Terry v. Fleming

Filing 23

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 1/26/2017. (tvt)

I TH E UNI
N
TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FO R TH E W E STER N D I
STR I O F VI G I A
CT
R NI
ROANOKE DI SION
VI

F:NTON L.
TERRY,
Pettone
ii r,
V.

LESLI FLEM I G,
E
N
R e po nt
s nde .

)
)
)
)
)
)
)

CL SOFFI U.S. ST
ERK'
CE
ATROANO D# . COURT
KE,VA
FIED
L

CASE NO .7:
16CV00049

J 27 2,1
AN
27
J
U
BY:

DL
P

M EM O M ND U M O PI I N
N O

By:Hon.M i
chaelF.Ur
bansd
l
U ni e St e D i t i tJudge
t d at s s r c

Fe o L. Te
nt n
py, a V i gi a i a e pr e ng pm K ,f l t s pe ii f a w rt o
r ni nm t oc edi
ied hi tton or
i f
.

h be sc pu ,p u n t 28U. C.52 4, h le gngt evai i o h sc n me to a
a a o s ms a t o
S.
25 c aln i h ldt f i o fne n n
y

j d me tb t e Cic i Co r o t Ciy o Da vi e Re p n e tfld amoin t ds s
u g n y h rut u t f he t f n l . s o d n ie
l
to o imis
Ter ' j 2 5 p tto a d Ter rs nd d ma ig t matrrp f r ds sto Afe
ry s 2 4 ei n, n ry epo e , kn he te ie o ipo iin. tr
i
r viw oft r cor t c tc l
e e
he e d, he our oncudest tno ofTe r scli s ha me i,r uii t
ha ne
r y' am
ve rt eq rng he
m o i n t dimist begr nt d.
to o s s o
a e

Te y w a c ced of frtde ee m u de o Ke a St s a t r l t fr r
n' s onvit
s- gr
r r f ndr oke nd wo e aed iea ms
vi ai i t Cic tCour oft Ciy ofDa le. Folo ng a uns e s u a
ol tons n he r ui
t he t
nvil
l wi n ucc s f l ppea a
l nd
ha aspe ii i sa e c t he now c le
be
tton n tt our,
ha lngeshi c ci i f de a c t The f c s a
s onvi ton n e r l our.
a t nd
pr e alhit r peri n t Te r sc c i a easf l .
oc dur so y tne t o ry' onvitons r
olows
On t ni htofAprl6,2011 Te m a s ve alcal t hi unc e Cha le W is n,a
he g
i
, ny de e r ls o s l , ri lo nd
hi fi nd, M elsaP ie lo igt plc a easg iia ta u to ma i a . Afe W is n
s re
lis rc , o kn o t h s infc n mo n f r u na1 tr lo
r
j

a d P iei o me Te ta t e h d n mai n t s l, ryc le Ke d aSo e s rl
n rc nfr d ny h t h y a o r ua a o el Ter ald n r tk s ho t
j
y
pa t 1 P. . A c l phone e r l t r de e m i d t tTe s l s c l t hi t c e us d a ce l
s 0 M
el
xpe t a e t r ne ha ny' a t a l o s m l e
l

t rc os t Te r s home i Ri
owe l e o ry'
n nggol Vigi a butt tTe r s c l t St
d, r ni ,
ha ry' a l o okeshà s t hed
d wic

lAddii l , Tery' a quan a e,Chrsophe Ha s c a t d Te r a ound 7 P. .t pur s a
tonaly
r s c it nc
it r ye , ontc e ry r
M o cha e n

o n eo mai a a Ter o frdHa e $1 0p ro n e b t ye tr dhi d wn
u c f r u n . ry fee y s 0 e u c , u Ha s' ne m o .
j
u

C RK
RK

t we s t one c os r t t Edge
o r o
l e o he
wood Exxo M a ta t l to whe e St kes body w a
n r nd he ocai n
r o '
s

fl . M e n l,S o sha c n a td Liwo d Hartn t a ss i s lig fk mai n .
omd a whi tke d o tce n o iso o sit n eln a e rj a
e
ua
Har t n ag e d,a pr e d t buy r bbi f t t t t us d t i iae a po
iso
r e nd oc ede o
a t ood ha he wo e o m t t
und of
m a iua .
rJ na
'

Hartn p n'e t me tS o e a t b y r( ny a t eEx n; iso wo l g t
iso ln d o e t k s nd he u e Te ') t h xo Hartn u d e
n
$ o oft $800 a ki prc a St woul r t i $200.Hart pule i o t Exxo
600 ut he
s ng ie, nd okes
d e an
ison l d nt he
n
pa ki l ,and St ke se d o oft pa s nge s tofa whie M az 626. Ha rt n ga
r ng ot
o s tppe ut he s e r ea
t
da
iso ve

S o e t f k mai a i aplsi g o ey b g, n S o e ha d d Hartn $ 0 Hartn
t k s he a e rj na n a tc r c r a a d t k s n e iso 6 0. iso
u
wa c he r t l t t pa s ngers toft M a da a a oxi t l 10: 5 P. .
t hed r e' m o he s e
u
ea he z t ppr ma ey 1 M Z
The M a a t n t ne l f ont Ed wood Rd, i t die ton of t Dmwil
zd he ur d e t o ge
n he r c i
he
le
Expr s wa The drvi tme fom t Exxon t t l to of t vi i ' body i 5ve
e s y.
i ng i r
he
o he ocai n
he ctm s
s
m i e . Attil t c l phone e r t tse t tTe y plc phone c lsa 10: a 1 29
nut s
ra , he e l
xpe t esi d ha n' a ed
al t 28 nd 0:
P. . ne rt e tm aed tm e oft mur r a t tc lphone l a i da a fom t e c l
M , a he si t i
he
de , nd ha el
oc ton t r hos als
i c t d Te r wa ne rt m ur rs e a t ttme.Tha s me ni ,a a oxi ael 1 30
ndi a e r y s a he
de c ne t ha i
tn
ght t ppr m t y 0:
P. . Da le Ofi e W ila M e l wa a hi r i nc whe he he r e g t t n r pi
M , nvil fc r li m
nil s t s esde e
n
a d i ht o e a d
gu hot fom t a e ofCo ni Drve
ns s r he r a
r ng i .
At 7: A. .o Aprl7,2011,a pa s r dic r t body of St ke i a dic
30 M n
i
s e by s ove ed he
o s n
th
be i t Cor ng Drve e tr mp o t Dawil Expr s y. Soo a tr Da le Polc
sde he
ni
i xi a
n he t le
es wa
n fe , nvil
ie
s cze t s e ,a Dmw il fr m a Stve Fer l a rved a obs r edt bod henotc d
e tr d he c ne nd
le ie n e n r el ri
nd e v he y;
ie
bule w ounds a co i m ed t t St s w a de ea e Furhe , rgor m o ts ha s t i
lt
nd ntr
ha oke
s c s d.
t r i
r i d e n,

i cai t t t hom ii ha oc ure s ve a hour e rir Ofi e Cha ls W ilr
ndi tng ha he
è de d c r d e r l
s a le .
fc r
re
la d
pho ogr phed t s ene a c l c e a le de e,whi h i ude ni . c lbe c rrdge
t a
he c
nd ole t d 1 vi nc
c ncl d ne 40 ai r a ti
2H art ydting a r e of t Exxon' s ela f a , l er i ntfe t whie M a da 626
ison u
eviw
he
s ua ilnce ootge at de i d he
t
z
ani ng a l 1 hi vehil a vi a 1 1 a St sr mr ngt t M az andlavi
vi t 0:5, s ce ni ng t 0: 8, nd oke e ni o he da
e ng.

2

c i a a bl pl si g oc r ba c ani g e n l a y m aeda . Lat r expertt stm ony
asngs nd
ue a tc r e y g ont i ng r e e f
t l
e
e i
opi d t tal buleswe e fr fom a sng e . c i rwe pon,a t tt we e c itnt
ne ha l lt r ied r
i l 40 albe a
nd ha hey r onsse
wih bei fr fom aTa uspit .
t ng îed r
ur sol
On Aprl8,2011 De e tve Bonni Oa we t 1 Ke uc Chtr Roa t s a
i
, tci
e kes nt o 600 nt k lch
d o pe k
wih Te r a
t ry boutSt 'deah. Oa s obs r d a whie M az 626 i f o oft hous a
okes
t
ke
e ve
t
da
n r nt he
e, nd
t t t bac s a s had r c nty be n cea d,butt tt fon s a s r ma ne dit Te r
ha he k e t
e e l e l ne
ha he r t e t e i d ry. ry
ag ee t s ak wih ofi e s a t polce saton. Kahy Cor r Te r s e gilre dr
r d o pe
t fc r t he i t i
t
ke , ry' x- rfind, ove
Te r t t sa i i t M a , a Oa s o a ne a s a c wa r ntf rt ve ce. w u j
r y o he tton n he zda nd ke bt i d e r h ra o he hi l 3
e
Te r a Cor rwe ea t polcesa i Lt Sc tEane s a c t c r Lt Eane no i e a
r y nd ke r t he i t ton, . ot
s e r hed he a . .
s tc d
sr odor of cea ng pr t ;t bac s t a r r foor r we e s ki we . He
tong
l ni
oduc s he k ea s nd ea l boa ds r oa ng t

cole t d a s b f o a r d san on t r of t vq cl t t ta ld fom behi t
lc e
wa r m
e ti
he oof
he hi e ha r ie r
nd he
pas e r ss a t r t r a wi
s nge ' e t owa d he e r ndow.

Dee tv Clrn eGon 'itr iw wi Ter wa r c r e a dply df rt j r At
tci e ae c is n eve t ry s e o d d n a e o he u y.
h
frt Ter a mitdt theh ds o e wi S o e a o to tiigmaiu n .Ho ve, ry
is, ry d te ha a p k n t t k s b u bann r a a we r Ter
h
j
qui kl m odi hi sor sai t tToby Dowdy wast plr ha e . Te r t n saed t t
c y
fed s t y, t tng ha
he zc s r
ry he t t ha
neiherhe norDo d had a f rherco ac wih St s Deeci sbega q si ng Te r
t
w y
ny u t
nt t t oke . t tve
n ue toni
ry
r r ng St ke 'pho r or ,a t f ctt tTe r s phone' geol a i da a r ve l d a
ega di
o s
ne ec ds nd he a ha ry'
s
oc ton t e a e
cl e pr xi iy t t m tr r s e a ound t tme oft m tr r Te r whe c r e
os o m t o he lde c ne, r
he i
he lde . ry, n onfont d
wih li phone' l ai da a sae t tDowdy ha borowe hi phone. W he co lr nt d
t ns
s oc ton t , tt d ha
d r d s
n rf o e
w ih t Exxon s we la e f t ge,Te r sa e t tD ow d ha t ke t w hie M a da 626.
t he
ul il nc oo a
r y t t d ha
y d a n he t
z

3 Co ke owned a wa t prmay us r oft whie M az 6 . Te y ha no m e t ta por
r r
nd s he i r e
he t
da 26
n' d
ans o r ns t
hi ef butha us ofva i c r andhadpeo ewhowoul d i hi Hesae t tbo r ng Cor rsM a
ms l,
d e
rous a s
pl
d rve m.
ttd ha rowi
ke ' zda
wa hi Rl tr s t'i he ne d a rde,alhough he ha boro d t c i t pa t Alo,Te r lf s ve a
s s as e or' f
ede
i
t
d r we he ar n he s. s
ry et e r l
s
choolm ae i si t tu ashe o n ca pool wih Co ke t a tnd ca s a Danvil Cor
tral n he r nk,
Re r ed t r r o te ls es t
le mnuniy Cole
t
lge.
Te di notha aco oft M az ske f hi ef a whe que tone by polce hecoul nota tcul e
ny d
ve py he
da' ys or ms l, nd
n si d
i,
d
ri at
how fe nty heha boro e t c r
rque l
d r w d he a .

