Clehm v. BAE Systems Ordinance Systems, Inc. et al

Filing 238

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 12/14/2018. (aab)

rapRK' OFFI U.s. smcour
s
CE
Dl

ATROANOKE,
VA

I IH E U NI
N '
TED S
TATESDI TM CT COU RT
S

FI
LED

FO R T H E W ESTE RN D ISTRICT O F W RGI I
N A
ROAN O U D IW SI N
O

DE2, i 2 1
1 23
JUL C. DL nlFRK
EX
sv:
.

C ART. A.CLE H M
A
Pl i if
a ntfy

A.r.uuR
'iu vc
o
E

Ci lActon N o.7:6L 0001
vi
i
1 cv2

V.

BAE SYSTE M S O RD N AN CE
SY STEM S,I C. ptpta
N , -,
-

By:H on.M i
chaelF.U r
bansd
l

Cli fUnie S a e Diti t udge
ze
t d t t s src J

D ef
endant
s.

M EM O RAN D U M O PT I N
N O

Thi matri beor t c t o i a c r td dee nt os aLi ous pm .
s te s f e he ou t n nc t e ae fnda l hu nk ' - K
pos-ra moé f tane til ,n t att t , eiffom j g nt pu s n t Rul
ttil on o
w ra ot i he le nai r l r ud me , rua t o e
ve e
5 a Rul 6 oft Fe rlRue o Ci lioc du e r s c vey ECF Nos 2 4 2 7.
9 nd e 0 he dea ls f vil e r , e pe d l.
. 2 -2
Thi ca ears sf om m ul e i t nc ofs xua as a tand ba t r pe e t t d by
s s ie r
dpl nsa es e l s ul
te y m t a e

d fnd n l h Liko rtik ' a ans pnn fCal Clh (f e m' whi b0t
ee a t osua n us n ous' g i t liéf ra e m < h ' l h
)
cl ) e
we e e pl d by BAE Syse s I .a t Ra or Ar yA m m uni Pl nti Ra oz
r m oye
t m , nc t he df d m
don a n df d,

Vigri. nk us plaofgulyo J 3 , 1 , nd c c mia c n c f ra sv
r il Li o ' e
a
l n une 0 20 5 a on o tnt o viéon o bu i e
'
t

sx a c a tnvoa nof1 UI. j2 4 a() etppe hm fom c ntsi l bly
e u l ontc i ildo
8 SC. 2 4()1, so d i r o et i ii
ng a t
ast t sat a s ul a ba t y cnm alged i Count1 oft Clhm ' Com pli a
o he t e s a t nd ter li le
n
1 he e s
ant nd

Se o Ame e Co antS e1 U. C. 3 6 $. cvlra o Cou I, ond td
c nd nd d mpli . e 8 S. j 6 4 The iitil n nt 1 c uce
onAu s 2 , 1 , st z f ê l td t t eq s n ofda g s Thej r z t r d a
gu t 3 20 8 wa hee o e i e o h ue do
mi
ma e . u y ea ne
ve diti fvorofClhm i t a
rc na
e n he mountof$500, i compe at yds gesa $ ,
000 n
ns or ma nd 250000
i puni da a . nkousc e ,a ong ot rt ngs t tt ve diti e e svea
n
éve m ges Li
ont nds m
he hi , ha he t c s xc s i nd

r q e t t c lr t o d ran w til ,n t atr d , t n hi r l ffo j g nt
e u ss he ozt o r e e ta or i he le na ve g a t m ei t m ud me .
e

Li
nkousr c t s abeti a cus y a c l or m a r alt ny ofgre nc a e c l
e ie , l i n t or nd onc us y nne , ia
iva es nd xa ty
t s m egr
he a
oundsi s
n uppot ofbot m oéons Clhm a gue t Li
'
t
h
. e
r s hat nkous m odonsa e
'
r
entr l wihoutm e i a m us be de e Thepn e ha bref d t is m adng t s
iey t
rt nd
t
l d.
e s ve i e he s ue l
hi

m a t rrpe f t cour' c i r don.Upon a t ough t viw oft r d a f t
te i oz he
ts onsde a
hor
e e
he ecor nd or he
r s s t1 : h he e n,Li
ea ons e - t r i nkous m odonsa eD EN I D .
0
'
t
E
1.

l he a don a ans d fnd nt o h Li ko , andf Ca l Clhm alg d t a
n rc
g i t e e a l s ua n us pli f ra e le e h t
whi wot i a t Ra o dAr Ammu to Pln tA. e ll s wa s x al
l kng t he df t my
e
niin a t d r na', he s e u l
f s h
y
a s t d a bate ed on t oc sonsby Li
s aule nd tr
wo ca i
nkous ECF N o.59,3- Fr ea l 201 t
.
4. om ry 4 o

2015,Clhm wor d a af l r'n t Tub Hous ,afclt l td wihi t
e
ke s f pe 'i he
he
e a liy ocae t n he
Nir lul eAraoft Ate lJ .at6. nkouswor d wihi t ssm ea e butasa
tocel os e
he s na.d
Li
ke t n hi e r a,

Nir el os ChifOpeaor(NCCOJ k wnc i ual a af'bho ecze. I . t
tocl e e
ul
tt T
f
) no o oq il s Tu us l f' d a
y
t
i '
4.Cl hm w a s xual as a t byLi
e
s e ly s uled
nkousa wor on t oc asons onc on M a 19,
t k
'
wo c i , e
y

2 4 a a i o o a t un 5 2 4. d. t5 6 W ihr s c t t Ma 1 i cd n ,
01 , nd gan n r bou l e , 01 i aa - . t e pe t o he y 9 n i e t
Cl hm cnm sLi
e
li
nkousc m eup be nd he a s wa la ng a buidi a wor a t d he
a
hi
r s he s e vi
l ng t k nd ol t
henee d t as he s e hi W he s ti d t wak a y,Li
de o k t om t ng.
n he re o l wa nkousgr bbed he cot ng,
a
t l hi

ptled he t r li ,a r pe t y ques
zl
r owa ds nm nd e a edl
done hera
d
boutli wiess
as f ' uppos d i
e nhdeiy.
lt
H et n s
he uggese t y ha s x a r ve a ns li wie.Cl
t d he ve e s e nge gai t 's f ehm t d Li
l
ol nkoust s
hat he

wa no i ee td a t ts eha t g t c t he jb. nk ust l Clh t lthi
s t ntr se nd ha h d o e ba k o r o Li o o d e m o e m
know a hi s s w orhe r and t ke p i t h and s f t A co- ke wine s
nyt ng he a
ad
o e n ouc
o or h.
wor r t s ed

s meoftei i nt$ei empe t i i nta s ket Li ous, ndltrrpo td
o
h ncde
ntr td he ncde nd po o nk ) a ae e re
w ha hes w t hlm a r our es Clhm w a s xual as a t a ba tz d a i by
t a o l n es c . e
s e l s uled nd te e gan
y
2

Li ou on o aou J e5a trv stn h rl ke. n t sa e ntoff cs
nk s r r nd un fe iiig e oc r I he tt me
at
ac ompa i Li
c
ny ng nkouss/11 pl a Li
' 11 e , nkousadm it d t t f l ng wih r pec t t
te o he olowi
t es t o he

J 2 4 a sul:
une 01 sa t
'

I J ne20 4 1sw Vinm 2g e a he lc e, a t
nu
1 , a co clhmj t z o k zne r he
bt k r
ea oom i t Tub H ous .Vitm 2 bega t e tt Tub
n he
e ci
n o xi he

H ous .Ass ne e t e t Igz bbe he by t uppe at
e
he at d he xi, a d z he
t m
and dt gge he i o ar
a d r nt oom on t sde oft Tub H ous
he i
he
e

wheeee tia crttbr a r a eho e (hef e k t
r lctc l icz e kes r us d t t a e
i
br
r om' Icosdt doo a t n dof tel t. p h d
o ). l e he r nd ute f h khs I us e
he a i tacontolpa la pim e he down wih m y body.
r gans
r
ne nd t d r
t
If c bl kis d he ,unbutone he c r l cot ng,a
or i y s e r
t d r ove al l hi nd
kis d he br assa i the wil Iputm y ha i i he
s e r e t gans r l.
nds nsde r
cover lsa t he he va na a e ove he unde a wih
al nd ouc d r gi l r a t r
rwe r t
m y ha a i the wil
nd gans r l.

ECF No. 9 a 5 6. e c me t a dt n t u a sul s fa e f rhe lf a
5 , t - Clhm hi d h t ui g hel ne sa t he e r d o r ie nd
,
wa onl a e t l vewhe s t d Li
s y bl o ea
n he ol nkoust tcowoz r w e ewai ng f he .
ha
ke s r
t or t
i

Li
nkouspl /.1 t c i lchat ofs xua as a ta ba t r ofClhm a
ed 1 1 o Hm na
1
ges e l s ul nd te y
e
nd

ot rfmaec wo k r i Unt dSttsv. os uaLi k . s No. :5 c - 0 6 Li o
he e l o r e s n ie ae J h n ous Ca e 71 - r0 01 . nk us
wass e
ubs quenty s nt d on O c obe 13,2015,t 1 ye si a c r don.I t afe m a h
l e ence
t r
o 4 ar nc r e a
n he t r t

oft e e s Cl
hes vent , ehm s f r d f om va i he lh i s s i l ng m i ane ,i biiy t
ufe e z
tous a t s ue , ncudi
gt i s na lt o
f us de lt
oc , biiadng he da ,de es i anxi y,a pa c a t c .Cl
a ches pz son, et nd ni ta ks ehm be n s eki
ga e ng
m e ca t e t e f he s r sa wor and on Augts,5,2014,r por e t he pHm a y
di l r a m nt or r tes t k
zt
e td o r
r

ca edoct t ts ha be s xua a s uled.ECF N o.154- Cl l e be
r
or ha he d en e iy s a t
26. ehm att gan
s ki ps hiti c
ee ng yc azc ouns lng fom alc ns d cilc ls i l or r a wela fom BAE'
ei r
i e e lria oc a w ke , s l s r
S
Em pl eA si t
oye ssancePr a .Cl hm c
ogr m
e
ondnued t s t ewih f r i tzi t
o tuggl t ea , nta sve hought,
s
and difc t se pi O n M a ch 28,201 s we outon s tt r dia lt l a wih
f uly le ng.
r
6, he nt
hoz e m s biiy e ve t
BAE' a ova.ECF N o.15 139ECF N o.15 2,a 388,400.Shes e nty br
S ppt l
44- t
ubs que l oughta

cvi a
i l céon a i tLi
gans nkousi c
n onnec wih t c
don t he onduc f w hih Li
t or c nkousw a c c e
s onvi t d

ci nal. lsa tt Rul 1 a ()oft Fe ea RulsofCiiPr c d e t c t
tmi l Pt u n o e 7$) nd c he d rl e
y r
vl o e ur,he ou'
t
a nt d Thom asE.St eka, q.t s v a gua di n a lt f Li
ppoi e
r l Es o er e s r a d iem oz nkousi t cv l
n he ii
a
cdon.O n Augus,23, 8,f l ng aoneda ti llm ie t da a son Count1
t
201 olowi
y ta i t d o m ge
1

a ans dee da Li o ,h jr rt ne avedc i fvo ofClh a r n he
g i t fn nt nk us te u y eut d r itn a r e m,wadig r
$500, i c
000 n ompe at yda ge a $ 000i punii da ges A t a ofeght
ns or ma s nd 250, n
tve ma . otl i
wines esa
t s ppea ed on be l ofClhm , ncl lng f i fi nds f m e c wor r ,D t
r
haf
e i ufi am l re , or t o- ke s .
y,

Rusel . et n fo t eCai o Cl c a d Bet on s aW o n' Re o c Ce tr
s lW M lo t m h rl n i , n tyl e ,
i
ni
me s s ure n e
c unsl twhowo k d wih Clh f l wi g t M a a dJ ne2 1 a suls
o eo
z e t e m ol n he y n u 0 4 sa t.
.
o

Liko ha mo e frtec r t staiet jd me te trdonAu u t2 ,
n us s v d o h out o e sd he u g n nee
g s, 7
2918,a a s r sava i y ofgr
nd s e t
ret
oundsosensbl s
t i y uppor li m otonsf ane ti la
dng ns i
or w ra nd

frrl ffo jdg ntHe& s cnmsta tea unta r dt t pan f s
o ei z m u me .
e
t li h t h mo wade o he lidfwa
f r sl e c siepECF No. 2 , t1 Heati tst se c si j g ntt a g
f o sy x e sv .
g
'
,
2 5 a . trbue hi x esve ud me o, mon
ot rt ngs t c tsde i hi O ct t16,2018, oéon t c
he hi , he our' ny ng s obe
m
o ondnue ECF N o.1
,
98,

wlc hecam sptve e hm fom f o rya ssl l?n h sd fns a tilf ve * t1
l h li e ntd i z f pe l siti 'i i e e e t ta f n .
i
pr
ng
e
1
,
t a ssa ofm y gua din ad lt m . ECF N o.
he s it nce
r a
ie '
'
225,a 2- Li
t 3. nkousas m ni anst tli
lo
nti ha ls

i biiy t ha f e a a f e nt'c m unia wih li gua din a lt m ,
na lt o ve f gulr nd r que ' om
r
c don t zs r a d ie Thom a
s

Steka Es ,c rbut t tz pur tdl e esi ver c.J at2.Hefl- ra ê t t
rl , q. onti ed o le pore y xc sve dit éa
lthe ve s ha
r

hi i ee t we ef ve l pr jdie ' ybengr ql e t pa dcpaei t til r m a
s ntr ss r f ry eu c d'b i e lt d o r i t t he ta fo
o
i
a
cor ec
r dona f clt a t thewasde ed t T
l a iiy nd ha
ni he f
oppor uniyt r s bl pr pa e f ti l'
t t o ea ona y e r or ra.
'
ECF N o.227,a 1 2.
t - The g oundspr e ed i s
r
es nt n uppor ofb0t m oéonsa ei
t
.
h
t dendc l
a,
i
ndee r pr
d e oduc ve ba i i e h m oéon.
ed r tm n ac
The c . as not st m a oft gt
out lo e hat ny he ounds
t
4

pr f r d i Li
ofe e n nkousspos-ra m odonspr s nty bef et cour a e t s m east e
'
tti l
e e l or he
t r he a
hos
r ed i hi pr -za m odon t c
is n s e ti l
o ondnue fld on t e oft l ECF N o.198,wli t
te
he ve da,
zch he
c tdeni The c utwiladdr sea h ofLi
our
ed.
ot
l
es c
nkous c nm si t n.
' l i n ur
I
I.

Thegt ntozdeni lofam odon f ane tili e r t d t a a m a t zz dngi
a
a
oz w ta s ntuse o nd
te es
n

t s unddice on oft dititc r. a s rhv. i on 8 F. 26 , 6 (t Ci.
he o
sré
he stc ou tW d wo t Cl , 46 2d 5 2 6 4 h t
nd

1 8 (ingOl Domii Se e orn Co . PolkeLii Oc a c ne 38 F.d1 3
98 ) cé
d
non tv d i
v. s i ne e niz , 6 2 9
(t Ci. 9 7)Th modo ma beg a td,tfe aj t lf ta ytao ftwhc a
4h r 1 6 ). e
n y r ne T tr t da, o n e sn o ih
a
uy
ne ti hashe et or be n gr e i a a
w ral
r of e e ant d n n cdon a 1w i f t lc t' Fe R.Ci P.
t a n ede a our.' d.
v.

5 a()A)TheUntdSae Cou t Appel frt Fozt Cic i' l tofa cptbl
9()1( .
ie tts r of
as o he lrh ruts i
s ce a e
g ou f rwhih ac t ye e cs iscice on t g a ane til ncu s < 1 t e
r nds o c our ma x r ie t l r d o r nt w ta i lde : t ) h
s
(

v r c i a ans tece rweg oftee ie c , ()i bae u e nc whihi
edits g i t h la iht h vd n e or 2 s sd pon dde e c s
fle o ()wil euli amicrig ofj éc , ve t g t r ma bes bsa éa
as, r 3 trs tn sara e us e e n hou h hee y u tn l
e de ewlih woll pr ve t die
vi nc lc
zd e nt he r cdon ofave dit'A tasFood S s a Se vs I v.
r c .' l
. nd r . nc.

