Hill v. Clarke
Filing
27
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 12/1/2016. (slt)
CLERK' OFFI U.S. ST.
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CE
DI COURT
. . ATDANVI ,VA
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LLE
I THE UNI
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FOR TH E W ESTERN DI
STRI OF W RGI A
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DE2 C 12 1
26
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JU I C.
A DUDLG C RK
B
Y;
KEI LAM ONTE HI ,
TH
LL
CA SE N O .7: 5CV 00201
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E yc
pur
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ttoner
M EM O M N D U M O PINIO N
H AROLD W .CLARKE,
By:H on.Jac on L.K i er
ks
s
Se orU ni e St e D i t i tJudge
ni
t d at s s r c
R espondent
.
K e t Ln ont H il a V i gi a i a e pr e ng pr K ,tm e y ûl d a pe ii f a wr t
ih m e l,
r ni nm t oce di
o
i l e
tton or
i
ofha ascopus purua t 28U: C.j2254,c le ngt valdt ofHilsc i me on
be r , s nt o
S.
halngi he iiy
l' onfne nt
aj d me ti Frn ln Comt Cic i Co r f rt c u t o g a lr e y i vo ain o Va
u g n n a ki t y rut u t o wo o n s f rnd ac n n ilto f .
Codej 1 29. 254.Repo ntfld amoto t dimis a Hilrs
s nde ie
in o s s, nd l eponde mn ngt malr
d, ki he te
rpe f r diposton. Afe r vi w oft r co d,Igr ntt moton t dimi sand dimis t
i o s ii
tr e e
he e r
a he
i o s s
s s he
pe ii
tton.
On t m or ng o J y 5,201 Roc M o Food Li n e pl e a ve a w o k t
he
ni f ul
0, ky unt
o m oye s ni d t r o
dic rt ta br a i ha occ r d ove i ht A blr a ha c a e r hol i o t ba k
s ove ha
e k-n d ure
nlg .
zglr d ut n ntp e nt he c
wal a t t e had sol n $5, 2 ofc ga et s The sor s v il nc c m e as c ptle a
l, nd he hi f
t e
69
i r te .
t e ur e la e n r a tr d
mal who ft Hils de c i i i i t so e hol ng a ba a goi t va i cga e t
e
i l' s rpton nsde he t r , di
g, nd ng o rous i r te
dipe i l a i .Empl e c l t l a polce whobe n i si tng.
' nsng oc tons
s
oye s aled he oc l i ,
ga nve tga i
On t m or ng of A ug t 1 201 t ow ne of t Luc 2 M a t l t d i t
he
ni
us ,
0, he
r
he
ky
r, oca e n he
s ut m par ofFr nkln Col y,dic r d t ts e ha c a en r hol i o t bac
o he
t
a i
mt s ove e ha om one d ut n tp e nt he k
wal of hi sor a a co d wih $18000 of cgar te . Unf t nae y,t s r ilnce
l
s t e nd bs nde t
,
i e ts
oru tl he u vela
i l a
ie
n nve tga i
c e asa m oto de ec or w e e no f toni 1 A ga n, oc lpolc bega i si tng.
nm r nd
i n t t s r t unc i ng.
1Ther c di uncl ron whehe t moton deecor weedia ed, orbr n.
e or s ea
t r he i t t s r s bl
oke
On Augus 8 201 Lt M a vil o t Bo e o t Cot y She ifs De rm e
t ,
0, . nde le f he t t ur
mt
rf
pa t nt
r ponde t a c l f om 604 M i e M a ke r ga di a br ak-n a l m pt Pr lm i r
es
d o
al r
nut
r t e r ng
e i te .
e i na y
i tga i di not r ve l a s pec s2 but a ound t s tm e Bo e o t Count ofi e s
nvesi ton d
e a ny us t,
r
hi i , t t ur
y fc r
dic r d t t smia btr ares wih t s m e modu o r 3 ha occ r d i Cn pbe l
s ove e ha i lr lgl i , t he a
ure n m l
s pe andi d
Co ny,F a kl Co n y a te Ciy o Ly c b g A mut-u idcin l c o rt
u t rn i u t , nd h t f n h m .
n
li rs ito a, o peai
j
ve
i s i ton bega
nve tga i
n.
On Se e r4,201 Bo e o tCot y De y Bnz sopped a s pii usve ce i
pt mbe
0, t t m' mt put
ce t
us c o
hi l n
t Gr e a M a ke pa l l ,l afe t s or ha c os H o sl t r Gr e a M a ke
he e nw y r t rdng ot ong t r he t e d l ed. ur a e , e nw y r t
e pl s r pored a s pi i m a t t c a m e t be f om t s or s s c z iy pr de ,bu
m oyee e t
us c ous n ha l i d o
r he t e' e lr t ovi r t
t i vi llf be or Gr e yM ar te pl espho dpolce.4
he ndi dua e t f e e nwa
ke m oye
ne
i
O n Se e be 9, 2010, Lt M a vil obti d s v il nc f a fom t 604
pt m r
. nde le
a ne ur e la e oot ge r
he
9
ee y
r t
M i e M a ke 5 a d Gr nwa M a ke .
nut
r t n
I t G r e a M a ke s v la e t pe, t
n he e nw y
r t ur eil nc a
he
s pii m a who cli d t be fom t so e ss c liy pr de ,plce t pe ove s c liy
us c ous n,
a me o
r he t r ' e trt ovi r a d a
r e trt
m oton s ns s Lt M ande le sr ng y s pece t tt vi os fom t t sor s s
i e or . .
vil to l us t d ha he de r he wo t e howe
d
t s m ei vi l abl c m aem a c ng Hilsde c i i
he n ndi dua : a k l thi
l' s rpton.
On Se e r 1 201 De y Bnz e i o d Lt M a vil a
pt mbe 0, 0, put
c nf nne . nde le bout t s pi ous
he us ci
ve c e i t Gr e y M a ke pa ki l ,a t r ferLt M a vil obt i t lc ns
hil n he e nwa
r t r ng ot nd he ea t . nde le aned he i e e
a DM V i o ton on t t bl c ma e t tDe y Br eha so d on t m or ng o
nd
nf nna i
he wo a k l s ha put uc d t ppe
he
ni f
2Thec esi Frnkln Count we c ddurng t s m e of201 .
as n a i
y nt ol
i he um r
0
3The bu glra r d t Kc s 'hi br k-ns c a enty- e i t r rofsor i t eal hour of
r a ppea e o ta e' s ea i , ut n r hol n he ea
t es n he ry
s
t momi a e l iel sol cga ets
he
ng, nd xcusv y t e i r te .
