Encompass Independent Insurance Company v. Dombrosky et al

Filing 34

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 2/10/17. (sas)

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De e n / os de e nt
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M A TTH EW T.G M EN

De e ntcr s l i a /
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n hi ns a e ve a
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ompas I pe nt I u a e Co n ny
s nde nde ns r nc
n pa

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l
)
b iain o ee r n e iy

Ta y Do r s y (Do r s y' i c n e to wih a pes n lij r a to t a M ate
n a mb o k ç mb o k ' n o n cin t
c
)
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c u to co smoins fr p ril s mmay j d me tfld b Enc mpa s Do r s y a d
o r n r s- to o a t u r u g n ie y o s, mb o k , n
a
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St e e ofFac s
at m nt
t

The f c s i t s ca e a e no he viy di put I 2007,D o br ky a he m o he ,J
a t n hi s r t a l s ed. n
m os nd r t r o

Ar Dul (UoAnn' move i wihDo os sgrndpae s Bet Dunn ($ ty' a J
m m $
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)
d n t mbr ky' a rnt, ty
ç t ' nd oe
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Dlnn (Coe'.Att ttme J who ha acae ri i ur nc e ie arpr e ai fo
l t '
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ha i , oe,
d re n ns a e, mald e esnttve r m
Enc pas i rng a ut t r e s i polci .J Ann D e 45: 46: J r ce ved a
om s nquii bo hei xi tng i es o
p. 15- 23. oe e i
n

e alsa i t c di t Polc defnii t da t rgr ndda t ra e c i r d f miy
m i t tng, t or ng o iy i tons he ugh e / a
Ac
ugh e r onsde e n l

me be sr sde r l tve a t r or c r ge wil e e t t m as l
m r/e i nt e ai s nd he ef e ove a
l xt nd o he
ong a t y a e
s he r
r i ng i t ho e l a t tme of a l s' Em alf o R' c- s t Pegg Pe te W e
esdi n he us ho d t he i
os .
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i r m M Ea t o
y tr y, d.
Oc .31,200 Doc tN o.1 5.J ga t e ai c i t J Ann,t d J Al t ts a
t
7, ke
7- oe ve he m l han o o
ol o m ha he nd
D om br ky w er c r d, a t d J Ann t t s s d kee t e a l e ha
os
e ove e nd ol o
ha he houl
p he m i xc nge f r he
o r

r co ds Se Jo Ann De 45:5- 23.J pa s a y pror t t e nt gi ng rs t t
e r . e
p. 1 46: oe s ed wa i o he ve s vi ie o he
i t n di put .
ns a t s e

On J
une 5, 201 Do br ky a Be t viie Fis Tea Hyunda i Roanoke
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r ii, ee ty u c a e
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ve
)
pai t f 1 ptr ha eprc ,whih i ude t velc e' fr toi c nge a almie wa r n y.
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nd i td r a t
Se Ha soc De ,Ex.1 p.0000069,Doc t21 4.J Ann piked up t Vel trf o Fis
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r he xt ne ys ty ove he li l w
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us d t Veose ,s d o i t t gr er so e, c wasa tf l orfvem iesa y.See
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Be t Dt De 9: 1 2,Docke No.21 6.Bet a s pai t putgasi t ca o o t ce.
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ty l o d o
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Se i 8: 9: J Ann putga i t ve c e onc Se J Ann D e 26: 9- D oc tN o.21 3.
e d. 9- 2. o
s n he hi l
e. e o
p. 1 20, ke
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Ats
ome poi ,J Ann d ove t Veose t W e tVigi a Be t pad f t g us d on t t
nt o
r
he l tr o s r ni . ty i or he as e
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ti Se t.58: 1 W he no i us t ve cl wa ke i t gaage,a t ke weeke
rp. e la 6-9. n t n e,he hi e s pt n he r
nd he ys r pt
i t c r Se i 21: - 20.
n he a . e d. 21 22:
N o one f l t t Be' ne de pe s i n t drve t Veose ,but Be t d d i o
et ha ty e d nniso o i o l tr
t
ty i nf nn
D o br ky o a pl nne us . Se J Ann D uml D e 54: 6; Be t Dl n D e 29: 8;
m os
f ny a d e e o
p. 2ty m
p. 6-

Do b os De 31: 4- 9.De pie Be t pur ha i t Ve ose f Do br ky' us a
m r ky p. 1 1
s t
ty
c sng he l t r or m os s e, nd
Be t c i rng t V e os e t be Dom br ky' ve c e Dom br ky ne ded pe s i t
ty ons de i he l t r o
os s hi l ,
os
e
nni s on o

d i t Veose .Se Be t Dul De 1 4- J Ann De 54: 3- 5.Do b os dr t
rve he l t r e ty m
p. 6: 6; o
p. 1 1
m r ky ove he
ve ce a las t eetmespdort t a c de .Se Dombr ky D e 1 8- 24.I add to t
hi l t e t hr i
o he c i nt e
os
p. 9: 22: n ii n o

t Vel t r a Toyot 1AV4 tte i J Al ' na a aToyot Ava on tte i Be t sna e
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at
il d n o m s me nd
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l il d n ty' m
we eke i t g r ge.Se J Al Dunn De 1 1 22. f miy co i r d t RAV4 t be
r pt n he a a
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p. 3: 6- The n l nsde e he
o
J Ann' ve ce a t Aval t be Be t sve c e. eBe t Dul De 1 22- 3.
o
s hi l nd he
on o
ty' hil Se ty m p. 5: 16:
On J
une 1 2015 ni da afe he mot r pi ke up t Ve ose fo Fis Te
7,
, ne ys tr r he c d
he l t r r m r t am

Hyunda ,Dombr ky wasi ve i a m o orve ce ac i ntwhie drvi t Veose .The
i
os
nvol d n
t
hi l c de
l i ng he l t r
a i ntlf Gr e pe m a nty pa a yz d fom t c s do He s eq nty c me d a
ccde e t e n r ne l r l e r he he t wn.
ubs ue l om nce

p ro a ij r s i i Vigni saec t' cami $75milo i d ma e . t et o t
es n l n u y ut n r i a tt out li ng . l n n a g s At h i f he
,
i
me
ac i nt t Ve ose wastte i J Al ' na e a i tr d by alU SA A a o polcy.W he
c de , he l t r
il d n o m s m nd nsle
l
ut
i
n
USA A pa df t t a e V eose , o Ann s cfe t tt c c bepa d t Be t 1 64:i or he ot l d l tr J
pe i d ha he he k
i o ty. d. 1 2.
I.
I