La e t tda De e tve Da d W hily i e viwe Te r Te r a itd t tDowdy
t r ha y, t c i
vi
te nt r e d ry. ry dm te ha
wa noti ve butc am e t tChrsophe Ha s ha borowe t c a phone a 9:
s
nvol d,
l i d ha
it r ye d r d he ar nd
t 50
P. . Te r sa e t tHa r t ne t ve ce a phone a ound mi ni t w ih Dwa
M
ry t t d ha yes eur d he hi l nd
r
d gh , t
yne
Pr t,J .a a pas e r D e ec i W hil no i e Te r t xtng upon e e i t i t r i w
uit r s
s nge . t tve
tey t c d r y e i
nt r ng he n e v e

r ,a polc lt r obti d t mes a . Te r s txt i t ced Cor r on wha t t l
oom nd i e a e
a ne he
s ges
ry' e s nsnz t
ke
t o el
polc andt dhert l a wih t M a be or polc c d s a c i.
ie,
ol
o e ve t he zda f e ie oul e r h t
Atti ,Ha st tfed t the ha r m aned a hi gilre shous on 60 Elz be h St
ral ye esii ha
d e i
t s rfi nd'
e
2 ia t
f t e ie ni t of Aprl6,2011. He d d t xtTer ar und 7 or 8 P. .f a o e of
or he ntr gh
i
i e
ry o
M or n unc

mai n ,b tTe r ' p ie wa t o h g Se ea oh r c ro o ae Ha e ,tsi n .
r ua a u ry s rc s o ih. v r l t e s o r b rtd y s etmo y4
j
Durng polc que to ng,Ha s de ed knowi Te r de e borowi ave c ea orcel
i
i e si ni
ye ni
ng ry, nid r ng
hi l nd/ l
phone fom Te r a de e kilng St .
r
r y, nd ni d li
okes
On Aprl11 2011,Lt Ea e c e as co s a c wa r ntf rt whie M a da 626,
i ,
. nes xe ut d e nd e r h r a o he t
z
no i d a r d san on t foor r a obt ne a a to ls b. For nsc e r Ti
tce
e ti
he l boa d, nd ai d n ddii na wa
e i xpe t m
M cclle de ope a DNA pr ie of St s a we la pr ie of t Aprl8 a Aprl
tr vel d
otl
oke , s l s ofl s he
i nd
i
s bs Thet s bsm ac St ke 'pr ie a ea h ge tcm a ke .M ccl et si d t ta
wa .
wo wa
t hed o s ofl t c nei r r
ur e tûe ha n
unr lt d pe s ha ng t e DNA c r trsi wa a l a tasunlkey asone i sx- nd- ea e r on vi hos
ha ace itcs s t e s
i l
n i a a
hafbilo
l lin.
On Aprl 1 2011,De e tve W hily e c e a s a c wa r nt of Te r s hom e
i 4,
tci
te xe ut d
e rh ra
r y'
.
Ofi e s dico r d a se m c e ne ,s l wih gr e plntm a e i ,baggis wih gr n pl t
fc r s ve e
t a l a r caes t e n a
t ral
e t ee an
m a e i ,a Ta s gun bag,a a fr a cl a ng l . De ec i Epps l t rt s ii d t tt gt
t ral
unl
nd i e nn e ni dt t tve
a e e tt e ha he m
cl ani e pm e w a pr rf a . c i w e pon. The gr en pl ntm a e i li t ba es
e ng qui nt s ope or 40 alber a
e
a
t r a n he ggi

4Tesi y e t ihed t tHaye was wih hi gil end, as wel a Da d Dab ,J me Smih,a
ha
s
t s rgi
tmon sabls
l s vi
bs a s t nd
Dwa Pr t,J .
yne uit r

4

tse n g t l f r maiu n . Th se m ce n r wa s n t t f rn i lb wh r
e td e ai y o rj a a
ve
e tn la e s e t o he o e sc a , ee
t c c a f undt pr e eofbl butc d notc e t a DNA pr e.
e hnii ns o
he es nc
pod,
oul
rae
osl
M a z Pa tr on,Te r s dit tr ltve by m a rage wa a i a e a ong wih Te r
r us te s
ry' san e ai
ri , s n nm t l
t ry

on Nove r29,2011. Pat r o a ke Te r i he ha l l t gil Te r r ponded s ve a
mbt
te s n s d ry f
d dled he r. ry es
e rl
tm e w ih 1 f ke up, c ' Pa t r on t s ii d ag ns Te y be us he w a f i nds w ih
i s t $ ' d
I uc
uz.
' te s e tfe
ai t n' ca e
s re
t

St ke 'hus nd. Pa tr on a s ts ii t Te r ne r de e kilng St s o y t the
o s
ba
te s lo e tfed hat ry ve nid li
oke , nl ha
t
houghtt e de e a i thi wa t we k f a c c i
he vi nc gans m s oo a or onviton.
On Nove be 6, 201 Te r s ht t s es t Aprl 8 s b bec us 1 w
m r
2, ry oug o uppr s he
i
wa
a e a

e ore ntha omitdt s bfom t warntsi nt yi vi ai ofVa Codej 1 2nf c me d te he wa r he ra ' nve or n olton
.
9.
67. He as a ke t co tt s es t Aprl 11 s b e n t h no vi a i ha
lo s d he ur o uppr s he
i
wa ve houg
olton d
oc ure Furhe ,Te r a g d t tt s a c wa r nt f t M a 626 we e i ld. The
c r d.
t r ry r ue ha he e r h r a s or he zda
r nvai

Cic i Co r o te Ciy o Dmwi e d ne te moin b c us ( )t e o sin o a ie
rut u t f h t f
l e id h to s e a e 1 h miso f n tm
l
fo awa r n m a vi at a saut ,butdoe no r s ti e de e e uson unl s t sa e
rm
r a t y ol e t t e
s t e ul n vi nc xcl i
e s he t mt

pr desf e l i orac tt i lvi ai occzs ( t Aprl11s bwa pr r a
ovi or xcuson,
onsiutona olton lr,2) he i wa s ope, nd

( )Ter h dnosa dngt o j c t t s a c o t eM a d .
3 ry a
tn i o be t o he e rh f h z a
A j r f u d Ter g it o frtd g e mt d ra d u eo afr am i tec mmiso
u y o n ry u l f is- e re l e n s f ie r n h o sin
y
r
o a mu d r a d b s d o t s mee i e c , h p e ii j d e smutn o sy f u d Te
f
r e, n a e n he a v d n e t e r sdng u g i la e u l o n ny
guit ofpos es i ofa fr a m by acon c e f l On Dec mber1 201 t cr ui c t
ly
s son
ie r
vit d eon.
e
4, 2, he ic t our

j d es n e c dTer t lf i rs n n , l a a dto a tny a s5
u g e tn e ry o ie mp io me tpus n d i n l e e r .
i
Te r a al t ti co tsde a ofhi m oton t s es aswelast s t inc
ry ppe ed he ral ur' nil
s i o uppr s
l he ufk e y
oft e de e,butt Cour ofAppe l ofVigni de e t pe ii on Augus 28 201
he vi nc
he
t
as
r i a ni d he tton
t , 3.
A fe t t Ter y a a e t t Supr m e Cour of V igi a but t c tr f e t he r t
t r ha , r ppe l d o he
e
t
r ni ,
he our e us d o a he

5Th Da vl j r s g etd lf i rs n n frte frtd g e mud rc n it n a fv y as
e n il uy u g se ie mp io me t o h is-e re re o vci , nd ie e r
e
o
i rsn n fru eo afram i tec mmiso o amud r Th crutc u tflo dtejr ss g eto ,
mp io me t o s f ie r n h o s in f re . e ic i o r olwe h uy' u g sin
a adde fvemor yeasf rpos e son o atr a m by ac ce f on.
nd
di
e r o ssi f -er
t
onvitd el

5

r ue t on M a c 7,201 Te r t fl d a peii f r a wrt of ha s c pus wih t
eq s
rh
4. ry hen ie
tton o
i
bea or
t he
Supr me Cour ofVig ni butt c tde ed r le on J nua y 6,201 Lasl Te r tld
e
t
r i a,
he our ni ei f
a r
6.
ty, r y ie
t spe ii f r a wrtofha asc pus o Fe ua y 11 201 wih t s m e c am sashi sae
hi tton o
i
be or
n br r , 6 t he a
li
s tt
ha as
be :

A.The tilc u ter d i r ln t a ( )t e p tto e lc e sa dng t
ra o r re n uig h t 1 h eiin r a k d tn i o
c n e t s ac o ave il a d ()t ee i e c wa a misbe
o ts a e rh f hce n 2 h v d n e s d si l.
B. Theti lc te e i de ng pettone ' moton t srke
ra our n'd n nyi
ii rs i o ti .

C.Co n e wa ief ci ef r( )f iigt mo et etilc u t o s p r s
u s l s n fe tv o 1 aln o v h ra o r t u p e s
ilg lys ie e ie ea d ()f i n t c alng t esa c warn .
le al ez d vd nc n 2 al g o h l e h e rh ra t
i
e
D . Co elwa i fe tve f f lng t move t t l c tt s e s
uns
s ne f c i or aii o
he da our o uppr s
e de obt ne by a unl wf s a c wa r nt
vi nce ai d
n a ul e r h r a .
E. Co e wa i fe tve f f lng t move t ti l c tt s e s
uns l s ne f c i or aii o
he ra our o uppr s

e d n es ie fo t peiin rsrsd nc ( )b fii t c alng
vie c ez d r m he t o e ' e ie e 1 y al o h l e
t
ng
e
t es ac warn s p rigt es ac o hi r sd n e ( )b fiigt
h e rh ra t u po t h e rh f s e i e c , 2 y al o
n
n
c le t peii r sdee i dlrng t s a ch ofhi r sde e a
hal nge he ttone ' tnton zi he e r
s e i nc , nd

()by fii t c lnget s iur ofGg e n plntmaeil'fom hi
3
alng o hale he ez e lr e a
tra' r
s
r sde .
e i nce
F. Cou e wasi fe tve duet a c lc ofi e e t
ns l
ne f c i
o onfit nt r s .
G. Co e wa i fe tve f smula ousy r pr s n i a ci ntwih a
uns l s ne f c i or i tne l e e e tng le
t n
a r ei e e tt t pe ii r
dve s nt r s o he ttone .

H.() Co s lwa ief ci f rfiig t o j c o mo e f ra mitil
1 un e s n fe tve o aln o b e t r v o
sra
whe t ve r s i t y woul notfnd t peii rt tg ly' i t
n he nie a d he
d
i he ttone ç uit ' f he
no
Comm o a1h f ie t m e tisbur a f f ii t r s t i s
nwe t a ld o e t
den nd or a lng o aie he s ue

o a p a. ()Pei o e ' rg tt afi til svo ae wh nt ev nie
n p e l 2 tt n rs ih o ar ra wa iltd e h e r
i
s d t y woul notfnd t pe ii
ai he
d
he ttonerç otguit 'i t Commonwe 1h
t
n
ly' f he
at
f ie t m e tt i bur n.
al d o e her de
1 The ti c te r d i f ii t a nts tt e c
.
ral our re n a lng o ppoi ubsiut ouns lt a s t
e o dvie he
pe ii ne r ga di awave ofa c lc ofi t r t
tto r e r ng
i r
onti t n e es.

J ( )Co n e wa iefcie f rfiig t o j c t t e c mpee c o a
. 1 u s l s n fe tv o aln o be t o h o tn y f
wines f t Commo alh,a ( t peii rs dght t due
t s or he
nwe t nd 2) he ttone '
o
p o e s wa viltd b c u s ls fi e t o j c t t wi s '
r c s s oae y o n e' al o b e t o he t s
ur
ne
com pet
ency.

