs cam Ia h sno
til n n s t a e n n mr a o a l eemi ai n f h a t, li () a
l
m e i.
rt

Cli J'
am '
(
/
#
Gn n t' s ond s c am as e t t t hi ti c ms l we e i f c i f no
r e ts ec
ub- l i
s rs ha s ral ol e
r nefe tve or t
pr s ntngt t si ony oft t m e r oft r c e wih whom Ga n t alege hea
e e i he e tm
he wo mbe s he oad r w t
r e t l s nd
Duf s
f pokeon t m o i ofJ y 24,2003. Gn ne tpr s nt d no s
he m ng
ul
r t ee e
wom sa e nt t t sa e
t t me s o he t t

9

ha asc ts
be our uppo tng t s alegai ns buthet tfed a t e de ir he rng t the s
ri he e l to ,
esii t he vi nta y a i ha
poke
wih t m e r of. c e a
t wo mbe s t r w boutt l t r l t r a phat a t e of t da He
he
adng hei efove s l t he nd
he y.
t sii d t tDuf wa pr s ntf t s co r ai nsa di nota art be i any dite so
e tfe ha
f s e e or he e nve s to nd d
ppe o n
sr s r
m a a c pl i st t r d c e m e be s
ke ny om a nt o he oa r w
m r.

Th sae c u ts rj cin o t i cam wa n t c nrr t o a l ra o a l
e tt o r' ee to f h s li
s o o ta y o r n z e s n b e
n
a i a i ofSti kl nd orba e o a l ea o bl dee mi ton oft f t . The e de
pplc ton
tc a
s d n n mr s na e t r na i
he ac s
vi nce

a iils d t tDuf a ved a Gane tspl e e ry i t momi o J y 24,2003,and
t ra howe ha
f ni
t r t' ac al n he
ng n ul
at h Ga ne tha t ke he keys s wal d wih ii a ot t pr ry a t hi
lhoug
r t d a n r
, he
ke
t lm r md he ope t nd o s
mot rshous be or r t i t t ba n,whe e Gar t a s ule he a om d noon. Had t
he '
e f e e unzng o he r
r
ne t s a t d r r l
he

j r he r tsi n t tDu fa d Ga n t s k wi r a ce me e sa s mepon i t
u y a d etmo y ha f n r e t po e t o d rw mb r t o
h
it n he
m o ni i woul ha be n pe f c l r s na e f t m t c ude t t t r pe a
r ng, t
d ve e
re ty ea o bl or he o oncl
ha he a
nd
a
bduc i i t ba. ha ne e cl a Duf de c i d,a trt al ge c
ton n he l ppe d xa ty s f s rbe fe he le d onve s ton wih t
n
rai
t he
po e ilwines e Th oughou t t l de e e c
t nta t s s. r
t he da , f ns ouns la tc d Duf c e biiy a r gu
e ta ke
fs r di lt nd
ed
t tDuf a Gn n t ha a o i r lto hi t tt r ne he a lga i ns ofr pe a
ha
f nd r e t d n ngong e ai ns p ha mde mi d r le to
a nd
a s t Colns ls de ii no t c l t e wine s doe no de ons t de kint
s aul.
l e ' c son t o al hes
t s es
s t m ka e f e

pef r nc ,n rh sGn n t p o e t ti r s le i a yp eudc t hm. Cli Ib h sn
ro ma e o a r e t r v n ha t e utd n n rj ie o i
am () a o
m e i.
rt

Cli 1c
a m ()
I hi t r s cl m , Gn n t a gu s t t hi t l c
n s hid ub- ai
r e t r e ha s da ouns we e consiu i l
el r
tt tonaly
i f ec i f notm e e i e de e a
ne f tve or
s ntng vi nc boutt s a e oft i e i r oft ba n, hi h he a gues
he t t
he nt r o
he r w c
r

wo d ha t nni d Duf' de c i oft e nt ofJ y 24,2003. Atti l Duf t sii d
ul ve mde ne
f s piton he ve s ul
ra, f e tfe

t t a tr Ga ne tma unwa e a nc s t w a d he when t y e e id t ba n,Ga ne t
ha fe r t de
nt d dva e o r r
he nt r he r
r t
pus d he up s
he r
ome se i o t bac oft bn n,ben he bac r ove a haf wal,a
t ps nt he k
he r
t r kwa ds r
l
l nd

