Encompass Independent Insurance Company v. Dombrosky et al

Filing 34

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 2/10/17. (sas)

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B ackzround 1 . St e e ofFac s at m nt t The f c s i t s ca e a e no he viy di put I 2007,D o br ky a he m o he ,J a t n hi s r t a l s ed. n m os nd r t r o Ar Dul (UoAnn' move i wihDo os sgrndpae s Bet Dunn ($ ty' a J m m $ ' ) d n t mbr ky' a rnt, ty ç t ' nd oe Be ) Dlnn (Coe'.Att ttme J who ha acae ri i ur nc e ie arpr e ai fo l t ' J ) ha i , oe, d re n ns a e, mald e esnttve r m Enc pas i rng a ut t r e s i polci .J Ann D e 45: 46: J r ce ved a om s nquii bo hei xi tng i es o p. 15- 23. oe e i n e alsa i t c di t Polc defnii t da t rgr ndda t ra e c i r d f miy m i t tng, t or ng o iy i tons he ugh e / a Ac ugh e r onsde e n l me be sr sde r l tve a t r or c r ge wil e e t t m as l m r/e i nt e ai s nd he ef e ove a l xt nd o he ong a t y a e s he r r i ng i t ho e l a t tme of a l s' Em alf o R' c- s t Pegg Pe te W e esdi n he us ho d t he i os . ' i r m M Ea t o y tr y, d. 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Se J Ann D uml D e 54: 6; Be t Dl n D e 29: 8; m os f ny a d e e o p. 2ty m p. 6- Do b os De 31: 4- 9.De pie Be t pur ha i t Ve ose f Do br ky' us a m r ky p. 1 1 s t ty c sng he l t r or m os s e, nd Be t c i rng t V e os e t be Dom br ky' ve c e Dom br ky ne ded pe s i t ty ons de i he l t r o os s hi l , os e nni s on o d i t Veose .Se Be t Dul De 1 4- J Ann De 54: 3- 5.Do b os dr t rve he l t r e ty m p. 6: 6; o p. 1 1 m r ky ove he ve ce a las t eetmespdort t a c de .Se Dombr ky D e 1 8- 24.I add to t hi l t e t hr i o he c i nt e os p. 9: 22: n ii n o t Vel t r a Toyot 1AV4 tte i J Al ' na a aToyot Ava on tte i Be t sna e he ose , at il d n o m s me nd a l il d n ty' m we eke i t g r ge.Se J Al Dunn De 1 1 22. f miy co i r d t RAV4 t be r pt n he a a e o m p. 3: 6- The n l nsde e he o J Ann' ve ce a t Aval t be Be t sve c e. eBe t Dul De 1 22- 3. o s hi l nd he on o ty' hil Se ty m p. 5: 16: On J une 1 2015 ni da afe he mot r pi ke up t Ve ose fo Fis Te 7, , ne ys tr r he c d he l t r r m r t am Hyunda ,Dombr ky wasi ve i a m o orve ce ac i ntwhie drvi t Veose .The i os nvol d n t hi l c de l i ng he l t r a i ntlf Gr e pe m a nty pa a yz d fom t c s do He s eq nty c me d a ccde e t e n r ne l r l e r he he t wn. ubs ue l om nce p ro a ij r s i i Vigni saec t' cami $75milo i d ma e . t et o t es n l n u y ut n r i a tt out li ng . l n n a g s At h i f he , i me ac i nt t Ve ose wastte i J Al ' na e a i tr d by alU SA A a o polcy.W he c de , he l t r il d n o m s m nd nsle l ut i n USA A pa df t t a e V eose , o Ann s cfe t tt c c bepa d t Be t 1 64:i or he ot l d l tr J pe i d ha he he k i o ty. d. 1 2. I. I The I ur e Polc e ns anc i is Ataltme rlv n ,Be' manan d a $ 5 milo p ro a l rla p lc (h 1 i s ee a t t t itie y 2. lin e s n l l el oiy t e mb l r l Po iy' a d a $ 5 ,0 a t p lc (he E t Poiy),wh c icu e a ç el lc ' n umb a ) 2 00 0 u o oiy t s o lc ' Au ih n ld d n t tn e No own d Co ea e'e d r e n te ç o s me f'.Th Umb el Poiy s e d d n- e Ex v r g ' n o s me t(h t r e n ) e End r la lc oblga es Enc pa s t G dn a f r w hi h a c r d pe s be m e l galy la e due t i t om s o t pay m ges o c ove e r on co s e l i bl o a o c re c rs lig i p ro a ij r ,b dl ij r ,o p o e t d ma e u t telmi o n c u rn e e utn n e s n l n u y o iy nu y r r p ry n g , p o h i t f la lt s i biiy hown i t Cove ag Summ a y . . .' Enc n he r e r ' ompas Um b ela Polc I urng s r l i y ns i Ag e me t3 Do k tNo 1 1 (mp a i o te ) The Umb el Po iy e u rtd c ran re n , c e . - e h ss mitd . r la lc n meae e ti l s st tt polc doesnotç r I pe tne pa tt Umbr l Polc doe notc r os e ha he iy ove . n ri nt r, he ela iy s ove : 1 Bodiy i ur ornr pe t dn ac a ii o oft owne s p;mai e nc , 2. l ni v o ry m e rsng ut he r hi nt na e' us ;oc upa e c ncy;r ntng'l ni e r tng;l i or u oa ng of a m o or e i , oa ng; ntusi oad ng nl di ny t ve ce ...,o he t n:... hi l t r ha e A m ot ve cl you m a nt n orr gul l us w hi h i . or hi e i ai e ary e c s: ()Ownedbyafmivme ra no s 1 n l mbe nd t hown i t Co rgeSlmmay; n he vea l r or ()Fu n s e o a alb ef r h r g lrus o a yf mi me e . 2 r ih d r v ia l o t e e ua e f n a l mb r y 3 En o s Umb el Poiy I s rn Ag e me t6 (mp a i d noe dei e tr ) Th r i c mpa s r la lc n u ig re n e h ss e ts fn d e ms. ee s no d t t tDo br k i a ç n iy m e r'ort tt Ve ose i a û o ve ce' a ebae ha m os y s ç m l f mbe ' ha he l t r s ç r hi l ' s mot de i d by t polc fne he i y. The A ut Polc s a e ,i r l va pa t o i y t t s n e e nt r : A. W e wilpa dn gesf bodiy i ur orpr pe t da a f whi h a l y ma or l ni y o rv m ge or c ny i ur d bec ns e omesl ga l r s i ebe us ofa a o ac de .W ewils tl or e ly e ponsbl ca e n ut ci nt l e te de e a we c i r a oprae,a c am ors ta ki f d geswhih f nd, s onsde ppr it ny l i ui s ng or ama c a epa bl unde t tr soft spolc .... r ya e r he e m hi i y B. W e