4Em pl ye fld ar t ih Bo eo tpolc a trt m anlf t sor .
o es ie epor w t t tur ie fe he
e t he t e
5 The 604 M i t M ake s vela e f a w a fom Augus 1 201 The vi wasobt ned by
nue r t ur ilnc ootge s r
t ,
0.
deo
ai
Boe o tofk er afe M i eM ar te oye shea d a
tt ur t s tr nut
ke mpl e
r boutt s pii e nt a Gr nway M ake ,a t
he us cous ve s t ee
r t nd hen
r m embeed a sm ia l s pi o e nta t i sor i ea l A ugus. Thes vela e vi otpe s
e
r
i lry us cius ve t her t e n ry
t
ur ilnc de a howe am a
d
n
wh fa perdt b c sn g eMiueMak t'. .mesngao n b teb c wal ftesoenertep r o
o f p ae o e aig t n t r ej . ( si r u d' y h a k lo h tr a h at f
f
h
t w alwher t atm pt br ak-noc ure awee ltr' Hilv.Co m onweat 201 W L 4773583,201 Va.
he l
e he te ed e i c r d
k ae . l
'
m
lh, 2
2
Ap . S31 , t* 2( . . . 01 )
p LEXI 8 a 1 Va CtApp 2 2 .
Se e be 4, 201 Lt a vil t n c pa e t DM V pho os wih t s v ilnce
ptm r
0. .M nde le he om r d he
t
t he ur ela
f a ;Lt M a vil bei ved t to oft blc m aesf o t pa ki l sop,Hil wa
ootge . nde le le
ha ne he a k l r m he r ng ot t
l, s
t s m e bl c m al w ho a a ed i t 60 M i e M a ke a Gr nw a M a ke s we la e
he n
ak
e
ppe r n he 4 nut
z t nd ee y r t ul il nc
V1 .
'
deos
Afe a to DM V s r he ,Lt M a vil dico r d Hils Be or a es and
tr ddii nal
ea c s . nde le s ve e
l' df d ddr s
hi owne s p of a 2003 Che ol t Lt M a vil c ule w ih t Com m o ea t s
s
r hi
vr e .
. nde le ons t d t he
nw lh'
Ato ne a
tr y bout a tc ng a GPS de ce t Hils ve ce,a t Comm onwe lh' Ator y
ta hi
vi o l' hi l nd he
at s t ne
ad s d t t a s ar h w a r nt w a unne es a y. The co r lng pr ce nt a t tm e,Folz v.
vi e ha
e c
ra
s
c sr
nt oli
e de t he i
t
Co n at ,6 8S. 2 2 1( . . p. 01 ) sae t theplc me to aGPSu i o
mmo we 1h 9 E.d 8 Va Ct Ap 2 0 , ttd ha t a e n f
nt n
a ve ce di notc tt ea s a c o s z e. Lt M a
hi l d
onsiut e r h r eiur
. ndevil die t d Bot t t put Dil w
le r c e
eour De y lo
t pl c a G PS on H il sve c e 6 On Se e r 1 201 De y Dil ta l d t t ct of
o ae
l, u l .
pt mbe 6, 0, put low r ve e o he iy
B e or l a e t Che o e out i o H il s hom e, a a t c d t G PS t i ont t
df d, oc t d he
vr l t s de f l'
nd ta he he
m t o he
unde c ni ge of H ils ve c e a a oxi a e y 4: A . . The G PS de c r m a ne a t c d
ra a
l' hi l t ppr m t l 30 M
vi e e i d ta he
t H ilsve c e untlSe e be 27, 0.
o l' hi l
i pt m r 201
$
On o a
r boutSe e r21 2010,Lt M a vil m e wih Cn
pt mbe ,
. nde le t t mpbelCot y I si t
l mt nve tga or
Tryy Em e s n t r vi w Bott tCo t s ve la evi os bec us Em e s s pe t d t t
a
ro o e e
e our un y ur ilnc de , a e
ron us c e ha
Hil wa t c prt f r smia Cn pbe lCount br k-ns I si t r i ta l c d not
l s he ul i o i lr m l
y ea i . nve tga o s niily oul
c
onnec a ge a a ve c est H il ho e r Em e s di co r d t tH ilhad r nt d a s l r
t ny t w y hi l o l; w ve ,
r on s ve e ha l
e e
ive
orgr y' vr e HHR fo a c r nt c
a Che ol t
rm
ar e al ompa s ve a tm e i mont pro ,and a smia
ny e r l i s n
hs i r
i lr
ve c e a a e i s e oft s v il e t pe .
hi l ppe r d n om
he ur e lanc a s
On t m o i o Se e be 27,201 aCa
he m ng f ptm r
0,
mpbe lCol y Food Li r td abr a
l mt
on epore
e k-
i whe e a e r ho e had be n c i o t ba k wal oft sor and cga el s had be n
n
r n nty- l
e ut nt he c
l
he t e,
i r te
e
6Ther c ds
e or howst tno wa r twasobt nedf t GPS atc nt a t tno e ge crumsa s
ha
ran
ai or he
ta hme nd ha
xi nt ic tnce
exitd a t tm e.
se t he i
sol n.7 Em e s c l Lt M a vil who s r d GPS daa s wi t tHilsve c e ha
t e
r on aled . nde le,
ha e
t ho ng ha l' hil d
bee i t Food Li pa ki 1 f rove a houre rirt tmor ng. I tga o swor d on
n n he
on r ng ot o
r n
a le ha
ni
nvesi t r
ke
obt i ng s a c wa r nt f Hilsve c ea home. La e t tda Campbel Co y ofi r
ani e r h r a s or l' hil nd
t r ha y,
l unt fce s
c ac ed t Be or Polc D e rm e t t s tup s v la e of H il s venc e a c di t
ont t he df d i e pa t n o e
ur eil nc
l ' li l nd oor na e
a ar s. Be or ofi r t n f l d Hila a s it Tr Blke whe t y lf Hils
n ret
df d fce s he olowe l nd s oca e oy a
n he e t l'
ho e. Po ie f md soln c ga e t whe t y so d t ve c e i udi c ro i t
us
lc ot t e i r tes
n he t ppe he hil , ncl ng a tns n he
ba k s a of t ve ce poo l c
c e t he hi l
ry once e by beddng,a ofi e s t k Hila Blke i o
ald
i
nd fc r oo
l nd a nt
c t
us ody. Af e of i e s a s t m o t i M ia a r ght , Bl ke ga a f l s a e e
t r f c r dvi ed he f he r r nd i s a
ve ' l t t m nt
u
i iatng bo h Hil a hi s f i t Fr nkln Co y bur a i , a Hil a s a ted
mplc i
t
l nd m el n he a i
unt
gl res nd l lo dmit
i ve e i t Fr nkln Count c i e .
nvol m nt n he a i
y rm s
OnNo e e 1 20 0 a g a dj r o Frn ln Co ny Cic tCo r i itd Hilwi
v mb r , 1 , r n u y f a k i u t rui u tndce l t
h
t c mt o bur ay unde Va.Codej18. 91 t c mt ofgr lr e t rVa Codej
wo ot s f glr
r
2- , wo ot s and a c ny mde .