10

r pe he . Duf il ta e he t si ony wih a di r m o t bn n,a welaspi t r of is
a d r
f lusr t d r e tm
t
ag n f he r s l
c u es t
i e i . Gn e tc am st tDuf' t si o wa f le bec us t r we e no se a t ttm e
nt ror rn t l i ha
fs e tm ny s a s
a e he e r
t ps t ha i
i t bn n a t tt r wa a door wli h wasbole s ,s pa ai t go fo t ba k
n he r nd ha he e s
, zc
t d hut e r tng he nt r m he c
oft bn n. I s
he r n uppor oft scai ,Gn ne tt tfe a hi e de ir he rng a pr de a
t hi l m
r t esi d t s vi nta y a i nd ovi d
s
wom sae e fom Chrs Arae,who pur has d t l nd and t ba n fom t Ga ne t
tt m nt '
r
i tl
c e he a
he r r
he r ts
a ot Fe a y 9,2004. Ara e sa e t t whe he pm o s d t bn n i 2004,t door
r md bnzr
tl t t d ha ,
n
ha e he r n
he

s p rtn t s cin o tebanwa s ae cosd a dh dt b b o e t b o e e .( c7
e aaig he e to s f h r s e ld l e n a o e r k n o e p n d Do 6 Ex. )
, 2.
The sa e ha a co tr e t ttilc
tt be s ur ul d ha ra ouns lsf ilr t puton t sevi nc vi a e
e ' alze o
hi de e olt d

n ih rp o o S rcca d Th c u t ee tdGan t' tsi nya d c ncu e t thene r
et e r ng f til n . e o r rj ce r ets etmo n o ld d ha
l
ve
pr de e de e a utt se ort doo t c ms la t tm e oft l I ed,t co t
ovi d vi nc bo he t ps he r o ot e t he i
da . nde he ur

poi e outt tti lc ms lus d phot a oft i e i roft ba' a ti lwih Ga ne ts
nt d
ha ra ot e e
ogr phs he nt ro
he l t ra t r t'
n

f l k o e g .( c No. - 0a 2 3) Th c u tsc n l so t ttil oms lsp ro ma c
' l n wld e Do . 7 1 t - . e o r' o cu in ha ra c t e ' e fr n e
u
wa notdet i nti notunr as bl The onl pot n i ly c e bl e de e t tt doo was
s
k e s
e ona e.
y e tal r di e vi nc ha he r
bole s tc
t d hu nmef o t sa e ntofape s who ha pe s na knowl
r m he t t me
r on
d ro l
edgeoft c ton of
he ondii
t ba n s ve mont a tr t r pe a a
he r e n
hs fe he a
nd bduc i t plce The phot a
ton ook a .
ogr phs a tia
t z l
s
uppore Duf t si o r ga di t e nt . Ga ne t has t not pr vi d cla a
td
fs e tm ny e r ng he ve s
r t
hus
o de e r nd
c ncng e de e t tt smi sng e de e woul have r ie ar as bl pr biiy ofa
onvi i vi nc ha hi s i vi nc
d
a s d e ona e oba lt
dif r ntou c e. Be us t sae c tsr i wa net rc r r t nora t e ona e
fe e
t om
ca e he t t our' ulng s ihe onta y o,
n mr as bl
a i a i o , c e ry e t bls d f r l l w a w a no ba e o a l e s bl
pplc ton f l a l s a i he ede a a
nd
s t s d n n mr a ona e

d tr nain o t ef cs cam Ic ha nomei.
eemi to f h a t, li () s
rt

11

Cli Id
am ()
l li f t s b- l m ,Gn ne' a gue t ttil c t e we e i fe tve f f ii t
n As ourh u cai
r t r s ha ra o ms l r ne f c i or alng o
t