do no pr de Li biiy Cove a f r t ow ne s p,m a nt na or t ovi a lt r ge o he r hi i e nce us of ... e : 2. l ve cl ,ot rt n yo c r d a o,whi h i : Azy hi e he ha ur ove e ut c s a. wne by you;or O d b.Fu nihe ora ia ef yolrr ul rus r s d va lbl or z eg a e. 3.Anyve cl,ot rt n vo c r d a o,whih i hi e he ha ur ove e ut c s a. Owne by aw f m iym e d l n l mber or ; b.Funts d ora ia e f t r gul rus ofa f m iy m e ber i he va l bl or he e a e a l m . Ho v r t i Excuso ( 3 d e n t a py t y u whl y u a e we e , hs l in B.) o s o p l o o ie o r m ai ai ng oroc nt ni cupyi a ve c e whi h i : n: ny hi l c s a. Ownedbya f m iy me be ;or a l m r b. Furls d ora ia ef t r guarus ofaf m iy m e r rihe va lbl or he e l e n l mbe . Pes na Aut Polc 2- Doc tNo.1 1(mphassde e dei dtr ) ç 'a AYo ' ro l o iy 4, ke - e i nots fne e ms.t You' nd ç ur' m e ns t ç med i ur ' I a 1.Be' i lse a t na e i ur d i t Cove age a he t nn ns ed. d. t ' ty s it d s he m d ns e n he t r Sum m a y.Se Cove ag Slm m a y 1, oc tN o.1 2. r e r e l r D ke - The Endor e nt t t Aut Polc pr de ,G-he Extnde Nons me o he o i y ovi s s f e d owne Cove age d r pr ded by t s e s m e t doe not a f d cove a ...f a ac i nti vi ...a ovi hi ndor e n s for r ge or ny c de nvol ng ve c e om l d by a m e be of t s m e hous hol ' Ext nded N o owne Cove age hi l e m r he a e d. ' e nd r Endor e e , D oc t N o. 1 2. The Endor e e a s pr des G e w il pr de Li biiy s m nt ke s m nt l o ovi , 1 W l ovi a lt Cove ag f a ve ce,o he t n yourc r d a o, c i flnihe o aval bl f t r e or ny hi l t r ha ove e ut whih s tr s d r ia e or he 4 r a us oft na e i vi l' I Fi ly,t e r e e saest tt Aut Polcy' egulr e he m d ndi dua .' d. nal he ndo s m nt t t ha he o i s ç 2. Excuson,'whih e l s c r ge f a ve c e fu s d or a l e f t t b. l i ' B. c xc ude ove a or ny hf l tmihe vaiabl or he i lrd' r gulrus doe no prcudec r gebyt Endore ntJ nsze s e a e, s t e l ove a he s me .Z 1 11. The I antA cti nst on Afe Gre c mme c d t u e lig p ro a ij r s i,En o s b o g t te tr e n o n e he nd ryn es n l n u y ut c mpa s r u h h i tnta ton s e ng a de a a i t tnet rt Um br laPolc no t Aut Polc r quie nsa c i e ki clr ton ha ihe he el iy r he o i y e r s Enc ompa st de e o i mniy Dombr ky wih r s tt a cai sas e td a ns he a s o f nd r nde f os t e pec o ny l m s re gai t r s a r s l o te a cd n .Th de lrtr j d me ta to i n w b f r t c u to co s eut f h c ie t e caao y u g n ci n s o eo e he o r n r s - moi n f r sl r j g n fld b Do r s y Gre a d Enc mp s. Gr e a to s o l mmay ud me t ie y mb o k , e n, n o a s e n nd Do os ur t c tt co l t tDo br ky i e il d t la lt co r ge unde mbr ky ge he our o ncude ha m os s ntte o i biiy ve a r bo h polc e .Enco pa s a kst c tt dec a e t cove a i notow e t D o b os The t iis m s s he our o l r hat r ge s d o m r ky. m oto ha be n f l bre e a a erpef r viw . i ns ve e uly i f d nd r i or e e St andard ofR e e vi w S mmay j d me t i a p o rae wh n Eh p e dng ,t e d so e y a d sl sle u r u g n s p r p it e G e la i s h ic v r nd ico t t r ma e i s o fl a a a sda t s w t tt r i no ge ne is ast a m ae i lf t t ral n ie, nd ny f vis ho ha he e s nui s ue o ny t ra ac a d t a t mo a ti e tte t j d me ta amatro lw. Fe .R.Ci P.5 () F ra n h t he v n s n ild o u g n s te f a ' d ' v. 6 a . o pat se ie et r ieag n n is o maeilfc,tmus b l u h t tar a o b ej r ry' vd nc o as e uie sue f tra a t i t e ç c ha e s na l ' y s u c d r t n aver c f t nonoul e ur dit or he movi pary. Ande s v. be t Lobby. nc,477 U. 242, ng t ' ' r on Li ry I . S. 2 ( 98 ) W h n d cdn wh t e t ga tamoin f rs mmayj d me t t e c u tmu t 48 1 6 . e e i ig eh r o r n to o u r u g n, h o r s viw t r or i t lghtm os f vo a e t t none he ec d n he i t a r bl o he movi pa t a d a al r as bl ng ry nd r w 1 e ona e i e e s i hi f vo .I a 255;s e al o Te r s Fl Fas ons l v. llng on I nf r nce n s a r d. t e s r v' oor hi . nc. Btr i t ndus sI , . nc. 763F. 604,61 (t Ci.1 . 2d 0 4h r 985) ln a d caao y j d me ta to a is rn e c ni r ma a p o raey mo f r t ' e lrt r u g n cin, n n u a c a e y p r p itl ve o l s mmayj g n t d tr n wh t e i i o lg tdt prviec v r g t a i u e , ee u r ud me t o ee mi e eh r t s b iae o o d o e a e o n ns rd wh r 5 . . . t r a e no ma e i l a g tes i t polc ' St Pa Re ns a e Co.Lt v.Oli ' he e r t ra mbi uii n he iy. . ul i ur nc ' d. le s S a o d Grle a d BasLLC,2 2F. D.3 8 3 2 ( S. 2 0 )(ii Hihln sI . v. e f o il n r 4 R. 4 , 5 D. C. 0 7 ctng g a d ns Co. Geb rPr d .Co,7 2 F.S p 1 9 1 0 ( Md.1 8 ).l fc,G st r j d me ti re o s . 0 u p. 0 , 1 D. 9 8) n a t d lt y u g n s g mma pa tc a l wels td f r t r s uto of i ur nce c r ge diput be us t ri ulry l-uie o he e ol i n ns a ove a s es ca e he c tuc i ofi ur nce co r c s i a l lquesi ' Na i de M ut l .Co.v.Ove l k. onsr ton ns a nta t s ega ton. tonwi ' . ns roo LLC,78 F.S p 2 5 2 51 ( D. . 01 ) s e as Trn c n ie tlI s Co v. 5 u p. d 0 , 2 E. Va 2 1 ; e lo a s o tn n a n . . RBM W . I . 5 1S. 2d31 , 7 ( . 