CmneNa. nd s I c, 9F.d 5 7 5 4 (t Ci.1 9 ) Cl v. a- t S o e , nc,
t Ve or, n .9 3 8 , 9 4 h r 9 69 i W lMa' t r s I .
ne
t

1 F. 2 4 3 1(t Ci.1 9 ) f lsdstto i l e o etr n vedcsfr
44 3d 9 , 0 4h r 9 8.f i icein ncud s v runig r it o
T1
e es i
xc svenes and or rng a ne ti l t
s
de i
w r a wihoutqua ca
v don orcondi
done on t ve dit
d
he t c

wi e'r fslt a ret ard c n tenitur. Gapeii Ct. o Hl ni s l c,
nn rs eu a o g e o e u do rr ti l' s rn v. rf r l de, n .
t '
ma
5 8U. 41 , 3 - ( 9 6 . r c i ane til t Fo t Cic i z q t saf i gt t
1 S. 5 4 2 33 1 9 ) To e eve w ta,he urh t ut e uie i n ha
nd

t j yvedc wa ma ee c si byf sin a dp eudc s rn lgfo idu nc ,n
he ur r it s d x esve f so n rj ie pig' r m n ke ei
pa
n
t j yr m ,n s c f eigs g t ma no bec r dbyar mid t bu onl ane til'
he ur oo i u h e l ,t q y t u e
n ha
e tt
m t y w ta.
'

Be e t Fata Ct.Va, 3 F. u 2d 5 6 6 2 ( D. . 0 6 (i gFo dMot r
nn t v. ifx y, .4 2 S pp. 9 , 0 E. Va 2 0 ) cdn r
o

Co. Ma ne 20 F.d2 7 27 (t Ci.1 3) I ohe wor ,a e te ie c o
v. ho , 5 2 6 , 3 4h t 95 ). n t z ds bsn vd n e f
pa sono p eudc b t j y a e c si v r c aon i i uf intt g a ane til
si r tj ie y he ut n x esve edit l e s ns ûce o rnt w ta.
Se For M ootCo. M a ne 2 F.d2 7 2 3(t Ci. 9 3 ( i ta a e c si
e d t
v. ho , 05 2 6 , 7 4h t 1 5 ) ûndng h t n x esve
vedc c upe wihe ie eta o oft j o satmptdt sndame sg t t
r it o ld t vd nc h t ne he ur z te e o e
sa e o he
pli ifsc
antf ouns w hie t t' wasi pz es , hi wasdesgne t ai %i i hi
el l he tZ
i
n ogz s w ch
i d o d m n s

c nd to t ec s , e ie ane til; le v. a rkLi , d.8 6F.u 9 5
o uc f h a e r qur d w tal Al d M e s ne Lt , 2 s pp. 6
t

(9 3, 7 ( D. . 9 3,e ' pqote ou , F.d1 9(t Ci. 9 4 sodng
1 9 ) 9 0 E. Va 1 9 )rvd - h r nds35 3 3 4h r 1 9 ) li
t tat o h t ejr a ê o $ ,0 , 00 wa e c sie t ec ztc ldnoto d rane
ha lh ug h u y wa d f 10 000 .0 s x e sv , h ot ot
r l
re w

til c us tçewa noe ie et tt v z it st rs lofpasono p eu c)
ra be a e h z s vd nc ha he edc wa he eut
si r zjdie;
Gr atCoa tlEx r s I .v.l 'Bhd.ofTea s e s Cha f ur W a e
e
sa
e s nc
nt
l
m tr
uf e s r hous m e a
e n nd

He esofAm.51 F.d8 9 8 ( hCi. 9 5 (i gUrtdCo t. okesv. il
1r
, 1 2 3 , 46 4t t1 7 ) cdn le nstW z r Hasi
i
Ba i Co.2 3F. 8 2 ( h Ci. 9 5 , ort pr posdo t ta e c sieve dc ba e
kn
; 2 2d 7 4t t 1 5 ) f he o i n ha n x e sv r it s d

o a i o rjr i tu d aegou sfrane til. nrve n amodo f ane
n n mpr pe uy nsr c on t r nd o
w ra)I e iwig
n ot w
til t c ztm us wegh t e de and c i rt c e biiy oft wines est
ra, he olr
t i he vi nce
onsde he r di lt
he t s o
det mni whe he t ve di twasa i tt clarweghtoft e de e orwa ba e
e nne
t r he r c
gans he e
i
he vi nc
s sd

u n e d nc t twa fle Inusma v. lnd, 7 F. 6 , 4 (t Ci. 0 )
po vie e ha s as .f s n Ma a 2 2 3d 25 6 7 4 h r 20 1 .
W he egr néng ane ti lwotl bei pr rbe a e t r i no e de e of
t a
w ta
zd m ope c us he e s
vi nc

t si o p eudc 'b t j y ac r ma no eh ls r qlearmi u ii
t son r rj ie' y he ut, ou t y n tees e lt e dtr f t
pa
i
c l st tave diti e esi .Benne tv. ifx Ct Va.432 F.Supp. 596,599oncude ha
z c s xc sve
t Fat a p, ,
2d

6 0 ( D. . 0 6 .
0 E. Va 2 0 ) Unde t pr c eofrmid u ,f til o to de sane t l
r he a éc e t t r fhe ta c ur r r w da
t
ur e st p an fa c pt ar d éo i a e c si jr a r . Cln v. al s he liéf c e s e uc n n n x e s u y wa d' i e W lMm S o e ,
l
ve
'
tr s

l c, 4 F.d2 4 30 ( h Ci. 9 )Thec ur wilts a rs Li ou ' bi of
n .1 4 3 9 , 5 4t r1 98.
o t lfrt dd es nk s c m
6

e es i
xc svenes a t t c
s s o he ompens t a puni da a sa r a de e m i t
a ov nd
dve m ge wa ds nd t r ne he
pr i y ofgr
opret
andng ar midt unde Vig ni lw .
e t ur
r r i a a The c .wilt n a s swhe he ,
out l he s es
t
t r

d sieisfndng vsàvse esve s a rmidtrund rVignalm i s ul
ejt t i i s i--i xc si nes nd e t u e rii a t ho d
ne rhee sstai tejd me t a ga an w til uru ntt Rue5 oft Fe ea
vet ls e sde h u g n s nd rnt e ta p s a o l 9 he d rl
Rul ofCi lPr e ue Li
es
vi oc dt . nkous a m e st a e notdie ty r lt d t t is of
' ver nt hat r
t c l ea e o he s ue

e c sie e sna l t thewa f vel prjdcd'b ben r ql e t pn i t fo
x e sv n s, mey ha
s f ry eu ie ' y ig e ltd o ecpae r m
o
i
acor e
r céona f clt and hi m or gene ai d cni t thewasfde zed t oppor uriy t
l a iiy
s e
r lze l m ha
f r he
t lt o
r s bl pr pa e f til'wilbe a es ed i t cot ' anayssofLi
ea ona y e t or ta ' l
ddr s n he uts l i
nkous at r dve
' le na

mo frrl ffo jdg ntu e Rul 6 .
don o ei rm u me nd t e 0
e
A.

Th ga me ofLik '
e rva n
n ousmodo , ot frane t la rl ffo jd me ti
ns b . o
h
w da nd ei r m u g n,s
e
tealg de c sie e so t jr 'da g sa r . ejr rtr d$5 ,0 i
h l e x e sv n s f he u ys ma e wadsTh uy eune 000 0 n
e
c
ompe aor a $ 000i puni da ges Thec twila e st alge
ns t y nd 250, n
dve ma .
out l ddr s he le d
e s i ne soft com pe at ya puni dam a sa r s pr a ey,a dif r nt
xce sve s
he
ns or nd
éve
ge wa ds e t l s fe e

s a r a y i as es i ea a r W he e a m oton f ane t li ba e upon t
t nda ds ppl n s sng ch wa d.
t
i ot w da s s d
he

alg de c si neso t j y' d ma sa r s fdea sa dad a l t fd rlcnms
l e x esve s f he ut s a ge wad ,e rl tn r s ppy o e ea li ,
e
butsat 1w sa t m ys be a i t s a e1w cnm s G as e i v.Ce e f
t e a t nda ds
t ppled o t t a li .
rni
nt r or

Hl niis I c, 1 U. 4 5 4 6 1(99 )Ko e v. bEva Fn- ,nc,1 5F.d
z te, n .5 8 S. 1 , 2 -3 1 69 nk l Bo
ma
ns t I . 6 3
ms
2 5 28 -8 ( h Ci. 9 ) Br wnn - ti I dus ofVe mo l . Kec Di o a
7 , 0 1 4t r 1 99; o i Fers n .
t nt nc v. lo s s l

I .49 U. 25 , 7 - 0 ( 9 9 (e u i t c atafdea c
nc, 2 S. 7 2 9 8 1 8 ) r f sng o r f e rl ommo lw sa dad of
n-a t n r
e c sie e sbe a er he ea em at z ofsae a d no f d tl c
x e sv n s c us f s r tes tt, n t e e a, ommo 1w' . us
t
n a ' Th ,
)
wheh rt jr ' a r ofda g sf t saet r cnm ofa s uta batr i t s
t e he u ys wa d
ma e or he t t o t li
sa l nd tey n hi
7

m a t ts d be t m it orot r s s ta i ase svei a m a t tofVigml lw.
te houl
e ted
he wi e e sde xcesi s
te
r '' a
a

Hu hso v. w Ho Me i,5 2F. up 2d55 ,5 5( D. . 0 )(ii Sa ti
tn Ne me da 5 S p. 9 6 E. Va 20 8 ct tmahs
ng
v. yn .I .38 F.d4 9 4 ( . Ci. 0 4)
Fligl,nc, 9 3 2 , 38 4f r2 0 ).
h
Unde Vig ni lw,
r ri a a

g he ave dc i c l ng d o t ba i ofalge
wj n r it s hal e n he ss l d
e
e
e s i ne s a tilc ti 'om pel t s ti asde<ft
xce sve s , ta our sc
led o e t i i he
a ounta r d i s gr a ast s
m
wa de s o e t o hock t c c e e oft
he ons i nc
he

c r a t cet t i rsinta tejr ha ben
ou t nd o rae he mp eso h t h uy s e
mo ae b p si ,c ru n, rprj ie o ha
év td y a son or pdo o eudc , r s
M s
conceved orm iconstn t f t ort lw,ori t
i
s tned he ac s he a
f he

a r i s o of o O o t t ei j e s fr d a t
wad s o ut pr po n o h nt s ufe e s o
ui
s ge tt ti i nott pr
ug s ha t s
he oductofaf i a i pa da
a r nd m r l
decson.
ii '
She d v.Ca t Foundr ofVigi a I . e . .262V a 715,718,554 S. 2d 72,75
pat
piol
y
t ni, nc, t a1,
.
E.

( 01 (u igEc sonv. sne, 5Va 1 8 2 ,1 5S. 2 7 7 7 0(9 49
20 ) q otn l t Ku e l20 . 9 , 01 3 E.d 7 , 8 1 6 )
mi
Po so v Ro k 2 Va 2 4 2 6 46 SE.d 4 9 48 ( 9 6) s eas S ni v. i car
ult n . c 51 . 5 , 5 , 7 . 2 7 , 1 1 9 )9 e lo r t
he S n li

Re. , 0 Va 1 , 4 ,1 2SE.d8 2 8 7(9 1 (x lii t tt jr a r s l
fCo.2 3 . 42 1 8 2 . 2 7 , 7 1 6 ) e panng ha he u y wad houd
as b stai i tejr mic ncie t srous s oftepnntf' i lis.nma n
lo e e sde f h u y so ev d he ei nes h li ifst tel I kig
jl
t sde e nana
hi t r i éon,t cour m us e l t t e de e r lva t t i s ofda a ,
he
t
t vaua e he vi nc e e nt o he s ue
m ges

viwi s h e dencei t lghtm os f vor bl t t pr vnlng pa t - he e Clhm .
e ng uc vi
n he i
t a a e o he e ii
ty
r e

S ad 2 2Va a 71 ,5 4S. 2da 7 (ii Po sonv. k 25 Va 25 2 , 6
he r , 6 . t 8 5 E. t 5 ct
ng ult Roc , 1 . 4, 61 4 7
SE. 4 , 3(99 ). fteei e i nc , nve di t l htmos fvo a et
. 2d 79 48 1 6) I h r s vde e whe iwe n he i
g
t a rbl o
Clh t s san t ejr ' $ 0 ,00c mpe aoy d ma sa r t e rmir o
e m, o u ti h u ys 5 00 o nst l a ge wad, h n e ti r
ng

o he wies t a iet a r i e r r 1 (i gEd so 20 Va a 20 -0 , 3
t r s eéng sd he wa d s ro . d. ce
mit n, 5 . t 2 3 1 5
SE.d a 78 )
. 2 t 0.
B.

The Supt m e Cout ofVigi ahashe d t physca hm m a pec a y l s sa e
e
t
t ni
l hat
i l t nd unir os e r
notr t d i or t s t i as t nda c pens t y dam a a r a t t
equie n der o us an ubs a l om
a or
ge wa d nd ha
T vi nc ofs r m ent la ih,a s a ' a eaones fce .H u hs on v. e
f de e oz ow,
e
a nga s nd olce' r l
ufi int
t
N w

HomeMel , 5 F. u 2 5 9 5 7 ( D. . 0 )(i g S ad, 6 Va a 7 3, 5
ca 5 2 S pp. d 5 , 6 E. Va 2 08 cdn he r 2 2 . t 2 5 4
i

SE.da 7 ) S d rv. tel,1 8Va 3 ,3 1 1 3SE. 8 3 4(9 29 la
. 2 t 7 ; n e Fah r 5 . 35 5 , 6 . 35 , 6 1 3 )Wil ms
i
Prnén Co. S un r,1 3Va 1 6 1 0 7 S. 47 , 7 (91 ) W h l t c mpe ao y
i g v. a de s 1 . 5 , 8 , 3 E. 2 4 8 1 2 . ie he o ns t r
da a a a d i t sca ei s t néa c par t ot rsat a f de a ca e i ol ng
m ges w r n hi s s ubsa l om ed o he t e nd e r l s s t vi
w

s xua a s ul a bate y t Supt m eCour ofVig ti s cik al pr c i c pn i
e l s a t nd tr , he
e
t
t ila pe l l os rbes om tng
y
da a a r asam ea ofm e s i e es i nes .Alid Conc e e Co.v. s e ,285
m ge wa ds
ns
a urng xc sve s le
rt
Le t r

Va 2 5 31 , 3 S. 2 6 9 7 0(01 )( ll gt ttilc ur i o rybae deii
. 9 , 6 7 6 E.d 9 , 1 2 3 hoci ha ra o tmpr pel sd cson
n
t gr r r tiuton i pr rcom pa ion ofa a dsa f ied t c i rpr rf c or
o ant enitt
m ope
ts
w r nd a l o onsde ope a t s
i e de e ort pr de a w a ofa c raizng whet rt r duc a a d be t a
n vi nc
o ovi ny y s e t ri
he he e ed w t a s

r ao bl rldont d ma e s frdb t pli iiohnCrne I . l ne, 4Va
e s na e ea o a g s ufee y he anéfll
a , nc v.o s27 .
5 1 5 4- ,6 0SE. 85 , 5 -5 ( 0 )(euigt a l t f vea evedc r l't
8 , 9 95 5 . 2d 1 8 7 8 20 7 z fsn o ppy he t rg r it ue'o
a
ove t n ave dit .ol ng t te esi ne sde e m i donsm us be bas d on t f c sa
tur
r c ,h di ha xc sve s t r na
t
e
he a t nd

cr lm sa esofe h c e,a colec c eswhe et Supt m e Cout ofVig' a
icz t nc
ac as nd l dng as
t he
e
'
t
t mi

d ci d t e a ei ac aio ofv r it i a s sig e c si ne s; ev. a u s
e l o ng g n omp ts n e d cs n se sn x e sve s) Ros J q e ,
ne

2 8Va 1 7 1 ,5 7S. 2d6 7 (0 4 ( h t ns of. . l ' r me ti t tte
6 . 3 , 59 9 E. 4, 7 2 0 ) T'e hflt . Misagu n s ha h
l
jr ' v r c i e c si whe c mpa e t ot e èos-r u dcsrs d s d r c s s
t ys e dit s x e sve n o r d o h r tta ma te s ior eq a e ,
z
sae d a na nal. we r . . tsctsno o he c s whe et s(l t h s
t twi e nd do l Ho ve , . M ' ie
y
l
l
t r a e r hi cout a
s nc ne ave dc c mpaion a lssa t m e s r ofave dc' e e sve s . c
a éo d r it o rs nay i s he a u e
r it xc si ne s) .
s
;i
W ehuaH ua v.Recot& Viior ofUni ofVi ' a N o.3: - i
n
t
st s
v.
r ni,
11 CV 00050,2013 W L