K.Co n e wa i efcie ( )f rf i n t o j c t tt e Co n at
u s l s n fe tv 1 o al g o be t ha h mmo we lh
i
dd n tetb ih ap o rc i o c so y f ra c l p nea d ()f r
i o sa lj r pe han f u t d o el ho n 2 o
f ii t i a h a de e tve wih i onsse tt si o r ga di who
a lng o mpe c
tci
t nc it n e tm ny e r ng
s z d t pe ii r s c l phone.
ei e he ttone ' e l
Re po n m ove t dim isTe scli sa pr e laly ba r d a orwiho m e i,
s nde t
s o s s ny' am s oc dtr l re nd/
t ut rt
a Te r ha r ponded t t m oton.
nd r y s es
o he
i
I.
I

Exha ton and Pr e alD e aul
us i
oc dur
f t
6

çA)fd rlc u tma n tg a tawrto h b a c r st apeiin ri saec td
t e ea o r y o rn
(
i f a e s opu o tto e n tt uso y
unl st pe ii rhasfrte use hi saer medisby pr e i hi cai st t hi s
es he ttone
is xha t d s tt e
e
es ntng s l m o he ghe t

sae c u t' Ba e v Co c rn, 2 0 F.d 2 6 2 8 ( t Ci. 2 0 ) (ii 28 U..
tt o r.
'
k r . ro a 2 3 7 , 8 4h r 0 0 ctng
SC.
j2 5 ( )1;O' u l n v.Bo r k l 5 6 U. 8 8 8 8 ( 9 9 To me tt e h u to
2 4 b ( ) S li
va
e c e, 2 S. 3 , 4 1 9 :.
e he x a sin
r quieme ,a pe ii rt tha pr s nt t t sa ecour bo h t ope a i f c sa t
e r nt
ttone t
mus ve e e ed o he tt
t t he r tve a t nd he

c nr lig lg lp icpls' Ka iv Ang ln ,3 0 F.d48 ,5 1 0 (t Ci.2 0 )(ne a
o tol e a rn i e . s . eo e 0 3 7 0 -2 4 h r 0 2 itm l
n
'
q oain maksa d ctto o te ) & cam t a h sno be nprs ne t t h g s sae
u tto r n iain mitd . $ li h t a t e e e td o he ihet tt
A
c tne rhe e sma bete t d a e use i i i cea t tt c am w o d be pr e zaly
our ve t l s y
r a e s xha t d f t s l r ha he l i
ul
oc dlr l
ba r d unde sa elw i t pe ii ra tm p e t pr s nti t t sa ec t' Ba r 220F.
re
r t t a f he ttone te t d o e e t o he t t our.' ke ,
3d

a 2 8(iigGr yv Neh ra d 5 8U. 1 2 1 ( 9 6)
t 8 ctn a . teln , 1 S. 5 , 61 1 9 ).
Te r ha e
r y s xhause t a ia e sae c tr m e es f r e ch of hi f de alc am s
t d he valbl t t our e di o a
s e r li

b c u e h h s et r çary p e e te ) hs cam t t sae s hg e t c u t o ç sae
e a s e a i % il rs n ld i li o he tt' ih s o r' r ç tt
he f
' a
pr dur l r e wo d ba c i r ton i t c am wa . ..pr e e t t sa e c t'
oce a ul
ul r onsde ai f he l i
s
es nt d o he tt our.
'

M ate v.Ev t,1 5 F.d 9 7,91 (t Ci.1 9 ) o er ld o ohe gomd b U. v.
th ws
a' 0 3 0
t
1 4h r 9 7 , v rue n t r r t s y S.
Banet,6 4 F.d 1 2 ( t Ci. 1 ) Ter sd rc a p a i fn la a y a dto a sae
r te 4 3 9 4h r 20 1 . ry' ie t p e l s i a nd n d iin l tt
ha a a ton woul be pr du al de a t d bo h unde Vigi a' saut oflmia i ,Va.
be s c i
d
oce r ly f ule t
r r ni s t t e i ttons

Co j 80 r 4( ( ) a d Vign ass c e sv pei o sa e Va Co e j 8016 4 B)2 .
de .165 A)2 , n r ii ' u c sie t in tmt. . d . - 5 ( ()
t
Cli st ta e p oc dur l ba r d unde sa e lw a e ba r d fo f de a ha sr viw u es
am ha r r e aly re
r t t a r re r m e r l bea e e nl s

Ter c n d mo srt c u e f rte d futa p eu ie fo t c n t uina er r o a
ry a e n tae a s o h ea l nd rj dc rm he o si to l ro, r
t
mic rig o j sie Ba e , 20F.da 28 ; a 51 U.. t1 2
s ara e f u tc . k r 2 3 t 8 Gry, 8 S a 6 .
Cli A i p o e u al bardb S o v. wel4 8U. 4 5( 9 6 , e a s G e e
am s r c d r l re y tne Po l, 2 S. 6 1 7 ) b c u e ç r
y
wh
t St t ha pr ded a o
he a e s ovi
n ppor niy f rf l a f i ltga i ofa Fourh Am e m e cam ,
t o ' l nd a r ii ton
u
t
nd nt l i
t Consiuton doe no r r t ta sae prs
he
tt i
s t equie ha t t ionerbe g a e f de a ha sco pusr le on
r nt d e r l bea r
e if

7

t go
he r und t t e de e o ane i a unc tt i na s a c or s i e wa i r
ha vi nc bt i d n n
onsiuto l e r h
ezur
s ntoduce a
d t

til 6 I . t482 Ge rly tev d n eo tie b poieo fc r i vilto o t F u t
ra. d a
neal,ç j i e c b an d y lc fies n oain f he o rh
g
''

.

Am e e i e l d a ti li t ho t tt fe nc off t r vi ai nswilde r s '
ndm nt s xcude t ra n he pe ha he r que y u u e ol to
l c ea e.
'
1 a 49 Forha aspeii ,çc rbuton,i a oft co i r ton ofs a c a s i tr
d. t 2.
be
ttons çonti i f ny, he nsde a i
e r h- nd-e zle
c am sofsa eprs r on co lt r lr viw i s li r lton t t coss' I a 493.
li
tt ione s
la e a e e s mal n ea i o he t . d. t
'
Te r alege t t 1w e or e e o fcal vi a e hi Fourh Amendme rght by
r y l d ha a nf c m nt fi i s olt d s
t
nt i s

s ac i gt Ma d , n t rf r t etilc u terdb h l igt t()Te h dn sa dn
e rh n he z a a d heeo e h ra o r re y o dn ha 1 ny a o tn ig

t o j c t t es ac ,a d ( )tee d n ewa a misbe we r te So e d crn bas
o b e t o h e r h n 2 h vie c s d si l.Ho ve, h tn o tie r
Cl m A fom f de a hab s r e bec us Te r wa ofe e a f l a f i o > niy t
ai
r
e r l ea eviw
a e r y s f r d u l nd ar ppo
t o

ltg t t s cams ( )t tilc u th l a h ai o Ter smo in t s p r s,( )t e
i ae he e li : 1 he ra o r ed e rng n ry' to o u p e s 2 h
i
Co r o Ap e l o Vigni a ay e Ter ' cam d n v a d fu n v oain a d ()te
u t f p as f r i a n lz d ry s li e o o n o nd o i lto , n 3 h
Supr m e Cour ofVig ni r vi we t cli . Thus Cl i A i ba r d fom f r lha as
e
t
r i a e e d he am
, am
s re r
ede a be
r eW .
eV1

Addii l i Te r s sae ha aspeii t Supr me Co tofVigi a f md t t
tonaly, n ry' t t be
tton, he
e
ur
r ni ot ha
po tons of Cl m F a Cli H,a t e tr t of Cli I a e pr e aly ba e unde
ri
ai
nd a m
nd he n iey
am
r oc dur l n'd
r

S a tn v Parc n 21 Va 27 2 5 S. 2 6 0 ( 9 4 ,c r.d ne 41 U. 1 0 ( 9 5 .
lyo . ria , 5 . , 0 E.d 8 1 7 ) e t e id, 9 S. 1 8 1 7 )
Sl yt i a a qua e a i pe nt sae pr e al r e t t pr cl
a on s n de t nd nde nde t t oc dur ul ha e udes f r l ha a
ede a be s
r viw whe a pettone c d ha r ie a i s a ti and on a a butf ie t do s
e e
n
ii r oul ve as d n s ue t ral
ppe l
al d o
o.

Fih rv. y ln ,1 3F.d 8 5 8 4 (t Ci.1 9 ) I Cli F, ryfie t riet is
s e An eo e 6 3 3 , 4 4h r 9 8 . n am Ter ald o as he sue
t tt ti lco te r d be a e t c ts d ha a
ha he r a ur r e
c us he our houl ve ppoi ed a he a t r y;i Cl i H ,
nt not r to ne n a m
6I St ,t Supr Cour ea ae upont rtonal f lmii t uson i ha speii :
n one he
eme
t lbor td
he a i e or i tng xcl i n bea ttons
A cam of ilgals a c a s zu e u
li
le
e r h nd ei r ndert Fourh Ame
he
t
ndme i c ucal dif r 9om
nt s r ily feent
ma ot rc tt i rght;o di rl t e de s ze ca i no wayha be n r nde e
ny he onsiutonal i s r na iy he vi nce ei d n n
ve e e r d
untusworhy by t mea ofiss zur and i d oAe t se de al e tbls sbe
r t t
he ns t ei e
ndee
n hi vi nce one sa ihe yond
vit l a do tt tt defndanti guit
rualy ny ub ha he e
s ly.
428 U. a 490. The Supr me Cou tc i d:Er dipa iy ...bewe n t e r c
S. t
e
r ontnue t he s rt
t e he ror ommit by t polc
ted
he ie

o fcra tewidal fo d dag iyd fn a tb a piaino te(x l in r)r l i c nrr t t ie
fie nd h n flafr e ul ee d n y p lcto f h e cuso ay ue s o tay o he d a
t
o p o rin lyt tse snilotec n e o j tc . l.
f rpoto ai ha i se ta t h o cpt fusie' d
t
'
8

Ter fie t riet eis et a tetil o r erdi p r tigba e jlo st h a h sc s ;
ry ald o as h su h t h ra c u t re n e mit is d t r o e r i a e
n
r
a d i Cli 1 Ter fie t riet is e t a t tilc u terdwh n( )tec u t ald
n n am , ry ald o as he su s h t he ra o r re e 1 h o r fie
t a nts tt e c
o ppoi ubsiut ouns lt ad s Te y o whehe he s ul wave c ms ls c lc of
e o vi e n' n
t r
ho d i ot e ' onfit

i ee t a ( be a e t c tpemit t publc de e rs ofie t wihdr fom
ntrs, nd 2) c us he our r ted he
i f nde ' fc o t aw r
r pr s ntng t Co monwe lh' wine s i t a of r quii t ofi t wihdr w fom
e e e i he m
a t s t s nse d
e rng he fce o t a r

rp e e tn Té r . Ter f i t s o c u e f rt s d fu t,o a mic ig o j sie
e rs n ig ry ry al o h w a s o hee ea ls r
s
s r a e f u tc .
The ef e t c tg a st r s
r or , he our r nt he e ponde ' moto t dim ist s pa t o Cl i sF,H,and I
nts
in o s s he e rs f am
a pr e aly ba r d fom f de a ha asr vi w.
s oc dur l r e r e r l be e e
11
1.

St ndar o R e e
a
ds f vi w

To obt i f de alha sr le ,Tely mus de onsr t t he i tn c t i vi a i
an e r bea e if '
r
t m ta e hat s s usody n olton
i

o t e Co ttto o lwso te te o t Untd S ae . 28U.. j 2 5 ( Und r28
f h nsi in r a r r ais f he ie tts'
u
'
SC. 2 4 $.
e
U. C. 2 5 ( h we e, h f d rlh b a c u t yno g a tawrto h be sc r u b sd
S. j 2 4 *, o v r t e e ea a e s o r ma t rn
i f a a op s a e

o a y cam t tasaec u t e ie o t meisu ls ta a j iain:
n n li ha tt o r d cd d n he rt ne s h t dudc to
()Reule i a de son t t wa c tay t o i ved a ume s bl
1 s td n
cii ha s onrr o, r nvol
n
a ona e
a i a i of c e ry esa ihed Fe r l w,asde e mi d by t Supr m e
pplc ton , l a l t bls
de al a
t r ne
he
e
Co toft U nie St t s or
ur
he t d a e ;

( )Reu td i ad cso ta wa b sd o a u ra o a l d tr naino t
2 s le n e iin h t s a e n n n e s n b e eemi to f he
f t i lghtoft e de epr e e i t Stt co tpr ee ng.
acs n i
he vi nc es ntd n he a e ur oc di

28 U. C.j 2 5 d ;s eas W i imsv.Ta lr 5 9 U. 3 2 40 -3 ( 0 0 . ç h r,a
S.
2 4( ) e lo l n
l
y o , 2 S. 6 , 3 1 2 0 ) ç ee s
W
he e t sae c tsa ia i ofgove ni f de a lw i c lnge i m us be s wn t be
r , he t t our' pplc ton
r ng e r l a s hale d, t t ho o
'
n to l er ne u , u o j ciey u ra o a l.7 Yaborouch v Ge tv 5 0U..1 5( 0 3 .
o ny ro o s b t b e tv l n e s n b e' r
nr, 4 S , 2 0 )
.