1 2- a t c sofmide a pr ry da geunde Va.Codej 1 2- 37.OnAprl
8. 95, nd wo ount
s me nor ope t ma
r
8. 1
i
1 2011 Hilfld am o i t s e st GPS e de e,a we lasohe e de gahe e i
8,
, l ie
ton o uppr s he
vi nc s l
t r vi nce t r d n
mi septm be ,a g ng t tt Bott tCo y She ifsD e rm e vi l t d Hils Fo t
d- e r r ui ha he e our unt
rf
pa t nt o a e l' urh
Am e
ndm e r ght whe t y i t l a G PS uni ont hi ve c e a m o t r is l a i
nt i s
n he nsaled
t o s hi l nd nio ed t oc ton.
The Fr nkln Cot y Cic t Cour l s ve a pr ti e de i r hea i r r i t
a i
mt r ui
thed e r l e ral vi nta y
rngs ega d ng he
m o i n t s ppr s o M a ch 30, 2011 M a 3, 2011,M a 1 2011 nd J y 8,2011 bu
to o u e s n
r
, y
y 7,
,a
ul
, t
uli a ey de e Hilsm o i n.
tm t l ni d l' to
O n A ugus 1 2011 H il pl de guit t t co s of gr nd l r e and t t i l
t 8,
, l ea d ly o wo unt
a a c ny,
he ra
c ts n e d H ilt a a tve s nt nc o t e yea s a one m ont i pr s w ih s xt e
our e t nce
l o n c i e e e f hr e r nd
h n i on, t i e n
ye s and el ve m ont s pe d. H ile e e a c tonalpl t t a l w ed hi t a
ar
e n
hs us nde
l nt r d ondii
ea ha lo
m o ppea
l
7Bef e t br a i r por, 11a e fre n a toiisfo sxjzidcin sh d ldametn fr
or he e k-n e t $ )w n oc me t uh rt r m i l s ito s c e ue
(
e
r
eig o
S pe e 27 201 ,odsu st rltdc s s' Hi v. mmo at, .1411 - , t ( . r CtOc. ,
e tmb r , 0 t ic s he eae ae . l Co nwe l No 5 -2 3 a 2 Va Ci. . t29
' l
h
2 3.
01 )
4
t al ge vi ai n ofhi Folrh Ame m e rgh sr ga d ng t wa r nte sGPS e de e as
he le d ol to
s zt
nd nt i t e r i he ra ls
vi nc ,
w e la pr -r a o de s o s es i m a t r .
l s e t i l r r n uppr s on te s
Hil a a e t t Cour ofAppe l of Vigi a on Oc o r 9,201 butt Cour
l ppe l d o he
t
as
r ni
t be
2,
he
t
a s e wiho de di t t at h polc vi a e Hils Fourh Am e m e rg s t
s um d t ut ci ng ha lhoug
i e olt d l'
t
nd nt i ht , he
i pe n s ur e doc r ne a i d a t r f e t e de
nde nde t o c
t i pple nd he e or he vi nce w as pr pe l a it d. On
o ry dm t e
M a c 1 201 t Supr m e Cou tofVigi a de ed Hils a
r h 8, 3, he
e
r
r ni ni
l' ppea . Hilfl d a peii of
l
l ie
tton
ha s c pus w ih t Supr m e Co ' ofV igi a on Oc o r22,201 whi h t Cour de e
bea or
t he
e
ul
t
r ni
t be
4, c he
t ni d,
fndi t ts m e c am shad be ltgaed pr vi l a t we e notcog z bl t rsae
i ng ha o
li
en ii t
e ousy nd hus r
nia e mde t t
ha slw,wlie o he cl msha notbe n br
bea a
ll t r ai
d
e oughta t we et xha t d a defule
nd hus r me use nd a t d.
Hi a srssx s bsa tv camsi teh b a p tto fldi t sc u t( s sBr 3
l se t i u tnie li n h a e s eiin ie n hi o r Re p' . l
4, ECFNo 2 )8
. 2:
1. Hils Fourh Am e
l'
t
ndme rg s we e vi a e whe a Bott t Co t
nt i ht
r olt d
n
e our un y
d p t , a tn wih u a war n a d o tie hi j rs ito ci n l
e u y cig t o t
ra t n usd s u idcin, rmial
y
a t he a GPS de c t Hils ve c e Hilc e t twhie t cai
tac d
vi e o l' hil . l ont nds ha
l he l m
w a not s l bel d o diec a a ,he i e
s
o a e n r t ppe l
nt nded f r i t a s e m pa s a
o t o l o nco s n
alega i ofFour e nt Am e e vi a i
l ton
te h
ndm nt ol ton.
2. Hils Fo t a Foure nt Ame m e rght we e i rng whe a
l' urh nd
te h
nd nt i s r nfi ed
n
s eifsd p t ,a tn o tiehi j rs ito , e t eç we o h so fc
h rf e u y cig usd s u idcin us d h û r f i fie
po
t c i i ly a t h' a G PS de ce t H ils ve cl a us d t de c t
o r m na l tac '
vi o l ' hi e nd e he vi e o
ga he e de e
t r vi nc .
3. HilsFoulh a Fouree h Am e e rght we e vi aed bec us polc
l'
' nd
t
t nt
ndm nt i s r olt
a e ie
ofi e s aci i c
fc r , tng n once t co mitd m uli e c i i a t by a tc ng t
r, m te
tpl rm nal c s
ta hi he
GPS t Hilsve c ea m o t i t de c
o l' hil nd niorng he vi e.