8 5 45 a * 1( D. . r7 2 3 r Foz' Cic tha ce ryi l ae ta p s
6 8 , t 1 W. Va Ma. , 01 ) The lth tui s lal ncc td h t at
t
i
a t s oudswea g iei sfttetiljd et c sde whe deii wh t rt
wads h l e s ad l o h ra u g o on i r n cdng ehe o
ne
g a ane tillstrlttz.lHez l C . Ptn eWil m, 9F.d1 9 1 2( h Ci.
rnt w ta rii eti i r'; te v. of ic ta 8 3 6 , 7 4t t
't a '
i
1 9 )( tuc tedsrc c t t R l eye n net a r g t ohe c ss,
9 6 i t dng h itit out o cosl x mi he wads i wo t r aej
ns
n
whih webeiv a ec mpa a l t wha woud b a a z pza ea z i t sc s '
c
l e t o z b e o t l e n pp o it wa d n hi a e).
e
Furhe ,t Supr m e Cour ofVigi a hasr pe edl e pha i ed t tt a ount
t r he
e
t
r ni
e at y m
sz ha he m

ofavedc i s uaeywihnt j y' dstdo ta ii ivoaewh nii azve a
r it s q rl ti he ut s ice n,h tts n ilt e t s ti d t
upon com pet a pr ri t éons a t alr a ona ei e ence m us be dt w n
ent nd ope nsruc
, nd hat l e s bl nf t s
t
a

i fv oft vedc rndee whe e aua gt a pr p tn s oft a untofajr
n a or he r it e rd n v l dn he p o dae e s he mo
uy
ve dc . h wk rv.irt e, 7 Va Ci. 8 , 9 (0 )(ii Rih t onv. a t n
r it S o e I az r 7 . t 3 9 38 2 09 ctng c a ds Btx o Bai , 5 Va 6 , 0SE.d 7 2 ( 9 9 Vigni' hg s c r ha as e a ie t t
L 2 7 . 1 51 . 2 3 1 9 :. r i aq ihe t ou t s lo mph sz d ha
C
. --

Kgft v r c meeya ast beltea mo et nwha tetilj gewo dha
fq he edit rl pper o ag nd r ha
i
t h za ud
ul ve
a r e ha hebe name rofj y i s ul n b ditr d be a et d s wo l
wad d d
e
mbe ur,t ho d ot e sube , cus o o o ud
bet < wha hema no lg l d t ti,sbs tzelij g n frta oftejr.'
o do t
y t e al o,ha s u d t asud me t o h t h t y'
y
t
l '
Smihe ,203 Va.a 146,122 S. 2d a 875.I s ,t lw ofVigi a e t ihesa
t
t
E. t
n um he a
t ni sabls

f mi beprs
or da l eumpdona ans rnitn ozohewiedit bn jr vedcson
g i t e ltig t r s surig u y t it
e esi nes gz
xc sve s ounds Se Ali Conc e e Co.v. t r 285 Va 295,31 736 S. 2d 699,
. e led
rt
Lese ,
.
7,
E.

71 ( 1 )( c a a n, .disntn )rW ih t sgj ur' e ze ol ngl tdo u
1 20 3 M cln ha J, se i g f t hi co ts ve v vi i a ns pon
mi
t po ra d yoftilu e t or rr mit u , o al a tc l ut e t els naln
he we nd ut ta jdg s o de e ti r f t lpr cia p pos s l a t ii
t
a
t ec :n o r r t u h sbe n c i n . .? .
h of f eniét r a e l ve . .)
r
?
He e Li
t , nkousase t t tt $500, i c
s zs ha he
000 n ompenst yda a sa r t t
aor m ge wa ded o he
Cl i f osl e es i ' The ei no ques t t a d i s t nda and a t
ehm s f sy xc sve.
gr
' r s
don hat he war s ubsa l
t he

o e r ahe ofarao bl j yvedc.
utr e c s
e s na e ur r itNonehees gve alt fcsa dt sveiyof
t ls, i n l he at n he e rt

Clh salge ij is a wel st s i e ei naueofijlisivovngsx l sa t
e m' l d nure, s la he u g n rs tr nl e n li e ua asul
e
t
a bate y i ca
nd t r , t nnotbe s i t tt a r i s e s i ast w a r nti e ve
a d ha he wa d s o xce sve o r a nt r ndon by t
he
c tI
our . ndee wih t e e
d, t he xc pdon ofli own concus y sa e e sale ' g e sve s ,
ls
l or t t m nt lgm xcesi ne s

Lik s rveln l, sfi dt pontt a s cfce i nc s wi ta tejr a r
n ou , e aigy ha al o i o ny pe i vde e ho pg h t h u y wad
e
wa t rs toff a son, o rpdon orprjdie' No d sLi ousa r fre mpl,
s he eul f si c ru , eu c .l r oe nk ve,o xa e
p
'
t tt e$ 0 ,0 a r i a ans t weg oft ee i nc , ip o tonaet t eij re
ha h 5 00 0 wad s g i t he iht h vde e d s r pori t o h nl is
z
s f r or t r ul ofami c tna oft f c sort lw.I t ad,Li
uf e ed, he es t
s onstp l he a t
he a nse
nkousa t e
tdbut s

t alge l e c si j g n t tec r'rf slt g a tlsmoéo t c nue ECF
he l dy x esve ud me t o h ou ts eua o rn n
e
i
n o ond ,
N o.198,hi i lt t ha t gulta fe ntc ac wih hi gua ci a lt ,a
s nabiiy o ve e a nd r que ont t t s tlan d iem nd

ote is slreytn nt lna j ia nge esve s.
h r sue ag l a ge i i dudc d xc si nes
a
To t e e Li
he xt nt nkouswasdis ds wih t lve ofc m uni don wih Steka,
s a ûed t he e l om
ca
t rl
he s d ha r ie t sis a til H eci not I
houl ve as d hi s ue t ta .
ld . ndee whe as e i il byt
d, n ked xplcty
he
cout w he he hewasf l s ds wih t wor ofhi gu ci n a lt m ,Li
'
t
t r
uly a hed t he
k
s azla d ie
nkous

a we ed a f= a i l W ih r pe t t m oton t c
ns r fi tvey. t es ct o he
i o ondnue,a t r l t d cnm t the
nd he e a e li ha

wasfdele t oppor t t r as
f rid he
mniy o e onabl pr pa ef til Li
y e r or rac nkousmove t c
d o ondnuet
he

t a f ur nt atrhewa frtnodf do t tild t a js onewe kbeoetetil
s l o mo hs fe
i
s ls
i f he ra ae nd u t
e
e f r h ra
wasdue t c m e e.N otonl wa tzselve h- u m odon t c
o om nc
y s li e nt hot
o onénue fl
ted
unr as bl lt butLi
e ona y a e,
nkousas pr de no expl don f w hathe i e
lo ovi d
ana
or
nt nded t do wih
o
t
.
1 . l u d e cnm ta a p ai gb vd oc nfrnc fo p io wa p eu iilHo v r t rc r d e n t
Ti r s o s li h t p ezn y ie o ee e rm zs n s rjdca. we e,he eod o s o
no
per tt i ernc no doe F nl s ya fctal i f c l l ,t tt wa i whihTl ousa rd
mi he nf e e, r s l r uppl ny a u bass or oncuri ha he y n c nk
ous
ng
ppeae

wa s p eu iil st js yan w ta.nd e ,oteetnt nru comsta a p aigfo p io iitlrby
s o rjdca a o udf e t lI ed t h xe Lil s li h t p e r rm rs n snoea l
i
o
n
p eu iilh iefc v l ag igta cvlzascn t rc e t ls tec u ts bet p o t tep yia
rjdca, e s fed ey run h t iitil a no po ed l esl o r ia l o r cue h h scl
n z
pr s nc ofl c r r e dee nt. si net rr aona enort lw . eUnie Sttsv. e , F. 837 84
ee e
aceatd fnda sThi s ihe e s bl
he a Se
td ae Bak r 45 3d , 3-

4 (t Ci. 9 5; h mma v. re Batmo eCi al8 9F.d1 7 1 1 2(t Ci. 9 8 Sodn ta a
4 4h z1 9 )Mu a d Wad n. li r t i 4 2 0 , 1-1 4h r 1 8 ) lig h t
yl ,
pnn f i t i asc n1 8 ad nha noa s lt z h t b pee t t ijr t l.
lid fnmae n edo 9 3 c o d b oue i to e rsn a hsuy Hal
g

a a dona tm e t pr pa e f til I a e ,t s a gum e sa ebesdet poi i
ny ddi l i o e r or ra . n ny vent he e t
nt t
i he nt n
a s s i e esi nes ,ast y do notpr vi any bassf t c z tfnci t tt
s e sng xc sve s he
o de
i ot he olt i lng ha he

jdg nt ser ne usorftl i etdb pa so c ru n, rprjcie
u me wa ro o
aal nfce y sin, or pdo o eulc .
y
Li
nkousa s doesnotalge t t c ' wasi e r ast t adm ison ofa of
lo
le hat he out
t
n t or o he
si
ny

t e ie e j yi t c ns o ot zzlva p ocel g dzigt tilI o d rt
he vd nc ,ut nsnldo , r he ee nt z e cn s l n he ra. n z e o
i
t
dee i i t $500, ve di i onet ti e esi enough t s k t c ce e,t
t= ne f he
000 r ct s
ha s xc sve
o hoc he onsinc i

i ne esr t l ka t fco sta woudha eifue e t j yt a r tea nti
s c say o oo t he atr h t l v nl nc d he ur o wad h mou t
dd Therc r rfe t ta hec ut i tu tdt j ya f lwstg t igc e aor
i.
e o d elcs h rt o tnst ce he ur s ol
o e adn omp nst y
da a s
m ge '
.
l tucton N o.20
ns r i

Thepum os ofc pe a or da a si t m a t pl ttf
e om ns t y m ge s o ke he ai if
n
whol . t i ,t r a ona y c pens e t pl i ff t
e : hat s o e s bl om
-at he andf or he
da a s hass f r d.
m ges he
ufe e

Youma a r c e ao yd ma e o yfri de ta
y wad omp nstr a g s nl o t s h t
ju
t pl ndf pr
he ai f oveswe epr m atl ca e by t def nda '
r oxi ey us d
he e nts
c
onduct The da a st you a t m us be f i
.
m ge hat
wa d
t at
c
ompens
adon f aloft pli psda a ,no m or a no
oz l he a ndf
m ges
e nd
ls .
e s You s d nota a d c pe at y da a s f
houl
w r om ns or m ge ot

s c lé i ute, to l frt eijte whiht
pe ua ve nj isbu ny o hos nuis c he
pl ndf hasa tzly s f r ott t pli fi r a onabl
ai f
caa l uf e ed
hat he andf s e s
y
lkey t s f ri t f t e
i l o ufe n he u ar .
Youra r s d begui by dipas i t c m on s e.
wa d houl
ded
s sona e om
ens
Compudng da a m a be dihcul,butyou m us not1 t t
m ges y
f t
t
et ha
ciûc t l a y t enga i a bir r gu s k.On ta
lf uly e d ou o
ge n r ta y es wor
le
ot rhand,t lw doesnotr r t tt pl i fpr t e
he
he a
equie ha he andf ove l
a
am ountofhe l s w'tzm a he adca pr ii butonl wi.
r os es il t m
l ecson,
y t
h
a much de6nie sa a ur c ast c r um sance pe i.
s
t nes nd cc a y he ic t s - t
Thebur n i on t pli ft pr by t gr atrweghtof
de s
he andf o ove he e e i
t e de e h ie ofda a s cnm sand t pr t t
he vi nce ac t m
m ge he li
o ove ha
e ch ièm wa c us d by t de enda .Shei notz quied t
a t
sa e
he f
nt
s
e r o
Pr t e c a ountofhe da a s buts m us s
ove he xa t m
r m ge ,
he
t how
1
2

s :c e f t a cr s a est pe m i you t m a a
uf int ac s nd icum t nc o r t
o ke
r a ona e e tm a eofea ie .I t pl ntf f ist do s
e s bl si t
ch t m f he ai if al o
o,
t ns c
he he annotz cove f t ie ...
e
r or hat t m

I det = i ng t c pens t y da a st whih t pli f
n e ni he om
a or m ge o
c he andf
i e ld,
s néte you s l consde a oft f l ng wlih you
hal
i r ny he olowi
lc
beive by t gt atrweghtoft e de e:
le
he e e i
he vi nc

Alfn nca l swhc i ars loftei uyt t
1ia ilos ih s eut h njr o he
pli ifc e by t def nda ;
qntf aus d
he e nt

() AIph sclnjl t pli fs frd;
2
I yia i uy he andf ufee
() A1e on lnude pli fs frd,ncudngs me
3
l moé a ij s andf ufee i l i ha ,
hlm iidon,e ba r s ent ori gniy t he f ei
l la
m r as m , ndi t o r e lngs
t ts s fz
ha he uf e ed.

You m a a s c i ti a di com pe at ydn a t
y lo onsde n war ng
ns or m ges he

i ul gc rce o t ij ist dee ntsrao fr
ns én haa tr f he nute,he fnda ' es n o
i u i t p ndf, nd a yot e crlmsa e wl c ma e
njrng he bi f a n h ê icl tnc s a h k s
i
t i re mo esdo ,fa oft e et i saes wn b t e
he t is r e us i ny h s hng r ho y h
ju
e dence
vi
.
Yourve dits lbef s h sl aswilf l a f ry
r c hal
or uc lm
l ul nd ail
y
com pe a e t pli ff t da a ss t i d a ar ul of
ns t he andf or he m ge usane s es t
t as a ta bate p
he s ul nd t r
I t ucton N o.21
ns r i
Ifyou fnd t tt pli fha a c
i ha he andf d ondi bef e t a i nt
don or he ccde
t twa a r va e asa r ul oft i i ntort tt pr
ha s % a t d
es t he ncde
ha he e-

e idngc nddo ma et ijr s zc ie moesveeo
xs o i n d he nu y he e ev d r e r r
m or dif tt t e t t n i yourve ditf t pli f s
e fkul o r a , he n
r c or he nndf, he
m a r cove f t a r va
ye
r or he gg a don a f t i r s d s ve i)
nd or he nc ea e e rtr
ordihc t ofte ent buts i note l t r ove f
f uly r au
,
he s
néted o ec r or
t pr - xidng c
he e e s
ondi
don.
ECF N o. a 21 23.I ac or nc wih Vigi a1w a wih t a e m e oft
21, t - n c da e t r ni a nd t he gt e nt he
.
.

pnr s t j yi tu tonse rsl pemitdt jr t c nsd rf le
ri ,he ur nsr ci xp esy r te he u y o o ie f l modo lnjde
e
a
na i u s
pli fs f r d, ncudi s m e hlm ii
andf ufe e i l ng ha , x ladon,e ba r s m ent ori gniy t he f lngs'
m ra s
, ndi t o r eei ,'

a wela t fnszdn c a a tzoft i l is'ECF No. 1 , t23 S r laddnoto e t
s l s he f tl g h z ce he njre .
i
x '
2 6 a . tek i
bjc
t Clé sr q s t a d t eT modo lt te 'ln a ei l tu donNumbe 20 a
o e m' e uet o d h f
e
na i is'a gu g n nsr c
ju
r , nd
13

i fc c e e ta e
n a t onc d d h t moéo lnjte aetpial c nsd r di a ov rld ma e
na i uis r y cl o iee n n eal a g s
y
a l i.M ot ove ,sm ia i % c
nayss
e t i l t ns éonsha bee ct d a ovi y by t Supr m e Cour
ve n ie ppr ngl
he
e
t
ofVigila.See e.. Ba d n,273V a a 65 58,643 S. 2d a 705r ri
, l wi
. t 7E. t
706.