01 (t l tpr tto o t ep o so so a is rn ec nr c nc, 5 E. 3 31 Va 20 ) çln e eain f h r viin f n n u a c o ta t g prs nt aquesi of1 ....) ee s ton aw '. ' Di scussi on 1. A pplcabl L aw i e A f de alc tsti i di r iy mus a y t c c oflw r e of t sa e i e r our itng n ve st t ppl he hoie- -a ul s he t t n w hi h t t c ti l a e K l xon Co.v.St nt r El c.M f Co. I ,31 U . 48 496c ha our s oc t d. a e o e g. s nc. 3 S. 7, 97 ( 9 ) Va Co e j 3 .- 3 (A1 i u a e c n rcs o o wih r s e tt te o e s i 1 41; . d 82 31 ç l ns rnc o ta t n r t e p c o h wn rhp, $ mait na e orus ofpr ry i t s Comm onweat s l be dee n e nc , e ope t n hi 1h hal med t ha bee m a i o ve n de n a d s al ec nsnldi a c r a c wiht elwso t sCo n at ' s eas Bu h n n n h lb o t e n c o d n e t h a f hi mmo we l ); e lo c a a h. v Do ,4 1S. 2 28 ,2 ( .1 9 )(h 1w o te saei whc a i u a c c nr c i . e 3 E.d 9 91 Va 9 3 te a f h tt n ih n ns rn e o ta t s wrte a dei rd govensisi e eai .I Vigi a ûc t i eprti urnc polce , itn nd lvee r t ntprtton) n r ni,Gours ntr e ns a e iis lke o he c r cs i a cor nc wih t i e i oft pa tesglane fom t wor t y i t r onta t, n c da e t he ntnton he ri e d r he ds he us d i t doc e . Tr ns ntne a ,551 S. 2d a 31 s Bl Cr s & Bl Shi l v. e n he um nt' a co i nt l ' E. t 8; ee ue os ue e d Kele ,450 S. 2d 1 1 ( .1 4)(:Ajco tmus ad r t t tr ofa c tac of lr E. 36, 40 Va 99 <( ur t hee o he ems onr t i ur nc aswrte i t y a epli a c e ra no i vi a i of1w ori nsse wih ns a e itn, f he r a n nd l a nd t n olton a nco it nt t publcpolc ' .d hco i iy.' GEac mpone ofa i urnc c tac çhoul bec i r da c tue ) nt n ns a e onr t s d onsde e nd onsr d t t ra s e i y c lc i pr s onsha oge he nd e m ngl onfi tng ovi i nnoni d w he t tca be r as na y done s ze n ha n e o bl ,o 6 a t e f c u t t i e i oft pa tesasex e s t r n.'Tr ns ontne a ,5 S. 2d a s o f e t a e he nt nton he ri pr s ed he ei '' a c i nt l 51 E. t 31 (uoig S g sv.TheLieI s Co.o Vicn a 1 7 S. 2 7 7 7 0 ( .1 6 :.Poiy 8 q tn u c f n. f r ii, 4 E.d 0 , 1 Va 9 6 lc e usons a e lke s co tue a or ng t t i pli lng ge.Se Tr vco I Co.v. xcl i r i wie nsr d cc di o her an a ua e a ns. W ad 7 6S. 2 3 , 2 ( . 01 ) r , 3 E.d 21 3 9 Va 2 2 . Be us i ur r ge r l dr tpolc l ng ca e ns e s ne aly af i y a uage t m s l w ihouta i he e ves t ny nput f om t r he i ur d, ny a g te i t tlng gea ege r l r ol d i f voroft i ur d: ns e a mbi uii s n ha a ua r ne aly es ve n a he ns e g u' tn ji fv ro t a itprtto wh c g a t c vea e rt e ta co ls i d n a o f h t ne eain ih rn s o rg , ah r h n t t t whi h w ihhol i .W he e t o c t u tons a e e ly pos i e,t tm os ha c t ds t r w ons r c i r qua l s bl ha t f vor bl t t i ur d w il be a a a e o he ns e l dopt d. La e ngua i a polc pup or i t ge n iy tng o e l c ran e nt fom c a wilbe c tu m osl sr ngl a i t xc ude e ti ve s r over ge l onsr ed ty to y gans t i ur r he ns e . 1 ( i PBM Nutii lsLLC v.Le ndon I .Co.724 S. 2d 707,71 ( .201 ) çA d. quotng rtonas xi ns , E. 3 Va 2).1 polc pr son i a bi i y ovii s m guous whe i co e , i i c pa e of m or t n o r a o bl n, n nt xt t s a bl e ha ne e s na e me ni ' Res Ba hae Cop.v.St Pa M eczy l .Co. 407 F. 631 636 ( h Ci. a ng.' . nks rs . ul rlr ns , 3d , 4t r 2 0 ) No ehee s d o rsmu tn tsri t fn n iui e . 1 .t n r cu l r v so ae 0 5 . n t ls,l u t s o tan o id mb g t s' d t ta t a p o iins r c i ' co not n bi uous m er l be a e t pa tes di a e about t i m e ni ' N e e W I Le e m g e y c us he r i s gr e he r a ng. xt l P as ' Cor v. undes 666S. 2d31 321( .2008 . p. Sa r, E. 7, Va ) W ih t sl ga fn e r i m i t c twilno c i rwhe he Enc t hi e l r m wo k n nd, he our l w onsde t r ompa smus s t de e ori mniyD o br ky i t unde l ng sa e c ul a i The c r wilfrte m i f nd nde f m os n he ryi tt o ' cton. t ou t l is xn ne Enc ompa s oblga i unde t Umbr l Polc a t n tz' t is d i unde t Aut s ' i tons r he ela iy, nd he 'l o t utes tn r he o Polc a t Endor e e . i y nd he s m nt 11. Coveraze under t Um brela Polc he l iv I g nea tr ,h Umb el Poiye ld sc vea ef ra yb dl ij r o p o e t n e rl ems t e rla lc xcu e o rg o n o iy nu y r r p ry da age a i i o of t G ne s p;m a nt na e;us oc upa y;. ..of a m ot ve c e m r sng ut he l ow r hi i e nc e; c nc ny or hi l 'Th Umb el Pol y t n e c p sfo t i e cuso b d l ijzy a d p o e t d ma ' e r la i he x e t r m hs x l in o iy nl n r p ry n ge c r . . . . aii fom a ac i nti vi a ve cl t ti ( )manti orr al usd by t rsng r n cde nvol ng hi e ha s 1 i aned egulry e he 7 n me i l e a d ( )i et e o db afmi me e o a ia l f rt ergua u eo a a d nsz d; n 2 s i r wne y n l mb r r valbe o h e lz s f r h y fmiy me e .S e En o a s Umb el Poiy l s rn Ag e me t 6 (mp ss o te ) a l mb r e c mp s r l l n u ig r e n e ha i mitd . a c Ac or ng y,t Umbr l Polc wilr quie Enco pa st de e ori mniy Dombr ky i c di l he ela i y l e r m s o f nd nde f os f Bet m ant i d orr ulry us d t Ve ose a t Ve oserwa eihe owne by J Ann or ty i ane eg a l e he l t r nd he l t s t r d o Dombr ky ora ia ef et rJ Ann orDombr ky' r gulrus os va lbl or ihe o os s e a e. l V igi a t pe s t who a ve c e i tte i t o ne .H a lI v.Em pie Fie n r ni , he r on o m hi l s il d s he w r l nc. r r & M ai I .Co.448 S. 2d 633,635( 1 (ç- owne ofa a omobiei t pa t rne ns , E. Va. 994) sl -he r n ut l s he ry whoh slg l i et i.)