pr dee de et tDuf and Gn ne t r ve e ove anhotrt Ha s lg, r ni a ba k
ovi vi nc ha
f
r t ta l d r
l o ni onbtr Vigi a, nd c
o Aprl29,2003,t da oft s ond c r d r pe Gn n t pr s nt d t sae c twih
n
i
he y
he ec
ha ge a . r e t e e e he tt our t
s esi ce a s ppi tcke s9om W es l I ,daed Aprl29,2003,wli h i c t d t t
al nvoi s nd hi ng i t
te , nc. t
i
lc ndia e ha
Duf lc s d r l ofpl tca ga de f rii e f rSprng W a e Far ,Ga ne tsf r The
fptr ha e ols
asi nd r n e tlz r o
i
tr m
r t' a m.
s ppi tc t i ude die tons t t f r
hi ng ike s ncl d r c i
o he n m. Ga n t cli t t hi c
r e t a ms ha s ouns l we e i
e
r n
pos es i oft sevi nc a ti butdi no us i,e n t
s son hi de e t ral
d t e t ve hough i woul ha pr n t tDuf
t
d ve ove ha
f
wa l ng a
s yi boutt r pe on Aprl29,2003,a t r f e unde m i d he c e biiy e
he a
i
nd he e or
r ne r r di lt noug t
h o
ha al wed f a a quit oft J y 24,2003r pe.
ve lo
or n c tal he ul
a

Th saeh be sc u trj cè ti cam be a e o te mu t l i tmr tto saj r
e tt a a o r ee td h s li c us f h li e ne eain u y
p
ma ha ma oft s e denc The co tpoi e o t t wih no pr f r d t si ony f o
y ve de hi vi e.
ur nt d ut ha , t
ofe e e tm
rm

a ywin s p a i Du fa d Ganet tW eslo t td t ,h j yc ud h v itr rtd te
n t e s lcng f n r t a te n ha ae te m' o l a e n ep ee h
e i n e t me n ta t e d l r o t e i ms wa s h d e fr Ap i 2 . Ha t ejly
vde c o a h t h ei y f h t
ve
e
s c e uld o rl 9
dh t
r
be ive t tt e de e i c t d wha Ga ne tc am s t y m a ha onl weghed i i
le d ha he vi nc ndia e
t r t l i , he
y ve y i
tn

c me i wih t Aprl29,2003i r ofwhih Gane t ac te ( No.7- 0a 4or cton t he i
hage,
c r t was quitd. Doc.
1 t

5) Th c ur wa t u no c n i c dt t r e t a p o nt a temisn e i e c ce tda
. e o t s h s t o v n e ha Gn n t h d r ve h t h sig v d n e r ae

ra o a l p o a it t tt ej r wo l no h v c n itd Ganet ftec a g smii fo
e s n b e r b bl y ha h u y u d t a e o vce r t o h h r e sng r m
i
t J y24,
he ul
2003 a s t
s aul.
The s a e c l ts r s ng i ne t r c r r t nor a l r as bl a i a i of
t t otr ' ea oni s ihe ont a y o,
n m e ona e pplc ton ,

Stiklnd, i i ba e on a unr as bl de e nai n oft f c s Tra c m s lssr t gy
rc a nor s t s d
n e ona e t nui to
he a t . i l ol e ' ta e
wa t e tbls t tDuf a Gn n t had mant i d a r ai Mp be
s o sa ih ha
f nd r e t
i ane
eltons
yond t dae t tDuf
he t ha
f

sa e i e
t t d t nded. Cot e c led wine s swho t sii d t s i Duf a Ga ne tt t ri t
ms l a l
y se
e tfe o eeng f nd r t ogehe n he

c e oft i busne s de lngst oughou t fr tsx m ont of200 Couns lr pe t dl
ont xt her i s ai
hr
t he is i
hs
3.
e e ae y
c l d Duf c edi lt pa tc ary i r r t why s wo d m ant i a r lto hi
halenge
fs r biiy, ri ul l n ega ds o
he ul
i an e ai ns p
wih a ma s as e td had r pe a be t n he muli e tmes I i nott e s bl t
t
n he s re
a d nd a e r
tpl i . t s
mr a ona e o