Wihts c t t alg di uis Clh ddnot ee a ye de eofs ca
t epe t o he l e njre , e m i ptsnt n vi nc pe il
e
da a ,s a m e ca bil,l te r ngs e c H owe t s t dfed i gr phi deti
m ges uch s di l ls os a ni , t .
ve , he es i n a c al

a ute to ls frn t tr s td fo t Ma a u 20 4 a suls a pr s n e
bo mo ina ufei g ha eule r m he y ndl ne 1 sa t, nd e e t d
e de t ts s
vi nce ha he oughtps hiti c e a e ensve c
yc a rc at nd xt i ouns lng t r afe .The c twil
ei he e t r
our l
notr ca t l t t e ie y ofClhm ' t s i ony r ga di Li
e piu a e he ntr t
e s e tm
e r ng nkous conduct buts hc i
'
,
uf e t
t s y t tt r wa s hce e de e, e d i t lghtm os fvot bl t Clhm ,t
o a ha he e s uf int vi nc vi we n he i
ta a e o e
o

s pp t hej ysfnln byaf r po r n eof hee de e' ha s s fr d
u or t ur ' i cig
f e ndea c t vi nc 't t he ufe e
p
consde a eem odonalhz m a l ls
i r bl
t nd ong-a dng tal a t twaspr m a ey ca ed by t
r 'm ha
oxi t l us
he

a s u t. No. 6 a 1 ,1 , 0 Wih r s c t t J ne20 4i i nti p t ult
sa ls ECF 21 , t 7 9 2 . t e pe t o he u
1 ncde n a dc a,
Cl hm w a c ng of a l6e
s omi
f
hours f afe be ng fdt fed' t wor adoubl slf whe he
hit t r i f a t ' o
k
e lit n r
em pl rwasuna e t fnd a one es t w or t tda W he he szf ended,a wli h
oye
bl o i ny
le o
k ha y.
n r lit
t lc

poi s wasunde sa bl fe usedy's r ut d t he l ke t puthe s i
nt he
r tnda y fxha t ' he et ne o r oc r o
r upples
a y.Cl hm t s i d t s s w Li
wa
e
e dfe hat he a nkousi t hal y a t t a d hi by waki
n he lwa nd ded o voi m
l ng
a y.H owe r s ty a t re dng t l ke r
wa
ve , hor l fe xi
he oc r oom ,Li
nkousgr bbe Cl hm ,dr gged he
a d e
a
r
i o a Kite da k c r r
nt ftl r ontol oom ,'cos t doorbe nd t m ,t ne of t lght ,a
l
' l ed he
hi he ur d f he i s nd
l ke t door H e t n f ed he br ass s a td l sng he nec z ac d f and
oc d he
.
he ondl
r e t , t re ds i
r k, e he ot

sat t
t ted ouchi he va i la e ,a sat d t thewant d t ha s wih he .Cl
ng r g na r a nd t e ha
e o ve ex t r ehm

ti d t r ss,be
re o e it gged Li
nkoust s op,a wasexte el f a f gi Li
o t nd
r m y e t ul ven nkoussszea
' i nd

t fc t tno yes wa aou Li ko pr s e Clhm f e l t g l' g i tt e
he a t ha bod le s r nd. n us e s d e f al khtl 'a ans h
z y
y
14

walClhm ts dta e e i s h dnotjs woke a1 - ursit s woudno
l e edûe h t v n f he a
.
u t r d 6ho bf, he l t
ha had enough st h t pus Li
ve
tengt o h nkousof ofhe .
f
r2
Cl hm des rbe he lf a t rt a t c a f zehel' a sat d t ts i al ys
e
c i d r ie fe he ta ks s f r l,' nd t e ha he s wa
pl
s ar d,c t l l ng ove he s de ,a afad oft da k.Cl hm t dfed t t
c e onsanty ooki
r r houl r nd r i
he t
e
es
ha

f l ng t as a t,s ca
olowi he s uls he nnotse p i he be oom wih he parne bec us t r
l e n r dr
t r t z a e he oom
r m i he oft s alz
e nds t he m l oom i o whi Li
nt
ch nkousdr gge he .I t ad,s see on t
a d r nse he l ps he
couc i he lvi r .Cl
h n r i ng oom ehm f t rt si d t s i m tl e doct sa couns l s
urhe e the o eeng zépl
or nd
eor

i t a tr t oft a suls i cudngDr Ru sl Met n a c ns l Bet o s
n he femah he sa t, n l i . sel lo nd ou eor tyl ne ,
m a ofw hom wa e t pr c i he va i se p-elt d m e c dons Clhm a s
ny
nt d o es rbe t rous l e r a e
dia
. e
lo
t dfed t ts wa une pl d f asg f ntpe i oftm e a t tt as auls t t
es i ha he s m oye oz inika
rod i
fe he s t, ha

Li
nkous ac
' donsc us d he r ltons p wih he pa t rt f i,t ts s
a e r ea i hi t r t ne o al ha he oughta t m por r
e
ay
r s r i ng or ra i tLi
e tani
de gans nkous a t ts pur has d afr n' f pr e
, nd ha he c e le t ot ot cdon.
m
The ewasa s de al t Hm ony f om Clhm ' f m i finds a f - e
r
l o t ied es
r
e s a l re , nd ot r
y,
m

c wo k r rgadi he e
o t es e r ng r moéo lt te, r rce a it,a t d tdo a ofh r
na i is p otatd nxey nd he ee rdon e
ju
physc la m e a he lh i t a t r a h oft a s uls Thi t tm ony i l
ia .nd ntl at n he fe m t
he s a t . s esi
ncuded,a ong
m

ot zt ngs s c fcde c i
he hi , pe ii s rpdonsofCl hm ba rcalng door t pt venti r i a he
e
r i ci
so e
nt usons nd r
m a ked wihdr wa fom nor a lf . f m e s c iygua d att Ar e lt df d t t
r
t a lt
m l ie A or r e utt
r
he s na es h ha
.

Cl hm a oac d hi a vii ys r and ups t t d hi tmtLi
e
ppr he m nd, sbl ca ed
e , ol m l
nkouswa ha a stg
s ê s il
he a t s wass r t go t wor Ta my M uli ,t pl ntf ' ss e ,des i d
r nd hat he
ca ed o
o
k. m
lns he ni ifs it r crbe
Clhm a unr og za e s ty afe t a s uls sai f di tknow who t sper on
e
s ec ni bl hor l t r he s a t , t tng, T dn'
I
hi s
2I a ehbt ntrdit eie c , e m sae ta dligt Jme2 1 asutsewa ruts tri d. . ewa
n n x iie ee no vd n e Clh ttd h t l n he l 0 4 sal,h s j s o ezse . h s
r
goi t r pe m e k l m e H el Idi n' know wha hewa goi t do i t tda n r . ECF N o.21 4, t4. hen
ng o a
, il . l, d t
t
s ng o n ha m oom '
'
7- a W
s m a ge t es a f om t r i whi l,
he na d o c pe z he oom n ch 'nkousdr gge her s sa e t t< wa e t di Iha ne f l
i
a d , he t t d ha T nt d o e, ve ver et
1

l eape eo 1w leca ''h c u tn tu tdtejr ta i ma c n ie teesae n ssll frtep p s o
i ic f o i rp. F e o rist ce h t y h tt y o sd r h s ttme t oey o h m-oe f
k
f
'
z
s ng t tClhm r a he outi wztng t ot r a utt s e s s
howi ha e e c d
n ii o he s bo he e pi ode .

was' M uli i ca e t whe s as Cl hm why s ha pus chaisa t esup
.
' lns ndi t d hat n he ked e
he d hed
r nd abl
a ns t doott he a rm e ,Cl hm t d he t ts w a s xual a s l t a woz
gai t he
o t pa t nt e
ol t ha he s e l s a ed t k.
y
M lli flt rt s z e t tClhm ofe l
llns lthe e t d ha e
t n ooked ne vousa a a e t ha Ta d' a
r
nd ppe t d o ve fge ? nd

l tal ofweg sn et a suls Clh smo h r Cy t aJ ns n, e dfe t t
os ot
iht i c he sa t. e m' t e , n hi e o ts id ha

fl n t asulshe da g e wa c nsa l faflj y h pe-iia ,a d
ol g he sa t, z u htz s o tnt ezu,ump , y rvglnt n
owi
y
i r ai l a oca. e o i iae t tClhm wi n t t he ba k t pe pl a d st
nce sngy nds ilJ ns n ndc td ha e
l ot a n r c o o e n is
l
wih he bac t t wals s c n s who i c i Pa t D e s who i findswih
t t k o he l o he a ee
.
s onang. ty nni,
s re
t

Clhm ,t éfe t twhe Cl hm Snal t d he a
e
es id ha
n e
l ol r boutwhatha ne Cl hm a
y
ppe d, e
ppea ed
r
f ca ed t de t ' D e sa s not d t tClhm wass r t go outi publc,l ta1 of
f r o a h.' nni lo e ha e
s
ca ed o
n
i os ot

weg aofe a re u e , ndbe a aNe l e'J s n Bln e li Clhm'
iht tn ppe d nk mpt a c me cus . a o a k nslp, e s
;
parne ,t tfed t tClhm ca
t r esi
ha e
nnote ozse p,i consa l s a ed a wilnotgo
at l e s
tnty c r nd l
a
nywhet by he s l.l addi t t ewine s s Dr Rus elW . e t t éfed a
e
ref n
éon o hes t s e , . s l M lon es i boutli
ns

d a n i ofClhm wihpos-r u écsr s d s t e . n l , tyl ne , c unslra
ig oss
e
t tta ma te s io d r Fi al Bet o s a o eo t
y
t W om e sRes c Cent ri Ra or t t
he
n'
our e
e n df d, es xed a
bouthe e re e c
r xpe i nc ouns Eng Clhm .
e
e
l s t t r or i c t t tCl hm s
n hot , he ec d ndia es ha e
oughtm edia te t entf l ng t a s uls
c l ram
olowi he s a t ,

a e bied physc lm a f s a
nd xhi t
i a nie t éonsofs t s , ncl lng l sofsee m a ke w eghtl s
te s i uci os
l p, t d i os ,
nag anes a ni m a e .Clhm t tfed t ts as e zence s c da i tons
ir i , nd ght r s e
esii ha he lo xpe i d uii l dea i ,
sgnii a r l dons p difc o e ,a pr onged une pl e t lt t de ltdng
i fc nt e a
hi fit s nd ol
m oym nt ea ed o biia
tas c oft as a t a pe sse f r off t rs lha as m e i t w or ac
l hba ks he s uls nd r it nt ea
urhe exua t s nt n he
kpl e.
Theas a t alo a a ed t e ce ba e Cl ' pr - xidng m e a heat pt e sa
s uls s ppe t o xa r t ehm s e e s
nt l lh oblm nd
w e e a fequentt m e i m a ofhe s e ntc
r r
he n ny
r ubs que ouns i s sons whih c
elng es i , c ondnued f
or

y asatrt asut. ej -wa e prsl i tuce t trc veywa pe itdf ra y
er fe he sa lsTh t y s x esy nst td ha e o r s = te o n
u

a a ton ofpr e s i condi ,butnotf t pr - s c don is l.ECF N o.
ggr va i
e- xitng
dons
or he e exidng ondi
tef
216,at24.

Ther la lt a c e biiy ofCl hm ' t s i ony a t tofhe cor obor
eibiiy nd r di lt
e s e tm
nd ha
r r
adng
wines esci notgo unc le d.Steka t oughl c os - xa ne Clhm and he
t s ld
halnge
r l hor
y r se e d e
z

wines esast whe he s e i notal oft a lge de e son,a e y,a e otona
t s
o
t r om , f
l, he le d pr s i nxit nd m i l
dit e sa t e t Li
sr s tdbut d o nkous c
' onduc pr ed t as a t.Tli c os - xa i
t edat he s uls ls r s e m naéon

rve ld,ne a a t tClhm ha be n()pr srbe a dd p esnt t te t(eru
e ae itr â ,ha e
d e 1 eci d n e tsa s o ta f afl
t
de r si n a d a it ' swel sr g an s be i i i 2 0 ,()t the p a ne fo
p e so n nxes'a la niti e , gnnng n 0 7 2 ha r ln t r m
J n r 2 4 svea mo hsbe o et e nt ofMa a J 2 4,i iae t a s
a uay 01 , e r l nt f r he ve s
y nd une 01 ndc td h t he

fls wa fiigi rlsrs a ()t the zlto hi to lsp e tdt a suls
et he s fvn n riey' nd 3 ha r eains p rube rdae he sa t.
l
'
St eka f tn rque doned Cl
r l urle
s
ehm a t t dea be e n t as a t a he r éng t m
s o he ly > e he s uls nd r epor
he
t m a ge e ,aswel a pr
o na m nt
l s obed t wine s ' e
he t s es pot ndalbi es gve t i finds psand
as , i n he. re hi
r

fmia r ld li wih Clhm. o e ve , h c r e p e syi t ntd t a fo u
a l l ea onslps t e M r o r t e ou t x t sl nst c e h t f q r
i
n
g

sse oflw do snotpe- tj o st bego ene b smpah , rj ie o pu i
ytm a e
t urr o
mi
v r d y y ty p eudc , r bl
c
opnon. ECF No. 6 a 1 Thej ywa frhe i tu tdt tt pade,hepu i, nd
ii 7
'
21 , t . ut s u t r nsr ce ha he r st bl a
c
t couz e
he
t xpec e t
t d hem t fc r f ly a i pa dal c i tal t e de ca e f l
o ça e ul nd m r ly onsde l he vi nce s , olow

t lw a sae b t c ur,a rahaj tv r c rg r ls o t c nsq nc s'I
he a s ttd y he o t nd ec us edit e ade s f he o e ue e. n
'
s m,hejr wa ()f l a rs d oft esrnghsa we k s e i Clh sc s f r
u t u y s 1 ul pp ie h te t nd a ne s s n e m' a e o
y
da g s ()pr ryi tu t da t c cuso oft til a ()e te t deemi
ma e , 2 opel nsr ce t he on l i n he ta, nd 3 nd ld o tt ne

t weg t begve p op rya mitd e i e e I wa wihi t j ysp o i et
he iht o i n r e l d te v d nc . t s t n he ur ' r vnc o
a c pt r jc t vai swin se ' e tmon a t t alg d ef csof nk ' ond t
c e or ee t he rou t e s s t si y s o he l e fe t Li ous c uc
e

17

on Cl lm ' physc la m e a he lh,a t y a e l we e c nce by t s i ony
en s
i a nd ntl at nd he ppar nty r onvi d
e tm

t ts waspz oundl afe e by t a s uls
ha he
of
y f ct d he s a t .

Th c u tfnd t tteis sweefl a dfil t d a t ttejr c ul
e o r i s ha h sue r ul n ar de , nd ha h u y o d
y
y
taon byar a t a t i t sc s a e tpaso c tu n, tptj ie( wlih
e s a l ri t he wad n hi ae bsn sin, ot pdo o eudc of ac
ve
t r i n e ie e, ndwiha a c rt un rtnfngoft is soffc a t lw
hee s o vd nc) a t n c u ae desa l
i
he sue a t nd he a

beor i. ejr ha t op rani t h a al tetsi nya ass t ce iiiy
f e tTh u y d he po tz t o e. lof h etmo nd se s he rdblt
y
t
ofCl
ehm a he r pec wines es I c
nd r es dve t s . t annotbe s i t tgi n t c ultve e de e
ad ha ve he um a i vi nc

ofe
modona har a ed a tilt t$500, i outofpr don t Clhm' e i l
l m dduc t ta ha
000 s
opor
o e s motona

ij isorohewiei cd of ar s o mic e n. hl amuc s l ra r
nute, t r s ndia ve unfine s r soncpéo W i
e
h mal wad
e
Foul a s ha bee r a ona e wihoutaddi le dences
d lo ve n e s bl, t
dona vi
howi t t c le d
ng hat he halnge
da a sa r wast pr
m ge wa d
he oduc ofs e s tofpr c i d i l nc oz ota ê
t om or
os zbe nfue e
le

mia pt he i oft ec s b t jr ,hec r c nno smpyg a an w tilo r n i
s p e nson h a e y he u y t ou t a t i l tnt e ta r e nt
t ve di tbe a ei i m oz t n t c twoul ha a de Se Condo.Se vs-l .
he r c c us t s
e ha he our
d ve war d. e
r . nc v.
Fis Owne s A s ' ofForySi Hundr Condo. l ,281 Va 561,580,709 S. 2d 163,
rt
r ' sn
t x
ed
, nc.
.
E.