Un e t i sa d r ,Ga saec u tsd tr n to t a a cam lc smei p e ld sfd r l
d r h s tn ad t q tt o r' eemiain h t li a k lt r cu e e ea
g

h b a r l fs ln a fi- nd dj dssc ul a re o t e c re t e s o t sae c u ts
a e s ei o o g s armi e u t o d g e n h o rcn s f he tt o r'
e
decson. Hari ronv. c er 562U. 86,1 ( 1 (mit i ena quotto )
ii ' rnkt Riht ,
'
S. 01 201 ) o ti ntr l ains.
ng
'çA) u r a o a l a pl ain o fd rllw i difrn fo a ic re ta piain o fd rllw.
' n n e s n be p i to f e ea a s fee t rm n n o r c p lc t f e ea a '
(
c
o
'
Wil ms 5 9U.. t41 (iigWrc tv Wet5 5U.. 7 , 3 (9 2 )(mp a i i o iial
la , 2 S a 0 ct
i
n ih . s, 0 S 2 7 2 7 1 9 ) e h ss n rgn l9

Un e j 2 4 * ,t tt-o r d cso s g t b gv n t e be ek o t e d u t'
d r 25 4 s aec u t e iin musj e i e h n f f h o b '
s
W o d o d v.Vico t 5 7 U. 1 ,2 ( 0 2 . Ad iin l ,j 2 44) ç ees o y t a
o fr
s iti 3 S. 9 4 2 0 )
,
dto al
y
25 d t fr nl o
r

ç e iiny whih rs td fo a %du iain,'a d d e n t çe ure a sae n o
d cso ' c eul r m n a j dc to ' n o s o l q igq ttme t f
e
'
r
r a ons ' H a i t 562 U . a 98.
es .
' n- on,
ng
S. t

Furhe ,f cai ofi uf e e de e,f de a c ursc n o y gr ntha sr le çi
t r or l ms ns fcint vi nc e r l o t a nl a
bea ei f tf
ii f
t s ound t tupo t r or e de e a
ha
n he ec d vi nc dduce a t tilno r tona tiroff c co d ha
d t he ra
a i l re
a t ul ve

fun p o fo g lbe o dar a o bed u t' J c o v Vizn a 4 3U. 3 7, 2 (9 9 .
o d r o f ui y n e s na l o b ' a ks n . r ii, 4 S. 0 3 4 1 7 )
t
Te r alo r s s ca ms ofi fe tve as it e of c
ry s aie li
ne f c i
ssanc
ouns l To sa e a c tt i l
e.
tt
onsiutona
cai f i f c i as it e Te l m us s ts y t t pr Sd c a v.W a hi t t s
l m or nefe tve ssanc , ry
t a if he wo- ong
klnd
s ng on e t

b s o n () Gh t c un e' p ro ma c wa d sce t' a d ( Sh t t d fce t
y h wig 1 t a o s ls e fr n e s e in ' n 2) i a he e in
t
t

p ro ma c p eu ie t d f n e' 4 6 U. 66 ,6 6 6 7 ( 98 ) A p tto e mus
ef r n e rj dc d he e e s . 6 S. 8 8 - 8 1 4 .
'
ei n r t
i
ove co e $a s r pr um pt o 't tc
r m ç tong es
i n' ha ouns ls t c i alde s ons d i t r pr e a i w e e
e ' a tc
ci i
ur ng he e es nt ton r

ra o a y c mpee t a d t c u tma a j dg c u s lspef r n ed sce to l wh n a
e s n bl o tn , n he o r y du e o n e' ro ma c e in ny e
pe ii r de
ttone monsr t s t tln lghtofal t cr umsa e ,t i ntse a t or o isons
ta e ha ç i
i
l he ic tnc s he de i d c s
m si
we e o sdet wi r
r ut i he de angeofpr e sonal c
of s i ly ompe e a ssa e.' l . a 689- 8
t nt s it nc ' d t
90.
The c tmus de r le i pe ii rf ist esa ih eihe oft Stil nd pr .
our
t ny ei f f ttone a l o t bls t r he rcda
ongs
Eve i Te r c n e t bls de i int pe f m a e t r t s hi sa r r i r m ans
n f ry a sa ih fce
ror nc mde hi gh t nda d, elef e i
unav l e unl s he a s s
aiabl
es
lo hows a ç e s bl pr biiy' t t butf c els e r s t
t a ona e oba lt ' ha ,
r
or ouns ' r or, he

outome of t pr e ng woul ha be n difr nt J. a 694- Addii l whe
c
he oc edi
d ve e fee . . t
1
L
95.
tonaly, n
r vi l i a St i kl nd c ai unde t AEDPA ,t cour ' r vi w i t
e e ng
rc a l m
r he
he
ts e e s ç
doubl 'def r nta . See
y' e e i l

Ha nlon,562 U. a 105. Lasl Ean at ne sfiur t r s a me ils aglme t (
ni
S. t
ty,lll tor y' al e o aie
rte s r z n q
ca
nnotf r t ba i ofa s e s uli f e tve a s s a e ofc m s lc a m be a e t r ul of
o m he s s
ucc s f ne f c i s i t nc
ot e l i
c us he es t

8'r Si h Am e e gua a ee r s bl c pee e n t reta v c c j d e wi teb nek
d he xt
ndm nt r nt s ea ona e om tnc , o pefc d o a y u g d t h e f
h
ofhi i 'Y abo ough,540U . a 8.
ndsght' r r
S. t

10

t pr ee ngwoul no ha be n dif r thadt a tr r ie t is ' Unie St t v.
he oc di
d t ve e fe en
he to ney a s d he s ue.
' t d aes

Ki e'1 7 F.d 8 9 8 3 (t Ci.1 9 ) s eas M o r v. ie S ae ,9 4 F.S p 7 4,
mlr 6 3 8 , 9 5h r 9 9 ; e lo o e Untd tts 3
,
u p. 2
731( D.Va 1 .
E. . 996)
I .
V

M er t ofCl m s
is
ai

Fis,e n i Cli A we e no defuled,i i wihoutme i. The Fo t Ame m e
rt ve f a m
r t a t ts t
rt
urh
nd nt
sa e çf erghtoft peo et be s c e i t rpe s ns hous s pape s and e f c s a i t
tt s:t ' i
-h
he pl o
e ur n hei r o ,
e,
r,
fe t, gans
unr s na e s a c s a s iur ,s l notbe vi aed,a no W a r nt s lis ,butupon
ea o bl e r he nd ez es hal
ol t nd
r a s hal s ue
pr
obabl c e. U. Cons. a e 1
e aus '
'
S.
t m nd. V. The Fo t Ame e pr t t vitm s of
urh
ndm nt o ecs c i

unr s nabl s a c
ea o e e r hes a s i ur s by e l ng ilga l obt i d e de e f o c i i l
nd e z e
xcudi le ly
ane vi nc r m rm na

p o e dng . Untd S ae v Caa d a 41 U. 3 8 ( 9 4 . Ho v r Fo rh Ame d n
r c e i s ie tts . ln r , 4 S. 3 1 7 ) we e , u t
n me t
pr t c i r uie t vi a i ofa c tt i na rgh ;Ghe ei no e usona y r l ge r ly
o e ton eq r s he olton
onsiuto l i t G r s
t
xcl i r u e ne al

a i bl t sa or vi ains' Unie Sttsv.Clr y,631F. 658,667 ( h Ci.2011
pplca e o tmt y olto .
' td ae
eme
3d
4t r
)

(uoigUntdS ae v. d , 3F.d5 7 5 6( t Ci. 0 6)
q tn ie tts Ab i46 3 4 , 5 6h r 2 0 ).
ForCli A,t sa etilc tf undt tTe r lcke sa ng t c le e t s r h
am
he t t ra our o
ha ry a d t ndi o ha lng he ea c

oft M a bec us he di notown t ve cl ha no pe s lc rke ,a wasm anl a
he zda a e
d
he hi e, d
r ona a ys nd
iy

pa s r t r f e,he ha no r s na e e c ai n of prvac Al o,Te r c ede t
s enge ; he e or
d
ea o bl xpe t to
i y. s
ry onc d he
vai t oft s ar h wa r nt d i t til The c tta r e wih t Co tofAppe l of
ldiy
he e c
ra s urng he ra .
otr g e s t he ur
as

Vign asa ayss çf ev ldt o tewarn s e e uin i t h le e , a d snc s -er q
r ii' n l i:ç' aiiy f h ra t' x c to s mc alng d' n i e çl ry
-h
'
gc nnotc am t ta s r h c
a
l i ha ea c onduc e pur ua t avai wa r ntvi a e hi Fo t Ame e t
t d s nt o
ld r a olt d s urh
ndm n
ri s. . . we ne d note ge i a anayss t a c r t twa l wf l s a c d.9 ' er v.
ght
.
e
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Co n at No 0 8 - 3 3 a 4 ( . . p. . , 3 ( No.1 .) TheFo rh
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(9 7 a ayi wa u n c say Ter lc e ara o bee p cain o p i c hi F u t Ame me trg s
1 6 ) n lss s n e es r. ry a k d e sna l x etto f rvay; s o rh nd n iht
we enoti i td;ands t e usonay r edi no a y.
r
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11

obt i ng s ar h wa r nt ba ed on pr bl c us The e l i r r e doe no s es
ani e c
ra s s
oba e a e.
xcusona y ul
s t uppr s
lgaly obt i e d e. Furhe ,Te s a gum e t tt f l e t pr pe l i ve or t
e l
aned vi enc
t r ny' r
nt ha he aiur o o ry n nt y he
fr tDNA s b s d ha r s t d i t s e so o t te de i i ore t
is
wa houl ve e ule n he uppr s i n f ha vi nce s nc r c :
W hie vi ai nsofsae pr e alsaut sa eviwe wih dif vor...net r
l olto
tt oc dm tt e r e d t s a
ihe
t Vigi a Supr m e Cour no t l gilt e hasado e an e usona y r l
he r ni
e
t r he e sa ur
pt d
xcl i r u e

f rs hvi ai ...(nd t Vigi aSupr meCo tha c itntyde lne
o uc oltons a j he r ni
e
ur s onsse l ci d
q

t i
o mpos a e l i r r e whe e no de i ton of t def nts
e n xcusona y ul
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I

Th mp o v.Co n at ,1 Va Ap .1 7 1 2,3 0 S. 2d 1 8 2 ( 9 0 (i to s
o sn
mmo we lh 0 . p 1 , 2 9 E. 9 , 01 1 9 ) ct in
a
r mo e ) Re a de s f d rlha e sc u t d n tg a tr le ç a e o ab l ft ttetil
e v d . g r ls , e ea b a o rs o o rn eif d s d n ei ha h ra
b
e

j d e i o rcl i tprt d t e Ett' e i e c c d q'u ls te mitk % o ifce te
u g nc re ty ne ee h saes v d n e o e ' ne s h sa e s n e td h
s
e tr tilt a t e rs lig c n ito vo ae E Co si in . Esel v.M c r,5 2
nie ra h t h e utn o vcin ilts t
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U. 6 ,7 ( 9 1 . No c nsi to a v oain o c re h r ;t ee o e te c u tg a t t e
S. 2 2 1 9 )
o t u in l i lto c u rd ee h r fr , h o r r ns h
t
m otont dimi sast Cl i A .
i o s s
o am