c udet tc ms lm a asr t gi de i i nott i udet W e s le de e a cl a i
oncl ha ot e de ta e c c son
o ncl he t e vi nc s lmultve
oft o he evi nc esa ili t i ongoi r ltons p ora i ncusve ast sa e c t
he t r de e t blslng he r
ng ea i hi
s nco l i , he tt our

v e di.Fu temo e Gn n t ha n te tbls e p eu ier s li fo t eo si no t i
iwe t rh r r, r e t s o sa ih d rj d c e utng rm h miso f hs
e de . I i e iey r as bl t tt c tco d ha beleve t tGn n t r ped Duf on
vi nce t s ntr l e ona e ha he our ul ve i d ha r e t a
f
t m or ng ofAprl29 a t n c nvi d orf c he t go buy g e nhous s i l tr
he
ni
i
nd he o nce
or ed r o
re
e upples ae

t a d y. Co i eig ta t ej r ddno f t ee ie es fi in t c n itGnn t o t
ht a
nsd rn h t h u y i t md h vd nc u tce t o o v c r e' f he
t
Ap 2 , 0 rp c ag ,ti as ara o a l c ncu int a tejuyma ha ece tdte
dl 9 20 3 a e h r e i s lo e s n b e o lso h t h t. y v rdi h
e
e de e but sil bele d Duf s t tm o r r ng t c i e of c ci pari a l
vi nc
tl ive
f esi ny ega di he rm s
onvi ton, tculry
bec us t tt si ony wasbolt r d wih t tmony 9o polceofi e s a s xua as a tntr e
a e ha e tm
se e t esi
m
i fc r , e l s ul ls

who e mi Duf o J y 2 2003,pho og a ,a f r nsce de
xa ned
f n ul 4,
t r phs nd o e i vi nce.Cli Id ,h rf r ,
am ( ) te eo e
hasno m e i.
rt
Cl m 1
ai 1
Gn n t a s cai st thi tilc m s lwe e c tt i ly i fe tve bec us t y
r e t lo l m ha s ra ot e r onsiutonal ne f c i
a e he
di nota s hi of hi rg t t siy,and t y di notpe mi hi t t tf Att sae
d
dvie m
s i ht o e tf
he d
r t m o esiy.
he t t
ha ase de ir he rng,Gnr t t tfe t thi co e ne r a s hi t the ha a
be vi nta y a i
ne t esiid ha s uns l ve dvied m ha
d n
a ol e rghtt t siy,a he ne rwa gi n t c nce t a s r t the wa e t t siy.
bs ut i o e tf nd
ve s ve he ha
o s e t ha
nt d o e tf
Ga ne ts ti lco ms alo t sii d a t e de i r he i t t t y i d dic s d t
r t' ra t el s e tfe t he vi nta y arng ha he ndee s us e he
pos i lt ofGn ne tst tmony.Ator y Lawr nc e i il sa e t tt y a s d Gn ne t
sbiiy
r t' esi
t ne
e e xplcty tt d ha he dvie
r t

ofli rgh t tsiya til a Ator y Quagla co imedt t yha dic s whehe
zs i t o etf t ra, nd t ne
ina nfr hat he d s used t r
i woul be i Ga ne ts bes i e e tt t siy a ti . The a itd t tt y a s hi
t
d
n r t'
t ntr s o e tf t lal
y dm te ha he dvied m

13

a an tt siyn a dc nfr dta hema ehi o de iin n t ot siy ( c No 7- 0a
g is e tf ig n o ime h t
d s wn cso o t e tf . Do . . 1 t
5.
)
I t f eoft c r di t y t si o t sa eha asco tc e t d t t tmony of
n he ac
he onta cor e tm ny, he tt be
ur r die he esi
bot a t e ove t tofGa ne t
h tom ys r ha
r t.Gmne t snots wn by c e ra c ncng e denc t t
lt ha
ho
l a nd onvi i vi e ha