(iigVa Co ej4 2 1 0 . r ,h Veo trwa tte i J An j a e a tt o t' ctn . d 6.- 0 ) Hee t e lse s i d n o n' l ' l na e At t tm e J AM was a f m iy m e r as de m . he i , o a l mbe sned by t Umbr la Polcy. he el i Ac or ngl t Vel t r wa G c di y, he ose s s owne 'by a f l m e r as c e a e by t polcy. d' amiy mbe ont mplt d he i The e o e t co tbe i ve t tt di pos tve i s i t m e ni oft w o d t a n a n. r f r , he ur le s ha he s ii s ue s he n ng he r d i t i ' m ' Not bl i t ni da bet e t pur ha e of t ve c e a t a c de , t a y, n he ne ys we n he c s he hil nd he c i nt he V eose ha no r par ne ds a wa no s n t a a o s p.I t e ni da ,howe r l tr d e i e nd s t e t o n ut ho n hos ne ys ve , Be t f led up t ga t nk a l a t onc a l whe not i us t V e os e r m ai d i t ty il he s n t es e, td, n n e, he l t r e ne n he ga ag oft ho e Be t owned.Furhe ,t pur has prc oft Vel t r whih Be t pa d, r e he m ty t r he c e i e he ose , c ty i i ude a c ncl d oupon f r an oi c ng i addii n t a lmie wa r nt Th ,Dombr ky a o l ha e n to o i t d ra y. us os nd Gr n tr t c tt fnd t tBe t m ait i d t Veose ,whih woul gi rs t a d y ee tge he our o i ha ty n ane he l t r c d ve ie o ut t de end o i m niy unde t Um br laPolc o f r nde f r he e l i y. Enc pa s a g s t t t m e ng of t w o d d a nt i 'm us be unde s ood a i om s r ue ha he ani he r G i a n' m t rt sn r l ton t a m o or ve c e.Se St t Fn m M ut Aut l .Co.v.Po el,318 S. 2d 393,397 ea i o t hi l e ae r . o. ns w l E. ( 198 (l-lhe l rhi mantna ,orus pr vii s ul beco t e i t lght Va. 4) ig f ownes p, i e nce e' o son ho d nsnzd n he i o te s be tmatrwihwh c t epa t sa ed aig tetr o t poiys o l b gv n f h u j c te t ih h ri r e ln ; h e ms f he l h ud e ie e c t i nau a a o di r mea ng. Therf e Enco s c e ,Gmanan'mus me n her tr l nd r nay ni ' ). eor, mpa s ontnds ç iti ' t a 8 G ant na , s h a sa e i pe tons tr r t tons oi c nges a t lke.Enc m pas ç i e nce' uc s t t ns c i , ie o a i , 1 ha , nd he i m ' o s c a m st tt w o d s d no be unde s ood t m e m e e y ga agi a f lng. l i ha he r houl t rt o an r l r ng nd ' i ue Fe c t ha a e s d t is ofwha c tt e m ant na o a mot ve ce. w ours ve ddr s e he s ue t onsiut s i e nce f or hil Gr e a Dombr ky r y on a c e i whi h t Unied Stt sCour ofAppe l f t Fourh e n nd os el as n c he t ae t a s or he t Cic t a e s d t m e ni of i nt n' i r a i t a a oma i s i e s t m .Se r ui ddr s e he a ng l mai ai ' n elton o n ut tc prnklr yse e Brtm LLC v Grp cArsMu .n .Co, 4 F. p' 5 8 6 2 0 (t Ci. 1 . tn t eo . a hi t t l s .4 6 Ap x 9 , 0 - 3 4h r 201 ) Ciig o Blc s La Di to r t Fourh Cic t c l d t t t wor t ant i ' c d be a k' w ci na y, he t r ui oncude ha he d f i an' oul m undesoodi mor t nonewa JJ l co dras bl bei eprt t me nha ngar ulr rt n e ha y... t ul e ona y ntr eed o a vi I eg a r paroblgai n.I On t o he hand,ç nt n' c ul alo r as bl bet de sood t m e n e i i to d. he t r i mai ai ' o d s e ona y m rt o a t tt i ur smpl ha t ha a s i e s t m i t ld,asi t ke p i i e se e.I ha he ns ed i y d o ve prnklr yse nsale n o e t n xit nc d. The Fourh Cic t bele d t e t t r tnd ngs s t r ui ive hes wo mde sa i uppore a fndi of a guiy, td i ng mbi t r q rn i t a p ya i tr r tto t a wo l ef cu t c v r g . ei (iig M olna e e uiig t o p l n nep eain h t ud fe tae o e a e Se d. ctn l ur e v. to wieM u .n . , 9 SE.d5 , 9 ( .1 7 ). Nain d tI s Co.1 8 . 2 91 5 2 Va 9 3 ) Gr n a Do br ky alo po ntt a handf ofo - - ic tsa e- t ' de ii t t ee nd m os s i o ul utofcr ui tt co ut c sons ha ha a e s d t i s ofwha i m e ns t G ant i 'a ve cl For e m pl t Supr me ve ddr s e he s ue t t a o s i an' m hi e. xa e, he e Cou t of Pe y va a ha de e mi d t t mai e nc S rs t pr e ve or ke p i a r nns l ni s t r ne ha ntna e t l o es r mea e n n e si sa e o co ii n a e a e a t ofr para o he a t t pr ve a de lne lps , xitng t t r ndto nd mbr c s c s e i nd t r c s o e nt ci , a e or c s a i fom t t s a e or c ndii n. M o rs v.Am .Li b.& Sur t Co. 185 A .201 202 e s ton r ha t t o to ' r i ' a ey , , ( 1 .Adoptngt slngua t SuprmeCour ofTe f Pa. 936) i hi a ge, he e t xas ound i çne c pa et tt t i s a bl ha he i r plce ntof f lwhih ha bee e use wih us a wihoutwhih a mot r ve ce i e a me ue c s n xha t d t e nd t c o hi l s i pe a i ,i a s ci s of m ai e nc .... St t Fn M ut Aut I .Co.v.Pa A m .I . no r tve s pe e nt na e ' a e nn ' . o. ns n ns Co.437 S. . 