The polc l c d pr bl c us t a r s H ilon Se e be 27,
i e a ke oba e a e o r e t l
pt m r 2010.
5. The or r e er d by t Fr nkln Co mt Cic t Co ton M a 9,2011,w a
de nt e
he n i t y r ui ur
y
s
voi I w as m a voi by t r lng i U nie St t v.J s,565 U .
d. t
de d
he u i n
t d a es one
S. ,
1 2 S.Ct 945 ( 2 . Alo,a s e nta tnge i or r whih
3
.
201 ) s ny ubs que nd a ntal des c
f ow e f om t or r of M a 9, 2011, w e e lke i e vo d, up t a
l d r
he de
y
r i ws
i
o, nd
8Hilhasas r ie f uri feci as itnceofco elcai s lw ila e st e cli i Se i
l
lo as d o ne f tve ssa
uns l m .
l ddr s hos ams n cton
11
1.
i l ng t o ni oft Cour ofAppe sofVigi a a t or ro t
nc udi he pi on he
t
al
r ni nd he de f he
Supr m e Co tofVi gi a on die ta
e
ur
r ni
r c ppea .
l
6. The Co monwe t r ie t at r t ba i ofi pe nts c o y on
m
alh as d he le na e s s nde nde our e nl
a
ppea . The i pe nts c docrne wasi pplc bl t t f c s i t s
l
nde nde our e ti
na i a e o he a t n hi
c e. The hit rc r or doe no s ppor t a i ai oft docrne
as
so ial ec d s t u
t he pplc ton
he ti .
The e wa no pr bl ca e f t po ie t are tHilbas d on e de
r
s t oba e us or he lc o r s l e
vi nce
fom Se e r 1 201 t oug Se e r1 2010.
r
pt mbe 0, 0 hr h pt mbe 3,
Re ponde m ove t dimi sHilsha a cai a pr e a l ba r a orwiho m e i,
s
nt
s o s s l' be s l ms s oc dur ly red nd/
t ut rt
a H ilhasr s
nd l
e ponde t t m oto
d o he
i n.
l.
I
A . ProceduralBar of Subs antve Cl m s
t i
ai
To obt i f der lha a r le ,H ilm us de o t a e t t he i t n c t i vi a i
a n e a be s e i f l
t m nsr t ha
s E us ody n ol ton
i
o t e Co si to o lwso te te o t e Untd S ae . 2 U. C.j22 44 Un r2
f h n tt in r a r r ais f h ie tts' 8 S.
u
'
5 $. de 8
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S. 25 4 ) ho ve,he e e a ha e s o l y o r n
t
t f a e s o s ae
o a y cam t tasaec u t e i e o t emeisu ls t ta j dc to
n n li ha tt o r d cd d n h rt n e s ha du iain:
()Reul di ad cso t a wa c nrr t , rivove a l e s na l .
1 s t n e iin h t s o tay o o n l d n mr a o b e
e
a i a i of c e ry e t bls d Fe r llw,asde e mi d by t Supr me
pplc ton , l a l sa ihe de a a
t r ne
he
e
Co toft Unie Stt s or
ur he t d ae ;
()Reu tdi ad cso t a wa ba e o a t e s na ed tr nain o te
2 s le n e iin h t s s d n n mra o bl ee mi to f h
f c si lghto t e de pr s nt i t St t c t oce di
at n i
f he vi nce e e ed n he a e our pr e ng.
28 U. C.j 2 5 4 s e as W iln v.Ta l r 5 9 U. 3 2,4 3 1 ( 0 ) ç ee a
S.
2 4 *; e lo l ms
i
y o , 2 S. 6 0 - 3 20 0 . ç r, s
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her ,t sae co tsa i to ofg r ng f r l1 i c le d,i mus be s
e he t t ur' pplcai n
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t n y ro e us b t b e tvey n e s na l. r o o c Ge ty 4 S. , 2 0 )
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b a eif o o g s armid d u it o l g e n h or cne s f h tt o r'
d cso . Harnzo v. c tr 5 2U. 8 , 0 ( 01 )( mitn itma q oain )
e ii n' ri t n Rih e, 6 S. 6 1 1 2 1 o t g n e l u tto s.
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es
ee i
s l i o he g s
sae c u t' Ba e v Co c rn 2 F.d 2 6 2 8 (t Ci.2000) ( ii g 28 U. C. j
tt o r.
' k r . r o a , 20 3 7 , 8 4h r
ctn
S.
2 5 ( 1; O' ulv n v Bo rk l 5 6 U. 8 ,848 (999). To me t te e ha ton
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he
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te e o es nt t o he t t our. ke ,
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a 2 8(iigGryv. t eln , 8U..1 2 1 ( 9 6 )
t 8 ctn a Neh ra d 51 S 5 , 61 1 9 ).
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l
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es nt o he t t ul '
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th ws . at 0 3 0 ,91 4h r 9 7 v rue n te r u d y ie
ha ves i e o
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tts
r et, 4 3 9 4h r 01 ) E- h r c dz l
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us i n ovi
n nde nde nd
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e e e, nd hus e nt e r
bea e e f he a t d l i
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mo srt a e nd rj dc o h e a t r E a alr o o sd r h li
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r s ti af n n n a mic ni g o j sie' Ba e, 20F.da 28 ( u tn Gry, 8U.
eul n u d me tl s a a e f u tc . k r 2
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a 1 2 ; c i v. l 4 F.d 2 6 21 (t Ci.2 0 )(iig Co e n v. o s n 5
t 6 ) M Nel Pok, 76 3 0 , 1 4 h r 0 7 ctn lma Th mp o , 01
U. 7 2, 5 ( 9 ). Hilsdrc a pe li fn la d a y a dto a saeh b a a to wo l
S. 2 7 0 1 91) l' ie t p a s i a n n d iin l tt a e s cin u d
be pr edurly dea t boh unde Vigi a' same of lmiains Va.Code j 8. oc al fuled t
r r ni s tt
i tto ,
01
6 4( () a un e Vign ass c siep tto saue Va Co ej8016 4 B)2 .