t s fndi off ti i orec . Furher or t sa e c tco ude t tGa ne tst si o
hi i ng ac s nc r t
t m e, he tt our ncl d ha r t' e tm ny
woul no ha ld t ar s bl pr ba lt o a dif r tr ul. Gi n t i nsse e i
d t ve e o ea ona e o biiy f fe en es t ve he nco it ncis n
Gn n t' pr s ntton off t t oughou t r c d,t s c tc nno c l t tt sae
r e ts e e a i
ac s hr
t he e or hi our a t onc ude ha he t t

c tsr lng wa a unr a o bl a iaton ofet rpr of Sti llnd o wa ba e on a
our' u i
s n e s na e pplc i
ihe ong
rcca r s s d
n
un e s bl de e mi to oft f t Cl m I,t e or ,hasno m e i.
r a ona e t r nai n he acs. ai I her f e
rt
Cl m I1
ai 1
Gar t as t c ti Cli 1It c nsde alof t a lged e s ofco ms l a
ne' ks he our n am I o o i r l
t
he le
nor
t e nd

t er prj iil efc o h s t l i te a g e ae a d i lg t o t e ttl y o te
h i eudca fe t n i da n h g r g t n n ih f h o ai f h
t
cru tn e .Th saeh b a c t'rj ce ti cam o t g omd : 1 Vigni lw d e
ic msa c s e tt a e s out ee td h s li n wo r t s ( ) r i a a o s
n tr c g ies h a g e aeprj d c cams a d ( )t ecam f i do ismeis Th c u t
o e o nz uc g rg t eu ie li , n 2 h li al n t rt. e o r
e
no e t tt c s twas a l ng,hoty c esed t l i whih de e e c ms l a tc
t d ha he a e l
o
l ont t da n
c
f ns ot e ta ked t
he

c e biiy oft vi tm i m uli e wa .'The c ta s poi e t t t a quit sde e e
r di lt
he ci n
tpl ys'
our lo nt d o he wo c tal f ns

c t e a hiv di isc n ieaino t t tl yo t crl tn e .( c No. - 0a 6)
oms l c e e n t o sd rto f he oai f he icl a c s Do . 7 1 t .
t
ms
The sae c ts rzi wa ne t r c r r t no a unr s bl a ia i of
t t our' tlng s ihe onta y o, r n
ea ona e pplc ton ,
cea l e tbls d f de a lw . Ha ng c l d t t ti l c
l ry sa ihe e r l a
vi oncude ha ra ouns ls pe f m a wa no
e ' ror nce s t

d t e ta t tno o t s alg d e rr r s le i p eu ie t e c u tsd tr n to
ekin nd ha ne f ho e l e ro s e utd n rj dc , h o r' eemi ai n
e
r g r i a g e aep eu iewi tn ssr tn . S eFih rv Ang ln ,1 3 F.d 8 5 8 2
e adng g rg t rj dc t a d c uiy e s e . eo e 6 3 3 , 5
hs
(t Ci.1 9 ) CHa ig j td tr n d t a no o c t e' a to s c ud be c n ie e
4h r 9 8 ç vn us ee mie h t ne f oms ls ci n o l
o sd r d
c tm to l e r r .. .i w oul be odd,t s y t l as ,t c l t t t e s m e a i ,
ons i i na r o ,
t
d
o a he e t o onc ude ha hos n
ctons

14

wh n c nsd r d c le tv l ,d p ie F s e o af i t a.) Eve a sl ng a e d t a
e o iee olciey e rv d ih r f ar 1 l'. n sl , mu n o, h t
i '
mi
a1o t e d n eGn n t camswa misn fo tetil db e p e e td t tej r , h t
1 f he vie c r e t li
s si g ' m h ra ha e n r s ne o h u y t a
r
as lmpton sil doe not r ie a r as bl pr biiy t t t out m e woul ha be n
sl i tl
s
as
e ona e oba lt ha he co
d ve e
dif r nt The Comm onwe 1h pr e e a good de of e de e be
fe e .
at es nt d
al
vi nc yond Duf s t si o
f e tm ny,