542,545( x.1 .Fi ly,Gr e a Dombr kynot t tt ditonay , W 2d Te 969) nal e n nd os e ha he ci r 9 m e ni oft wor m e ns:ç1.t kee i a sae ofr par e fce orvai t pr s r e fo a ng he d a & o p n t t e i, fi incy ldiy: e e v r m f l eorde lne ...4.t pr def :be rt e ns of s aiur ci o ovi or a he xpe e : uppor ....'W e t ' Thid New t ' bsers r I tl cin r 1 6 ( 9 6 . n ' Dito ay 3 2 1 8 ) Li i Br t t c tbele s t tt pa te pr f r t dif r nta r as bl ke n e on, he our ive ha he ris ofe wo f e e nd e ona e unde s a ng of t w o d t a nt i ' Thi s ges s t t t t r i n bi r t ndi s he r û i a n. m ' s ug t ha he e m s m guous Se Br t . e e on, 4 F. p' a 6 3($ h wo d û iti d ybeu d rt di mo eta o ewa , whc 46 Ap x t 0 çT) e r man an' ma g n e soo n r h n n y' ih s upporsafndi ofa g t ' (ii Saz v.Va.Fn Blr a M ut I .Co. 556 S. 2d t i ng mbiuiy.' ctng li ) nn ze u . ns , E. 758,760( 2002).M orove ,whiet Umb el Polc a t spr son i pa tculr i Va. ) e r l he r la iy, nd hi ovii n ri a, s rpe wih de i d tr ,Enc i t fne e ms ompa s de lned t des G n ai 'i t ag e n e t Se i s ci o tne d t n' n he r e l n . e d. mai (Absn a y ca iain i te p lc ,we c ncu e t t l iti i n g o s hee' . ç e t n ldfc to n h o iy t o ld ha manan' s mbiu u r .) ' Acc r ngl t c ti bo md by Vigi a 1 w t i epr tt t r i f o di y, he our s t r ni a o nt r e he e m n avorofc r .Se ove age e Trv ,7 6 S. 2 a 3 9 (W h r t c n tu to sa ee u lypo sbl,ha mo tfv rbl a co 3 E.d t 2 G e e wo o sr ci n r q al si e t t s a o a e s t t ei s z dwil ea o td' o h n u e lb d pe .) ' W ih t s prncpl s i m i t c tbei ve t tBe' m ant i t Vel t rf t he e i i e n nd, he our le s ha ty i aned he ose or t pur e o t Umbr l Polc Tesi pos s f he ela i y. tmony de monsr t st tt Ve ose sa d i t gar ge ta e ha he l t r t ye n he a whe not beng us d, s le i i fom t e e e s M or over t s decson t ke t n i e het rng t r he lm nt . e , hi ii o ep he V e os e i t g a w asa a fr a i one,a Be t t tfe t ta l as one ve c e w a ke l t r n he ar ge n f i m tve s ty es ii d ha t e t hi l s pt on t drveway.Se Bety Dt De 29: 30: Be t and J Ann bo h sa e t tkee ng t he i e t mn p. 34- 2. ty o t tt d ha pi he V e os e i t ga a he pe t s ur t V e ose a pr ec i f om adve s we t r Se l t r n he r ge l d o ec e he l t r nd ot t t r r e a he . e Bet Dl nDe 311 - (trb tn t er a o h rTo oaAv lnwa i t x eln s pe'o ty l n p. :0 21 a t u ig h e s n e y t ao s n G c le t ha 't i e bebe a ei wa ke i t ga a ) J Ann Dunn De 22: - 614- 5.Si lry,t co t c us t s pt n he r ge; o p. 2123; : 1 mial he ur be ives t t ga a ng t ve cl i ve ca i f r t Vel t r G or pur e of . le ha r gi he hi e nvol d rng o he ose t f pos s a pe rnc . Blc sLa Dito a v1 3 (t e 2 0 ) Fu te mo e Be t d dmo eta j s p aa e' a k' w cin r 0 9 9h d. 0 9 . rh r r , ty i r h n u t ' g a t Veoser She f l d t ca a las onc al Be t pad f f elwhe J Ann dr ar ge he l t . ue e he r t e t e, ld ty i or u n o ove teVeo trt W e tVigna S e W e se ' Thr Ne I ' Dito a y 1 6 ( 9 6 (e iig h lse o s r ii. e b trs id w ntl cin r 3 2 1 8 ) d fnn manti as ço pr de f :be t expe e of'.Addii l t purhas prc oft i an l ovi or ar he t ns ) tonaly, he c e ie he ve c e, hi Be t pa d,i l d t fr toi c nge a a lm ie w a r nt hi l w ch ty i nc ude he i s 1 ha nd i t d r a y. I alo a r t tDo br ky,J Ann,and Bet e t Bel t c rbut t ce ti t s ppea s ha m os o ty xpeced ty o onti e o ran upke p e ns , s h a oi c nge a tr r t tons For e mpl , Be t a J ha e xpe es uc s 1 ha s nd ie o a i . xa e ty nd oe d c rbutd t wa dst s e ns s f r J Ann' lAV4.SeeJ Ann Dlnn De 52: 1 Be t onti e o r he e xpe e o o sl o l p. 9- 0; ty Dt De 20: 11.Bet had pr vi usy plr ha e a vehil f r a t r gr ndda ht r She mn p. 9ty e o l zc s d c e o no he a ug e . ha pur ha e tr s w i hi l w i r ,a ga olne f t tve c e.Se Be t D un D e 27: d c s d ie , nds e d pe s nd s i or ha hi l e ty n p. 6- 9.Be t a s a ty lo cknowl dge t tDo br ky di notha s c e f ndst pa f t s s t e d ha m os d ve ux i nt u o y or he e ors ofe ns ,a s e ce t hep J Al c rt m.Se L. 32: 7.Fo t era ons t xpe es nd he xpe td o l o m ove he e d 4-1 r hes e s ,hç . c t be ive t t Be t s aci a o mt d t tmait ni ' t Ve ose . Co e ue ty, our le s ha ty' tons m t e o i n ai ng' he l t r ns q n l a co di t t l ngua oft Um b e l polc Enc pa s ha a dut t de e ori m niy c r ng o he a ge he r la i y, om s s y o f nd nde f Do br ky.Se Enc m os e ompa sUmbr la Polc l urng Agr e e 6. s el iy ns i e m nt 11 1. C o r unde t A ut Polc ve aze r he o iv Gr e and Dombr ky alo as t c tt de l r t tEnc en os s k he our o c a e ha ompa sha a dut t de e s s y o f nd o i m niy Dom br ky pur ua t t t r s o t A u o Polc t Endo s m e , o bot r nde f os s nt o he e m f he t i y, he r e nt r h. Enc ompa ss e a de a a i t ti ha no s h d y.The Aut Polc e l s c r e f s e ks clr ton ha t s uc ut o i y xc ude ove ag or ç an v hil, te t a y u c v r da t , c i:. . unih do a albeo y t r g lr l j y e ce oh r h n o r o ee u o whih s . fr s e r v i l r ol e u a g a r us ' Pe s e. ronalAut Polc 4.TheEndor e ntc ve outa e pto t t se l i sa i ' o iy s me ar s n xce i n o hi xcuson, ttng t tEncom pa s twilpr de Li biiy Cove ag f r a ve c e ot r t n yolr c r d a o, ha s ç l ovi a lt r e o ny hi l , he ha z ove e ut w hi h i f l s d or a l bl f t r gul r us of t na e i vi ual' Ext nde N onc s u mihe vaia e or he