I Cl m B,Te r a g s t tt ti c te r d i de ng hi moton t srke. Hi
n ai
ry r ue ha he ral our re n nyi
s
i o ti
s
c e i n i me il s . At ti , Te y, t r h c
ont nto s rte s
ral n' h oug ouns l s
e , ought t s e s s ve a ie s
o uppr s e r l t m
obt ne puruantt s a c wa r nt,i udi pl ma e i ,t t it d DNA s b,a t
ai d s
o e r h r a s ncl ng; ant t ral he mlse
wa nd he
lse DNA s b. Te r c am st tt s a c s vi a e no o y Vigi a lw,but as hi
it d
wa
ry l i ha he e r he olt d t nl r ni a
lo s

Fourh a Fo te h Am e e rght,be us lw e or me f ie t ls t tr tDNA
t nd ure nt
ndm nt i s ca e a nf ce nt al d o it he s s
s a i t s r h w a r nt s i nt y. H ow e r t ti lco the d t tt e l i r r e
w b n he ea c
r a ' nve or
ve , he r a ur l ha he xc us ona y ul
di not a y unl s a vi aton of Te r s c tt i l rght occ z e a t t 1w
d
ppl
es
ol i
r y' onsiutona i s
u r d, nd ha a
e or em e ' s a ut r vi a i r ga di t unls e DN A s a di notl a nt't i e iy
nf c nt s t t o y ol ton e r ng he it d
w b d
G i ' he nt grt
t
o t ot r s a c s 1 W ih no pr o a co tm tonalvi a i of e e by Te r and b0t
f he he e r he . 0
t
oof f
ns i i
ol ton f r d
ry
h

s r h wa r t c rng t c l ci ofDNA, hetilc tad itd t e de e.
ea c
ran s ove i he ole ton
t ra our m te he vi nc

1 tL l n o lanc wih Seci 1 .25 d e n trq r s p rsin o e d n e' Tr a 6 Alo ç
0 tN o c mpi e t
ton 9 -7 o s o e uie u pe so f vie c . . t 2. s ,4
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d n ttikta (o c mpl nc wihtesaue rsst ac n tuin lsu , I. t8 ,
o o hn h tn n o i e t h tttl ie o o si to a is e' d a 8
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The Cour ofAppe s ofVigi a a fnne t c ci a t e de e a s i n:
t
al
r ni fi d he onvi ton nd he vi nc dmis o

C u fce tcr u tn ile d n ee itd f rara o a emi t c ncu e ta E erqwa
ç fiin ic msa ta vie c x se o e s n bl nd o o ld h t ' ry s
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fndi wasnota unr s na e a i to off de a l norha Te y de o tae f t t
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e u t f p as f r ii i h
e
jr
cru tnile i e c a ans Ter ,i ldng ()Ter s ug tt p rhae maiu n t t
ic msa ta v d n e g i t ry ncu i : 1 ry o h o u c s r a a ha
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n g t ()h ha c le S o e o h so ph n ,()S o e stu a d a wi Hartn ()
ih , 2 e d ald t k s n i wn o e 3 t k s e p e l t iso , 4
h
Stk s Hartn a d Te y me i tep r i g lt ( )Stk slf i tewht Ma d ,()i te
o e , iso , n n. t n h ak n o, 5 o e e tn h ie z a 6 n h
daysafe t mur r deeci s o e ve t M a a s w t tonl t r a oft c rhad
tr he
de , t tve bs r d he zda nd a ha
y he e r he a

bee ce ne ( Te r g vei nsse tsoresa who us t M a da o t ni oft
n la d, 7) ry a nco itn t i bout
ed he z n he ght he

mu d r ( )t DNA s b fo t eM a d mac e S o e , 9 Te ' h dnoc n ma l ai ,
r e, 8 he
wa s r m h z a th d t k s ( ) ny a
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bi

( 0 t e. c lb rg n ce nngktfu i Te sh me ( 1 a d as sae nsTer ma e
1 ) h 40 aie u la i i o nd n ny' o , 1 ) n lo ttme t ry d
i j i t hsdsa tc u i rg r i gh siv le n i temu d r Th rf r , h c u tg a t
n al o i itn o sn e ad n i n ov me t n h r e . ee o e t e o r r ns
t m oto t dimisa t Cl i B.
he i n o s s s o am

I Cli C, ryalg sta hstilc u s lwa ie fciefr( )fii t mo èt
n am Te r le e h t i ra o n e s n fe tv o 1 al o v he
ng
tilc tt s e s ilgal sied e de e a f ( f lng t c lnge t sarh
ra our o upprs le ly ez vi nc nd or 2) aii o hale
he e c
wa r nt Te r a g st tc uns lf ie t move t s e st s r hesofhi c l phone a
r a . ry r ue ha o e al d o
o uppr s he ea c
s el
nd
c lphone r c ds a t tt s r h wa r tf iedt d c i t pr ry t be s a c d a
el
e or , nd ha he ea c
ran a l o: es rbe he ope t o
e r he nd
t i o m a i s ug wih s fc e s cii t sa e t ofe e t whih t wa r ntwas
he nf r ton o ht t ufi i nt pe fciy, tt he f ns o
c he ra
r l t d or nn e st
ea e
m
okesast vi tm ,nn e or de c i Te r ls any r l to hi be w e n Te r
he c i
m
s rbe r y, i t
e a i ns p t e
ry
a st
nd okes m ur e ,
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or

i ude a a t c
ncl
n ta hed a fda tl cl i C s ts s ne t r t
f i vi.l
am
a i fe
ihe he

1 Te y cam st tt r cor esa ihe t tt s r wa r tw a as c le çge r ls r w ar nt'
' n' li ha he e d tbls s ha he each ran s o- ald s ne a each ra '
pr bie unde t Fourh Ame
ohi td
r he
t
ndme a t tt ofi r di no a t h a a fda tuntla trt war nts
nt nd ha he fce s d t tac n fi vi i fe he ra '
e uton. Howeve,Te y ofe sno fct t s ppo ts cams Mer y sai t ts mehi oc red doe no
xec i
r n' fr
a s o u r uch li . el ttng ha o t ng cu r
s t

13

S ro ma e' o t eç rj dc 'p o g o Stika .I hsp tto , n a pe r t atmp
ç f r nc 'n r h t eu ie' r n f rc lnd n i eiin Te y p as o te t
pe
p
t q t Va Code j 1 2- çf e warntdi notttt t r ltd ofe e i patc a,t
o uoe .
9, 56: ç' ra d
-h
sae he eae fns , n riulr o
whi h t s r h wast bec
c he ea c
o
onduc e a t om iso s lr ndert wa r tde eci a t
t d nd he s i n hal e
he ran f tve nd he
e de e s i d i t e uto oft wa r n i m isbl .,,2 Pe ' ' Br ,Tery v.Fl m i
vi nc eze n he xec i n he r a t nad s i e ,1 tr s . r
e ng,

No.1 4591 a 1 ( No.1 .I a esi Ter ssaeha a peii t SuprmeCo t
07 , t 9 ECF
) n ddr sng ry' tt be s tton,he
e
ur
ofV i gi a f und t t
r ni o
ha :

Th r c r , n l i gt ewarn a t rzn t s ac a s iu eo g-ry'j
e e o d i cudn h ra t uhoiig he e rh nd ez r f 'er s
l
c l pho a t s
e l ne nd he uppori a sda t de o taest tt wa r ts fce l
tng f vi, m nsr t ha he ran ufi inty
i ntied t pr pe t t be s i d a t i or ton t be s ug ,sa e t t
de i
he o ry o
eze nd he nf ma i o
o ht t t d ha
t s ar h wa a r lt d t t frtdeg ee mur r ofSt s a de c i d t t
he e c
s ea e o he is
r
de
oke , nd s rbe ha

tea fa th d frtha d k o e g ta l ry u e t ec l ph n t c l a d
h fin a is- n n wld e h t Ter l sd h el o e o al n
t xt S okesbef e he deah.Acc di y,t wa r ntdoesno s f r fom t
e t
or r t
or ngl he ra
t ufe r he

d fcsg e rqalg sa dc u s lc u dh v r a o a l d tnnne amo int
ee t ' ry le e n o n e o l a e e s n b y ee i d
T
to o
s p r s o t o e g o nd wo d ha ebe n f l. Th s g-ry ha f i d t
u p e s n h s r u s ul v e mie u , 'er l s al o
l
e
de onsr t t tc
m t a e ha ouns ' pe f
els r onua e w a de i ntort tt r i a r as bl
nc
s fc e
ha he e s e ona e
pr biiy t t bu f c
oba lt ha, t or ouns ls al ge e r s t r s t of t pr ee ng
e ' le d ror , he e ul
he oc di
wo d ha bee dif r nt1
ul ve n fe e . 3

Ter v. e ng No 1 7 9 , t2 ( . a 6 2 6 ( No 1 .) Th c u ta re wi
ry Flmi , . 0 45 1 a Va J n. , 01 ) ECF . 02 . e o r g e s t
h
t Supr m e Cour of Vig ni s a l i , a t fndi t r Stikl nd i net r a
he
e
t
r i a' nayss nd he i ng mde rc a s ihe n

ma i s a Te c
ke t o, nd ny annotove c
r ome t defr nc gi n t t sae co t i f tf ng wih c us y
he e e e ve o he tt urs n ac-mdi
t oncl or

sae n sta h v n d mo srbesp o t gfcso e ie c .S e2 U. C. 2 5 /)
ttme t h t a e o e n ta l u p ri a t r vd n e e 8 S. j 2 4 .
n
: Thi quotd l ua doe nota t l a ri Va Co e51 25 ,o a yoh rc d s cinta te
2 s
e ang ge s
cualy ppea n . d
9.-6 r n te o e eto h t h

c utc udfn . Ho v r t Co r o Ap e l o Vignai Le d nv Co n at h l ta Sth fiue
o r o l id we e,he u t f p as f rii n be u . mmo we l ed h t tle alr
h
l
of a wa rnt t sae t r atd ofe e r nde s t wa r n faaly defctve'a t e de s ied i t
ra o tt he el e fns e r he r a t f t l
e i nd he vi nce ez n he

e c to o tewarn ia misbl. 2 Va Ap 6 7 70 ,5 S. 2d4 7 4 2 (ii Va Co j 1 . 5 ;
xeuin f h ra tn d si e' 7 . p. 9 , 8 01 E. 2 , 3 ct
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ng . de 92-6
Giuyv Co n at, 2lVa 38 412 7S. 2d1 5 1 60 (98 ).Thee cu in r rl d e n t p yt
l l . mmo we lh 2
l
. , , 6 E. 0 , 0 -7 1 0)
x lso ay ue o s o a pl o
t aaly deeci ' war nt be us of Seci 1 2- but r her a a Fourh Ame
t t l f tve' ra s ca e
f
ton 9. 56,
at s
t
ndmentpr e ton agans
otci
i t

S n rlsac warns' S eLe e u ,2 Va Ap a 71 , 01SE.da 4 33 Va Co ej1 25 Vigni
s ea e rh ra t. e b d n 7 . p. t 1 5 . 2 t 3 -4; . d 9.-6. r i a
ge
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ha r atdl hedt çe uson ofevi ei notr quiedwheeasa uor r quie e i vi a e but...t
s epe e y l hat lxcl i
denc s
e r
r tt t y e r m nt s olt d,
he

F u t Ame d n i n t' Hac rv. mmo we 1 1 Va Ap 48 , 3 41 SE.d2 6 26 ( . p. .
o rh
n me t s o. the Co n at 4 . p. 7 49 , 9 . 2 5 , 0 Va Ap Ct
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h,
1 9 ) Alo t n atc e afd vi whc r ctste ofn ep o ie t ne esr n tc bea s t afd vt
9 2 . s , ç ta h d fia t ih e ie h fe s r vd s he c say oie c u e he fia i
a
4e o llp l o tesac warn .'Le e u ,2 Va Ap a 7 9 5 1SE.da 4 2(u t gGiuy 2 Va
b c mes a4 f h e rh ra t' b d n 7 . p. t 0 , 0 . 2 t 3 q oi l l, 2l .
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1 Tery alo vol t rl ga pennison t t Danvil Polc Depa t ntt s r h hi celphone on
3 r s
un aiy ve
s i o he
le ie
rme o ea c s l
Aprl9,2011whe hesgne acons ntt s r h f
i
n
i d
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trs .
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( . y2 ,2 l ) La e fre n di fl asac warn frhsph nerc r s a dtewm a tsae ta
Va Ma 5 0 5 . w noc me t d i e rh ra t o i o e od , n h
e
n ttd h t
t i or ai s
he nf m ton oughtwa phoner or r a e t t frtde eemur rofKe r St .l . a 2.
s
ec ds elt d o he is- gr
de
nd a okes d t
.