1 4( 1 )(Thetilc ur mus a c dt jr veditt u os d frnc . Be netv.
7 20 1 f ra o t t cor he u y r c he % t eee e' n t
<
);
Fara Ct.Va, 2F. up 2 5 6 6 ( D. . 00 )r''ejr vecc mus sa fl
ifx y, .43 S p. d 9 , 00 E. Va 2 6 f h u y tl t t tnd gf
I
i
i
t r i e i nc onwlih ar a ona l jr c ul z t z av z it n fv o t
hee s vde e
ac e s be u y o d e u n e dc i a oz f he

no vn pat.' Se bi v. ak 5Fe Ap .1 6 2 2(t Ci. 0 )(oli ta
nmo ig ry') tb ns Clr , d. px 9 , 0 4h r20 1 h cng h t
';
l
c t f tte tajr ' ve dc wihg e tdee e c a d r s c 'a T tn s tai
ours f
mus r a u ys r it t r a fr n e n e pe t nd f
'
mus ot e sde
ave dita et i
r c s iher nadequat ore s i m er l be us t dititc twoul ha a t
e
xce sve
ey ca e he s tc our
d ve c ed

difr nt i i h dbe n t t e offc o be a s t j y c l ha c t adfee t
fe e l f t a e he t r a t r c u e he ut oud ve ome o ifr n
y
i
c ncuso t tt etilud efeswa mor t a on bl' I sx t ec xtf st a t e
o l i n ha h ra j g e l s e e s a e). n l h ol' md h t h
m,
l

c mpe ao yd ma ea r asse byt jr a is Li o i no e c si u r
o nstr a g wad sesd he u y gln t nk us s t x esve nde
Vigni 1w gve t c t tm sance a e de e pr s nt d i t sca e a t r or does
z i a a i n he icp t s nd vi nc e e e n hi s , nd he ef e
nOtw a r an i ruson by t c t
rant nt i
he our.

I ofra q a dfi orplcngavaueone bna ij si fa ht t
ns a s u n yng ai
l
mot lnude s rug wih
ciûc t i i i t s t sofc est tt e tm adon ofda a si pa toft es e e of
lf uly,t s n he e ype
as ha he s i
m ge s t
he s nc

t jl sfnc n. eHo se v. e htie Co .61F. x1 5 11 ( hCi. 0 3
he uy' u do Se mel Fri ln r
,
App' 0 , 7 4t r 2 0 )
( vedee t aj ysa r ofda g sfti a gbehamss ha e don l ites
T
A
fr o ut' wad
ma e o ntn il r , uc s mo a dsrs,
be a et hn' i s jc ea e l d ide ndsc nsd rbyo t d me no of
cus he t s ubedv nd vaua ng t pe o iea l n he e a r
m
t winess> Fo v. n. tr Co .2 7F.d1 9 1 98 (t Ci. 01 (ph di
he t se. x Ge Moo s
);
, 4 3 6 , 7 -0 4h r20 ) u ol ng
$200, compe aor da gesa di hos ewot e r e cbi whe epli f
000
ns t y ma war n dl
k nvionm nt m
r andf
t tfe t the s f r d a e y,s ve e de es i a wor e ng ofhi at a f a ie
esii d ha
ufe e nxit e z pr son, nd
s ni
s le dy r g l

wori c nddon; e as Bo l v. clr, 3 F. 1 47 1 5 ( + Ci. 0 3 r'he
kng o i )s e lo ge Mc l e 3 2 3d 3 , 3 9 11 r 2 0 ) f*
z
1
sandrd ofr viw f a r ofc pe at yda a sf i a i e,e odona hn. i
t
e e or wa ds om ns or m ge or nt ng bl m
l t s
m

d fr nda t t fc fnd rbe a et ham i s jci a e l dn i d pe
e e e l o he a t i e c us he r s ub e t nd vaua g t e nds
ve
c i r byon t d me no oft win se . Ir s c veofwhehe t c t isl
onsdea l he e a r he t e s s? re pe d
).
t r he ou ttef

wozdha ea r e sc alr vedc h dibe name roft j y gve t
tl v wad d u h age r it a t e
mbe he ur, i n he
tsi onya t t s cûcnatr oft algedemodonals frng,t $500, a d
e tm
s o he pe i
u e he le
ufe i he
000 war
doesnots k t c c e eoft c ' f e s i
hoc he ons i nc
he out or xce svenes and t r or i net r
t
s
he ef e s ihe
e s i nor w a r nt r m idt unde Vi g ni l w .Se Ba d i v. c onne l 273 V a.650,
xce sve
r a s e t uz
r ri a a
e lw n M c
l,

6 9 6 SE. 70 , 0 (0 7 (i i t et lc ur t ha a us d isd st do by
5 , 43 . 2d 3 7 7 2 0 ) fndng h da o t o ve b e t ic e n
gz ntngr rtt arand t t$ 000i compe aor and $100, i puti da geswas
a i eridtz
ha 240, n
ns t y
000 n ldve ma

no un e s a eo ou ofpr Mon f tf h me hl l ton e a r sme tor11111/7
t r a on bl r t opo
o r a , l i i , mb ta s n r(g,t
s
mia
1 1

whe e apatywasknoc d down dutng a at ca wih a c w oz ta t poz e , i er
r
t
ke
i n ler don t o- ke nd e t d nt

ai, nTns tt hsdg t seas M esv. n. a lvet nt l .5 2F. 1 01
l a f ul o i inifl; e lo t Ce tFl.h sme s nc, 9 3d 2 ,
a i
1 3 ( + Ci. 1 )( holi a$ 0, 98 jdg ntf re
21 11 r 20 0 up dng 61 46 .4 u me o moéo lh t wheep an f
na n'
m
r li éf
endur d hum iiéon a wasdr i d ofhe dest t go t wor asat ul ofunwa ed
e
la
nd
ane
r ie o
o
k
es t
nt

s xua t
e l ouchi i t w or ac fom abos f a ng a ntge ofhi e pl ove a
ngs n he kpl e r
s f ki dva a
t
s m oyee r n

e tnd dtmefn ' I s m , n a ptv o l sae t c ut ds e nsno t a ont
x e e i t me). n u a d s e i usy ttd,he o t ic t
es o

s dt t isj g ntf t toft jr a t t a u ofd ma e ne e sr t
ubs u e t ud me or ha he u y s o he mo nt a g s c sa y o
c mpe aeClhm' e éo lnjre .
o nst e s mo na i l is3
l
B.

Li
nkousas a s r st t puni dn a sa t lvi d a i thi i e s i
lo s e t hat he
éve m ge wa d e e gans m s xce sve.

f n r vi wi an a z ofpunii da a s t r e oft diti c 'i t detr i
ç e e ng
l
wa d
tve m ge , he ol
he szct oul s o e m ne
t

whehe tejr vedc i wi nt c nf sstbysaelw .. . Br wni -Fers
t t h u fs r its t he o i e tt a .' o n ri
hi
ne
'
I uste v. loDi osl4 2U.. 5 , 78(9 9.f ' pu po eo c mpe aor
nd tis Kec s a, 9 S 2 7 2 1 8 ) flhe r s f o nst y
'
d ma e i t ma et i urdpbi fwhoefrl ssatzl s ftd, ra pund
a g s s o k he nj e néf l o ose caal ufee whee s ive
y
da a ss r t f s t def ntf m aii c
m ge e ve o punih he enda ot lc ous onductort diply t ot r a
o s a o he s n
e m pl oft c eque est y m a e c i t y enga i sm ia conduct''1 1 v.
xa e he ons nc he
y xpe t f he
ge n i lt
. W:
'

M c l n, 9 F.d30 , 1 (t Ci. 01 )(i gF. C. oe ,nc v. nc n 21 Va
Mia 5 4 3 1 3 4 4h r2 0 cdn B. Strs I . Du a , 4 .
l
2 6 1 8SE.d 5 5 5 9(9 3) I alws t r, shee saelw p o ie t bai of
4 , 9 . 2 9 , 9 1 7 ).n a uiwhee a r, tt a r vd s he ss
3Folo n as pa aec i na r dtz he rng t c tot r dT,
lwig e r t rmi l es t
don ai , he our de e i
nkoust pa $ 315. i r dtz t Clhm.
o y 38, 32 n es tdon o e

Am..CaeNo. :5 0 0 6 ECFNo 8 . t 1 U.. j3 6 (0 0, l hg v r srsmdo odesrq ie
J, s 71 CR0 0 1 ,
. 8 Tie 8 SC. 6 4 2 0 )wlc o en ed n r r,e urs
l
i
t c tt f de r s tdon t e h vi i i t 11 a o mtofe c vi tm ' l s a de e mi d by t c ta
he our o f r e dtz
oz
o ac ct n he 11 m t
m
1
a h c i s os es s t r ne
he our nd

wi ut o iea o o tee o mi crn tn e ofh d fnd n 'j3 6 l()A)UntdSae v Da is 2 2
t c ns zd n f h cno c ic msa cs te ee a t' 6 4( 1( ; ie tts . wkn , 0
ho
d
)
F.d7 1 7 5 7 6(t Ci. 0 0. esam ec nansal tdofe p o iin,e lrn rd d no terstt n
3 1 , 1 - 1 4h r2 0 )Th tt o ti i e fst rvso rql ig euc o fh ed ui
mi
i
o
amot tt t ke i o a c mta a ountl t rr co r d a c
m o a nt c ot ny m
a e e ve e s ompe at r da ge f rt s m el sby t v c i iza
ns o y ma s o he a os
he i fm t ny

fd rl rsaecvl rc e ig j3 6 (()I Til u i e dldt a ofe i ci ia rs td npus a toj
e ea o tt iip o edn . 6 4 )2.f , r s s n te o n fstn r n led t o t u n t
no
m
z
3 6 ( 2,u hard c o io l aprp t u o amo o frce ia datr y nso tec mpe stz
6 42()sc e u d n s ny p o dae p n
d n o rdt n fe pame t f h o n aoy
jd me h v bet t b ma t Clhm.
u g nt a: gm o e de o e
e
20

decson,t Tpt i t ofa a a d ofpuni da a f t c
ii he f opre y n w t
dve m ges or he onduc i que uon, a
tn s
nd

t f co st j yma c nsd ri d t = i n t i a unt aeq s nsofsaelw.
he a t z he ut y o i e n e e nig het mo , r ue do
tt a '
'
Bt wni - ri, 9 U. a 2 - 9. nVig ',fl g nea tlei t tt e ei no f d
o n Fers 4 2 S. t 787 l rr a Tthe e rlnl s ha h r s l
' g
xe
sa r f t m ea ur ofexe plr orpuni da a and t am ountoft a d i
t nda d or he
s e
m ay
dve m ges
he
he war s

lteyamatrwihi t dsréo oft ' y'Bad n 2 Va a 6 9 6 3SE.da 7 7
ag l
te t n he ice n hej . lwi, 73 . t 5 , 4 . 2 t 0
ur '
(ii W o tev. z 1 8Va 5 3 9 S. 2 1 2, 0 (9 6 ) l Mo ts I c v.
ct
ng ti Bo e 9 . 3 , 5 E.d 9 2 1 1 5 ) Phi
i ri n .

Emes n, 35Va 3 0 3 8S. 2 2 8 28 (9 8)
to 2
. 8 , 6 E.d 6 , 7 1 8 ).
f s cea a lg l a naef t i i o pund g m a s i
The o itl nd e a r do l or he mposdon f ive da ge) s
punihm e ofa outa ousa .'H e r on v.Huln ,N o.4: 6- 166,2017W L
s nt n r ge
ct' nde s
i
1 CV4209761 a * ( D. . p . , 0 7 (iig Smbe k I . Dod -ss W hilc Co
, t 5 E. Va Se t 20 2 1 ) c n
t i c ncv. d ik to k
,

.
,

2 7Va 5 , 8 ( .1 9) Th , h f o d rz go e nngt a t ofp i eda g si
5 . 3 5 Va 99 ). us t e f a te v t i he wa d undv ma e s
br
l
t ts h da a sm a ber cove e onl w hen t r i m iconduc or a t lm ai ,or s
ha uc m ge
y
e
rd y
he e s s
t c ua lce
uch
r l s s orne i nc a t e nc acons i dir ga d oft rght ofa he .'I
ecdes ne s
glge e s o vi e
cous s e r
he i s not r' d.

J iil eiw oft a un ofpu d d ma su e Vig'' 1w tqx e:<1
udca rve
he mo t
nive a ge nd r tt a a e li s T )
m
t (
cotsde aton ofr as bl sbe we n t da a s t ned and t n ountoft
fi r i
e ona enes t e he m ges usai
he m
he

a r ,()t eme s e ntof ih nt e ie ()wheh rt a r wil mou t a
wa d 2 h a ur me pun s me r qur d,3
t e he wad la nt o
do bl r c vey ()t ep o rinaiybe we n t ec e aor a plnév da g s
u e e o r ,4 h r po to l t e h omp nst y nd li e ma e ,
t
a ()t a it oft edee da t pa . Bad n, 7 Va a 6 9 6 3 SE.d a 7
nd 5 he bl y h f n nt o y' lwi 2 3 . t 5 , 4 . 2 t 07
i
'

(i gPo son, 51Va a 2 3 46 SE.d a 48 ) Fl' t r , swih c
cén ult 2
. t 6 , 7 . 2 t 4 . xt - e a t ompe aor
the mo
ns t y

d ma e,< j ysa r ofda g sma notbestai byatilc r . . nls t
a g s < ur' wad
a
ma e y
e sde
za ou t . u e s he
d ma e a es e c si 'a t f r aet ei r si n t tt ejr ha be ni l e e by
a g s r o x e sve: s o f e t h mp e so ha h u y s e nfu nc d
c
pa son o p eudc o h sils mewa mic c ie o miun rt t fcso t e
si r t j ie r a t o
y s on ev d r s de sood he a t r h
21

lw. Do e v. X Ttns ,nc, 5 Va 5 0 5 7S. 2 6 2 6 4(9 8. ti aCod
a ' wn : CS a p.I .2 6 . 9 , 0 E.d 1 , 1 1 9 )Vigni e
'
j8. - 81 h we e, ttsta fra yadonacungono atr ul 1 1 88 fgnno
013 ., o v r sae h t o n c
cr i
r fe l y , 9 ,fj
i
e s lt t aln
vent hal he ot mounta r d f punii ds gese ee $350, 'Va CodeAnn.
wa de ok
tve ma xc d
000. .
'

j801 3 . (9 )
. - 81 1 91.

W ihzs c t pu d da g st c uri r ce tz jr a f lws
t epet o nive ma e,he o tns td le u y s ol ;
o
I t ucton N o.24
ns r i

I you fnd t t pli fi enéted t be c pe a e f
f
i hat he a ndf s
l o
om ns t d or
he da a ,a i you Flt rbeiveby t gr a e weghtof
r m ges nd f
l he le
r
he e t r i
t e de e t tt def nda ac e wih a ta m ai t a d
he vi nc ha he e nt t d t ctz l lce ow t
t pl ndf ora ed unde cr um sa esa oundng t awiI L
he ai f ct
r ic t nc m
o
IS'
I
a wa on dir ga d oft pl i fsrght ,t you m a a s
nd nt
se r
he andf' i s hen
y lo
a a d puni dam a st t pl i ft punih t def ndant
w r
dve
ge o he anéf o
s he e
f hi ac i a t s rv a a e m pl t dett hi a
or s tons nd o e e s n xa e o e m nd
ot r fom a i i a sm ia wa
he s r
ctng n i lr y.
' c a m ai 'i a snit rorc r m oéve s h a ha t
' m l lce' s i se
A
or upt
uc s ted,

pes na sie i wilo ad st t i et pan f
to l pt,l l r eie o t he lidf.
l ,
jut
I t ucton N o.25
ns r i

Any a r ofpuni da a you m a choos t i pos
wa d
éve m ges
y
eom
e
s d t kei o a ountt r pr he i lt oft conduc ,t
houl a nt cc
he e e nsbiiy he
t he
hnt ca ed,t de enda ' a r s oft c
' us he f
m
nts wa ene s he onduc '
ts
wr
ongf nes ,t dur
ul s he aéon oft c
he onduc ,a any
t nd
c el e .
onc am nt Thus any pe ly i pos d s d be ta
,
nat m e houl a
ra
eléonslp t t nat e a ext ntoft c
li o he ur nd e
he onducta t
nd he
ha m ca ed,i l lng t com pens t y da a sa r
r
us ncufi he
a or m ge wa d.
A ny pe lyi pos d s d tkei o a countasanldga
nat m
e houl a nt c
i dng
f ct a ot rpe ly t tm a ha be n i pos d orwhih
a or ny he nat ha y ve e m e
c
m a be i pos f t c
y m
ed or he onducti ve i l lng a
nvol d, ncuci ny
c i lpe ly ai i outoft s m e c
Hm na na t tsng
he a
onduct
.