5 A)2 , nd d r r ii ' uc e sv eiin ttt , . d . - 5 ( ( )
H il s Fourh Am e
l'
t
ndm e a l ga i i cl m s
nt le tons n ai
t ough 6 a e e us ed a not
hr
r xha t nd
de a t d. H ilbr
f ule
l oughtt Fo t Am e
he ur h
ndm e t c a m s t t sa e co t a ti l di e t a a ,
n l i o he t t ur s t r a , r c ppe l
a i hi sa e ha s c puspe ii n. Be a e t is sha bee r ie a de de i t
nd n s t t bea or
tto
c us he s ue d n a s d nd ci d n he
t i c t a on diec a pe l t Supr m e Cour o V i gi a he d t t t cl i s w e e
ral our nd
r t p a , he
e
t f r ni l ha he a m
r
pr e laly bar fom saehabe rviw t rHely v.W ade 576 S. 2d 495,496(
oc dtr l red r tt
as e e mde rr
r n,
E.
Va.
2003) The eo e a1ofHilsFott Ame ntcamsaee use a notdea td.
. r fr , 1 l' trh
ndme li r xha t d nd
fule
The Foure nt Ame e al gai ns i c am s 2,3,a 4 a e pr e za l ba r
te h
ndm nt le to n l i
nd
r oc dlr ly red
u d rS a tn v Parc n 2 5 SE.d 6 0 68 ( .1 7 ) b c u eHilc ul h v r ie t
n e lyo . ri a , 0 . 2 8 , 2 Va 9 4 , e a s l o d a e as d he
is s a ti lor o diec a a ,bu f ied t do s Sl yt i a ad
s ue t ra
n r t ppe l t a l o
o. a on s n equae a i pe nt
t nd nde nde
sa e pr e alnle t t ba s f de alha a r viw fom c i rng t me is o c am s
t t oc dur
l ha r e r
be s e e r
onsde i he rt f l i .
Fihe v.Ancel 163 F. 835,844 ( h Ci.1 (iai omitd) M c l 476F. a
s r
one,
3d
4t r 998) ctton te ; Nei,
3d t
Addii ly,HilsFourh Am e e tf de a ha a c am sa e pr edur ly ba r d by
tona l l'
t
ndm n e r l be s l i r oc al r e
S o v P wel 4 8 U. 4 5 (9 6 . çW q r te S aeh sp o i e a o p ru iy f rf l
tne . o l, 2 S. 6 1 7 ) t hee h tt a r v d d n p o tnt o ' l
g
u
a f i ltga i o a Fourh Am e
nd a r ii ton f
t
ndm e c a m ,t Cons i i doe notr q r t t a s a e
nt l i he
tt on
m
s
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prs ne be gr nt d f r l ha s c pus r if on t gr
io r
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ha vi nc
a ne n n
t onsi i
mc tt onals a c ors i lr wa i r
m
e rh
e zze s ntoduce a ti l' I . a 482. Furhe , f r lditi t
d t ra . ' d t
9
t r ede a src
c t m a no c i r : c am t t e de e a itd a til was t f i of a il ga
ours y t onsde 1 l i ha vi nc dm te t ra
a
he rut
n le l
a r s ...on a ha a c pus pe ii n s l a t sa e c t had a f de a f 1 a f i
re t
be s or
tto o ong s he tt ours
for d u1 nd ar
o runiyt ltgaet tc am . J sv.Supe i e ntofRa v St t Prs 725 F. 40,
ppo t t o ii t ha l i ' one
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rntnde
hwa a e ion,
2d
42 (1 Ci.1 4 ; e as Cad l v. yo ,4 U. 5 ,5 2 ( 9 3 ; l v.Clr e No
3- r 98 ) s e lo r wel Ta lr 61 S. 71 7 1 8 ) Fot
d
z
ak , .
3:3CV627,201 W L 420248 201 U. Dit LEXI 11 5,a *9- ( D.Va,Aug.22,
1
4
2, 4 S. s.
S 751 t 10 E.
.
9I St ne t Supr m eCo tsaedt rtonal f lm ii e uson i ha speii
n o , he
e
ur tt he ai e or i tng xcl i n bea ttons:
A cl m ofilga s r a s iur t r t Fourh Am e m enti cucily dif r 9om
ai
le l each nd ez e mde he
t
nd
s r al feent
m a ohe consiuina rght;or narl t evi nc s ied c n i no wa ha be n r nde e
ny t r
tt to l i s di iy he de e ez a n
y ve e e r d
untusworhy byt m e nsofiss iur a i ed oAe t sevi nc aoneesa ihesbe
r t t
he a
t ez e nd nde
n hi de e l
tbls
yond
vit lyanydoubtt tt de e nti guit
rual
ha he f nda s ly.
428 U . a 490. The Suprm e Co tcontnued:Efhe dipa iy ...bew e n t e r comm it by t polce
S. t
e
ur
i
t
s rt
t e he ror
ted
he i
otc ra dtewidfl afr e agulyd fn a tb a pl ain o te(x l in r )r l i c nrr t t ie
fie n h n al fo d d i ee d n y p i to f h e cuso ay ue s o tay o he d a
t
c
o po o t n lyta i esn ilotec ncp o j sie' I.
f rp ri ai h t s se ta t h o e t fu tc . d
o t
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8
20 4 .I g n r l Sev d n eo ti db poieo f r i v oain o t eFo rh Ame d n
1 ) n e e a,ç j i e c b ane y lc fkes n i lto f h u t
l
n me t
i e l d atti i t ho t tt geque y o f tle vi ai nswilde r as .' St ,428
s xcude
ral n he pe ha he
nc f u t ol to
r
l c e e' one
U. a 4 2(mp ssa d d .Fo h b a pei o s E o tiu in i a y, ftec n ieaino
S. t 9 e ha i d e ) r a e s t in ,t n rb to , f n o h o sd rto f
t
c
1
s a c a s i lr c a m s of s a e prs r o c l t r r vi w i s a l i r l to t t
e r h- nd- e z ze l i
t t i one s n ola e al e e s m l n e a i n o he
cos s.,0 1j at493.
t ,1 (.
.
W he a yi t pr dur lba i St
n ppl ng he oce a r n one,a f l and f i t i l oc ur eve w he S he
'l
u
ar ra c s n
n G
t
prpe c tt i lc e1w t t fcs ie.Unied Stt v.J ,565U.
o r onsiutona as a o he a t, . , t aes ones
S. ( 2)hal)
201
s
notbee de de ' Folz,201 U . Di t LEX I 11 5,a *11 Fore m pl G c nge i t
n ci d.