1
4

unr as
e onabl a i ton of f de a 1w norba e on a t e ona e de e nai n o f t .
e pplcai
e rl a
sd
n mr as bl t nui to f ac s

Th s t ec u tga t t emoint ds s a t Cli C()a dC( )
u ,h o r rn s h to o imis s o ams 1 n 2 .
I Cl i D,Te r a s t t t he was de e e f c i a ssa e of c
n am
ry s ers ha
ni d fe tve s it nc
ouns l be a e
e c us
c
ouns lf l t c le t vai t oft Aprl8,201 s a ch wa r t Te s al ga i
e aied o ha lnge he ldiy he
i
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ran . ny' le tons
i ude:t wa r nt di not r f r nc or na Tery,di no i ntf t i vi l whos
ncl
he ra
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eee e
me
r d t de iy he ndi dua
e

bi og c lma e ila cot ng s d be s a c d f ,di notde c i wih pa tc a iy t
ol i a t ra nd l hi houl
e r he or d
s rbe t riulrt he
c i s lsorwe po t be s a c d f ,di no i ntf t mur ri tga i i pe ti d
alber hel
a n o
e r he or d t de iy he
de nvesi ton t rane
t wa no s ve on Te r di notsa e wih s ûce pa tc a iy t tlngs t be s z d
o, s t er d
ry, d
t t t uf int ri ulrt he li
o
eie
durng t s ar h,wa nots
i he e c
s
uppored by pr ba e c us a f ie t e t bls a c
t
o bl a e, nd a ld o sa ih ny onneci n
to
bewee Te r a t ve cl
t n r y nd he hi e.

Th cam i wih u mei, e a ei d e n ts tsyet e t ep ro n eo p eu ie
e li s t o t rt b c us t o s o aif i r h ef nna c r rj d c
h
pr ofSti klnd. On ha a r viw ,heSupr me Co tofVigi af und:
ong
rc a
be s e e t
e
ur
r ni o
The r c d,i udi c
e or ncl ng ouns ls moton t s e s t ti ta c i ,and t
e'
i o uppr s , he ral r ns rpt
he

r e ntwara ,de taest tt tilc tco l d E n' di no ha
elva
rnt monsrt ha he ra our ncude ' yj d t ve
Fe
sandi t c le t s a c oft ve cl .1 M oreover,t wa r ntdoe no
t ng o hal nge he e r h he hi e 4
he ra
s t

s fe fo t ed f csg e y ie tfe . Thewarn a d t atc e afd vt
u fr r m h ee t ' n') d n i s
F
ra t n he ta h d f a i
d s rb d t t ( ry wa d ii g t e v h ce wh n h me wi So e
e cie ha Ter) s rv n h e il e e t t tk s
h
i e a ey prort he deah,s fcinty des rbe t pl et be s r he a
mm dit l i o r t ufi e l
c i d he ac o
ea c d nd
t t ngs t be s i d, a saed t t t wa r nt was is d i r lton t
he hi
o
eze nd t t ha he ra
s ue n ea i o
St s mur r I was no r quie t t t wa r nt be s r d on Te r
oke '
de . t
t e r d ha he ra
e ve
ry.
Ac di y,cou elc d have r as bl deer ned a moton t s ppr s on
cor ngl
ns oul
e ona y t mi
i o u es

t eg o n i e tfe b g e wo l h veb e f tl.Th s E-ry ha fie
h r u ds d niid y ' nyj ud a e n uie u , rer q s ald
F
l
t de onsr t t t c
o m ta e ha ouns ls pe f r nc wa de int or t t t r i
e ' r o ma e
s sce
ha he e s
r a ona e pr biiy t t but f c
e s bl oba lt ha,
or ouns ls aleg e r s t r s t o t
e ' l ed ror , he e ul f he
pr e di wo d ha be n dif r nt1
oc e ng ul ve e f e e . 5
1 Te y a t i hi r pons t t moton t dimist he di no have sa ng t c lnge t
4 n' dmis n s es e o he i o s s hat
d t
tndi o hale
he
s r h war a .
ea c
r nt
: Te cai t he ha r se t afi vi, butt doc nti silt rs al He a gue t t
5 ny l ms hat
s eque td he tda t
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r s ha

wi o tteafd vth h sn wa t d tr n wh te p o a l cu ee itd.l fc, rybeiv sta Sthe
t u h fi a i, e a o y o eemie eh r r b be a s xse n a tTer le e h tçl
h
l
e ie c c letdp it t Cah Cok ra dn t ry' Pe'' Repo et teMo.oDimis a 2 ( No
vd n e olce ons o ty re n o Ter . trs s ns o h tt s s, t 2 ECF .
'
1 )(mp a i i o iia) Heas camsta sn eteewa n DNA o oh re ie c t p o et th to
8 e h ss n rgn l.
lo li h t ic h r s o
r te vd n e o r v ha e o k
Cok rsMa d 6 o ted yo So e ' re,h cru tnil vd nc p ee tda til rj dcdhm, n
re ' z a 26 n h a f tk s mud rte ic msa ta e ie e rsne tra p eu ie i a d
t ti c ts dha s e s d anyevi ncec lc e 9om t vehi e Ter a r t miunde sandt
he ral our houl ve uppr s e
de
ole t d
he cl. ry ppeas o s rt he
natle ofcic tnta evi nc Cic tnta e de e,whi t pr ec ton r i on he l i Te r s
t
r
r umsa il de e. r umsa il vi nc
ch he os u i eled
aviy n ry'

15

Ter No.1 4591 a 2- ( No.1 2) n a t rpori ofCl m D,Ter c e t t
ry,
07 , t 3 ECF
0. .I nohe ton
ai
ry ontnds ha
hi c elwa i f tve f f lng t c le e t valdiy of t Aprl 11,2011 s a c
s ouns
s nefec i or aii o ha lng he i t
he
i
e rh

wa r t be us t unde l ng wa r ntf ie t nn e ordes rbe Te r wm notpr vi d t
ran , ca e he
ryi
ra a ld o m
ci
ry, s
o de o
Te r esa ihed no c nne ton be we n Te y a t ve c e a di no saewih s fc e
ry, t bls
o ci
t e n' nd he hil , nd d t tt t ufii nt

pa te a iy t ie st be s z l a e sng Te r sha spe ii n,t Supr m eCo tof
riulrt he t m o
eied. n ddr s i
ry' bea tto he
e
ur
V i g ni s a e
r i a t t d:

The r c d,i udi co e ' moton t s e s t ti ta c i ,a t
e or ncl ng uns ls
i o uppr s , he ral r ns rpt nd he

r e ntwar nt de taest tt tilc tco l d g-ryjdi notha
elva
ra , monsr t ha he ra our ncude 'er d
l
ve
sa ng t c l
tndi o halenge a s a c of t ve c e. M o e ve ,t wa r ntdoe no
e rh
he hil
r o r he r a
s t

s fe fo t d f cs( ry ie tfe . Thewarn a d t atc d afd v t
u fr r m he ee t Ter ) d n iis
ra t n he ta he fia i
d c i t t St s wa s e i t ve ce t n t f ee mi e be or he
es rbed ha pke
s e n n he hi l e o v n nut s f e r
deah ta i t r t a e whe ù he bod wa dico r d a s cii t t
t r velng owa d he t a
r r y s s ve e nd pe fed ha
vmi bi ogia e de ebes i d. I i no r quied t tt wa a tbe s r d
ous ol c l vi nc
eze t s t e r ha he n'n
e ve

o o i e tf g er j Ac o dngy c t e c udha era o a l d tr n da
n r d niy ' ry . c r i l, oms l o l v e s n b y eemie
F
moin t s pp e so te go n i e t id b ( ry wo l h v b e ftl.
to o u rs n h r u ds d ni e y Ter j ud a e e n uie
f
Thus l ryqha f ie t de taet tc e' pef r
, Ter s ald o monsrt ha ounsls ronwncewasde int
sce
o t tt r i a r s bl pr
r ha he e s ea ona e obabiiy t t butf c
lt ha ,
or ouns ls a lge e r s t
e ' le d ror , he
r s toft pr ee ng woul ha be n dif r nt
e ul he oc di
d ve e fe e .
1 a 3. Thecour a e wih t Supr m e Cour ofVigi a' a l i. Te r scai do no
d. t
t gr es t he
e
t
r ni s nayss ry' l ms
t
ha bassi t f cua r c d,a t sa eco tfndng a enotco r r t f de a l and or
ve i n he a t l e or nd he tt ur i i s r
nta y o e r l aw
/
t Consiuton. The ef r ,Te y f ie t s tsy et ro t pr
he
tt i
r o e n' a ld o a if ihe f he ongsunde Sti llnd,a t
r rcca
nd he
co tmus g a r ponde ' m o i n t dimisa t Cl m D.
ur
t r nt es
nts to o s s s o ai
l Cl m E, Te r ar ue t t he w a de e ef e tve a s s a e of couns bec us
n ai
r y g s ha
s ni d f c i s i t nc
el a e

co e f ie t c lnget valdiy oft s a c wa r tr ga di Te sr s de eorm o
uns l a ld o hale
he i t
he e r h ran e r ng ny' e i nc
ve
frt s
o he uppr s i of t e d nc ga he e t r f om . Te r alege t t t w a r nt w as
e s on
he vi e e t r d he e r
r y l s ha he r a

c n ito i id e n tç ietp o f' Ho v r 'cic msa ta e d nc ino o l s fce tbu ma as be
o vcin,s n e d o t rc r o. we e,t lru tnil vie e s t ny ufiin , t y lo
d
'
l
mor ce t n,s tsyi and pe s svet diec e denc ' Roaesv.M is ur Pa t R. Co. 35 U. 500,
e rai a if ng
r ua i han r t vi e.
'
r
s o i cik R. , 2 S.

5 n 1 (9 7 .Ad io al,teSu r meCo r o teUntd Sae S as n v rq eto e tes fkin y o
08 .7 1 5 ) dt n l h pe
i y
ut f h ie tts t lq e e u sin d h ut e c f
h
cr msa il e de e i s
icu tnta vi nc n uppor of a c i nalconvito e t
t
rmi
cin, ven hough pr be
oof yond a r as
e onabl do i
e ubt s

r q ie .De et lc.Ic v Cot, 3 U. 9 ,1 0(00 )(in Holndv UntdStts 3 U. 1 ,1 0
e urd sr Paa e n . . sa 5 9 S. 0 0 2 3 ct g l
i
a . ie ae, 48 S. 21 4
(9 4 I ci n lc ss cru tnile ie c i Snrn ial no dfee t 9o tsi nile ie c .
1 5 :. n rmia ae , ic msa ta vd n e s t tisc l
i
y
ifrn m etmo a vd n e'
'
Holand,348U. a 1
l
S, t 40.