The I ur e Polc e
ns anc
i is

Ataltme rlv n ,Be' manan d a $ 5 milo p ro a l rla p lc (h
1 i s ee a t t
t itie
y
2. lin e s n l l el oiy t e
mb
l r l Po iy' a d a $ 5 ,0 a t p lc (he E t Poiy),wh c icu e a
ç el lc ' n
umb a
)
2 00 0 u o oiy t s o lc '
Au
ih n ld d n
t tn e No own d Co ea e'e d r e n te ç o s me f'.Th Umb el Poiy
s e d d n- e
Ex
v r g ' n o s me t(h t r e n ) e
End
r la lc
oblga es Enc pa s t G dn a f r w hi h a c r d pe s be m e l galy la e due t
i t
om s o t
pay m ges o
c
ove e r on co s e l i bl
o

a o c re c rs lig i p ro a ij r ,b dl ij r ,o p o e t d ma e u t telmi o
n c u rn e e utn n e s n l n u y o iy nu y r r p ry n g , p o h i t f
la lt s
i biiy hown i t Cove ag Summ a y . . .' Enc
n he
r e
r
'
ompas Um b ela Polc I urng
s
r l
i y ns i

Ag e me t3 Do k tNo 1 1 (mp a i o te ) The Umb el Po iy e u rtd c ran
re n , c e . - e h ss mitd .
r la lc n meae e ti
l s st tt polc doesnotç r I pe tne pa tt Umbr l Polc doe notc r
os e ha he iy
ove . n ri nt r, he
ela iy s
ove :

1 Bodiy i ur ornr pe t dn ac a ii o oft owne s p;mai e nc ,
2.
l ni v
o ry m e rsng ut he
r hi
nt na e'
us ;oc upa
e c ncy;r ntng'l ni e r tng;l i or u oa ng of a m o or
e i , oa ng; ntusi oad ng
nl di
ny t
ve ce ...,o he t n:...
hi l
t r ha
e A m ot ve cl you m a nt n orr gul l us w hi h i
.
or hi e
i ai
e ary e
c s:

()Ownedbyafmivme ra no s
1
n l mbe nd t hown i t Co rgeSlmmay;
n he vea l r
or

()Fu n s e o a alb ef r h r g lrus o a yf mi me e .
2 r ih d r v ia l o t e e ua e f n a l mb r
y

3

En o s Umb el Poiy I s rn Ag e me t6 (mp a i d noe dei e tr ) Th r i
c mpa s r la lc n u ig re n e h ss e ts fn d e ms. ee s
no d t t tDo br k i a ç n iy m e r'ort tt Ve ose i a û o ve ce' a
ebae ha m os y s ç m l
f
mbe '
ha he l t r s ç r hi l ' s
mot
de i d by t polc
fne
he i y.
The A ut Polc s a e ,i r l va pa t
o i y t t s n e e nt r :

A.

W e wilpa dn gesf bodiy i ur orpr pe t da a f whi h a
l y ma
or
l ni y
o rv m ge or c ny

i ur d bec
ns e
omesl ga l r s i ebe us ofa a o ac de .W ewils tl or
e ly e ponsbl ca e n ut ci nt
l e te
de e a we c i r a oprae,a c am ors ta ki f d geswhih
f nd, s
onsde ppr it ny l i
ui s ng or ama
c
a epa bl unde t tr soft spolc ....
r ya e
r he e m
hi i y
B.
W e do no pr de Li biiy Cove a f r t ow ne s p,m a nt na or
t ovi
a lt
r ge o he
r hi
i e nce
us of ...
e :
2. l ve cl ,ot rt n yo c r d a o,whi h i :
Azy hi e he ha ur ove e ut
c s
a. wne by you;or
O
d
b.Fu nihe ora ia ef yolrr ul rus
r s d va lbl or z eg a e.

3.Anyve cl,ot rt n vo c r d a o,whih i
hi e he ha ur ove e ut
c s
a.
Owne by aw f m iym e
d
l n l mber or
;
b.Funts d ora ia e f t r gul rus ofa f m iy m e ber
i he
va l bl or he e a e
a l
m .

Ho v r t i Excuso ( 3 d e n t a py t y u whl y u a e
we e , hs l in B.) o s o p l o o
ie o r
m ai ai ng oroc
nt ni
cupyi a ve c e whi h i :
n: ny hi l
c s
a. Ownedbya f m iy me be ;or
a l m r
b. Furls d ora ia ef t r guarus ofaf m iy m e r
rihe
va lbl or he e l e
n l mbe .

Pes na Aut Polc 2- Doc tNo.1 1(mphassde e dei dtr ) ç 'a AYo '
ro l o iy 4, ke
- e
i nots fne e ms.t
You' nd ç ur'
m e ns t ç med i ur ' I a 1.Be' i lse a t na e i ur d i t Cove age
a he t
nn
ns ed. d. t
'
ty s it d s he m d ns e n he
t
r
Sum m a y.Se Cove ag Slm m a y 1, oc tN o.1 2.
r
e
r e l r D ke
-

The Endor e nt t t Aut Polc pr de ,G-he Extnde Nons me o he
o i y ovi s s
f
e d
owne Cove age
d
r
pr ded by t s e s m e t doe not a f d cove a ...f a ac i nti vi ...a
ovi
hi ndor e n
s
for
r ge
or ny c de nvol ng
ve c e om l d by a m e be of t s m e hous hol ' Ext nded N o owne Cove age
hi l
e
m r
he a
e d.
'
e
nd
r
Endor e e , D oc t N o. 1 2. The Endor e e a s pr des G e w il pr de Li biiy
s m nt
ke
s m nt l o ovi , 1
W
l ovi
a lt

Cove ag f a ve ce,o he t n yourc r d a o, c i flnihe o aval bl f t
r e or ny hi l t r ha
ove e ut whih s tr s d r ia e or he

4

r a us oft na e i vi l' I Fi ly,t e r e e saest tt Aut Polcy'
egulr e he m d ndi dua .' d. nal he ndo s m nt t t ha he o i s
ç 2. Excuson,'whih e l s c r ge f a ve c e fu s d or a l e f t
t b. l i '
B.
c xc ude ove a or ny hf l tmihe
vaiabl or he

i lrd' r gulrus doe no prcudec r gebyt Endore ntJ
nsze s e a e, s t e l ove a
he
s me .Z
1
11.