i l ng physc a e r e de e t ts
ncudi
i al nd xpe t vi nc , ha uppo td c ci Def ns c m s li a hed
re onvi ton.
e e ot e mpe c
Duf and c lnge he c edi lt muli etm e a pr s n e muc e de e i s
f
hale d r r biiy
tpl i s nd e e t d
h vi nc n uppor ofis
t t'

t e r ta Du fwa ad s r n ld e - ilre d. Th j r c u dr a o by h vece ie a1o
h o y h t f s ig u te x grfin
e u y o l e s na l a rdtd l f
t mi sng e de a silc ced Gn n t ba e upon t Com monwe t spr e ai n.
he s i vi nce nd tl onvit
r et s d
he
alh' es nt to
Cli IIha no me i.
am I s
rt

Cli 1e a d11
a ms () n 1
Repo e ta g st a Gn n t' Cli Ie a dtepo t n o Cli IIt t n opo ae
s nd n r ue h t r ets am () n h ri f am I ha i c r rts
o
le aeno e a se a ds udb ds se b c u eGn n t ne e p e e tdte t t esae
() r t xh u td n ho l e imis d e a s r e t v r r s ne h m o h tt
c u t $A)fd r lc t'ma n tg a tawrto ha e sc r ust apeiine i saec td
o r. ( e ea out y o rn
g
i f b a o p o t o r n tt uso y
t
lnl s t peii ne ha fr te used li sa er m e e by pr s ntng li cai st t hi t
l e s he tto r s is xha t zs t t e di s
e e i ls l m o he ghes

sae c u t' Ba e v.Co c r n 2 0 F.d 2 ,28 (t Ci.2 0 ) (i n O' u l n v
tt o r.
' kr
r o a , 2 3 76 8 4 h r 0 0 ct g S li
i
va .
Bo r k l 5 6U. 8 8 8 2 ( 9 9 28U. C. 2 5 ( )1 .I o d rt stsyt e h usin
e c e, 2 S. 3 , 4 1 9 :;
S. j 2 4 b ( ) n r e o aif he x a to
r quie e ,t f de alcli mus be ûf ry pr s ntd' t t sae c t Pi r v.Conne ,
e r m nt he e r am
t <ail e e e ' o he tt our. ca d
r

40 U. 27 , 75( 9 ) & oh t o eaiefcsa dt ec n r l n lg lp i ilsmu t
4 S. 0 2 1 71 .çB) t he p rtv a t n h o tol g e a rncp e s
(
i

beprs n e t t saec tt' th wsv. at 1 5F.d9 7 91 ( t Ci.1 9 )
e e td o he tt ou 'Ma te
Ev t 0 3 0 , 1 4h r 9 7 .
Gn nets Cl m Ie a ar,on is fc t be a cam f i fci asit e of
r t' ai () ppe s
t a e, o
li or nefe tve ssanc
c e ba e on c els f im e t di c r pr s nt a or a gue t tt Comm onweat
ouns l s d
ouns ' a l o s ove , e e , nd/ r
ha he
1h
wihhe d e de e t t was e ul or a / i ac ng. Em be d wihi t t c am ,
t l vi nc ha
xc pat y nd or mpe hi
dde
t n ha l i
Gn n t s e s a s t be as e tng a cli f r pr e ut ra m ic
r e t e m lo o
s ri
a m o os c o il s onduc t de Br dy. To t
tm r a
he

15

e e t tt s c am i a i f e tve as itnc of c
xt nt ha hi l i s n ne f c i
ssa e
ouns c am ,t c tagr es wih t
el l i he our
e
t he

rs
e ponde t tGn ne tne rpr s nt d t c am t t sae c ur a t ne re use i.
nt ha r t ve e e e he l i o he t t o t nd hus ve xha t d t
E cai t thasno bee pr e e t t hi he t sa e c rtne rhe e s ma be te t d a
E l m ha
A
t n es nt d o he g s tt ou
ve t l s
y
rae s

e use i i i cea t t t cli wo d be pr e laly ba r d t r sa e 1 w i t
xha t d f t s l r ha he am
ul
oc dtr l r e mde tt a f he
pe ii ra tm pt t pr en i t t sae c t' Ba ,220 F. a 288;s e alo Gr y v.
ttone te ed o es t t o he tt our.
' ker
3d t
e s
a