e a e he m d ndi d . ' e d O wne Cove a 1.H ow e r t r i a r e nt e pto t t Endor e e c r ge:tf d r ge ve , he e s el va xce i n o he s m nt ove a s he - 11 Exe e No own d Cov rg p o ie b ( e e d re nt o sno af r c v r g . .o tnd d n- e e a e r vd d y t j n o s me d e t fo d o ea e . f r h a ac i n i vi ...a ve ceowne by am e roft s m ehous hol '1 ny c de t nvol ng: hi l d mbe he n e d.' d. Asa t r hol ma tr Enc pa s a gue t tt Endo s m e doe nota y be a e l es d te , om s r s ha he z r e nt s ppl c us t Sc dul lse o t Endor e ntdoe no ls a S m e i vi ua . ç c c he he e it d n he s me s t it t nn d ndi d l' l h ompo ntof ' Ea ne a i tr nc c r tG houl be c i r a c t ue t t r ....' Tr ns ntne a ,551 n nsl a e ontac s d ons de ed nd ons r d oge he '' a co i nt l S. 2 a 3 8( u tn S c v Th LieI s Co o Vi n a 1 7 S. 2 7 7 71 ( .1 6 ). E.d t 1 q oi g ug s . e f n . . f mii, 4 E.d 0 , 0 Va 9 6) Thus e s m e t t tm odiy a unde l ng polc l ho d be c i r d a c nsnz d' i , ndor e n s ha f n ryi iy ç ul s onsde e nd o t e ' n c n u to wi s i u d ryn poiy. u as 1 S. 2 a 71 lW j e ete ei d u ta t o j ncin t ad n el ig lc S a , 47 E.d t 0.ç h r h r s o b s o h g ghe)me ni 't c ti co tane t co tuet lng geçn fvoroft ti eprtto t a ng, he our s nsr i d o nsr he a ua s a ' i ha ntr eain whi h gr nt c r ge,r t rt n t whi h wihhol i. St PaulFie & M a c a s ove a ahe ha hat c t ds t' . ' r dne I .Co.v. ns S. Nus a m & Co.I c, 1 S. 2 7 4, 3 ( . 98 ) L. b u , n .3 6 E.d 3 7 6 Va 1 4 . Looki a t Endo s m e i pe nty a t t Aut Polc coleci l t c t ng t he r e nt nde nde l nd o he o iy l tvey, he our bei ve t t t pa tes i e le s ha he ri nt nded Be t t be t t m e i vi . See Se s v.Ere l . ty o he G nn d ndi dual' ' al i ns Ex h.6 4S. 2 8 0, 6 ( . 0 9 (Ea h p rs a dca s o a i s r n ec nr c s o l c , 7 E.d 6 8 2 Va 2 0 ) G c h a e n lu e f n n u a c o ta t h u d t be c i r d a consr d t t r ... s as t e f c uae t i e i of t pa te a onsde e nd tue ogehe o o fe t t he nt nton he ri s s e e s d t r n.) On t Cove a Summay,Bet i lse a t ç d i urd. xprs e heei ' . ' he r ge r ty s itd s he t nnme ns e ' ' Addtonal i r lton t t Aut Polc Be' i lse unde i rve I br to ' Se ii ly, n ea i o he o iy, ty s it d t r o i r nt mai n. e ' Cove a Sum m ar 1 D oc tN o. 1 2. Si ia l t Co r ge Slm m a y nùt s t t t A ut r ge y , ke m l ry, he ve a l r e ha he o Po iyi iu j c't teEn o s me t I . t4. rh r r, ieEnc mpa si c re tta n lc s l b e t'o h d re n .d a Fu te mo e whl o s s o rc h t o s o i s c fcal ls e a t ç m e i vi ua' o t Sc dul f t Endor e e ,t r i ne s pe ii ly it d s he t na d ndi d l' n he he e or he s m nt he e s a E ' ne t I n e I vi la Fa iy M em be s' N e t Ifo a Pr m i ' o t s m e n S ' xt o t m d ndi dua nd m l X N r .' xt o s t l e um ' n he a - s he e i $$ I c dul s 1 NCLUDED.'Se Ext nde Non' e e d owned Cove a 1 Ac or ngl t c t r ge . c di y, he our bele s t t Endor e e i a ia e a t t t r lva quesi i whe he t ive ha s m nt s pplc bl nd ha he ee nt ton s t r he Endor e e pr vi s c r s m nt o de ove age. 12 I Stt Fam M u .Auo I .Co.v J ne ,38 S. 2 7 4 ( .1 8 ) t e S p e n ae r t t. ns . o s 3 E.d 3 Va 9 9 , h u rme Cou tofVigi a ha t opporuniy t e m i t m e ni ofç u nihe ora ia ef t r r ni d he t t o xn ne he a ng ç r s d f va lbl or he r gul rus ' i t c extof a a om obie i tr nce polc Spe f c ly,t Cour r e l t e a e ' n he ont n ut l nsla i y. cii a l he t e va ua ed a e zird cso S aeFam M u. t v S t ,1 2 S. 2 5 2 ( .1 6 ) i whc i h d n ale e iin, tt r t Auo. . mi 4 E.d 6 Va 9 5 , n ih t a h de e m i d t t t ve ce i que ton was notf r s o a lbl f r ulr us of t t r ne ha he hi l n si u nihed r vaia e or eg a e he i u e Th Co r o s r e t a S t ( mp sz dta E i u e )e ecs dnod miin o ns rd. e u t b ev d h t mi ç ha ie h t t ns rd x r ie he he o no r c r ove t c rand ne rope a e i f r a pur e wihoutfrtobt i ng pe mi so ' ontol r he a ve r t d t o ny pos t is ani r s i n. ' J s 38 S. 2d a 735; s as Herc v.Gov' Emps I .Co. No.97659, 1 one , 3 E. t ee lo tik t . ns , 991 W L 1 01 4 2 a * ( .Ci.Ct M a 9 9 )(Th ca sfc to o t e c aa tro u e wa 1 5 2 , t 1 Va r . y ,1 91 $ e lsiiain f h h rce f s s ç s cGc l a a d n d i J ne ,wh r t Co r ise d u g d t a i i c nto (o whae r pe i al b n o e n o s e e he u t n ta r e h t t s o r l fr tve y pupo e t ti d tr nai o te ulrus .' .Th f cs i J ne c mp le ,h we e,t e r s ) ha s ee mi t f r g a e'' e a t n o s o eld o v r h ve ) Cour t c et adif r ntc l i n.I J s t Supr m e Co tofVigi a dee mi t t t o om o fe e oncuso n one , he e ur r ni tr ned ha t i ur d ha de o taed s h C r que ,dal a e e i us ,do i on,a c r of he ns e d m nsr t uc ç e nt ly, nd xt nsve e m ni nd ontol f t g ce't tt ve cewa c i r t bef r s ora l ef rgul us oft he vehill'ha he hil s onsdeed o ' nihed vaiabl or e ar e he u i vi l J ndi dua . ones 38 S. 2d a 736. , 3 E. t Ot rsa e c t wihi t Fourh Cic tha alo a e s d whehe a a t o l i he tt ours t n he t r ui ve s ddr s e t r n u om bie s C ur s d o a ia e f t r ulrus ' of a i vi l For