The I antA cti
nst
on

Afe Gre c mme c d t u e lig p ro a ij r s i,En o s b o g t te
tr e n o n e he nd ryn es n l n u y ut c mpa s r u h h
i tnta ton s e ng a de a a i t tnet rt Um br laPolc no t Aut Polc r quie
nsa c i e ki
clr ton ha ihe he
el
iy r he o i y e r s

Enc
ompa st de e o i mniy Dombr ky wih r s tt a cai sas e td a ns he a
s o f nd r nde f
os
t e pec o ny l m s re gai t r s

a r s l o te a cd n .Th de lrtr j d me ta to i n w b f r t c u to co s
eut f h c ie t e caao y u g n ci n s o eo e he o r n r s -

moi n f r sl r j g n fld b Do r s y Gre a d Enc mp s. Gr e a
to s o l
mmay ud me t ie y mb o k , e n, n
o a s e n nd
Do os ur t c tt co l t tDo br ky i e il d t la lt co r ge unde
mbr ky ge he our o ncude ha m os s ntte o i biiy ve a
r
bo h polc e .Enco pa s a kst c tt dec a e t cove a i notow e t D o b os The
t
iis
m s s he our o l r hat
r ge s
d o m r ky.

m oto ha be n f l bre e a a erpef r viw .
i ns ve e uly i f d nd r i or e e
St
andard ofR e e
vi w

S mmay j d me t i a p o rae wh n Eh p e dng ,t e d so e y a d sl sle
u r u g n s p r p it e G e la i s h ic v r nd ico t
t
r
ma e i s o fl a a a sda t s w t tt r i no ge ne is ast a m ae i lf t
t ral n ie, nd ny f vis ho ha he e s
nui s ue o ny t ra ac

a d t a t mo a ti e tte t j d me ta amatro lw. Fe .R.Ci P.5 () F ra
n h t he v n s n ild o u g n s
te f a ' d
'
v. 6 a . o
pat se ie et r ieag n n is o maeilfc,tmus b l u h t tar a o b ej r
ry' vd nc o as e uie sue f tra a t i t e ç c ha e s na l ' y
s
u
c d r t n aver c f t nonoul e ur
dit or he
movi pary. Ande s v. be t Lobby. nc,477 U. 242,
ng t '
'
r on Li ry
I .
S.

2 ( 98 ) W h n d cdn wh t e t ga tamoin f rs mmayj d me t t e c u tmu t
48 1 6 . e e i ig eh r o r n
to o u r u g n, h o r s
viw t r or i t lghtm os f vo a e t t none he ec d n he i
t a r bl o he
movi pa t a d a al r as bl
ng ry nd r w 1 e ona e
i e e s i hi f vo .I a 255;s e al o Te r s Fl Fas ons l v. llng on I
nf r nce n s a r d. t
e s r v' oor hi . nc. Btr i t ndus sI ,
. nc.

763F. 604,61 (t Ci.1 .
2d
0 4h r 985)

ln a d caao y j d me ta to a is rn e c ni r ma a p o raey mo f r
t ' e lrt r u g n cin, n n u a c a e y p r p itl ve o
l
s mmayj g n t d tr n wh t e i i o lg tdt prviec v r g t a i u e , ee
u r ud me t o ee mi e eh r t s b iae o o d o e a e o n ns rd wh r
5

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t r a e no ma e i l a g tes i t polc ' St Pa Re ns a e Co.Lt v.Oli '
he e r
t ra mbi uii n he iy. . ul i ur nc
'
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le s

S a o d Grle a d BasLLC,2 2F. D.3 8 3 2 ( S. 2 0 )(ii Hihln sI . v.
e f o il n r
4 R. 4 , 5 D. C. 0 7 ctng g a d ns Co.
Geb rPr d .Co,7 2 F.S p 1 9 1 0 ( Md.1 8 ).l fc,G st r j d me ti
re o s . 0
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9 8) n a t d lt y u g n s
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ri ulry
l-uie o he e ol i n
ns a
ove a
s es ca e he
c tuc i ofi ur nce co r c s i a l lquesi ' Na i de M ut l .Co.v.Ove l k.
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he t t n
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. e 3 E.d 9 91 Va 9 3 te a f h tt n ih n ns rn e o ta t s
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a t e f c u t t i e i oft pa tesasex e s t r n.'Tr ns ontne a ,5 S. 2d a
s o f e t a e he nt nton he ri
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ns.

W ad 7 6S. 2 3 , 2 ( . 01 )
r , 3 E.d 21 3 9 Va 2 2 .
Be us i ur r ge r l dr tpolc l ng
ca e ns e s ne aly af i y a uage t m s l w ihouta i
he e ves t
ny nput f om t
r he

i ur d, ny a g te i t tlng gea ege r l r ol d i f voroft i ur d:
ns e a mbi uii s n ha a ua r ne aly es ve n a
he ns e

g u' tn ji fv ro t a itprtto wh c g a t c vea e rt e ta
co ls i d n a o f h t ne eain ih rn s o rg , ah r h n
t
t t whi h w ihhol i .W he e t o c t u tons a e e ly pos i e,t tm os
ha
c
t ds t
r w ons r c i
r qua l
s bl ha
t
f vor bl t t i ur d w il be a
a a e o he ns e
l
dopt d. La
e
ngua i a polc pup or i t
ge n
iy
tng o
e l c ran e nt fom c a wilbe c tu m osl sr ngl a i t
xc ude e ti ve s r
over ge l
onsr ed
ty to y gans
t i ur r
he ns e .

1 ( i PBM Nutii lsLLC v.Le ndon I .Co.724 S. 2d 707,71 ( .201 ) çA
d. quotng
rtonas
xi
ns ,
E.
3 Va 2).1
polc pr son i a bi
i y ovii s m guous whe i co e , i i c pa e of m or t n o r a o bl
n, n nt xt t s a bl
e ha ne e s na e

me ni ' Res Ba hae Cop.v.St Pa M eczy l .Co. 407 F. 631 636 ( h Ci.
a ng.' . nks rs
. ul rlr ns ,
3d ,
4t r

2 0 ) No ehee s d o rsmu tn tsri t fn n iui e . 1 .t n r cu l r v so ae
0 5 . n t ls,l u t s o tan o id mb g t s' d t ta t a p o iins r
c
i ' co
not n bi uous m er l be a e t pa tes di a e about t i m e ni ' N e e W I Le e
m g
e y c us he r i
s gr e
he r a ng. xt l P as
'

Cor v. undes 666S. 2d31 321( .2008 .
p. Sa r,
E. 7, Va
)
W ih t sl ga fn e r i m i t c twilno c i rwhe he Enc
t hi e l r m wo k n nd, he our l w onsde
t r ompa smus
s
t
de e ori mniyD o br ky i t unde l ng sa e c ul a i The c r wilfrte m i
f nd nde f
m os n he
ryi tt o ' cton.
t
ou t l is xn ne
Enc
ompa s oblga i unde t Umbr l Polc a t n tz' t is d i unde t Aut
s ' i tons
r he
ela iy, nd he 'l o t utes
tn
r he o
Polc a t Endor e e .
i y nd he
s m nt
11.