Neheln 51 U. 1 2 1 ( 9 6 .l Gn n t we et atmp n w t r iet i cam i sae
t ra d, 8 S. 5 , 61 1 8 ) f r e t r o te t o o as hs li n tt
c u t i wo l b p o e u al bard p ru n t Va Co e An .j 8016 4 B)2 (e uiig
o r, t u d e r c d r l re u s a t o . d n . - 5 ( ( ) r q rn
y
ha spe ii r t r ie a la ia e g om dsf r ifi t i frtsae pe ii f a wrtof
bea ttone s o a s l va lbl r t
or ele n he. s t t tton or
r
i

h be sc r u ) Be a s Gn n t k e o tef css p o t gtl cam a t tmeo h ssae
a a o p s. c u e r e t n w f h a t u p ri l s li t he i f i tt
n i

ha e sp tto , ec n o d mo srt c us a dp eu iet e c s t ed ful Th po t n o
b a eiin h a n t e n tae a e n rj dc o x u e h ea t e ri f
.
o
Cli le t a c nsiue a i efciea ssa c o c t e cam a dt p rin ( Cli 1I
am () h t o t ts n n fe tv s itn e f oms l li n he o t j am I
t
o f

t a a s rsp eu ieb s do t i cam a e t e eo e ds se
h t se t rj dc a e n hs li r ,h r fr , imis d.
To t e e t t t cai i one of pr e ut da mico uc ba e on t
he xt nt ha he l m s
os c o l s nd t s d
he
Co monwe t s f iur t dicl e e ul t y or i pe hi e de e,t c tr l s t t
m
alh' al e o s os xc paor
m ac ng vi nc he our u e ha
.

Ga n t exha t d t s c am by pr s ntng i t t Su e Cou tof Vigi a i hi dr c
r et
use hi l i
e e i t o he pr me
r
r i n s ie t
a a . The Vigi a Supr me Cour de e t s c am on is m e is c udi t t t
ppe l
r ni
e
t nid hi l i
t
rt, oncl ng ha he
Co monwe t ha dic os al ma e i e ul t y a i a hi e de e by pr d ng
m
a1h d s l ed l t ral xc paor nd mpe c ng vi nc
ovi i
Gn n t wih s
r e t t umm a i s ofi e de Duf ha wih i si a or a t pr e ut r Gn ne t
re
nt r ws f d t nve tg t s nd he os c o . r t,
275 Va.a 41 657 S. 2d a 1
t 0,
E. t 08. The Co f t r c ude t t Ga n t s f r d no
urt urhe oncl d ha
r e t uf e e

p eu ieb n tb i gv n t v r t ta s rp so t itr iwsb c us t eta ci s
rj d c y o eng ie he ebai rn cit f he n e ve e a e h rnsrpt
m
pr s nt no i pe h e e de e dif r nt f om t t i t di c os es t t co d ha
e e ed
m ac m nt vi nc f e e r
ha n he s l ur ha ul ve

r s t i ar s na epr ba lt t tt o c wo dha be n dfee .J a 41 11
euled n ea o bl o biiy ha he utome ul ve e ifrnt Z t 8, 2.

16

Ga ne t cli s t t t sa e co ts Br dy nli wa lnr s bl a t t t
r t am ha he t t ur ' a
lng s l ea ona e nd ha he

p osc t rk o n l p e e td Du fs p ru e t si n r g r i te e ns o Ap i 29
r e u o n wigy r sn e f ej rd e t y e adng h ve t f rl ,
mo
2003,be us i a i er e wih I tgaorM iha l Duf saed t tGn n t ha m a he
ca e n n nt viw t nvesi t
c e, f tt ha r e t d de r
go t W e s li Ha s zg a t he r pe a a s ule he on Aprl29,2003. Ga ne ti
o t e n ni onbtr fer
a d nd s a t d r
i
r t s
m itke Net rt Co monwe t nort def ns r s d t is oft W e s ti wih
sa n. ihe he m
alh
he e e aie he s ue he tel rp t