e m pl i Am e ia St t s t nihe r val bl or he eg a e' n ndi dua . f xa e, n rc n a e I s Co v.Tn n r 5 3 S. 2 8 5 ( .Va 0 2 ,t S p e Co r o Ap e l o W e t n. . n e , 6 E.d 2 W .2 0 ) he u rme u t f p as f s V igi a no e r ni t d: The phr s ç- r s d f r gul r us '...doesno i pl t m n r of us ,t t a e l t ni he or e a e ' fz t m y he nne e ha i , ti t a om p l t t s m e us t whi h a i ur d w oul us hi own s pu tng he ut bie o he a es o c n ns e d e s a t o l bu i ple a r g t t r cul r us of t a o obie i t s ns u om bie, t m i s i ht o he e a e he ut m l n he e e t t t r i a e e s o i id unde sa ng wih t owne of a ha he e s n xpr s ed r mple rt ndi t he r n a t o l t tt i ur d co d ha t us o t pari ul r a om obie ...i u om bie ha he ns e ul ve he e f he tc a ut l f a ia e va l bl . 1 a 831(mpha i a d. t e ss dded) sealoNai deMut I .Co.v.Shoe ke,965F.Su 700, ; e s tonwi . ns ma r pp. 7 6 ( D. .1 9 ) afd 1 9 F. 1 6 ( dCi.1 98 ( b e vn ta Gndcao r g lru e 0 E. Pa 9 7, f', 3 3d 1 5 3 r 9 ) o sr ig h t s ii f e ua s i 13 gn ld j ( )b n k tp r s in t us tç c rr te t n h vngt rq e tp r si n e c i cu e : 1 ln e e miso o e h a ah r ha a i o e u s e miso a h tmea ( a a ia estofke ' . i nd 2) n valbl e ys' ) l t i t n ca e Be t d ove t Ve ose t t t eetm esi t ni dayst f m iy n he nsa t s , ty r he l t r wo o hr i n he ne he n l pos e s t c rprort t a i nt No one be ived t Be t ha t as pe m iso t us s s ed he a i o he ccde . le hat ty d o k r s i n o e t Vel t r i i wasa ia e. o Ann Dunn De 54: 6.Bet Dl n De 29: 8,Do br ky he ose , f t va lbl J p. 2- , ty m p. 6- . m os De 31:4- 9.M or over t keyswe eke i i t Ve ose - notwih Dombr ky.J Ann p. 1 1 e , he r pt nsde he l t r t os o D unn D e 22: 2- D om br ky D e 24: 6- 7. A ddii ly, t r w e e no r s r c i ns on p. 1 20; os p. 1 1 tona l he e r e ti to wha Be t c d d wih t Vel t r Be t Dt De 29: 1 t ty oul o t he ose . ty mn p. 9- 3. The c r beleve t s f c s a e s fce t e tbls t tt Vel t rwasa ia e ou t i s he e a t r ufi int o sa ih ha he ose val bl f rBe t sr gul us .Ast Supr m e Co 'ofVigi aha e o ty' e ar e he e ul t r ni s mphasz d,domi on a c r ie ni nd ontol o rt ve cl a e i ve he hi e r mporan f t s i de e mi ng whe he a ve ce i a lbl f r g a t t acor n t r ni t r hi l s vaia e or e ulr us .S eJ n s 3 3 S. 2 a 7 5. ty as ce ry h dç 1 b n k tpemiso t us t ec r e e o e , 8 E.d t 3 Be' lo lal a ( ) ln e r si n o e h a t ( r te ta ha ig t rq s pemiso e c tmea d ()a a ia l s to ke s'a teke s ah r h n vn o e uet r s in a h i n 2 n valb e e f y ' s h y we e lf i t Ve ose .Shoe a r 965 F.Supp.a 706.Thus t Aut Polc pr vii n t t r e t n he l t r m ke , t , he o i y o so ha e l s c a f S ny ve ce,ot r t n you co r d a o,whih i:...f r s d o xcude over ge or ç a hi l he ha r ve e ut c s u nihe r ava l bl or yo r ul r us 'a i s Pe s l Aut Polc 4.A dd t o ly,t Endor e e ia e ur eg a e' pple . r ona o iy ii na l he s m nt pr son whi h pr vi s a e pto t t se l i i a s a ia e.Se Ext nde N o ovi i c o de nd xce i n o hi xcuson s lo pplc bl e e d nOwne Cove age 1. d r Enc ompas ,ho s weve ,poi sou t tt Endor e ntGdoe no a f d c r ...f r r nt t ha he s me l s t for ove age o a a i nt i vi ...a ve c e ow ne by a m e be o t s m e ho e d.'1 J Ann ny cc de nvol ng hi l d m r f he a us hol ' d. o ow ne t V el t r a lve w ih Be t Thi e l i a a s t a y.H ow e r D om br ky d he os e nd i s t ty. s xc us on ppe r o ppl ve , os a Gr e ur e t c tt fnd t ttzse l i r d i c e wih t e ieEndor e e , nd e n g he our o i ha li xcuson, ea n ont xt t he ntr s m nt c e t sac lc t tm us ber s ve i f voroft i ur d. r a e onti t ha t e ol d n a he ns e GAn e epto t ts r st ne t t a i a lt ofonepa tc a e l i doe not $ xc i n ha e ve o ga e he pplc biiy ri ulr xcuson s c e t a i onfit wih a he polc e uson .... PBM Nutii l ,7 S. 2dat71 çA. r a e c lc ' t not r i y xcl i ' ' rtona s 24 E. 3.$ n e e i t a e uson onl ha be rng on t te l i s a i abiiy.'I I s t ç r xc pton o n xcl i y s ai ha xc uson' pplc lt ' d. n hol ç l a e e i t a e uson doesno ce t c veag whee none e ss' l (ii Nai de xc pton o n xcl i t rae o r e r xit.' d. ctng tonwi M u .n . . W e e, 8SE.d 8 4 8 6( .1 1) t Is Co v. na r 27 . 2 7 , 7 Va 98 ). I t i t ntca e t c tcn n he nsa s , he our nnotfnd a c lc be we n t Endor e ntpr vii . i onfit t e he s me o sons On t one ha t Endor e e ca e outa e e i t t Aut Polc e l i n f r he nd, he s m nt v s n xc pton o he o i y xc uso o ve cls f nzs d o a lbl f r Be t s r gul rus Se Ext nde Nonhi e a ihe r vaia e o ty' e a e. e e d owne Cove age 1. d r On t o he ha t Endor e e doe no pr de co r ge f a ac i nt i vi a he t r nd, he s m nt s t ovi ve a or n c de nvol ng ve cl o ne by a m e be of t s e ho e d.Co e nty,de pie t Endor em e ' hi e w d m r he am us hol ns que l s t he s nt s e e i t t r l va A ut Polc e us on, t e e i n ca xc pton o he e e nt o i y xcl i he xc pto nnot G r a e c r ge w he e G e t ove a c r no e ss' PBM Nutii nas 724 S. 2d a 71 The Endor e ntuna bi ne xit . ' rto l, E. t 3. s me m