' t
4 S. s .
S 751 t .
xa e, $ ha
a
n he
rlv n p e e e td rngt c u s o g eiin rs l iaino t eFo lh Ame d n cams
ee a t rc d n u i he o re f p t o e 'j i g to f h u'
t
t
t
n me t li
i sa e c tdoe notr nde hi o
n tt our
s
e r s ppora t t ltga e t c am s ls t n f l a f i f r
t niy o ii t he l i e s ha ' l nd ar o
u
p r o e o S o e' I a *1 - 2 s eas Boc sv Bar 8 2 F.d 1 9 ,1 9 - 2 0 (t Ci.
u p s s f t n . d. t 1 1 ; e lo c . i, 9 2 1 3 1 9 1 0 4 h r
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1 8 ) Fot v.Clr e 5 F.Ap x 2 4 (t Ci.2 5 ,c r.d n e ( Fo rh Cic t
9 9; l
z
ak , 91
p' 2 4 h r 01 ) e t e id The u t rui
r f s dt h a t eFot a pe l .
e u e o e r h lz p a.
)
Hilss t ntveha a cli s 1t ough 6 a ea1 pr e aly ba e by St bec us
l' ubsa i
be s am
hr
r l oc dur l n'd
one a e
Hilwa a f r a f 1a f i ltg ton o t Fourh Am e
l s f o ded u1 nd a r ii a i f he
t
ndme i s i t sae c t.
nt s ues n he t t ours
Hilh d ( a ig'lrviw'o h sFo t Ame d n cams ( )t tilc t'h l mulpl
l a t nn f e e ' f i m'
me
u
h
n me t li : 1 he ra out ed t e
i
s e sonhe rngs ( t Cour ofAppe l ofVigni s ctc l co i rd t i c of
upprs i ai , 2) he
t
as
r i a pe iialy nsdee he mpa t
J n swh n r s l n Hilsdrc a pe l a ( )te S p e Co r o Vigni rv e d h s
o e e e ovig l' ie t p a, nd 3 h u rme u t f r i a e iwe i
ca m s
li .
I hi f de alha s c a m s2 t o h 5 H ila s alege t thi Fou ee t A m e
n se r
bea l i
hr ug , l l o l d ha s rt n h
ndm e
nt
rg swe evi ae howe r lg e us t Fou t Ame ntpr de a e ii txma
iht r oltd;
ve, Gblca e he rh
ndme ovi s n xplct e l
s lce of co tt i lpr eci n a i t...
otr
nsi ona ot to gans
m
physc ly i nzi gove nme a c
i al nt sve
r nt l onduc ,t t
t ha
1 Slfa pididsrmiaeyl Eh e cu in r rllma wçlh veteo p st efc o g n rt g
0 ç q p le n ici n tl , te x lso ay ue y l a h p o i fe t f e eai
l
)
e
n
dsepet o telw a a miitaino j sie' So , 2 U. a 49 .
irs c fr h a nd d nsrto fu tc . tne 4 8 S. t 1
'
Am e
ndme ,nott m o e ge r lze noton ofûubsa tve due pr s , mus be t g de.
nt
he r ne ai d i
s tni
oce s' t he ui '
'
Grhn v.Connor 490U. 38 395( 989) Furhe,i einc ont Fo te hAme me
a m
,
S. 6,
1 . t r t la e he ure nt
r
nd nt
a a atr tv ba i f rh sF u t Ame d n cam g)d e n t r tg p tto ejt a o d
s n lenaie ss o i o rh
n me t li s o s o pemi a eiin r o v i
t St v.Powe lnle. M ubia v.W e e ,No. 108- - 310 BLW ,201 W L 5
he one
l l'
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t
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: CV 0 3
486878,
201 U. Dit LEXI 1
3 S. s.
S 42908,a *7(da Se .28,201 . Fo e mpl i Herr v.Kel
t I ho pt
3) r xa e,n re a
lv,
6 7 F. S p . 9 3 ( D. Y. 1 8 ) t e p tt n r tid t e c p So e s fd r l h b a
6
u p 6 E. N. 9 7 , h eii e re o s a e tn ' e e a a e s
o
pr ed z a ba by c ai i t t hi d pr es rght w e e vi a e t pe ii r aleg t t
oc lr l r
l m ng ha s ue oc s i s r ol t d; he ttone l ed ha
tesaec u tu g wh sg dh ssa c warn wa ba e ,a dt j g ' lc o n ur l y
h tt o r j d e o ine i e rh ra t s isd n he ud e s a k f e tai
t
wa çs e e o a t rs t t l ve of a due pr es or e l pr e ton vi l ton' i
s lo gr gi us s o ie o he e l
oc s
qua ot ci
o ai ' n
addto t a Fourh Ame m e vi a i .1 L. a 970. Thedititc t n He r r hel
ii n o ny
t
nd nt olton 1 d t
src our i re a d:
,
s
g hep tto e)h da o p du iyt p eshsFo rhAme me t.. a gl n s
' eiin r a n p o nt o r s i u t
F
nd n . r l t
me
i sae c u t Th sae c urs rj ce t s ag me t,a E p tto ej
n tt o r. e tt o t ee td ho e r u n s nd t eiin r
he
di ag e s w ih t i c l i Bute n s r ng di a e m e w ih a s a e c ts
s r e t he r onc us on.
ve t o
s gr e nt t t t our '
r di oft Fo t Am e
ea ng
he ur h
ndm e w ilnots fc t c r t w e St
nt l
uf i e o i c m nt one. The git
s
o t matri t t(ei o e'jFo rh Ame d n cam i j s ta : Fo rh
f he te s ha p tt n rs u t
i
n me t li s u t h t a u t
Amendme c am .Ate p st fnd o he na esf t tcli wilnotma i
nt l i
tm t o i t r m
or ha am l
ke t
anym or cogniabl i t c nt xtofaf de alha a peii
e
z e n he o e
e r be s tton.
I
d.