Thea 6untofa penat m a f uson de i ng t
m
ny
ly y oc
prvi he
def ndantofpr kdde i fom t i pr rconduc a on
e
oi
rved r
he m ope
t nd
a r ng t c t t t pl i fofpr ec
wa di he os s o he anéf
os udng t c/i .
he l m

A ddi ly a pe lym us be lm ie t punihm e a
donal, ny nat
t i td o
s nt nd
t m a notefe e
hus y
f ct conom i ba
c nknl c To t se t
pt y. hi nd, he
a lt oft def ndantt pa a puni a r ent r
biiy he e
o y ny
dve wa d e ed
s d be c i t
houl
onsde ed.
I you a r puri da a , m us s a e s pa a ey i
f
wa d ldve m ges you
t tt e t tl n
yourve di tt a ounty al asc pe a or da a s
r c he m
ou low
om ns t y m ge
a t a ountyou al aspuni da a .
nd he m
low
dve m ges

Fial,e mebecet Iha ej tgve y ui tu donson
n l lt
y
la. v us i n o nsr c
puni da a .
éve m ges You s d noti e fom t ei tuc
houl
nf r r hes nst dons
t tIha anyviw ast whe he puni da a s d be
ha
ve
e
o
t r
dve m ges houl
a r i t sc e orw ha a ountofpuni da a s
wa ded n hi as
tm
dve m ge
s
houl be a de Tha i f you t decde
d
war d. t s or
o i .

Thejr a r e Clh $ 00 0i p o veda g sNoto yddLi ousc nc d ta
t y wad d e m 25 ,0 n ur
z
ma e.
nl i nk o e e h t
heac e wil ac a m ai i li a we ,
t d tl m l lce n ls ns t ECF N o.23,a 1, t t wa ove whel i
t but he e s r m ng
e dencepr e ed ofac u m ai a wilula want be vi on t pa tofLi
vi
es nt
t al lce nd lf nd
on ha or
he t
nkous
.

I a don t t e f c sa it i Li
n ddi
o hos a t dnlted n nkous guit pl ,Cl n t s i d ilhe own wot
' ly ea elm e dfe t r
ds

t td zngt un 2 4 a s ut Li o g a d a puldhe i o afi l dak c tol
ha u i hel e 01 s a l, nk us rbbe nd l r nt ft e r on r
e
lt
t omy l k d t doo ,t r d of t l h s a b g n Tqsig g r ne k'f ont e t
o ' oc e he r u ne f he i t, nd e a fisn heq c 'f i d o
'
g
l
c nu
g do t wa d gejb e sw' a T d h sha i gejpoc tt g r va i y al
o wn o r s h l r a t ' nd f i nds t h r ke o hej gna' l
ha
l
'
a ns he wil Clhm f t t thed t ts wa ftyng t pus hi of ...butheha
gai t r l. e
urher esi
ha he s ft i o h m f
d

L r a ans t ewal nd hesr al b ga ha hi bod p e s d u a ans g r, e l ég
hej g i t h la
' e l i nd d s y r se p g i t he)r al ht
y
y
up a i tt wal. The ei no que don t Li
gnns he l'
' r s
s
hat nkous ac
' éonswe eout a ous m aii ,
t
t ge , lc ous

ordonewih a fsnit rorc r ' m odve I ed,t e dence s
t fi s e
or upt'
. nde he vi
uggesst tLi
t ha nkouswa
s
atl a tpa da l m oHva e by a desr t ge r ngea ns hi wie Cl ' t tm ony
e s r ly
td
ie o t eve
gai t s f . ehm s esi
de onsr e t ts s fr sgni a i gni asar s tofLi
m
tat s ha he ufe ed i fc nt ndi des
e ul
nkous c
' onducaca i
t usng

h rt fe i ns s me h la n, ndfa. jr p l veda g a t tou h
e o e lmme e ha , umiiéo a erThe u fs uri
d ma e wad,h g

lr i ne t rass
a ge, s ihe
hocki a t c
ng s he onducti s e t de e norunt as bl i t wa of
t e ks o t r
e ona e n he ke

t ij e t j yf ndwees ti d.
he nt s he ur ou
ui
r usane
W ih t pe tt t punibm entr quied f Ll kous be vi a c i t éon of
t es c o he
s
e r or
' ha or nd onsde a
t de e t ntefec upon ota r who m a ac i a sm ia f li t cok c
he t t e
f t
le s
y t n i lt aszon, he ut annots y t t
a ha

t a t i e c si . c mti % ce t j ' t tRglya ofpmiveda g s
he wad s x e sve The o ns td he ut ha an wrd
y
é ma e
you m a choos t i pos s d t kei o ac
y
eom
e houl a nt countt r e nsbiiy oft c
he epr hç i lt
he onduc,t
t he
ha m c us d,t de e ntsa a enes oft c
r a e he f nda ' w r s he onduc ' wr
ts ong6nne s t dur ton oft
l s , he a i
he
conduct a a c
, nd ny once l e .'Li
am nt' nkous c
' onduc e nc a cons i ,e eg ous and
t vi ed
cous gr i ,

pr daor dir ga d f Cl ' zghtt be feef om unwa e a i s lc a i
e t y s e z oï ebm s i o
z z
nt d, busve exua ontct n

t wok a e Thej ywa fe t c ncud t tasveepu s me twa a o lae
he rplc . ur s re o o l e ha e r nih n s ppr pit
unde t f t oft ca e
r he ac s he s .

Th jr' p iveda g a r do snota untt ad bl rc veybe a s t
e u ys und ma e wad e
mo o ou e e o r c u e he
j r wa i % ce t ba eisa t o c mpe s t r d ma e o a ydn g sClhm
u y s ns t d o s t wa d f o n ao y a g s n n ma e e

a tal s fr d i l igTale
cu l ufee ,ncudn fll moéo lnjre. . h me hn l don, mbarsme ,
y
g
na i uis. s a , lmia e ras nt
i
ori gniyt he f e i t s s f r d' a t a r puni da a sonl i i
ndi t o r e lngs hat he ufe e ' nd o wa d
dve m ge
y ft
beive Li
le d nkousa ed wih a ua m ai orawiI Ia w a on dir r ofCl hm '
ct
t ct l lce
ISI nd nt
sega d
e s
zght.I doi s ta cout unde s ot t tt pur e ofapuni dn a sa r i t
i s n ng o, le
'
t
r c ed ha he pos
éve m ge wa d s o

P ihtedee da frVsadonsa dt srea a e mpet d trhm a oh r
uns h fn nt o
c
n o ev s n xa l o ee i nd te s
fom a dn i asmi rwa . n s t, hej ywa a t oft er q ie n sf ra
r c g n i l y I ho tt ur s wae h e u rme t o nd
a

pu pos ofa rl gp i ed ma e. c ur p eu st tt j yf lwst
r e wacn undv a g sThe o t z sme ha he ur ol he
i
o
i tu éo oft c lr a e e i nc t t c ta y S a t sv. yngl l .38 F.d
nsr c ns he ozt bs nt vde e o he on tr . tmahi Fli , nc, 9 3

4 9 44 ( t Ci. 0 4 (i ngRiha d o v. rh 48 U.. 0 21 ( 9 7. nl htoft e
2 , 2 4 h r 2 0 ) cd c r s n Ma s , 1 S 20 , 1 1 8 ) I i
g
h

pel i y cla delnea
lucdl e r i don oft bassf e ch.w a d i t i t éonsa t r s bl
he i or a a r n he nsruc
nd he ea ona e
ba i s
ss uppot e ch a a d,t z oz doesnots
dng a w t he ec d
ugges doubl r c r i t sca e.See
t
e e ove y n hi s
Ba d t 273V a a 659,643 S. 2d a 707.
l wix
.t
E. t

Futh t t , h 21ttobewe n t ej ys$ 0 0 c mpe aot d ma ea t
t e mo e t e : ai t e l ut' 5 0,00 o nst y a g wad
a
a t $ 000punii da gesa di notTlnt s bl orsdki youtof
nd he 250,
tve ma war s fl ea ona e t ngl

p op don. I (ingPhl Mo rsUS v. iims5 U.. 4 ( 07 (e fimi
r or ' d.cd
'
ip ti A W la , 49 S 3 6 20 ) taft ng
i
l
Urie St t Supr m e Cour pr ce
lt d a es
e
t e dentt t(t l t ndi hit i a pr c i ofs ti
ha fhe ongs a ng s orc l a tce e tng
puni da a att t e orf .Hm e t sz ofc pens t y da a ... s
éve m ges ' hr e, our
wo,
s he i e om
a or m ges i

Tnsr c ve'a t a fsi l- gtmulpl r a emo el l t c mpo t t d e
f tu d , nd h t f lngedii d i s r t i y o o r wih u
i
'
l
e
ke
p oc s. . r , heputdv da g sa r i haft c
r e s' He e t
l)
a e ma e wa d s l he ompe aor d ma e a r a
nst y a g s wa d nd
t z or f lswel wihi t r nge t Unied St t sSupr m e Cour ha hed i lkey t
he ef e al
l t n he a
he
t
ae
e
t s l si l o

com por wih due pr s .
t t
oce s Thus bec us t 2: r don f lswihi t c tt
, a e he 1 a
al t n he ons iudonal
ly

a c ptbl zn e a beo Vigni' sauo ycpof$ 5 ,0 , e tia i notjsze on
c e a e a g , nd lw ri as tttr a
3 00 0 rmittt s u t d
t bai ofp o t aiy S eBMW of Am. Go e 51 U.. 9 5 3(99 )Lat ,
he ss r porbn lt. e
N. v. r, 7 S 55 , 7 1 6. sl
y
Li
nkousm ade no r pr ent
e es aéonsatt l a m a no t pr s nt tonsi a ofhi m ovi
da, nd kes
e e e ai
n ny
s
ng

pa r,ha hei un bl t pa t jr' a t Th S prmeCo tofVigni ha hedt t
pest t s a e o y he u ys wad. e u e
ur
ri a s l ha
Kç

whie e de e ofne wotl i z lva ...t lck ofe de e oft wz
l vi nc
t 'n s ee nt
t
he a
vi nc
he ongdoe snet
r'

wor h doesnotis l def tt punii a r ' FI o v.CSC A s oc.262 Va. 58,547
t
t e f ea he
tve wa d.' i
s ,
48,

S. 2 21 , 2 ( 0 ) H e e a ylc ofmi ga nge i e c r g t n Li o ' ûn n il
E.d 6 2 6 20 1 . nc , n a k
é d v d n e e adig nk uss a ca

woth f rt ejr o c t t c i ri s ll t f utofLi ousa d wil tst t
' o h u y z ou' o onsde s oey he a l
t
t
nk n lno eve o

25

t ducet puni a ds4I ed,t but ofpt ng f a ilwoth i on def nda s
e
he
dve waz . nde he den
ovi m nca
t s
e nt ,
asot r s ,f enda sw oul bef e t e r ie t sr tgi al l ca c ceof
he wie f
def nt
d
z e o xe cs he t a e c ly ogi l hoi
a t i ng fom i r
bsani r ntoducng s h e de e a t n c lengi t pr i t ofa
i uc vi nc nd he hal ng he opre y
ny

s sa l wadpos-edit'
ub tnéa a r tv r c. Ko v. cl ,5 Va Ci. 4(0 2 (ingMako t v.
'
Mc une 9 . r 7 2 0 ) cé
r wiz

Re Ma Pzfre Pt t e, 2Va Ci. 2(9 7) S wk rv. az r 7 Va Ci. 9
/ x eezd oped s4 . t29 1 9 )9 ho e Krte, 7 . t38
( 0 )( gt tdee da sha etege ts a c s t t i f nca i o ma na a
20 9 nodn ha fn nt v h raet c es o her ma ilnft do nd ny
l c ofe de e r r ng fna ilw orh orha dslpsw11nots r t r
ak
vi nc ega di i nca
t
r li
1
e ve o educ puri
e ldve

a r ) I s t pu d da g sa r l et c mpe ao ya r i s tnda, ut
wads. n um, he nive ma e wa d,i he o ns t r wad,s ubsa lb
k

nots s tnéa a t s c t ec çe eo t c r o s g s t jr wa i le e
o ubsa l s o ho k h onsinc f he ou t r u ge t he u y s nfu nc d

bypaso o prj ieo i s wa mic eve o miun rt dt fcso t lw.
sin r eudc r n ome y sonci d r s desoo he at r he a
C.
N ot ihs a ng t cour ' concuson t net rdam a sa t i e s i or
w t t ndi he
ts
l i hat ihe
ge wa d s xce sve
des r i ofr nat u unde Vigni lw , tm us det r i ,by r e enc t f de a
e vng
e idt t
r ri a a i
t e m ne
ef r e o e t l
4I s
n uppor ofhi m od f l a t pr ee i f ma pa rs Ti r i l d i li a i a t t c t
t s
on or e ve o oc d n or
upe i, , ous nc ude n ls pplc don o he our
nl

f a iln oma o d cae l e pe at o pejr sg et gt t eit bet st f t jd me t aan t i
i nca ifr d n elrd md r n l f z y u g si ha h s ma l o ai y he u g ns gis hm.
n
y
u
n
s
ECF No. ''eM a ildicos e i c t t tT, usrceve a oxmaey$130 i r trme f ,mos
223.Ih
nca sl ur s ndiae ha i
nko e i d ppr i tl ,00 n eie nt nnds t
ofwhi h hec qm swe t r c l s
c
l i . nt owa d hid uppoz a pai of a le t s c edde .Ti r cqm st ha noot z
t nd yng f notzr m peo
bt a ous li o ve
nl
he
a s s I e l tngt alg e ç sve s ofap'ni da ge a t Vigii c t ha ataf m ai dut t
set. n vauai he le ed xc si ne s
' dve ma s wad, z za ours ve l hr tve y o
z
rviw t p'ni da a sa r izlg oft defnda ' a lyt pa asdee mi byli c rntG a il h,
e e he l dve m ge wad t iht he e nts bii o y
t
tr ned zs ure
nca wort

mesrda slr pu ast. h wk rv Krte, 7Va Ci. 8 (0 9 (in Po ltnv Ro k 2 1Va 2 4 2 4
au e s uay ls sesS o e . az r7 . r3 9 2 0 ) ct g uso . c , 5 . 5 , 6 ,
i
4 7SE.d4 9 4 6(9 6.nd e ,f jie c o t O a cac n io o ad fn a tsrlv n o teiseo
6 . 2 7 , 8 1 9 )I ed fevd n e fhe n il o dd n f ee d n i ee a t n h su f
g
p nt ed mae a dp o el ma b c niee b t jr ' mio De . . . o dRo kClb lc, 4 Va
u ii a g s n r p r y e o sd rd y he up'Ha l n v Co v Bra c u .n .2 8 .
v
y
t
4 , 4 4 5SE.d1 0 1 3(9 4 (ingWe tefr v Bic t 1 8Va 7 1 7 7 1 4SE. 3 , 3 (9 2) fn
0 4 , 4 . 2 4 , 4 1 9 ) ct
i ah ro d . rhet 5 . 4 , 4 , 6 . 5 5 5 7 1 3 ).f
l
g nea, t d da a ess ul bes fce t pl iha dee adee ntbuts d notbes ii ast de toy
e rlp'nive m g ho d ufiint o m s nd tr fnda
houl
o zgh o sr

hm O a cal 'S o e, 7Va Ci. t 8 (in Po ltn 2 1Va a 2 4 4 7SE.da 4 6.f eeoepliv
i n il h wk r7 . ra 3 9 ct g uso , 5 . t 6 , 6 . 2 t 8 )f rfr, lnd e
p'
i
n
d mae mu t eti rdwihten t rha dl iu O a ca sa o ( )d fn utnmid t bet cl v te
a g s s b al e t h e wo t n ' q e n iltms ft ee d i n ,o s ale e h
o
n
he
i
deiedpeca a ef c. LLNot t tndn t d yon t patoft c utt c i rt $ 0, p'ni a r
sr
lnic fe t' c wihsa ig he ut he r he ot o onsde he 25 000 A dve wa d
'

i l ht Tn o sa it t p y tec u'ib u b terc r b fr t j . eeoe d sietefc t t
n i of sk u' bly o a ,h o l s o nd y h eo d eoe he t Th 'fz, ept h atha
g
i
t
uy r
T.
i
nkous pos -ta M a ildic os e s gge tli i bi t t pa ,tzsi or a w a note e e i o e i nceoz
' ttil nc a s l ur s u s ls na l y o y l nf m éon s
i
i
nt r d nt v de

oh r s c n iee b tejr a dtusc n e u nl, amot ec niee b tec u' Co lo v Ca c oa 2 7
tewie o sd rd y h uy n h , o sq e t cr b o sd zd y h o t. asn . n h l, 8
y
t
Va2 2 2 1 7 4SE.d5 5 5 9(0 4 (in Co d miim S rs.ncv Frt esAs' o F t SxHt rd
. 4 , 5 , 5 . 2 2 , 2 2 1 ) cd g n o nl ev .l . . is Own r' s f ory L md e
l
n
Co o.I c, 8 Va 5 1 5 1 7 9SE.d1 3 1 5(0 1 r( d fn a whoh sfi dt pee teie c o hs
nd .n .2 1 . 6 , 8 , 0 . 2 6 , 7 2 1) f ee d nt
A
a al o rsn vd n e f i
e
a it t p ya tilcnn t rv ib fr ti Co r o (i)c m ta tea u o pxiv d mae wo l b
bly o a traj a o p e al eo e hs u t n hs bi h th mo nt f l d e a g s ud e
i
n
o p es e l.
p rsi / )
v