Coveraze under t Um brela Polc
he
l
iv

I g nea tr ,h Umb el Poiye ld sc vea ef ra yb dl ij r o p o e t
n e rl ems t e
rla lc xcu e o rg o n o iy nu y r r p ry
da age a i i o of t G ne s p;m a nt na e;us oc upa y;. ..of a m ot ve c e
m
r sng ut he l
ow r hi
i e nc
e; c nc
ny
or hi l

'Th Umb el Pol y t n e c p sfo t i e cuso b d l ijzy a d p o e t d ma
' e
r la i he x e t r m hs x l in o iy nl n r p ry n ge
c
r

. . . .

aii fom a ac i nti vi a ve cl t ti ( )manti orr al usd by t
rsng r n cde nvol ng
hi e ha s 1 i aned egulry e
he
7

n me i l e a d ( )i et e o db afmi me e o a ia l f rt ergua u eo a
a d nsz d; n 2 s i r wne y n l mb r r valbe o h e lz s f
r
h
y
fmiy me e .S e En o a s Umb el Poiy l s rn Ag e me t 6 (mp ss o te )
a l mb r e c mp s
r l l n u ig r e n e ha i mitd .
a c
Ac or ng y,t Umbr l Polc wilr quie Enco pa st de e ori mniy Dombr ky i
c di l he
ela i y l e r
m s o f nd nde f
os f
Bet m ant i d orr ulry us d t Ve ose a t Ve oserwa eihe owne by J Ann or
ty i ane
eg a l e he l t r nd he l t
s t r
d
o
Dombr ky ora ia ef et rJ Ann orDombr ky' r gulrus
os
va lbl or ihe o
os s e a e.
l V igi a t pe s t who a ve c e i tte i t o ne .H a lI v.Em pie Fie
n r ni , he r on o
m
hi l s il d s he w r l nc.
r r

& M ai I .Co.448 S. 2d 633,635( 1 (ç- owne ofa a omobiei t pa t
rne ns ,
E.
Va. 994) sl
-he
r n ut
l s he ry

whoh slg l i et i.)(iigVa Co ej4 2 1 0 . r ,h Veo trwa tte i J An j
a e a tt o t' ctn . d 6.- 0 ) Hee t e lse s i d n o n'
l
'
l
na e At t tm e J AM was a f m iy m e r as de
m .
he i , o
a l
mbe
sned by t Umbr la Polcy.
he
el
i
Ac or ngl t Vel t r wa G
c di y, he
ose
s s
owne 'by a f l m e r as c e a e by t polcy.
d'
amiy mbe
ont mplt d
he i
The e o e t co tbe i ve t tt di pos tve i s i t m e ni oft w o d t a n a n.
r f r , he ur le s ha he s ii s ue s he n ng he r d i t i '
m
'

Not bl i t ni da bet e t pur ha e of t ve c e a t a c de , t
a y, n he ne ys we n he c s
he hil nd he c i nt he
V eose ha no r par ne ds a wa no s n t a a o s p.I t e ni da ,howe r
l tr d
e i e nd s t e t o n ut ho n hos ne ys
ve ,
Be t f led up t ga t nk a l a t onc a l whe not i us t V e os e r m ai d i t
ty il
he s n
t es
e, td,
n
n e, he l t r e ne n he

ga ag oft ho e Be t owned.Furhe ,t pur has prc oft Vel t r whih Be t pa d,
r e he m
ty
t r he c e i e he ose , c
ty i
i ude a c
ncl d oupon f r an oi c ng i addii n t a lmie wa r nt Th ,Dombr ky a
o
l ha e n
to o i t d ra y. us
os nd
Gr n tr t c tt fnd t tBe t m ait i d t Veose ,whih woul gi rs t a d y
ee tge he our o i ha ty
n ane he l t r
c
d ve ie o ut
t de end o i m niy unde t Um br laPolc
o f
r nde f
r he
e l i y.
Enc pa s a g s t t t m e ng of t w o d d a nt i 'm us be unde s ood a i
om s r ue ha he ani
he r G i a n'
m
t
rt
sn
r l ton t a m o or ve c e.Se St t Fn m M ut Aut l .Co.v.Po el,318 S. 2d 393,397
ea i o
t
hi l
e ae r
. o. ns
w l
E.

( 198 (l-lhe l rhi mantna ,orus pr vii s ul beco t e i t lght
Va. 4) ig
f ownes p, i e nce
e' o son ho d
nsnzd n he i

o te s be tmatrwihwh c t epa t sa ed aig tetr o t poiys o l b gv n
f h u j c te t ih h ri r e ln ; h e ms f he l h ud e ie
e
c
t i nau a a o di r mea ng. Therf e Enco s c e ,Gmanan'mus me n
her tr l nd r nay ni '
). eor,
mpa s ontnds ç iti ' t a

8

G ant na , s h a sa e i pe tons tr r t tons oi c nges a t lke.Enc m pas
ç i e nce' uc s t t ns c i , ie o a i , 1 ha , nd he i
m
'
o
s
c a m st tt w o d s d no be unde s ood t m e m e e y ga agi a f lng.
l i ha he r houl t
rt
o an r l r ng nd ' i
ue

Fe c t ha a e s d t is ofwha c tt e m ant na o a mot ve ce.
w ours ve ddr s e he s ue
t onsiut s i e nce f
or hil
Gr e a Dombr ky r y on a c e i whi h t Unied Stt sCour ofAppe l f t Fourh
e n nd
os el
as n
c he t
ae
t
a s or he
t
Cic t a e s d t m e ni of i nt n' i r a i t a a oma i s i e s t m .Se
r ui ddr s e he a ng l
mai ai ' n elton o n ut tc prnklr yse
e