ThegitofHilsa g e i t tt sa ec u' s d havee l
s
l' r um nt s ha he t t ot t houl
s
xcuded e de ebe us
vi nc ca e
i si a i of e svi a e t Foulh Am e e ;ho ve ,wihoute de e o egr gi
nve tg tng fc r olt d he
'
t
ndm nt we r t
vi nc f e ous
wr
ongdoi s h co uc i no a due pr e svi a i Li t pe ii ri He r r ,Hils
ng, uc nd t s t
oc s olton. ke he ttone n re a l'
cl i s r m a n fr l g ot de i t Fourh Am e
a m e i i m y r m d n he
t
ndm e t a H il c nno pr ve a g os l
n , nd l n t o
ny r s y
neglge ,r kl s or i e i lpolc m i c uc . Hi r la on çve c e t m pe i ' a
i nt ec es , nt ntona
i e s ond t
s e i nce
ç hi l n rng ' nd
j rs ito a is e i a mut-u idcina n e tg to d e n t c nsiue ( d na o
u idcin l su s n
li rs ito liv siain o s o o ttt ç e il f
j
a
f nd me tlyf i te t n .. (ra Fo rhAme d n Vilto .. s e rg o a t rs
u n n al ar rame t . o q u t
n me t o ain . o g e ius s o ie
1 The Su e e Cour def e e e ousco
1
pr m
t m s gr gi
nduc t tw o d i iat t e l ina y nzeas ( lbe ae,
t ha ul mplc e he xcuso r l :ç i r t
de
r kls ,o gr sy ne i ntconduc,ori s e cic sa s r uri ors tm i ne i nc ' Hernc v.
ec e s r os l glge
t
n om r um tnce ec rng
yse c glge e.
' ri
UntdSae, 5 U. 1 5 1 4(0 9 .
i tts 5 5 S. 3 , 4 2 0 )
e
t t lve ofa d pr s vi l to ' I a 970. The sae c t a f ded Hila f l a f i
o he e l
ue oce s o ai n. d. t
'
tt ours for
l ' l nd ar
u
ti t ptruea ltg t whi he is she de ied. The e or ,t l e i St ne sila i s
'al o ls nd ii a e c ver sue
r
sr
r f e he ' n o tl pple ,
ul
a ba sHilfo ha sr le on hi Fo t a Foure nt Ame e cai .
nd r l r m bea ei f
s urh nd
te h
ndm nt l ms
B . M e i sofSubs antve C l m s
rt
t i
ai
I a e nt H ils s t ntve c a m s a e w iho m e i. Fede a co t r vi w t
n py ve , l ' ubs a i l i
r
t ut rt
r l ur s e e he
m e is o c a m s de i d by t s a e c t on diec a a unde t de e e i l s a r
rt f l i
c de
he t t ours
r t ppe l
r he f r nta t nda d
ma ae b t eAmier rs a dEfe t De t Pe l Ac (
nd t d y h
tro im n f ci
ve ah nat t AEDPA) d rt eAEDPA,
y
.Un e h
a
fd r lc u tma n tg a tasaep io e ' h b a a piain o a cam a j d c td b te
e e a o r y o r n tt rs n rs a e s p lc to n li du iae y h
s a e c ' t l s t r l va sa e c tde i i n w a c r r t ori ved a unr s bl
t t oul m e s he e e nt t t - our c s o
t
s onta y o, nvol
n ea ona e
a i to o ,c ea l e t bls d f der ll w ,a de e m i d by t Su e e Cour oft U ried
pplca i n f l ry s a ihe e a a s t r ne
he pr m
t he lt
S ae . Se 2 U. C.j2 4 * .F rh r teAEDPA sa d r i ' ihl d frn il t b t
tts e 8 S.
25 4 u te, h
tn ad s l g y ee e ta' o oh
h
'
f t fndi a l ga co l i ,a t peii rbe r t bur n ofpr f Ha ngt
acual i ngs nd e l ncusons nd he ttone a s he de
oo . ni on,
5 2U. a 1 5 Culnv Pih ltr 5 3U. 1 0 1 ( 1 .
6 S. t 0 ; le . n o se , 6 S. 7 , 81 201 )
Cl i s 1 t ough 6 a1 hi on t s a e c t 'i e pr t ton oft Fourh A m e m e :
am
hr
1 nge he t t our s nt r e a i
he
t
nd nt
w he he t c t s d ha e ude e de . The e or t c a m s w il be a e s d
t r he our s houl ve xcl d vi nce
r f e, he l i
l
ddr s e
co uce l
nc nty. The Cour of Appe s o Vigi a a s e wihout decdi t t lw
t
al f r ni s um d t
i ng ha a
enf r e e ' us of a GPS wihout a wa r nt vi a e Hils Fo t Am e
o c m nts e
t
ra
olt d l' urh
ndme rg s
nt i ht ;
how e r Fo t A m e m e vi l tons do notm a t e de e s
ve , ur h
nd nt o a i
nda e vi nc uppr s i t xcl i C
e s on: G us on has
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e y j pe fc l o ovi d.
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I hi f der lha aspe ii Hilr le on t G
n s e a be
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Lasl Hila g d t tt polc sunlwf a tonsr s t d i aduepr e svi ai
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s h a la gtm e a he t i e il d t a s c c nc a a di e ta al
uc r r l nt nd hus s ntte o e ond ha e t r c ppe .
2. Appelt c
la e ouns lf l d t c le t unr s na e GPS s a c t c i i l
e aie o ha lnge he ea o bl
e r h, he rm na
a t,a t g t rn o GPS if r to o tie o te j rs ito o te
cs nd he aheig f
n o main u sd f h u idcin f h
Bo e our of i l . Hilcon e t the e e sy i tuced c elt a gue
t t t sc a s
l
t nds ha
xpr s l nsr t ouns o r
t t hi Fourh a Fouree t Am e
ha s
t nd
t nh
ndme rgh s ha be n i rnge by 1 w
nt i t d e nf i d
a
e br e e of e si vi ai n oft çmde c oro o fc 'doc rne W he ea
nt c m nt fc r n olto
he ç r ol f fi e' ti .
t
r
poieofc rmo sb yo h strio ilu idcint ar s actz n a d u e
l fie ve e nd i ert ra j rs ito o ret iie n s s
c
hi a hort as al ofi r t g t r i or ton, t Fo t Am e
s ut iy
l fce o ahe nf ma i
he urh
ndme i
nt s
i ia ed. Appel t c ms li ta l r iedt docrnei t Cour ofAppe s
mplc t
lae ot e niily a s he ti n he
t
al
ofV igi a butt tc tdi nota r s i. Cot s l sf itr t pur ue i e il s
r ni ,
ha our d
dd e s t
m e ' a lte o s t ntte
H ilt a Gs ond c
l o lec
hanc a die ta l t r vi w .'
e t r c ppela e e e '
3. Appela e c
lt ouns l f l t a g a die t d by Hil t t Hils Fo te h
e aied o r ue, s r c e
l, ha l' ure nt
Am e e trght çm de t docrne off ndnme a f r s mandaed by t
ndm n i s s r he ti
t
u
ht l aine s
t
he
due pr s ca e'ha be vi aed by t Bott tCol y o t i s who
oce s lus ' d en ol t
he
eour
mt fk al,
c m it d m uli e c i i l a t a i t H il U nde t t doc rne out a ous
om te
tpl rm na c s ga ns l .