26

sa r de l d unde Rul 59 oft Fedet lRul ofCi lPr dut ,
tnda ds ve ope
t e
he
a
es
vi oce e whet a ne
het w
tils d be oz t Ata Food S s & Se vs I . Ct neN a . e
ta houl
de ed. l s
.
r . nc v. a
t V ndoz I ,99 F.
s nc.
3d

5 7 5 4 ( t Ci. 9 ) Und rRul 5 oft Fe zl e o Cii Pt e u e adstc
8 , 9 4h r 1 96 . e e 9 he dea Ruls f v l oc d t , itit

c r ma staietejr 'vedita dga an w til nl i <()t vedc i a nns te
ou t y e sd h u ys r c n tnt e ta o y f r he rits g i t h
1

ce rweg oft e d nc, ()i bae u e ie ewhihi fle o ()wile utna
la iht he vie e oz 2 s sd pon vd nc c s as, z 3 lrs li
mic rig ofj dc , ve t ug t z ma bes tnéa e ie ewlihwo dprve
sara e us e e n ho h hee y ubsa l vd nc lc ul e nt
tedrc onofavedc. Be net4 2F.upp.da 6 2(i gAta Fo S s& S r s
h ie d
r it' n t, 3 s z t 0 cdn ls od . ev .
'
l .9 F.d a 5 4 .çlo r c i ane tilo l b l ya d ma e , hejr ve dc mus
nc, 9 3 t 9 ) f l e eve w ta n i ii nd a g s t u y z it t
r
a t

b ma e c si b f sina dprj ies rn mgfom i ug nc,n t j yr m,n
e de x esve y paso n eudc pig' r nd le e i he ur oo i
s h f ei s gh t ma notb c e b ar miit r b o yane t l' I a 6 2
uc e l ,t aj y
ng
e utd y e t ' , ut nl w Ha.' d. t 0
u
'

(uo gFo dMotêCo v. hon , 0 F. 26 , 7 (t Ci.1 5 ).
q dn r
o . Ma e 2 5 2d 7 2 3 4h r 9 3)
I ora l, c us t r i n e ie c ta tejr wa s y dbypaso o
mp tnt be a ç hee s o vd n e h t h u y s wae
y
sin r
p eud c ,ane til l bei pp o it e ni t c t h d f undt d ma sa r
r j ie w ra woud na r prae ve f he out a o he a ge wads

e c si .d. t6 3rfM ihou a iina e i nc ofp si a prjdieb t jr, n
x esve 1 a 0 h t t ddto l vde e a son nd eu c y he u y a
e c si ve dc ao i i s hce t r q l ean w til). tonyi t c t un bl t
x e sve r it lne s n uf int o e li e .a. No l s he out a e o
r
r ?

dic r a ye ie eofpaso o prj ie bu Liko as fi t drc t c ut'
sen n vd nc
sin z eudc, t n us lo al o ie t he o ts
s
atnto t a s hi le c on t ejr . nse d hez l se tr l o un u re ,
te in o ny uc nfu n e h u y I ta , ei n iey n s ppo td
e
concus y as e tons a w elason alged e r soft cour pr i ng ove t pr edi
l or s ri , s l
le
r ot
he
t esdi
r he oce ng.
W hati m or ,t s t nda sze oft a r aone doesnotm a e ane ti l 1 at604
s
e he ubs a l i
he wa ds l
ndat
w ra. d.

(do gTheprw ingviw . .ha t s e sz ofajr a r doe no, yisl,
a pdn f e l e . t t he her ie
t
i
u y wad s tb tef
de taet a i wa t er s tofp si o p eudc , epe il f i nt lc ofa
monsz t h t t s h e ul a son r r j ie' s cal f ve he a k
'
yg

27

papa eobeév sa adi t Fo rhCic tb wlc t mesuea r frpan
l bl jc e tnd r n he u t tui y a h o at wads o i,
i
s frn , nd e éo ldsr s'
ufei g a mo na ite s).

Futlemot, sdsu sda lnghi r,hejt' a r aenota ans tece t
t t e a ic se te t nfa t k ys wads r
a
t
g i tl la
a
w eghtoft e de e.Li
i
he vi nc nkouss xual as a t d a ba t r Clhm t c i hetplceof
e l s ule nd te ed e
y
wi e n
a
e pl ent Viwed i t lghtm os f voz et Clhm ,t t dm ony s
m oym . e
n he i
t a abl o e
he es
uggesst ts
t ha he
s f r d fom s ve e e oéona ta a a ar ul ofLi
ufe e z
e r m
l r um s es t
nkous conduc and t tt st al a
'
t
ha hi t lm

pe ss e ove a e e d petod ofHm e.
r it d r n xtnde
i
The cour c
t annotconcudet tt t tm ony a
l
ha he esi
nd

e de ea du e a tilsi uf intt sppo thejd me sTiko d sno c m t t
vi nc d c d t ra i ns hce o u r t u g nt. an us oe t bi ha
t
t ver c sw e e ba e on f lee de ,a not ngi t c ztsr viw oft r or
he dit r s d
as vi nce nd hi n he olr' e e
he ec d
s
uggesst a dswe eba e on f lee dence t r by la ng t s ond prong
t he we
r sd
as vi
, he e e vi he ec

u ul e . sl, l wi f t a r t sa wil tzsz i amic tig ofj dc.
nf x d Laty al ng or he wads o tnd lno etl n sara e us e
o
t
Therc t r fet t ttejr' a r c
e o d elcs ha h u ys wads ompo t t t c r' i tu d rg r i
r wih he ou t nsr c ons e adng
.
s
com pens t y a punii da age ,a t 2: r do be wee t r pec a a dsf ls
a or nd
tve m s nd he 1 a
t n he es dve w r al
wihi t cons udonal a e a er nge,a t i notf eas bl ots rki y outof
t n he
dt
ly cq pt bl a
nd hus s
f
unr ona e
ti ngl

pr po to 'Bad n, 7 Va a 6 9 6 S. 2 a 70 . ejr ha s f inte ie e
o rin. lwi 2 3 . t 5 , 43 E.d t 7 Th uy d u hce vd nc
'
bef ei t concude t Li
or t o
l
hat nkouspr m a ey ca e s ve e e odona ha m ,a t c t
oxi t l us d e r m
l r nd he our

ha prvo l c ncud dt tt da g st j ya r dweeno e c sie Th ,
s e iusy o l e ha he ma e he ur wade r t x e sv . us
Li
nkousf ist m e tt t t pr
al o e he hid ong.I sl ,t r c d c ai s fcente dence
n 'm he e or ont ns uf i d

s po ng t j ysa r ,t r i no cnm t tt e i e ept uc d a t l sfle a
up e he ur ' wads he e s li ha he v d nc od e t da i as , nd
t a dsa e nots tli y outofpr
he war r
ticngl
opor
don s h t tt y f lt c pot wih due
uc ha he ai o om
t t
pr s .
oce s The f ct and c r um sa esoft sca e do notw a r ntane ti ,t r or
a s
ic tnc
hi s
ra
w ral he ef e
Li
nkous m odon i t r or D EN I .
'
s he ef e
ED

1 1.
1

I t att d , nk usmo sf zl ffom t j g nttnd t di t scs
n he lena ve Li o
ve oz ei t he ud me e ee n hi ae
e

pus a t Rue6 $()o t Fe ea Rue ofCiiPt e u e pr fei t sme
t u nt o l 06 6 fhe d rl ls vl oc d t, oflng he a
gr
oundsast ei hi m oton f ane t ilunderRul 59.Fede a Rtl ofCi lPz e ue
hos n s i or w ra
e
r l ze
vi oc dt

6 a t rz sacstc c u tt g a rl ffo af lud me f f e lmeae
0$) uhoie ltit o r o znt ei r m ma j g nt or i nl ttd
i
e
ve
rao o f f n ote raont tj tse rl f'Fe . Ci P. 0q 6. eti
es ns r or ' y h r es ha usi s ei ' d R. v. 6 $()O
a
e
hs
c c l pr son i l
at hal ovii ncudesfw t xtzll ia i ,iscont xtr lr st ti m a bei
e e ta i ttons t
m
e eqlie ha t y nvoke
d

onyi T xrodiaycru tnc s' nterao frrl ffo jdg ntd snotfl
l n f ta r n r ic msa e 7whe h es n o ei r m u me oe
e
e
al

wihnt l tofe l r tdraon gv ni Rul 6 $)1-5. eLi'be v. at
ti hei
s nl ae e s s ie n e 0 ()()Se l r He lh
me
e
Se v . tii n Co .4 U. 8 7 86 n 1 ,8 4 (9 ) I e d i a d do t t
r s Ac z éo
s
, 86 S. 4 , 3 . 1 6 1 88. nd e ,n d i n o he
e pl il sae r q ie nt a ve t Fo t Cic t e uie fom t pa t fig t
x i t ttd e u rme s bo , he urh tuir q r s r he ry ln ie
cy
l

modo ap ei nays wigo:()Hmei s,()ameioiuscsm o dee e ()lc
n rl r ho n f 1
mi
l s2
ne
rtro li z fns,3 a k
of eudc t t o igpat, nd()e c p a c u tnc s S e e .Hema v.
prj ie o he pposn ry a 4 x e don l /c msa e . e . ,
n
M. Mk . ,1 6F.d9 , 4n 3(t Ci. 9 7; l ndv. r'i Le Co.1 8F. D.
L. t Co. 1 3 1 9 . 4h t 1 9 )Hol
a
Vi na e , 8 R.
2 , 5 ( D. . 9 9 ( ramo nt c s t s c e d,hemaeil fr d i s pp t
41 2 2 W. Va 1 9 ) <
To
va ' a e o u c e t
s
tta ofe e n u or

ofhi Rue6 $()moi mus beN g l c n ncn ' I t s t ehodrq rme s
s l 0q 6 ton t
hy o vi ip' fhe e hrs l e uie nt
).
aeme, l te d st c t e a newhehe a yote raonjs srl fu r
r tony h n oe he out x mi
t r n h r e s u dûe ei nde
e
Rul 6 9 6. wel SaeFam Fie& Ca. t I . ,9 3F. 46 4 (t Ci.
e 0 $()Do lv. tt r r
sAuo.ns Co. 9 2d , 8 4h r
1 3 . famo nts e r l ffo j g n ba e o Rul 6 4 6 , mus s w t tli
99 ) I
va e ks ei r m ud me t s d n e 0 $() he t ho ha ls
e
r as f s eki r lefcoul notha be n addr s d on a al nsea Ai nsv. n a ,
e on or e ng ei
d
ve e
es e
ppe i t d. ke
I m

65 F.d4 6 5 0 (t Ci. 0 )(uo gLie r , 8 U. a 8 3n 1 (9 8) se
2 3 9 , 0 -01 4h r 2 11 q dn l beg 4 6 S. t 6 . 1 1 8 )9 e
j
e r l 11 Cha lsAln W rght Atht R.M i e & M a yK a K a ,Fe r lPr dc and
ne al
re a
i , - u
t
lr
l
r
y ne de a ac e
29

Pr c d ej2 6 a 3 9 0& n. 5(de 1 9 )(ol c ngc ss.I i weletbihe
o e ur 8 4, t 5 -6
2 2 d. 9 5 c l d aels ts l sa ls d
e

ta ga i tl ffo j g ntp s n t Rul 6 $)i amattc mmitdt t
h t tnt ei t m ud me m ua t o e 0 s te o te o he
ng e
dicz éon oft diti tcom t Se U ni z a Fim Exc n es I . Lus,479 F. 5
s e
he src
. e ve s l l
ha
nc v. t
2d 73,

5 6( h Ci. 9 3.
7 4t r1 7 )

Li ou c ntnd t thedeev stle fom jdg n fzalhesmer aonshe
nk s o e s ha
sr e eif t u me t o lt a e s
a re a gou o tnsbl jsiyn ane tilHo ve, ve i t c u t r t
verd s r nds se i y u tfig w ra. we r e n f he o r wee o
as um e t tLi
s
ha nkousm ee salt Fourh Cic tstues d r r m ent ,hehasf ie t
t l he
t t ui' l hol equie
s
ald o

de taea yT xrociayctumsa c s' nde Rul 6 q 6. hi t lg lhe is
monstt n f ta rln r ic tn e'u r e 0 $()W l he e a t ore
e
e
wihi Li
t n nkous pc K m odonsa edifc tt dic t c t tadi
' q
r fiul o s e n, ours r donal viw pr s
ly e
o e
-

plaln wihfpeiludca s l iu ç'S eeg, rio v. S. tlS r ie 8 0F.d
e t gs t f ca j iil oi td . e ..Hars n U. Posa evc , 4 2
i
s
c
'
1 49 1 5 (t Ci. 9 8; i sv. r e, 0 U.. 9 5 0(9 29 e as S t v.
1 , 1 2 4h r 1 8 ) Hane Ken r 4 4 S 51 , 2 1 7 ) se lo mih
.
S t 5 9 F.d 7 6 7 ( h Ci. 0 9 r be a c ns ci oft pla n si
mih, 8 3 3 , 38 4t r 2 0 ) ti r l o % ton he e Hig s
pn l ual a pr p it whe e. . h r i ap o s c mp ant asn cvl i ht is e .
ri lry p o rae z . t e e s z e o li r ii g iirg s s u s'
c
).
H owe r t r r m entoflbe a consr don doe notm ea t t cout c i ea
ve , he equie
i rl
tuc
s
n hat he
t an gnor
c e f ilr i t pl a ng t alge f t whih s tf t a cnm c ni bl i a f de al
l ar a l e n he e di o le ac s c e or. li og za e n e t
z
h

cititc u tW elrv. 'ofSo . ev .9 1F.d3 7(t Ci. 9 0. r, nk s
l tc o z. l De t
s
e
c S r s, 0 2 8 4h t 1 9 ) Hee Li ou '
cli sn ountt ltl m oz t n bad a s r
nm m
o ite
e ha l s e donsa uns t nta e concusons a t
nd ubsa it d
l i , nd he
cour ca
t nnotm a Li
ke nkous a gum e sf hi . si es cal t uewhe e ashet ,t
'r
nt or m Thi s pe i l r
y
t,
e he

a ru ef rl fun tRue6 $()i e te l nar w. ns r, nk us mod ft
petr or ei de l 0q 6 s xrmey ro I ho tLi o ' on o
e
r l ffo j g n i pr dc tdupo ()t ec u tsd ril hi modo t c i e
ei r m ud me t s e iae
e
n: 1 h o r' el of s
a
n o ont ,
nu
5che J s eRemq it oe i lssp rt o iini Lie r v Hel S r e Acuid nCo o d nt t
if udc l us n td n l e aae pno t lbe . at edc s
i
z '
h
so
i
r o ha,
ït i v r szc itrrtd no Rue6 $)i esn lfhefn 1)o jd me t i t bep eevd Togv Rue
fj s ey titnep ea o f l 0 s se dait ta1, fu g ns s o rsre . ie l
gh
t
6 @ ()bo da pia o wo l t emienl r u oh rnz sta fv rtegzlyo jd me s. .' 4 6U..t
0 6 ra p l d n ud md r n lmeo s te l h t ao h zai fu g nt . . 8 S a
c
e
t
'
8 3gemq itC.,l snt g.
7 kl us, J cse i )
.i n

ECFNo.1 8 whihhec tndspe ntdhi fom T r pel assl g'i isdee ea
9, c
one rve e m r f o ry siti l'n l fns t
p
n
i
tilECF No. 2 , t23 ()hsi blyt ha fe ulra fe ue t'c mmunia
ra,
2 5 a -,2 i na ii o ve f g a nd rq n' o
t
r
cdon
wihStla I . t2 ()hsi blyt T e sna ypzpaefztil' No. 2 a 12
t tek , d a ,4 i na it o f ao bl e t o ta, ECF 2 7, t -,
i
z
'
a ()p eudc rs dn li ben tqle t paécpaei t tilfo ac re do l
nd 4 rj ie eul g ls ig e li d o r i t n he ta t m o rc na
t
f clt ECF N o.
a iiy.
227,a 1 2.
t - The c thasale a es ed m os ofLi
our
z ady d/ s
t
nkous a gum e s
'z
nt
i r a a t rs ofr tea ng o1 gt
nfa, nd t he ik
e r di
d ouhd, t bre l a es ea h ofli cli si t n.
wil i fy ddt s c
ls nm n ut