Brtm LLC v Grp cArsMu .n .Co, 4 F. p' 5 8 6 2 0 (t Ci. 1 . tn t
eo
. a hi t t l s .4 6 Ap x 9 , 0 - 3 4h r 201 ) Ciig o
Blc s La Di to r t Fourh Cic t c l d t t t wor t ant i ' c d be
a k' w
ci na y, he
t r ui oncude ha he
d f i an' oul
m

undesoodi mor t nonewa JJ l co dras bl bei eprt t me nha ngar ulr
rt n e ha
y... t ul e ona y ntr eed o a vi
I
eg a
r paroblgai n.I On t o he hand,ç nt n' c ul alo r as bl bet de sood t m e n
e i i to d. he t r
i
mai ai ' o d s e ona y m rt
o a
t tt i ur smpl ha t ha a s i e s t m i t ld,asi t ke p i i e se e.I
ha he ns ed i y d o ve prnklr yse nsale
n o e t n xit nc d.
The Fourh Cic t bele d t e t t r tnd ngs s
t
r ui
ive hes wo mde sa i
uppore a fndi of a guiy,
td
i ng
mbi t

r q rn i t a p ya i tr r tto t a wo l ef cu t c v r g . ei (iig M olna e
e uiig t o p l n nep eain h t ud fe tae o e a e Se d. ctn
l ur
e
v. to wieM u .n . , 9 SE.d5 , 9 ( .1 7 ).
Nain d tI s Co.1 8 . 2 91 5 2 Va 9 3 )
Gr n a Do br ky alo po ntt a handf ofo - - ic tsa e- t ' de ii t t
ee nd m os
s i o
ul utofcr ui tt co ut c sons ha
ha a e s d t i s ofwha i m e ns t G ant i 'a ve cl For e m pl t Supr me
ve ddr s e he s ue
t t a o s i an'
m
hi e.
xa e, he
e
Cou t of Pe y va a ha de e mi d t t mai e nc S rs t pr e ve or ke p i a
r
nns l ni s t r ne ha
ntna e t l o es r
mea
e n n
e si sa e o co ii n a e a e a t ofr para o he a t t pr ve a de lne lps ,
xitng t t r ndto nd mbr c s c s e i nd t r c s o e nt
ci , a e
or c s a i fom t t s a e or c ndii n. M o rs v.Am .Li b.& Sur t Co. 185 A .201 202
e s ton r
ha t t
o to ' r i
'
a
ey
,
,

( 1 .Adoptngt slngua t SuprmeCour ofTe f
Pa. 936)
i hi a ge, he
e
t
xas ound i çne c pa et tt
t i s a bl ha he
i
r plce ntof f lwhih ha bee e use wih us a wihoutwhih a mot r ve ce i
e a me
ue
c s n xha t d t e nd t
c
o hi l s
i pe a i ,i a s ci s of m ai e nc .... St t Fn M ut Aut I .Co.v.Pa A m .I .
no r tve s pe e
nt na e
' a e nn
'
. o. ns
n
ns

Co.437 S. . 542,545( x.1 .Fi ly,Gr e a Dombr kynot t tt ditonay
,
W 2d
Te 969) nal e n nd
os
e ha he ci r

9

m e ni oft wor m e ns:ç1.t kee i a sae ofr par e fce orvai t pr s r e fo
a ng he d a & o p n t t
e i, fi incy
ldiy: e e v r m
f l eorde lne ...4.t pr def :be rt e ns of s
aiur
ci
o ovi or a he xpe e : uppor ....'W e t ' Thid New
t
' bsers r

I tl cin r 1 6 ( 9 6 .
n ' Dito ay 3 2 1 8 )
Li i Br t t c tbele s t tt pa te pr f r t dif r nta r as bl
ke n e on, he our ive ha he ris ofe wo f e e nd e ona e
unde s a ng of t w o d t a nt i ' Thi s ges s t t t t r i n bi
r t ndi s
he r û i a n.
m
' s ug t ha he e m s m guous Se Br t
. e e on,

4 F. p' a 6 3($ h wo d û iti d ybeu d rt di mo eta o ewa , whc
46 Ap x t 0 çT) e r man an' ma
g
n e soo n r h n n y' ih
s
upporsafndi ofa g t ' (ii Saz v.Va.Fn Blr a M ut I .Co. 556 S. 2d
t i ng mbiuiy.' ctng li
)
nn ze u . ns ,
E.
758,760( 2002).M orove ,whiet Umb el Polc a t spr son i pa tculr i
Va.
)
e r l he
r la iy, nd hi ovii n ri a, s
rpe wih de i d tr ,Enc
i
t fne e ms
ompa s de lned t des G n ai 'i t ag e n e t Se i
s ci
o tne d t n' n he r e l n . e d.
mai

(Absn a y ca iain i te p lc ,we c ncu e t t l iti i n g o s hee' .
ç e t n ldfc to n h o iy
t
o ld ha manan' s mbiu u r .)
'
Acc r ngl t c ti bo md by Vigi a 1 w t i epr tt t r i f
o di y, he our s t
r ni a o nt r e he e m n avorofc r .Se
ove age e

Trv ,7 6 S. 2 a 3 9 (W h r t c n tu to sa ee u lypo sbl,ha mo tfv rbl
a co 3 E.d t 2 G e e wo o sr ci n r q al si e t t s a o a e
s
t t ei s z dwil ea o td'
o h n u e lb d pe .)
'
W ih t s prncpl s i m i t c tbei ve t tBe' m ant i t Vel t rf
t he e i i e n nd, he our le s ha ty i aned he ose or
t
pur e o t Umbr l Polc Tesi
pos s f he
ela i y. tmony de
monsr t st tt Ve ose sa d i t gar ge
ta e ha he l t r t ye n he a
whe not beng us d, s le i i fom t e e e s M or over t s decson t ke t
n
i
e het rng t r
he lm nt .
e , hi
ii o ep he
V e os e i t g a w asa a fr a i one,a Be t t tfe t ta l as one ve c e w a ke
l t r n he ar ge
n f i m tve
s ty es ii d ha t e t
hi l s pt

on t drveway.Se Bety Dt De 29: 30: Be t and J Ann bo h sa e t tkee ng t
he i
e t mn p. 34- 2. ty
o
t tt d ha
pi he
V e os e i t ga a he pe t s ur t V e ose a pr ec i f om adve s we t r Se
l t r n he r ge l d o ec e he l t r nd ot t t r
r e a he . e