Duf dtrngti l s Duf had no opporuniy t lea utt ti Ha t de e epr s nt t
f li ra , o
f
t t o i bo he rp. d he f ns e e ed he
W e s le de i a e f r t i a h Duf orc le he t tmony r ga di t s ue e
te vi nce n n f o t o mpe c
f ha lnge r esi
e r ng he eq nc
ofe nt on Aprl29,2003,t r i a r a ona e pr biiy t t s woul ha t sii d t
ve s
i
he e s e s bl oba lt ha he
d ve e tfe o
pr c s y t s m etlng t ts t dI si t M i hae :
e iel he a li ha he ol nve tga or c l

And (qhe a I sat t pul of rpi y buta rnty no rpi y e ug
nd tred o l f a dl
ppae l t a dl no h
be aus hegoti t ba k oft t c a (jIwa d i ng vey fs do t
c e
n he c
he nzk nd
s rvi r a t wn he
r d ho ng t t i wo d ge hi of t bac of t t c but he i di n',
oa
pi ha t ul t m f he
k
he nlk
t d t

e e t al h ma a e t c meao n it t p se e sd d o a gjga
v n u ly e n g d o o r u d no he a sng r ie o r nd rb
t ke a y f o me a so d t c r a pule me a r s t s the
he ys wa r m
nd t ppe he a nd l d
c os he ea
woull tltm e go outt doo be us he kne Iwoul e c s hepuled me
cn' e
he r ca e
w
d s ape o
l

a r s t ehi a t eheg tb hidtewh e a ( d o el ama ica (1
co s h m nd h
o e n h e l nd 1 r v i
ke n a nd
e nmal heca bac t t hous g1andt dmeIwoul be doi whae r
ve ly
me k o he
e
ol
d
ng tve
he wa e t do t y t t a he t d m e lha t go t H a rs z g t a pl ce
nt d o
oda ha nd
ol
d o
o r ionblr o
a

a d b s me friie a d (q s me p atc s e tn f r a g e n ho e a d
n uy o e t z r n
l
o
lsi h eig o
r e us n
br ug meho ea t ne da 1we t wor
o ht
m nd he xt y
nt o k.

( c No.1 1 Ex.1 ) No hn i Du fssae n c nr dcst tsi n s ep e e td a
Do .
-,
0. t ig n f ttme t o ta it he e tmo y h r sn e t
til Id e ,t e sae n t e i st v le o t e W es le i e c fo Cli Id b
ra . n e d h ttme t md nnne he au f h
te v d n e ' m am () y
r
pr di a r s na e e a ton o i. l isdie ta alo ni t Supr me Cou tpad
ovi ng ea o bl xpl na i f t n t r c ppe pi on, he
e
r i
pa tc a a tnton t t f c t t i r s e t tilc els Br dy r ss t ti lco t
ri ulr te i o he a t ha, n e pons o ra ouns ' a eque t, he ra ur
r vi we a 1of Duf s sa e e s i c m e a a c
e e d 1
f tt m nt n a r nd ompa ed t m t t s
r he o he umma y dicoszes
r s l lr

m a by t Co monwe lh. Gn net 275 Va a 1 657 S. 2d a 403. The ti l c t
de
he m
at
r t
. t 04,
E. t
ra our
c ude t t al e ul t r a ùnpe c e e de e ha be n di cl e a ba ed o is
oncl d ha 1 xc pa o y nd
a hm nt vi nc d e s os d, nd s n t

ownr viw oft saeme sandt tsi ny a til t Supr me Co ta e J. a 111,
ee
he tt nt
he etmo t ra, he
e
ur gred. Js t

415. Gn ne tha no pr n t tt sa e c ts nli was c r r t or a unr s na e
r t s t ove ha he t t our' lng
onta y o
n ea o bl

a plc to o Brd o b s d o a u ra o a e d tr n to o t f cs Cli Ie,
p iain f a v r a e n n n e s n bl eemiain f he a t. am ()
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CHI U NI
EF
TED STATES D I
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CT

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