Lik 'f s t e camswil a d esdc lc vey a df rhT tj ie? li
n ous l thre li lbe d rse ol d l, n ou t f eudc'cnm
t
e
p
s pa a ey.
e r tl
A.
W ih r s c t t cour' de la oft m odon t cone ue Li
t e pe t o he
ts ril he
o
, nkousdoe not
s
s c ûc ly algehow t c tsdenilofhi ee nt houtm oéon t c
pe i al le
he our'
a
s lve ho oninue c dt es
ons m

a f xtot n r cru tnc'warne grl ffo j g ntI ta , rl so va e
n f ta diay ic msa e' ra
e
ei r m ud me .nse d he ei n gu
e
e
a concus y s a e ent a
nd
l or t t m s bouthi abs r tne d f m or tm ewihout f e m pl ,
s tac e or
ei
t , or xa e

gi ng e m pl oft de e e t tc d ha be n a s red ori ndf i pot l
vi xa es he f ns s ha oul ve e s e t
de y ng enéa
wine s shecoul ha cald i gi n addii lfm e t do s ori ca
t se
d ve le f ve
tona i o
o, ndi dng how t
he
s t nc oft i t tm ony woul ha c nge t out om eoft c e. nkous va
ubs a e he t es i
d ve ha d he c
he as Li
' gue

a lga
le don t thewasfdetid ar as bl oppor uniyt pr pa e'a wasuna et
ha
f te e ona e
t t o e r ' nd
bl o

a e uaey c mmu aewih hi g a da a l e d no s f et s w hèwa p eudc d
d q tl o lc t t s u z in d i m o t u ûc o ho
t
s r j ie
by t lck ofa donaltm et pr pa e Li
he a
ddi
i o e r . nkousm ove t c
d o ondnue t tilf m ont
he ta our
hs

a trhewa no d o t t l t a d j tonewe kbeor t et l sd t
fe
s dhe f he da dae n us
e f e h da wa ue o
c m e e.
om nc Ther or i c e t Stekaw a a nt by t c tt s v a Li
ec d ndiat s hat r l
s ppoi ed
he our o er e s nkous
'
gua din ad lt m and fl d a noéceofa a a e t yea sand f m ont bef et .
r a
ie
le
ppe t nc wo r
our
hs or dal

W ha i mo e Liko 'iblywa etbihe a t o l isebeoet jl c c r d
ts r, n usla it s sa ls d nd he ny su fr he uy on ene
i
t pli fsda a . n ota rw ot ,t c ewasnotpa dc ta l com plx, a tng ls
he andf' m ges I le
ds he as
t klry
e l si e s
t n one da a i ve onl m ode tdic r Se U nied St esv.Bus 820 F. 858,
ha
y nd nvol d y
s s ove y. e t
at
h,
2d

8 0 (t Ci. 9 7 ( l ngt ttedsrc c utdi n a eisdstdo i de yng
6 -61 7h t 1 8 ) hodi ha h itit ok d ot bus t ice n n n i
ac
onénua whe t de e ntha t e m ont t pt pat f a sm pl c e, t1one
nce
n he f nda
d hr e
hs o e e ot i e as w11
.

dee da ,n atilt tlse t e da ) l de d, n ousr pt snt dt t ec u tt a he
f n nti ta ha a td ht e ys. n e Li k e e e e o h o t h t
wa f l s hed wih Stekasr pr ent
s ul ads
y
t r l ' e es adon ofhi a di nott ie a oft
m nd d
a s ny he
af e entone i s sa G A orr s e ta oft c e nscont i d i t m odon t
or m i d s ue t I ea s t ny he onc r
ane n he
o

conénuewlih t cour de e W ihoutacea ere a don fom Li
lc he
t nid. t
l r xplna
r
nkousofwha ,i
tf
any,har hi a m e a ar ul oft cour' r us lt gr ntt contnua ei que éon,
ds p cc d s es t he
ts ef a o a he
i nc n
s

t c ur c n c ldet thewa prjdie bysi rf a.
he o t a not oncu ha
s eu c d ad eusl
B.

W ihrs c t Li o 'cnm t th wa f vel p eudc d' betgrql e t
t epe t o nk uss li ha e s f ry rj ie 'by i e ltd o
o
a
i
pn cpa ei hi cvi ti lfom pts t c zta knowldge a t outett i l of
e i t n s i l ta t
ion, he ott c
e s t he s hat deal
y,
c s ,Li
our e nkousw oul ha a a e i pe s M uha m a v. a de Batm ot CiyI i,
d ve ppe r d n r on.
m d W r n, li e t al

8 F. 1 7, 1 -1 (t Ci.1 8 (x anigt tTljtonl t a pe rnc bu t
49 2d 0 1 1 2 4h r 98 ) e pli n ha T o y he p aa e t he
n
raiyofj tc i o i l trae d'b a i t'a e eftli o til. we e,
elt usie s bvousy h etne ' y n nmaes bsnc o l wn tal Ho v r
s
an i r r e ldga ' rghtt bepr s nta t tilofacvi a
nca ce at d i nts i o
e e t he ra
i l cdon i notabs ut .Tha
s
ol e
t
rghti quaii d by Tc
i s lfe
fount r ii consde a
e valng
i r donsofexpens s t t ,l idcs a doc t
e, ecuiy og s , nd
ke

contolt tpr ve a corlng prs r any a ol erghtt be pr s nt' M uha m adv.
r ha e nt c ci
ione s
bs ut i o
e e .'
m

W ad n. li eCiyl i 8 F.d1 7 1 11 (t Ci.1 8 )(ingPrc v.o tn,
r e Batmor t al 49 2 0 , 1 - 2 4h r 9 8 ct
,
i ie J hnso
3 4U.. 6 , 5 8 ( 9 8 (n ac t to i avai b ssf q aiyngt rg pe s nal
3 S 2 6 28 - 6 1 4 ) i c r ea in s l a i or u lfi he iht ro l
d
y
32

t pla a ma geo ' o c us i f d rlc url; e as W of v. Do nel4 8
o e d nd na nes wn a e n e e a o t s e lo lf Mc n l, 1
)

U. 5 9 5 6(9 4. eFolf Cic iha hedt tdstc c urss ul c nsd r a a
S. 3 , 7 1 7 )Th lrh tut s l ha itit o t ho d o ie, t
mi mu ()wheh rt prs rspr s nc wi s bsa al f the t r s u o t
ni m, 1 t e he ione' e e e l u tné l l' r he e oldon f he
l
y af
ca e,a whe he at r
s nd
t r le nadvewa ofpr ee ng,s a tilon depostons ofe a
ys
oc li uch s ta
ii , f r n

a c pa eatz aie ()t e pe ea poe l eutt rs e aldi ta po a
ce tbl len tv ;2 he x ns nd tnéa sc 'y ik nti n tns ong nd
i
e
hodig t prs ri c t d f rt ed ai oft et la ()t el eioodt tasa
l n he ione n uso y o h ut t
on h da; nd 3 h i l
k h ha ty

pe l tep io rstlaewi p eu c tepan fsop rariyt prsn li o he
ncng h rs ne' ee s l rjdie h liéf' po tzt o e e tls r r
i
l
t
c m ,ort de e ntsrghtt as dy r s udon oft c m .H a v.Ti m s 35
bi
he f nda ' i o pee e ol
he bi
wks
m ,

F.upp2 4 4 46 - ( Md. 9 9 (i Mu pma 8 9F. a 1 7 . tmaey i i
S .d 6 , 5 466 D. 1 9 ) cdng ha d, 4 2d t 0 ) Uli tl,t s
wihi t dic edon oft c tt de e i whet ri a c r t d cvi Edga ss d be
t n he s r
he our o t = ne
he nc r e a e i l
nt houl

p e e orot r s ta po td f rtilM uh mma ,8 F.d a 1 2<Ffs c dn t
r snt hewie t ns re o ta. a d 49 2 t 1 .(j e u g he
<
pds rspz s nc a li own orpublce
one ' e e e, t ls
i xpens i det - i d t bei e i e' t colt
e, s et ne o nf asbly' he it
m
m us c i d he r as bl a ia e a tr éve .'Edw a dsv. a 38 F.Supp.2d
t onsder f r e ona y val bl le na s'
ot
r
Lo n,

4 , 6 ( D. . 9 9 (i Mu mma 8 9F. a 1 1 1 3 ; o ne v. i t , .
63 4 7 W. Va 1 9 ) cdng ha d, 4 2d t 1 , 1 )J y t Byngon No
7:5 0 2 , 1 WL 8 7 0 , t* ( D. . t 1 2 7 .
1 CV0 5 6 20 7
0 2 8 a 1 W. Va Ma . , 01 )
Pt urng Li
oc i
nkous physc pr s nc a ti lorconénli t ti luntlhi r l as
'
ial e e e t ra
zng he ta l s e e e
we ei ea i e opdons Li
r nf sbl
. nkouswa i a c t t atFCIBut i N orh Ca olna outof
s nc r e a ed
ner n
t r i ,
t diti ta s ve a ho< sfom t pl e oft li Roa
he s tc nd e r l
r
he ac
da n
noke Vigi a. or
, r ni M eover be aus
, c e
Li
nkoussilha 11ye r ofprs tm et s r a t Hm eoft ,a sa wa not
tl d
as
ion i o e ve t he
dal t y s
appr it Gi n t tt c ew a l ie t t is ofClhnisda a ,l s ,
opra e. ve ha he as s i t d o he s ue
m
e ' m ges ogidcs

s udt a e ns pl i y out i
ec y, nd xpe e nnl weghed Li
nkous i e e ti be ng pr s nta ti , ve t
' nt r s n i
e e t ralgi n he
a ia lt ofvi c e e i I ed,Li
val biiy
deo onf r ncng. nde
nkousdi note es a i enéon t t df a
d
xpr s ny nt
o es y t
33

ti l AI A ngsc i r d, nkous pq tcpa i t tilvi vi o conf e i fom hi
ta. I hi
onsde e Li
' t ii don n he ta a de
et ncng t
s
plceofi at et i w a t m os t as bl opdon. eM ont sv.Raf l s , o.C 09a
nc c aton s he
t e ona e
Se
e
aow ki N

0 76RMW , 0 2W L 2 9 2 3 a * ( D. lJ ne2 , 01 )Sodn t td s t sme
9
21
3 5 7 , t 2 N. Ca.u 5 2 2 lig ha epie o
dt wba ks T de onf r ncng none heis f iia e pli fsm e ni u par i don a
a c , f oc e e i
vi
t e s aclt t s onéf' a ngf l écpa
t

tilpan fsa l t ts y pzsn e nc , ndl kec j o i t e e; td
za: lidf i be o edf, e e t dde e a oo ah urr n he y)Unie
S ae v. ke, F.d 8 7, 4 ( t Ci. 9 ) s eas Ed r ,3 F.up 2 a 4 7 8
t ts Ba t 45 3 3 8 3 4h t 1 959 e lo wa ds 8 S p.d t 6 -6

( ligt t< t vd oc ee cn ,g antflwil vtaal ptsnta hi tila dwil
hodn ha f h ie onftn ig pli if lbe itzl e e t s ta n l
wi
y
ha et a lt t c nfo wi se, dd estejt a padcpaef l'.
v he bi y o o r nt mess a ts h uy, nd r i t ul '
i
y)
The c ' had s es f l utlme vi o c e e i f pt ti lpr ee ngs
out
t
ucc s ul i d de onf r ncng or e ta oc di ,
y i

e de dayhe tng,a win s tsi nyf jr tili tepatUpo i t'y t c ur
vi n r ai s nd te s etmo oru y tas n h s. n nqu ,he o t
r
wasadvie t ofi il a FC1But rizN 0: h Ca olnawhe eLi
s d hat fca s t
ne t
t r i
r nkouswa confne we e
s
i d r

wilnga a et ar ngef li padcpaéoni t tilvi vi o c e e i OnM ay8,
li nd bl o ra or ls l i
n he ta a de onfr ncné.
2018,m or t n t e m ont be or t lt c tentr d a or tdie dngt w ade
e ha hr e
is f e da, he our e e n de r c
he r n
ofFC1But rt m a Li
ne o ke nkousa ia eby vi o conf r nc f t a Gl-he die e
va lbl
de
e e e or dal nd t r t ct d
t
t W a de t a
he r n o ppoi a c
nt ouns l orot cor ec i lofke t s rv a a desgna e
eor
her r tona f t o e ' s
e
i td

c a f t courr
ont ct or he
toom cer t i éat t vi o c e e .ECF N o.190.Li
l k o ni e he de onf r nce
nkous

zie noH l o jcint t so de,nsedmo igt c nuet c s awekbeo e
as d mey be to o hi r ri ta vn o ond he ae e fr
til Li
ra. nkouswaspr e byvi o c e ence f t e eti l Furhe , nkouswas
es nt
de onf z
or he ne ta. t r Li
c pe e l r pr e ed by li cour- ppoi ed gua di a lt m ,
om t nty e es nt
ls
ta
nt
r an d ie Thom asSteka w ho
rl ,

pr de li wih e e i as it ncet oughoutt ldga i pr s .Stel ,asit by
ovi d nm t xt nsve ssa
ht
he i ton oce s r ka ssed

No v lW i t n W e t Es , e eve r s ns st c so r r q ss fldj i tu do
r el nso
s, q.r c i d e po e o l c ve y e ue t,ie t nst c ns
i
uy
a pt -ta m otons a m a
nd e til i , nd nage pt ti dic os eson Li
d e tal s l ur
nkous be l.H ealo s r d a
' ha f
s e ve s

Li
nkous ti c
' ral ouns l pr endng ope ng a cosng sat m e s c os - xa i ng
e, es
ni nd l i t e nt , t s e m ni

win se, n obedn a vaiuspont t tsi n a t a misblyofv to
te ssa d jc g t ro
i s o etmo y nd he d siii
t aius
e lbis l ot zwo zs depieh sph sc la e e Li k wa si a et a pe ra
xl t. n he r , s t i y ia bs nc , n ous s tl bl o p a nd
i
l
wa efe
s f céveyr pr s nt d O oughoutt til Ther cor a s de onsr t st Li
l e ee e
he ta .
e d l o m t a e hat nkous

wa a e t conf wih hi gu din a lt prvatl atvadouspoi sdlrng t t l
s bl o
er t s ar a d iem i ey
nt li he da .
Agan, nkousne ras d t t tf a til The ef e a t Li
i Li
ve ke o esiy t ta . r or , s o nkous c nm t tli
' l i ha ls

i acrdona i bit t a a i pes nweeprj iilohsitrssa tilt
ncrea
nd na ly o pper n ro r eudca t i neet t ra,he
i
cour fndsno e de e oft si t r cor
ti
vi nc
bi n he e d.
In s , Li
'
um nkousha f ld t pr de s
s aie o ovi uppor ore
t xpbi i a deti li c l or
n n ny a lzs oncus y

alg éo c nts gt jr vedcsi t sc s. c ur' o zfe do ontetil
le a n o eén he u fs r it n hi ae The o ts wn elc n h ra
and t ough r e oft r cor l a i t c l t tLi
hor
eviw
he e d e d t o oncude ha nkous a s o onsa ewihout
' se
t t

mei, ndnohn i hi mo ofesafe s nj dfi rl f fo j g nta
rta
tig n s don fr f ao us yng ei ' t m ud me s
r
e'

rq rdbyRue6 $()Fo tefrg igraonsLik '
e uie
l 09 6. r h o e on e s , n ousmodo frrle fo
n o eif r m
jd me ti DEN I
ug n s
ED.
1
V.
Fott s r as ,t c .V I D EN Y Li
he e e ons he out I
t
nkous m odon f ane ti l ECF N o.
'
or
w r a,

22 , rua tt Rul 5 , ndlsmod frrh ffo j g ntECFNo. 26 p s a
4 pu s n o e 9 a z
i
on o e e r m ud me ,
2 , uru nt

t iul 6 q 6 oft Fe zlRue ofCi l ocd e
o e 0 $() he dea ls viPr e ur.
A n a opda e O r rwilbe e e e t jda
ppr
t de l
nt r d hi y.

Enee : /a . t - z g rz
trd '- -f/ -

/
+/

* .. .
' rV
V

.

;
.
.

M i ha lF.
c e

Cl e
nf
i

,

. ' ' .
.

,

i

.

'

l''' '','
.,
.'
'

a '
ns

td Sa e Ditit u g
e tts stc l d e