guousy e l l xcudes c r f ra i nt i vi vehil sowned byf miym e be s ove age o ccde s nvol ng ce a l m r. C ! i ur nce c pa ba e is polc a pr m i on is e ua i o t f e nc c I ns a A. om ny s s t i y nd e um t val ton f he r que y a opporuniy f r ars t pr uc a l s' J ne ,383 S. 2d a 469.The rs wilobvi usy nd t t o ik o od e os .' o s E. t ik l o l g ow whe ave cl a ia ef t r gul us oft i lr d i owne by s m e who lve r n hi e va lbl or he e ar e he nsze s d o one i s i t s me ho e d.Furhe ,i i a rs t t t Endor e e t c e ry he es t o h t n he a us hol t r t s ik ha he s m n l a l dg hr ug he r lv n c v r g e cuso .Se Ex e e No owne Co ea e (1 e Extn e No ee a t o e a e x l ins e tnd d nd v rg t Th ed d n Owne Cove a pr vi d by t s e r e e doe not a f r c r ge . ..f r a a c de d r ge o de hi ndo s m nt s f o d ove a o ny c i nt i v lig:.. av hil o e b ame ro te s meh u e o d' .Th r fr ,t e c u t n ovn e ce wn d y mbe f h a o s h l .) e eo e h o r ' c ude t tEnc oncl s ha ompas i no r quie t de e or i m niy Do br ky plr ua t t s s t e r d o f nd nde f m os zs nt o he A ut Polc o isEndor e e . o iy r t s m nt Gr e a D om br ky co e t t e n i t t r s of t polc do not pr de e n nd os nt nd ha ve f he e m he iy ovi co r ge,Enc pas i es o d f om de ng cove a $ pe s i es o d f o de ng ve a om s s t ppe r nyi r ge. ç A r on s t ppe r m nyi t c eque esofhi c he ons nc s onduc whe et tc t r ha onduc ha bee s h a t i e a he t c nge t s n uc s o nduc not r o ha hi posto i g s ii n n ood f t or s h t t a r as bl m a woul r l upon t r pr s ntto aih uc ha e ona e n d ey he e e e ai ns ma e' Htn l Oi & Re.Co.v.F d l y & Ca .Co,4 2 F.d 8 3 8 8 ( t Ci.1 6 ) d . u be 1 ' f i ei t s . 0 2 9 , 9 4h r 9 8 . Dombr k a Gr e bele t tt e al be wee J a Enc os y nd e n ive ha he m is t n oe nd ompa st qui a l s s me voc ly how t t Enco pa s a fnna i l r pr s nt d t is na e i ur t t Dombr ky, a r sde ha m s fi tvey e e e e o t m d ns ed ha os e i nt r l tve ha c r e ai , d ove age unde t polc M o e r Do br ky ur s t t r la e i r he iy. r ove , m os ge ha e inc s de o tae be a eJ i tu t d J Am1t ke p t e i c i and t d J Al t ts al m nsr td c us oe nsr c e o o e he ma l han ol o m ha he rd Do br ky we ec r m os r ove ed. Enco pa sa s lst ti i note t d fom de ng c r gebe a e ç ove a ofa m s s e' ha t s t soppe r nyi ove a c us ç r ge n c i ur nc co r c m a no bee e ns a e nta t y t xt nded by e t lori i d wa ve t i l rs e e sy soppe mple i r o ncude iks xpr s l e cu e ' S a p v.Rih nd L f I .Co,1 3 S. 2 1 2 1 5 ( .1 71.Th sr l h s x ld d. h r ' c mo ie ns . 8 E.d 3 , 3 Va 9 ) i ue a pr cude c r gei c s si whih t i lr nc co ni swe s f rasslng af sai e l d ove a n a e n c he nsza e mpa e nt o a i onn t tng t t is tpolcy was i f r a e f c a c r t d r' Se M ul v Cons . I v. ha t t i n o ce nd fe t nd ove ed he dve . è ' ve t. nc. Bi n u Ca . r , 7 F. p' 1 0 1 8(t Ci. 01 )( ic s igNo ma v I . . f mmio s s Co p.5 1 Ap x 5 , 5 4h r 2 4 d su sn r n .ns Co o N. .2 9 S. 2 9 2, 0 ( .1 79) TheFo rh Cic i u h l adsrc c u tsd na o Am , 3 E.d 0 9 8 Va 9 ). u t r ut p ed itit o r' e il f e endi cove age unde t docrne of e t l e n whe c rii t s of i ur nce satng xt ng r r he ti soppe ve n e tfca e ns a ti t tt r pa te we e adde a addii na i ur ds we e is des t t f c t tt t r ha hid ri s r d s to l ns e r s ued pie he a t ha he hid pate weene ra t ly a dt t undel ng i tr nc polc Se i.a 1 60( di ris r ve cual dde o he ryi nsza e iy. e /s t 58- hol ng t ha t diti c tdi no e ri r f sng t a y eso lt e e t si tr nc polcy' ç t he srct our d t r n e u i o ppl t ppe o xt nd hi nsla e i s t c r be oveage yond istnns'.As dic s t Endore nte ude c r f a i nt t e ' l s used, he sme xcl s oveage or ccde s i vi a ve c e ow ne by a m e be o t s m e hous hol Se Ext nde N on- ne nvol ng hi l d m r f he a e d. e e d ow d Co r g 1 Ac o dngy,t c u tma no S x e d b etp l.. .Eh s )rs se p e sy vea e . c r i l he o r y t û tn y so pe e t e e ik x r sl e l xcuded.'Sha p, 1 S. 2d a 1 The e or , Encompas i not e t ppe fom de ng ' r 83 E. t 35. r f e s s so d r nyi 16 co r ge t rt Aut Polc a Endo s me .The c twilt g a i pa ta de i ve a mde he o iy nd r e nt our l hus r nt n r nd ny n par Dom br ky a Gr n' m oto a g anti par a deny i pa tEnco pas 'm oto t os nd ee s i ns nd r n t nd n r m s i n. Concl on usi Fo t er a o sae ,Do r s y a d Gr e ' mo in f rsl r j d me twilbe r h e s ns ttd mb o k n e n s to s o l mma y u g n l gr nt d i pa' a de ed i pa t Enc a e n l nd ni n r. ompa s m o i n wilbe g a t i pa ta de e i pa t t s ' to l r n ed n r nd nid n r . The Cl r i diec ed t s nd c r ii c e of t s m e or ndum opi on a t ek s r t o e e tfed opi s hi m a ni nd he a ompa ng or r t a1c ms lofr co d.The Clr i f rhe die t d t c os t sm a tr cc nyi de o l ot e e r ek s u t r r c e o l e hi te a srke i fom t a tvedoc toft c t nd ti t r he c i ke he our. oA Tso :Thi s ' d orFebrua y,2017. /v ay r Chi Unie Stt sDititJ e t d a e src udge

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