Bet Dl nDe 311 - (trb tn t er a o h rTo oaAv lnwa i t x eln s pe'o
ty l
n p. :0 21 a t u ig h e s n e y t ao s n G c le t ha 't
i
e
bebe a ei wa ke i t ga a ) J Ann Dunn De 22: - 614- 5.Si lry,t co t
c us t s pt n he r ge; o
p. 2123; : 1 mial he ur
be ives t t ga a ng t ve cl i ve ca i f r t Vel t r G or pur e of .
le
ha r gi he hi e nvol d rng o he
ose t
f
pos s

a pe rnc . Blc sLa Dito a v1 3 (t e 2 0 ) Fu te mo e Be t d dmo eta j s
p aa e' a k' w cin r 0 9 9h d. 0 9 . rh r r , ty i r h n u t
'

g a t Veoser She f l d t ca a las onc al Be t pad f f elwhe J Ann dr
ar ge he l t .
ue e he r t e t e, ld ty i or u
n o
ove

teVeo trt W e tVigna S e W e se ' Thr Ne I ' Dito a y 1 6 ( 9 6 (e iig
h lse o s r ii. e b trs id w ntl cin r 3 2 1 8 ) d fnn
manti as ço pr de f :be t expe e of'.Addii l t purhas prc oft
i an l ovi or ar he
t
ns )
tonaly, he c e ie he
ve c e, hi Be t pa d,i l d t fr toi c nge a a lm ie w a r nt
hi l w ch ty i nc ude he i s 1 ha
nd i t d r a y.

I alo a r t tDo br ky,J Ann,and Bet e t Bel t c rbut t ce ti
t s ppea s ha m os o
ty xpeced ty o onti e o ran
upke p e ns , s h a oi c nge a tr r t tons For e mpl , Be t a J ha
e xpe es uc s 1 ha s nd ie o a i .
xa e ty nd oe d
c rbutd t wa dst s e ns s f r J Ann' lAV4.SeeJ Ann Dlnn De 52: 1 Be t
onti e o r he e xpe e o o
sl
o
l
p. 9- 0; ty
Dt De 20: 11.Bet had pr vi usy plr ha e a vehil f r a t r gr ndda ht r She
mn p. 9ty
e o l zc s d
c e o no he a
ug e .
ha pur ha e tr s w i hi l w i r ,a ga olne f t tve c e.Se Be t D un D e 27:
d c s d ie , nds e d pe s nd s i or ha hi l
e ty
n p. 6-

9.Be t a s a
ty lo cknowl dge t tDo br ky di notha s c e f ndst pa f t s s t
e d ha m os
d
ve ux i nt u
o y or he e ors

ofe ns ,a s e ce t hep J Al c rt m.Se L. 32: 7.Fo t era ons t
xpe es nd he xpe td o l o m ove he
e d 4-1 r hes e s ,hç
.
c t be ive t t Be t s aci a o mt d t tmait ni ' t Ve ose . Co e ue ty,
our le s ha
ty' tons m t e o i n ai ng' he l t r ns q n l
a co di t t l ngua oft Um b e l polc Enc pa s ha a dut t de e ori m niy
c r ng o he a
ge he
r la i y, om s s
y o f nd nde f

Do br ky.Se Enc
m os
e ompa sUmbr la Polc l urng Agr e e 6.
s
el
iy ns i
e m nt
11
1.

C o r unde t A ut Polc
ve aze
r he
o iv

Gr e and Dombr ky alo as t c tt de l r t tEnc
en
os
s k he our o c a e ha
ompa sha a dut t de e
s s
y o f nd
o i m niy Dom br ky pur ua t t t r s o t A u o Polc t Endo s m e , o bot
r nde f
os
s nt o he e m f he t
i y, he
r e nt r h.

Enc
ompa ss e a de a a i t ti ha no s h d y.The Aut Polc e l s c r e f
s e ks
clr ton ha t s
uc ut
o i y xc ude ove ag or

ç an v hil, te t a y u c v r da t , c i:. . unih do a albeo y t r g lr
l j y e ce oh r h n o r o ee u o whih s . fr s e r v i l r ol e u a
g
a
r
us ' Pe s
e. ronalAut Polc 4.TheEndor e ntc ve outa e pto t t se l i sa i
'
o iy
s me ar s
n xce i n o hi xcuson, ttng
t tEncom pa s twilpr de Li biiy Cove ag f r a ve c e ot r t n yolr c r d a o,
ha
s ç l ovi
a lt
r e o ny hi l , he ha
z ove e ut
w hi h i f l s d or a l bl f t r gul r us of t na e i vi ual' Ext nde N onc s u mihe
vaia e or he e a e
he m d ndi d .
' e d
O wne Cove a 1.H ow e r t r i a r e nt e pto t t Endor e e c r ge:tf
d
r ge
ve , he e s el va xce i n o he
s m nt ove a
s he
-

11

Exe e No own d Cov rg p o ie b ( e e d re nt o sno af r c v r g . .o
tnd d n- e
e a e r vd d y t j n o s me d e t fo d o ea e . f r
h
a ac i n i vi ...a ve ceowne by am e roft s m ehous hol '1
ny c de t nvol ng:
hi l
d
mbe
he n
e d.' d.
Asa t r hol ma tr Enc pa s a gue t tt Endo s m e doe nota y be a e
l es d te , om s r s ha he
z
r e nt s
ppl c us
t Sc dul lse o t Endor e ntdoe no ls a S m e i vi ua . ç c c
he he e it d n he
s me
s t it t
nn d ndi d l' l h ompo ntof
' Ea
ne
a i tr nc c r tG houl be c i r a c t ue t t r ....' Tr ns ntne a ,551
n nsl a e ontac s d
ons de ed nd ons r d oge he
'' a co i nt l

S. 2 a 3 8( u tn S c v Th LieI s Co o Vi n a 1 7 S. 2 7 7 71 ( .1 6 ).
E.d t 1 q oi g ug s . e f n . . f mii, 4 E.d 0 , 0 Va 9 6)
Thus e s m e t t tm odiy a unde l ng polc l ho d be c i r d a c nsnz d' i
, ndor e n s ha
f n
ryi
iy ç ul
s
onsde e nd o t e ' n

c n u to wi s i u d ryn poiy. u as 1 S. 2 a 71 lW j e ete ei d u ta t
o j ncin t ad n el ig lc S a , 47 E.d t 0.ç h r h r s o b s o
h
g
ghe)me ni 't c ti co tane t co tuet lng geçn fvoroft ti eprtto
t
a ng, he our s nsr i d o nsr he a ua s a
'
i
ha ntr eain
whi h gr nt c r ge,r t rt n t whi h wihhol i. St PaulFie & M a
c a s ove a
ahe ha hat c t ds t' .
'
r
dne I .Co.v.
ns