16

i ld be a ehi r sde ewasl a e i Pityl ni Count a lw e or me onl fld
nvai c us s e i nc
oc t d n ts va a
y, nd a nf ce nt y ie

t war n i t Cic tCo r o te Ciy o Da vi e i vo ain o Va Co e j 1 . 5 .
he ra t n he rui u t f h t f n l , n ilto f . d
l
92- 4
Te r scli i wihoutm e i. On ha asr vi w, he Supr m eCour ofVigi ahel
r y' am s t
rt
be e e t
e
t
r ni d:

Co e j 1 2 5 d e n tp o i efrtee cu in o e ie ei tee n o is
d 9.- 4 o s o r v d o h x lso f vd nc n h ve t f t
vi ai gkryj ha no ag d t t any saut y vi ain i iae hi
olton, ' r
I
s t r ue ha
tt or olto mplc td s
c nsi to a rg t,a d l ry h si e t idn p eu iese n fo fln
o t u in l ih s n Terj a d ni e o rj d c tmmig r m iig
t
f
t r lva w a r nt i Daw il a not Pityl i Coun y. Se Fr v.
he ee nt ra n l le nd
ts vmla
t
e ye

Commonweat 231Va.370 377,3 S. 2d 267 273 ( 986)( e ssatt
1h,
,
45 E.
,
1
unls t ue
sae oh r s , n n p eudca p o e u a v oai n d e no tig r
tts te wie o - rj iil r c d r l ilto o s t rg e
ç lso a y nl l Th , g-ry h s fie t d mo srt ta c u s ls
xcu in r l . us 'erj a ald o e n tae h t o n e '
e
l
pe f r a e was de i e ort tt r i a r as na e pr biiy t t butf r
r o m nc
fcint ha he e s e o bl oba lt ha,
o
c
ouns ' alege e r s t r s toft pr e ng woul ha be n dif e .
els l d ror , he e ul he oc edi
d ve e fer nt

Ter v. e n , 1 7 5 , t4( No.1 .) Th c u t g e swi t S p e Co r
rv Flmig No. 0 4 91 a ECF
02 . e o r a r e t he u rme u t
h
ofVigi a' a l i . Fr c r s a at h Te r me i t Fot' a Foure nt
r ni s na yss ye ontol , nd lhoug
r y ntons he ut nd
h
te h
Ame m e i hi peii he ofe s no f c ua ba i f a c tt i
nd nt n s tton,
fr
a t l ss or onsiutonalvi l ton. I t ad of
oai
nse
esa ihi a vi ai of hi Fo t a Fo te h Am e
t bls ng ny oltons
s urh nd ure nt
ndme rght ,Te r r pe t dl
nt i s ry e a e y
r e s t t sa ut y vi ai n. Howe ,a m e e pr e ale ordoes notr quie e de
ef r o he tt or ol to
ver
r oc dur n'
e r vi nce
exc uso a doe notnec s a iy r ie c tt to lis by is l. Se Clr y,631F. a
l i n nd s
e s rl a s onsiu i na s ues te f e eme
3d t

6 7(1 tesau o yc ne ts p rs ini ac e mr o tesaue a d i a alb l yd p n s
6 $n h ttt r o tx, u p e so s r a e f h ttt, n t v ia ii e e d
1
s
t
o t saut ytxt' .
n he tt or e .)
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I a herpori ofCli E,Te cai st thi c ms lwa i f ci f rf ii t
n not
ton
am
ny l m ha s ot e s nefe tve o alng o
c le t va i t o t s a c wa r n f Te r sr i nc bec us t w ar ntf ie t
ha lnge he ldiy f he e r h r a t or r y' esde e a e he r a a ld o:
i ntf t m ur ri r l t t sa ewih pa tc a iy t tlngst be s a c d f ra s i d,
de iy he
de t e aed o, tt t riulrt he li o
e r he o nd eze
des i t c t or count w he e Ter y' r s de e w a l t i ude a a t he a fda t
crbe he iy
y
r
r s e i nc
s oca ed, ncl
n tac d f vi,

a diec t wa r nta t s rf oft c y i whih Te r r sde l isha a or r t
nd r t he r a t he he if he ount n c r y e i d. n t be s de ,he
Supr m eCour ofVigi ahed t tt cli f ld t s ts yt r q r m e soft t pr
e
t
r ni l ha he a m aie o a if he e uie nt
he wo- ong
St i kl nd t t
rc a es :

17

Th r c r ,icu ig te war n a t rzng t e s ac o g er s r sd n e
e e o d n ldn h ra t uho ii h e rh f ' ry'q e ie c
F
a t a t he a fda t de o t a es t t t w a r n s a ed i was i s d i
nd he tac d f i vi, m nsr t ha he r a t t t t
s ue n
r l to t St s'mur r s fcinty des rbe t pl et be s a c d a t
e ai n o oke
de , ufi e l
c i d he ac o
e r he nd he
t ngst be s z i l
hi o
eied, ncuded an a tc d a fda t a wasdiece t t pr r
ta he f vi, nd
r td o he ope
a ho iy. Ac r ngl c
ut rt
co di y, ouns l co d ha r a o bl de e mi d t t
e
ul
ve e s na y t r ne ha

c alngn te war n o t e g o n s g ny ie tse wo l h v b e
h l ig h
e
ra t n h r u d Te 'l d n i s ud a e e n
f ute s
r ils .

Ter v. lmi c No 1 7 91 a 4 ( No.1 .) Th c u t g e swi te S p e Co r
ry F e n , . 0 45 , t ECF
02 . e o r a re t h u rme u t
h
ofVig ni sa yss The r co d s
r i a' nal i.
e r howst Te s cai i unf
hat ny' l m s ounded,a t r f e camot
nd he e or z
s tsy Sti klnd.
aif rc a
Alo i Cl m E,Te r m ant nst thew a denid t e f tve a ssa ofc
s n ai
ry i ai ha
s
e he feci s it nce
ouns l
e
whe co el f l t c le
n uns aied o hal nge t vai t o t s r h of hi r i nc a t ofi r
he ldiy f he ea c
s esde e fer fce s
ne e t d t fl a r t n a i nt r s e f l wi t e u i n oft wara . The sa e
gl c e o ie e ur nd nve o y he t olo ng he xec to
he r nt
tt
ha s c tsat d:
bea our t e

Th r c r ,icu ig t war n a t rzn t e s ac o g-ry s r sd n e
e e o d n ldn he ra t uho ii g h e rh f 'er ') e i e c
l
a t a c d i nt r de o ta e t tt r tun a t i nt y we e
nd he ta he nve o y, m nsr t s ha he e t' nd he nve or
r
pr ry c
ope l ompl t a ûl d. Acc di y, co el c d ha r as bl
eed nd e
or ngl
uns oul
ve e ona y
de e m i d t tc le ngt wa r ntont g o
t r ne ha hal ngi he ra
he r undspe ii ri ntfeswo d
ttone de ii
ul
ha be n fuil s . Thus pe ii r ha f l t de o tae t t c
ve e r te s
, ttone s aied o m nsr t ha ouns ls
e'
pe f nna was de e o t tt r i a r s bl pr biiy t t butf
r o nce
scint r ha he e s ea ona e oba lt ha ,
or
col elsal ge e r r ,t r s toft pr ee ng woul havebe n d fe e .
ms ' le d r o s he e ul he oc di
d
e if r nt

J- a 5. The co ta e wih t Suprme Cour ofVigni sa yss Tery atmpst
J, t
ur gres t he
e
t
r i a' nal i. r te t o
de onsr t f c s c r r t t e t ihe r co d butofe s no s
m tae a t onta y o he sabls d e r
fr
uppori e de e f hi
tng vi nc or s

co l or sa e e s The e or he f is t ove c
ncus y tt m nt .
r f e,
al o
r ome t de e e i sa r unde t
he f r ntal t nda d
r he
AEDPA a c r s ts y Stikl nd.
nd amot a if rc a
I a a tona pori n of Cl i E, Te r c e t t c
n n ddii l to
am
r y ont nds ha ouns w as i f e tve f
el
ne f c i or
f lng t c l nge t s ar h of hi r i enc be aus ofi e s de a ne Te dtr ng t s a c
aii o hale
he e c
s es d e c e t c r t i d ny li he e r h

wihou a a r s wa r nta wihouti or ng hi ofhi rght . l hi sa e ha speii
t t n r e t ra nd t
nf mi
m
s i s n s tt bea tton,
t Supr me Co tofVigi ahe d:
he
e
ur
r ni l

18

l (.ry wa i t ei d ae vcnt o hi r sd n ewhe o fc r e e u e
f Ter ) s n h mme it ii i f s e ie c
y
n fies x c td
t es ac war n,te wee e t ldt d t i ( n.)whi t y c mp ee t e
h e rh ra t h y r ni e o ean Te y
t
l he o ltd h
e
s ac Ac o dn l, ( ry f i t d srb cru tn e i dc tn hi
e rh. c r igy Ter ) al o ec ie ic msa c s n iaig s
s
detnton was unlw f l a co ms c d ha r as bl dee mi t t
e i
a u , nd t el oul ve e ona y tr ned ha

c aln i t es ac o tego n ( ry i e tfe wo l h veb e fute s
h le gng h e r h n h r u ds Ter q d n iis ud a e n r i s .
l
S eBalyv. ie S ae ,1 3 S Ct 1 3 ( 3 (x ann o fc r'a t o i
e ie Untd tts 3 . . 0 1 201 ) e pliig fies u h rt
y
t de an oc upa s o pr mie i i ntt e c i ofa s a c wa r nton t
o t i c nt f e s s ncde o xe uton
e r h ra
he

p e ss .I a e e t ( ry fist ie tf wh te ie c ,i a y ofc r
r mie ) n ny v n, Ter j al o d n iy a vd n e f n , f es
pr ur d a a r s tofhi t mpor r de e to durng t e c i oft s a c
oc e s e ul
se
a y t n i n i he xe uton he e r h

war n o alg t a hewa s b e tt q e to n b o fc r t a ma ha e
ra t r le e h t
s u j c o u sinig y fie s h t y v
war ne g er qb ig if r d o h srg t p l u n t M ia d v. io a
ra td ' ry en n o me f i ih s t s a t o rn a Arz n ,
r
r
3 4 U. 4 6 4 4 4 ( 9 6 . Th s E erq h s f i d t d mo srt t a
8 S. 3 , 4 - 5 1 6 )
u , ' ry a al o e n tae h t
F
e
couns lspe f ma wasde i intort tt r i ar s na e pr biiy t t
e ' r or nce
fce
ha he e s ea o bl oba lt ha,
but f c
or ouns ls al ge e r r ,t r s toft pr e ng woul ha bee
e ' le d r o s he e ul
he oce di
d ve n
dif r nt
fe e .