r ha
t i , r ge
gove n e t co uc has wa r t d dimi s o i c me s Hil sa e t t
r m n nd t
rmle s s al f ndit nt . l tt s ha
c m s l i t a l r i e t i s i t a a i t Cot t of A ppea s but t t
ot e nii ly a s d he s ue n he ppe l n he u'
l,
ha
c tGve r o ft t lf a di no die ty a e si. Hilc am st tha
our l e ed f o he ef' nd d t r c l ddr s t l l i ha d
c
ouns lpurue t is Hilçmi we lha wo 'hi a
e
s d he s ue, l s ght l ve n' s ppea a t he i
l nd hus
s
e ild t aC e nd c ncea die ta la er vi w.
ntte o t co ha
s
t r c ppel t e e '
'
Appel t c
lae ouns lwasi fe tve whe he f ie t a g i t Supr m e Cour
e
ne f c i
n
al d o r ue n he
e
t
ofVigi a t tt i pe nts c docrne a i d by t Cour ofAppea s
r ni ha he nde nde our e ti pple
he
t
l
wa no a i a et t f c si Hilsca e Couns ls d ha a gue t tt
s t pplc bl o he a t n l' s .
e houl ve r d ha he
hit rc lr or di nots
so ia ec d d
uppor a i a i oft doc rne Co e s ul ha
t pplc ton he ti . uns l ho d ve
a g d t t whie t e de e de o d bewe n Se e be 1 2010 a
r ue ha
l he vi nc
velpe
t e
ptm r 0,
nd
Se e be 1 201 i B o e o tCot t m a ha be n f e f om t i ,evi nce
pt m r 3, 0 n t t ur
m y y ve e r e r a nt de
de ope bewee Se e r 1 a 27,201 wasno . Furhe m o e,i Hils
vel d t n pt mbe 6 nd
0
t
t r r f l'
co uc i Bott tc tt t d a c i ,he s d ha bee a r t d f r i,but
nd t n
eour onsiu e
rme
houl ve n rese o t
wa no.Couns lsf l et puruet is prj ce Hil
s t
e' aiur o s he sue eudi d l.
Re ponde a gue t tt s c a m sa e pr e zaly ba e f o f r lha asr vi w . Ia e
s
nt r s ha he e l i r oc dlr l n'd r m ede a be e e
gr e.
16
None ofHils c am sofi fe tve as it nce ofa la e c
l' l i
ne f c i
ssa
ppe lt ouns lha bee pr s n ed
e ve n e e t
t A ig n a sa e c u s 1 I hi sa eha a pr e di , Hil o y br ht c a m s of ti le ,
o /r i i tt ot4 .9 n s t t be s oc e ng l nl oug l i
r a nor
a ne rcli d i fec i ne s ofcot el The e or a1ofHils i fe tve a ssa e o
nd ve a me ne f tve s
ms .
r f e, 1
l' ne f c i s it nc f
c
ouns lca ms a e sm ula ousy e use a de a td. Hili ba r d fo ltga i t e
e li r i t ne l xha t d nd f ule
l s r e ' m ii tng hes
r
cams i sae c u tb boh () Vigni' h be s c pu sau e o lmiai n ,a d ()
li n tt o r y t 1 r i as a a o s tt t f i tto s n 2
Vign as s c e sv wrtba. S e Va Co e j 8016 4 A)2 ( s tl ci n lha a
r ii ' u c si e i r e . d
. - 5 ( () mu t ie rmia be s
p tto wi n t ye r o tilfn lj g n o o e y a o fn ld s osto o a pe l;
eiin t wo as f ra ia ud me t r n e r f ia ip iin f p a)
hi
W ake v.M a tn,562U. 307,3 ( ) s eas Va.Code j8. - 4( ( ($ wrts l
lr
ri
S.
21 2011 ; e lo
0165 B)2) :
No i hal
be g a e on t bass ofa al gai n o f t ofwhih pe ii ne ha lnowldge a t tm e
' nt d
r
he i
ny le to f acs
c tto r d c
e
t he i
o fl a p e iusp tto ' ;Ba ste v.Tho s n,91 F. 9 2,9 (t Ci.1 9 )
f ii ny r v o eiin.l set
ng
'
mp o
5 2d 3 36 4 h r 9 0 .
Thust sc tc n c i rhi c am sonl i hes wsc us I a 937.
hi our a onsde s l i
y f ho a e. d. t
Hilc n o s w j siibecks , ra t a p eu ierg r i hsd f ut.Heas h s
l a n t ho u tfa l a e o cu l rj dc e a dng i e a ls
lo a
nots
hown t tt s c ts r f a t r vi w hi i feci a ssa ofco ms c am swoul
ha hi our' e us l o e e s ne f tve s it nce
t el l i
d
0
y
i
r s l i afnd me tlmic rig o j sie2 Fu t r, l m ay notrel on M artnezv Ry n,
e ut n u n na s ara e f u tc . rhe Hil
a
.
556 U .
S.
-
,
13 S.Ct 1 ( 2)t s c e l M atne ,t Suprme Cour oft
2
. 309 201 o how aus . n ri z he
e
t he
U nie St es has alow ed a lm ie e p i n t ove c e def ul w he a pe ii r aleg
t d at
l
i t d xce t o o
r om
a t
n
ttone l es
i f ec i a s s a e of t i l co e ;t e e i n doe not a y t cl m s t t aleg onl
ne f tve s i t nc
r a uns l he xc pto
s
ppl o ai ha l e y
1 Hilha no pr s ntd i f tve a la e c e cai t t sae c t f hi Fr rkln Cot y
9 l s t e e e nefeci ppelt ouns l l ms o he tt ours or s al i
mt
ha speii howe r he ha alged va i oheri fe tve asitnce cai f hi ha s c e i ot r
bea tton;
ve,
s le
rous t ne fci
ssa
l ms or s bea as s n he
jrs it ns
uidci .
o
2 A c lrbecam o ata in c n e c n as sle a a S ae y't sc r te aj dcto o a
0 ooa l li f cu l n o e c a lo e' s ç twa ' o e ue h du iain f
v
g
d futdc n tmto a cam.Sc lov. l, 3U. 2 8 3 5(99 )
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