S. Nus a m & Co.I c, 1 S. 2 7 4, 3 ( . 98 )
L. b u
, n .3 6 E.d 3 7 6 Va 1 4 .
Looki a t Endo s m e i pe nty a t t Aut Polc coleci l t c t
ng t he
r e nt nde nde l nd o he o iy l tvey, he our
bei ve t t t pa tes i e
le s ha he ri nt nded Be t t be t t m e i vi . See Se s v.Ere l .
ty o
he G
nn d ndi dual'
'
al
i ns

Ex h.6 4S. 2 8 0, 6 ( . 0 9 (Ea h p rs a dca s o a i s r n ec nr c s o l
c , 7 E.d 6 8 2 Va 2 0 ) G c h a e n lu e f n n u a c o ta t h u d
t
be c i r d a consr d t t r ... s as t e f c uae t i e i of t pa te a
onsde e nd
tue ogehe
o
o fe t t he nt nton
he ri s s

e e s d t r n.) On t Cove a Summay,Bet i lse a t ç d i urd.
xprs e heei ' .
'
he
r ge
r
ty s itd s he t
nnme ns e '
'
Addtonal i r lton t t Aut Polc Be' i lse unde i rve I br to ' Se
ii ly, n ea i o he
o
iy, ty s it d
t
r o i r nt mai n. e
'
Cove a Sum m ar 1 D oc tN o. 1 2. Si ia l t Co r ge Slm m a y nùt s t t t A ut
r ge
y ,
ke
m l ry, he ve a
l
r
e ha he
o

Po iyi iu j c't teEn o s me t I . t4. rh r r, ieEnc mpa si c re tta n
lc s l b e t'o h d re n .d a Fu te mo e whl o s s o rc h t o
s
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ne s pe ii ly it d s he t
na d ndi d l' n he he e or he
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a E ' ne t I n e I vi la Fa iy M em be s' N e t Ifo a Pr m i ' o t s m e
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12

I Stt Fam M u .Auo I .Co.v J ne ,38 S. 2 7 4 ( .1 8 ) t e S p e
n ae r
t t. ns
. o s 3 E.d 3 Va 9 9 , h u rme
Cou tofVigi a ha t opporuniy t e m i t m e ni ofç u nihe ora ia ef t
r
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t t o xn ne he a ng ç r s d
f
va lbl or he
r gul rus ' i t c extof a a om obie i tr nce polc Spe f c ly,t Cour r e l t
e a e ' n he ont
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t e va ua ed

a e zird cso S aeFam M u. t v S t ,1 2 S. 2 5 2 ( .1 6 ) i whc i h d
n ale e iin, tt r
t Auo. . mi 4 E.d 6 Va 9 5 , n ih t a
h
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i u e Th Co r o s r e t a S t ( mp sz dta E i u e )e ecs dnod miin o
ns rd. e u t b ev d h t mi ç ha ie h t t ns rd x r ie
he
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J s 38 S. 2d a 735; s as Herc v.Gov' Emps I .Co. No.97659, 1
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1 5 2 , t 1 Va r . y ,1 91 $ e lsiiain f h h rce f s s
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s cGc l a a d n d i J ne ,wh r t Co r ise d u g d t a i i c nto (o whae r
pe i al b n o e n o s e e he u t n ta r e h t t s o r l fr tve
y
pupo e t ti d tr nai o te ulrus .' .Th f cs i J ne c mp le ,h we e,t e
r s ) ha s ee mi t f r g a e'' e a t n o s o eld o v r h
ve
)
Cour t c et adif r ntc l i n.I J s t Supr m e Co tofVigi a dee mi t t
t o om o fe e oncuso n one , he
e
ur
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t i ur d ha de o taed s h C r que ,dal a e e i us ,do i on,a c r of
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f

t g ce't tt ve cewa c i r t bef r s ora l ef rgul us oft
he vehill'ha he hil s onsdeed o ' nihed vaiabl or e ar e he
u
i vi l J
ndi dua . ones 38 S. 2d a 736.
, 3 E. t
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he tt ours t n he
t r ui ve s ddr s e
t r n u om bie s
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f
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n. .
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.2 0 ) he u rme u t f p as f s
V igi a no e
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The phr s ç- r s d f r gul r us '...doesno i pl t m n r of us ,t t
a e l t ni he or e a e '
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e ha
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s pu tng he ut bie o he a
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a t o l bu i ple a r g t t r cul r us of t a o obie i t s ns
u om bie, t m i s i ht o he e a e he ut m l n he e e
t t t r i a e e s o i id unde sa ng wih t owne of a
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1 a 831(mpha i a
d. t
e
ss dded) sealoNai deMut I .Co.v.Shoe ke,965F.Su 700,
; e s tonwi
. ns
ma r
pp.

7 6 ( D. .1 9 ) afd 1 9 F. 1 6 ( dCi.1 98 ( b e vn ta Gndcao r g lru e
0 E. Pa 9 7, f', 3 3d 1 5 3 r 9 ) o sr ig h t s ii f e ua s
i
13

gn ld j ( )b n k tp r s in t us tç c rr te t n h vngt rq e tp r si n e c
i cu e : 1 ln e e miso o e h a ah r ha a i o e u s e miso a h
tmea ( a a ia estofke ' .
i nd 2) n valbl e
ys'
)
l t i t n ca e Be t d ove t Ve ose t t t eetm esi t ni dayst f m iy
n he nsa t s , ty r
he l t r wo o hr i
n he ne
he n l
pos e s t c rprort t a i nt No one be ived t Be t ha t as pe m iso t us
s s ed he a i o he ccde .
le
hat ty d o k r s i n o e
t Vel t r i i wasa ia e. o Ann Dunn De 54: 6.Bet Dl n De 29: 8,Do br ky
he ose , f t
va lbl J
p. 2- , ty m
p. 6- . m os
De 31:4- 9.M or over t keyswe eke i i t Ve ose - notwih Dombr ky.J Ann
p. 1 1
e , he
r pt nsde he l t r
t
os o
D unn D e 22: 2- D om br ky D e 24: 6- 7. A ddii ly, t r w e e no r s r c i ns on
p. 1 20;
os
p. 1 1
tona l he e r
e ti to