1 The cou tag e s wih t sa e habe s cou ts a l i . Eve t
d.
r r e t he tt
a
r ' na yss
n hough lw elor eme
a rf c nt
physc ly t he Te r a plce hi i ha ufs f r o r t hour wihout a a r s
i a l ouc d ry nd a d m n ndc f o ve wo
s t
n ret
w ar , t of e sa t d a oprae y pur ua t t s a c wa r nt1 Te r wa pr s nton
rant he ic r c e ppr i tl
s nt o he e r h ra .6 ry s e e

t pr pery aso fc r e c e t s a c wa r nt and t r o eof e spr ry deai d hi
he o t
f e s xe ut d he e r h r a ,
he ef r fc r ope l t ne m
on t ba k po c d i t s r h. Tery' c am i wihoutme i,a t f ist s tsy t
he c r h urng he ea c
r s li s t
rt nd hus a l o aif he
t pa t e te
wo- r t s nunca e i Stikl nd.
it d n rc a

l t fna pori of Cl i E,Te r a s rs t the wasdenid e f c i a ssa e of
n he i l ton
am
ry s e t ha
e fe tve s it nc
c
ouns lwhe c
e
n ouns lf l t chal nge t va i t of t s i e of t e n pl n ma e i l'
e aied o le
he ldiy
he ezur
s e a t t ra'
gr
durng t s r h ofTe r s home on t g ot t tt s i e f l ou sde t s ope o t
i he ea c
ry'
he r md ha he ezur el t i he c
f he
s a c wa r nt On ha sr viw,t Su e e Co tofVig ni a l ze t c am ;
e rh ra .
bea e e he pr m
ur
r i a na y d he l i
The r or i l ng t til ta c i ,de o taes t t ofi e s f t t
ec d, ncudi he ra r ns rpt m nsr t ha fc r o md he

S r e p a tmaeil i a b x i g er s co e,wi c wa welwihn te
l e n ln tra' n o n ' ry'q l st l h s l t i h
g
'
r
i
s opç of t w a r nt t t pe m i t d ofi e s t s r h f , a ong ot r t ng ,
c
he r a ha r te fc r o ea c or m
he hi s
fr nns s l c s ngs a bule s Ther w as no r qui e e t t t w a r nt
iea , hel a i , nd l t .
e
e r m nt ha he r a

1 Soqfcr e c tn as ac warn Er p r te )to d ti teo c p nso tep e sswhi a
6 l fies xe uig e rh ra t ae emi d t ean h c u a t f h rmie l
l
t
e
po rsac i c n uce ' Baly 1 3S. . t1 3 (u tn M ihia v. u r, 2U. 6 2, 0 (9 :.
rpe erh s o d td.' ie , 3 Cta 0 7 q oig c g n S mmes45 S. 9 7 5 1 81
'
The Su e Cour oft Unie Stt ha i tfed s r li tnti e e t i alowi 1w e or ementt
prme
t he td aes s den ii eve a mpora ntr ss n l ng a nf c
o

d ti wi o ta ars warn p rua t oasac warn : 1 ( ni zn ters o h r t teo t r, ()
ean t u n ret ra t u s n t e rh ra t () % miig h ik f am o h fkes' 2
h
mi
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S r el c mglt n o t sac ...( to t itree c wi t e c to o te sac warn 'a d ()
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o
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S rv nigflh i tee e tta ici n tn e d n ei fu d' I. t1 8 1 4 (u t gSun r, 5 U.
s e e tn l tn h v n h tn rmiaig vie c s o n . d a 03 - 0 0 q oi rmes 4 2 S.
p
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a i pa e t pr s nc ofa lpot ntal i ul t y e de e a ofi er we e
ntci t he e e e
l e i ly nc paor vi nc , nd fc s r
e ild t s zea s h e d e onc i c me lwf l wihi t i pl n viw.
ntte o ei ny uc vi enc
e t a a uly t n her ai e

Se Bli v.Co n at,2 Va 48 , 0 3 3 S. 2 8 ,8 5 8 ( 9 3 .
e ar
mmo we 1 25 . 3 49 , 0 E.d 81 8 - 6 1 8 )
h
Th ,g-ry ha f i dt d mo srt ta c u s lspef r n ewa d fce t
us 'e rl s al o e n tae h t o n e' ro ma c s e in
l
e
ort tt r i a r s bl pr biiy t t butf rcot e ' al ge e r r ,t
ha he e s ea ona e oba lt ha ,
o
ms ls le d r o s he
r ul oft pr e di wo d ha bee dif r nt
es t he oc e ng ul ve n fe e .

Ter ,No.1 7 5 ,a 6 ( No.1 .) The c u ta re wi t sae h be s c u ts
ry
0 4 91 t ECF
02 .
o r g e s t he tt a a o r'
h

a ay i. Thep an viw d crn a pl sS wh n t p lc h veawar n t s ac agv n
n lss
li e o tie p i s e ) he oie a
e l
ra t o e rh ie
a e f rs e iid o j cs a d i t c u s o te s ac c me a r s s me ohe a t l o
ra o p cfe b e t, n n he o re f h e rh o
co s o t r ri e f
c
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hie 0 S. 4 , 5 1 71. n h s a e
i ci n tn c r ce .1 Co ldg v. ew H nm ps r , 4 3U. 4 3 46 ( 9 ) l ti c s ,
n rmiaig haa tr, 7 oi e N

o fc r k e a tetmeo t sa c o Ter ' rsd nc ta S o sh ds l fk mai a
fies n w t h i f he e r h f ry s e ie e h t tke a od a e r u na
j
t Te r W he 1w e or eme dic r d çg e n plntma e i l'a Te r s r sde ,t y
o ry.
n a nf c nt s ove e ir e a
t ra' t ry' e i nce he

i daey r c g ie t a t emaeilc ud ber ltd t t e fk ma i a p r h s a d
mme itl e o nz d h t h tra o l
eae o h a e r u na u c a e n
j
s bsq e tmu d ro S o e . S eHo tn v Caioni,4 6U. 1 ,1 2 ( 9 0 . Th ,n n
u e u n r e f t k s e ro . lfr a 9 S. 28 4 1 9 ) us o e
of t pori ns of Cli E s ts y t r quie e s of Stikl nd, a t co t g a s
he
to
am
a if he e r m nt
rc a
nd he ur r nt
rs
e ponde ' m o i t dim isa t Cl m E.
nts ton o s s s o ai
I Cl m F,Te r c e t the wasde ed e f tve a ssa ebec us c
n ai
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ni feci s it nc
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onf i t nt r s . n pt m r 2, t
ny i e o r y, ot e
o t rw

fom r pr e i hi . J tprort t Se e r201 he rng on t m o i t wihdr w,
r
e es ntng m us i o he pt mbe
2 ai
he ton o t a
c
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e nf r d r y ha
onfi t d xitd t he blc e rs fc i e he
be nni of hi rpr s nt to Couns li it d t t he c d not ofe ad c t Te y or
gi ng
s e e e ai n.
e nsse ha
oul
f r vie o n'
elbor t o t c lc ,a t tt c twoul ha t a nta dif r nta t me Te r
a a e n he onfit nd ha he our
d ve o ppoi
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c am st tasa r s to t s rsng wihd a la tmpt heha no tm et s k a c fom
l i ha
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t r wa te ,
d
i o ee dvi e '
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c r i gy, Ter q a ald o ho h le e o fit a n d es fe t
o c u s lspefr n e Se M ike s 5 5U. a 1 2.Th è fr ,( ry h s
n o n e' ro ma c . e c n , 3 S. t 7
ee oe Terj a
f ie t de
al d o monsr t t tc
ta e ha ouns lspe f
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r v o ny h t l s a e s u j c o o l f n eet' u lo s a he o fit
h
c
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a r e y a f t c elspe f m a e. M i ke ,535 U. a 1 .
dve s l feced ouns ' ror nc ' c ns
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S. t 71

Te r ha f ie t pr t e se e ofat u c l c o et publc de e r so f e
ry s a ld o ove he xit nc
r e ontit nc he
i f nde ' fk
wihdr w fom r pr e tng Pr it a Te y hasa s f ie t pr t ta pot i c lc
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t r c us uits ha ge r mr lt nd
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e ver e e ve ny eeva nf r to r
it e z ng ny, ry s
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m nsr t d ha ouns la t d de inty: Ther f e,t sa çha asco tsfnd ngsa e not
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e or he tt be
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r
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e
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g
22

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unde t DuePr es Clus oft Foure nt Ame nt Se jaa 633;M c r,5 U.
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a 7 . Un e te Ko ta o sa d r ,t e tiler rmu th v h d S u sa ta a d ij ro
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c
ouns la f c e t out ome oft ti .Thedema ng Kote koss a r r r sm o e t n
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ta
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ba e l l as e tons a Tery has f ie t s w t t t ti c ts e r r ule i a
r ega s ri , nd r
a ld o ho ha he ral our' ror es t d n
f ndnme al unf i ve dit The ef r ,t c tgr nt t moton t dim isast Cli F.
u
nt ly ar r c . r o e he our a s he i o s s
o am
I Cl i G ,Te r a g t tco e w as i f e tve f s m ula ous y r pr s ntng a
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r y r ues ha uns l
ne f c i or i t ne l e e e i

vi ntwih a c lc i i e e tt Te r I hi sa eha a pr e ng,t Supr m e Co to
le
t onfitng ntr s o ry. n s t t be s pc edi he
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ur f
Vig ni f und t tCli G di nots ts yt t pr t ti Stiklnd:
ri a o
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The r c d,i l ng ( ry'j ti rco d,de nsrt t tt moton t
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wihdrw pr vi d t t sCour by r ry wasnotfldwih orr s ve byt
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Fe
ie t
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tilc m' M o e v r ( ry h sn tie tûe teohe cin wh ce tdt
ra o t ro e , Ter l a o d n i d h t r le t o r ae he
.
pur td co lc ort naur ofa s h c lc ,a ha noti ntse ho
pore nfit he t e
ny uc onti t nd s
de i d w
t a lge c lc adve s l a f td co e ' pe f ma e. Se M ike ,535
hç le d onfit
r ey fece uns ls ror nc
e c ns

U. a 1
S. t 72. Theefr ( ryq ha fie t de nsrt t c ms ls
r oe, Ter
s ald o mo tae hat ot e'
pe f
r onna e w as de i i t o t t t r i a r a ona e pr ba lt t t but f
nc
f c en r ha he e s e s bl o biiy ha ,
or
co ms ' al ge e r s t r ul oft pr e ngwoul ha be n dif r nt
t els le d r or , he es t he oce di
d ve e fe e .
23

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h i tn il is s r rj dc s
Gi n t c e of t e ie voi die,c
ve he ont xt he ntr
r r ouns l co d have r a ona y
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e s bl

d tr n d t a mo i t srke alte p tn ilj r r b s d o t i o e
eemie h t vng o ti l h oe ta u o s a e n her n ,
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24

t pr ( ryl g ly be
o ove Ter uit yond a ras na e doubt woul f l t co ts
e o bl
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d olow he ur'
isnzto rg r i g t e lw,a d wo d oh r s i ril d cd l ly s
n t cin e ad n h a n ul t e wie mpa t l e ie Te' 'l
ay
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as s
he vi nc
e houn v.Comm onweat 226 Va.256,259,
lh,

3 7S. 2 8 6 8 8( 98 )(x lii t a q lfc to o j r rd e no tu o
0 E.d 9 , 9 1 3 e p anng h t uai ain f u o o s t t' n
n
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r as bl pr biiy t ta moto t srke t ve r woul ha be n g a ed
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lt ha ,
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els l ed r o s he es t
he oc edi
woul ha be n dif r nt
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ry
0 4 91 t - 0 ECF
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25

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nt n o onvi t r y t
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, t 0 1 ECF No.1 2 . Thec u ta r e wih t e sae h b a c u t
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na yss n' s al d o e s de m r rc a o how how t ve r wasunt
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ror olt d u m nt l ar s
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Brc ,5 U. a 633 ( tng Bae oo,463U. a 88 . Te r scli fist rt src
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rf t
S. t 7) ry' am al mde he tit
Ko t kos sa r be us Te r hasnotofe e a f c ua s
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26

d tr n to 2 U. C.j 2 5 ()1 (-h a pia ts alha et eb r e o rb tig t e
eemiain. 8 S.
2 4 e () çl e p lc n h l v h u d n f e u t h
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o r p o e dn n r ii s te f tt a
e . u . . . wav r c say
frc uren c lc ofi eet;Va.Sup.Ct R.1. ( i rrquie f rpr enai ofa
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t Cic t Co ' of t Ciy of Dawil f l wi Vigi a lw,de e mi d t t s tt e
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t t ti co ts r f al t a nt Te r s tmt c ms l r ga di t wa ve is
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27

j r s v r it' Brc t 5 7 U. a 6 7. Th s t c u tg a t te moin t d s s a t
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and c
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28

Ter ,No.1 7 91 a 1 - 2 ( No.1 .) Th c u ta r e wi t e saeh b a c u t
rv
0 45 , t 1 1 ECF
02 . e o r ge s t h tt a e s o r'
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unr a ona e a ia i off r l1w no a unr as bl de e mi to off c s Ther f e,
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ton
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ry No. 0 4 91 t 2- 3 ECF
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29

I t s c pori n ofCli K,Te r a g t tc
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The r co d,i udi t tilta c i ,de onsr t st tDe e tve W hily di
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n ttsiy a g-ry s tilt pes n l s iig l ry s c l p neo Aprl8
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30

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Fo t r as sa e t c ur GRANTS t m oto t dim is ai A,Cl i 1 a
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31

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