wha Be t c d d wih t Vel t r Be t Dt De 29: 1
t ty oul o t he ose . ty mn p. 9- 3.
The c r beleve t s f c s a e s fce t e tbls t tt Vel t rwasa ia e
ou t i s he e a t r ufi int o sa ih ha he ose
val bl
f rBe t sr gul us .Ast Supr m e Co 'ofVigi aha e
o ty' e ar e
he
e
ul
t
r ni s mphasz d,domi on a c r
ie
ni nd ontol
o rt ve cl a e i
ve he hi e r mporan f t s i de e mi ng whe he a ve ce i a lbl f r g a
t t acor n t r ni
t r
hi l s vaia e or e ulr

us .S eJ n s 3 3 S. 2 a 7 5. ty as ce ry h dç 1 b n k tpemiso t us t ec r
e e o e , 8 E.d t 3 Be' lo lal a ( ) ln e r si n o e h a
t
(
r te ta ha ig t rq s pemiso e c tmea d ()a a ia l s to ke s'a teke s
ah r h n vn o e uet r s in a h i n 2 n valb e e f y ' s h y
we e lf i t Ve ose .Shoe a r 965 F.Supp.a 706.Thus t Aut Polc pr vii n t t
r e t n he l t r
m ke ,
t
, he
o i y o so ha
e l s c a f S ny ve ce,ot r t n you co r d a o,whih i:...f r s d o
xcude over ge or ç
a
hi l he ha
r ve e ut
c s
u nihe r
ava l bl or yo r ul r us 'a i s Pe s l Aut Polc 4.A dd t o ly,t Endor e e
ia e
ur eg a e' pple . r ona
o iy
ii na l he
s m nt

pr son whi h pr vi s a e pto t t se l i i a s a ia e.Se Ext nde N o
ovi i
c o de nd xce i n o hi xcuson s lo pplc bl
e e d nOwne Cove age 1.
d
r
Enc
ompas ,ho
s weve ,poi sou t tt Endor e ntGdoe no a f d c r ...f r
r nt t ha he
s me l s t for ove age
o
a a i nt i vi ...a ve c e ow ne by a m e be o t s m e ho e d.'1 J Ann
ny cc de nvol ng
hi l
d
m r f he a
us hol ' d. o
ow ne t V el t r a lve w ih Be t Thi e l i a a s t a y.H ow e r D om br ky
d he os e nd i s t ty. s xc us on ppe r o ppl
ve ,
os

a Gr e ur e t c tt fnd t ttzse l i r d i c e wih t e ieEndor e e ,
nd e n g he our o i ha li xcuson, ea n ont xt t he ntr
s m nt
c e t sac lc t tm us ber s ve i f voroft i ur d.
r a e onti t ha
t e ol d n a
he ns e

GAn e epto t ts r st ne t t a i a lt ofonepa tc a e l i doe not
$ xc i n ha e ve o ga e he pplc biiy
ri ulr xcuson s
c e t a i onfit wih a he polc e uson .... PBM Nutii l ,7 S. 2dat71 çA.
r a e c lc ' t not r i y xcl i
'
'
rtona s 24 E.
3.$ n

e e i t a e uson onl ha be rng on t te l i s a i abiiy.'I I s t ç r
xc pton o n xcl i
y s ai
ha xc uson' pplc lt ' d. n hol ç l
a

e e i t a e uson doesno ce t c veag whee none e ss' l (ii Nai de
xc pton o n xcl i
t rae o r e r
xit.' d. ctng tonwi

M u .n . . W e e, 8SE.d 8 4 8 6( .1 1)
t Is Co v. na r 27 . 2 7 , 7 Va 98 ).
I t i t ntca e t c tcn
n he nsa
s , he our nnotfnd a c lc be we n t Endor e ntpr vii .
i
onfit t e he
s me
o sons
On t one ha t Endor e e ca e outa e e i t t Aut Polc e l i n f r
he
nd, he
s m nt v s
n xc pton o he
o i y xc uso o
ve cls f nzs d o a lbl f r Be t s r gul rus Se Ext nde Nonhi e a ihe r vaia e o ty' e a e. e e d
owne Cove age 1.
d
r
On t o he ha t Endor e e doe no pr de co r ge f a ac i nt i vi a
he t r nd, he
s m nt s t ovi
ve a or n c de nvol ng
ve cl o ne by a m e be of t s e ho e d.Co e nty,de pie t Endor em e '
hi e w d
m r
he am
us hol
ns que l
s t he
s nt s
e e i t t r l va A ut Polc e us on, t e e i n ca
xc pton o he e e nt o
i y xcl i he xc pto
nnot G r a e c r ge w he e
G e t ove a
c
r

no e ss' PBM Nutii nas 724 S. 2d a 71 The Endor e ntuna bi
ne xit .
'
rto l,
E. t 3.
s me
m guousy e l
l xcudes
c r f ra i nt i vi vehil sowned byf miym e be s
ove age o ccde s nvol ng
ce
a l m r.
C ! i ur nce c pa ba e is polc a pr m i on is e ua i o t f e nc
c I ns a
A.
om ny s s t
i y nd e um
t val ton f he r que y

a opporuniy f r ars t pr uc a l s' J ne ,383 S. 2d a 469.The rs wilobvi usy
nd
t t o ik o od e os .' o s
E. t
ik l
o l
g ow whe ave cl a ia ef t r gul us oft i lr d i owne by s m e who lve
r
n
hi e va lbl or he e ar e he nsze s
d
o one
i s
i t s me ho e d.Furhe ,i i a rs t t t Endor e e t c e ry he es t o h t
n he a
us hol
t r t s ik ha he
s m n l a l dg hr ug he

r lv n c v r g e cuso .Se Ex e e No owne Co ea e (1 e Extn e No ee a t o e a e x l ins e tnd d nd v rg
t
Th
ed d n
Owne Cove a pr vi d by t s e r e e doe not a f r c r ge . ..f r a a c de
d
r ge o de
hi ndo s m nt s
f o d ove a
o ny c i nt

i v lig:.. av hil o e b ame ro te s meh u e o d' .Th r fr ,t e c u t
n ovn
e ce wn d y
mbe f h a o s h l .) e eo e h o r
'
c ude t tEnc
oncl s ha
ompas i no r quie t de e or i m niy Do br ky plr ua t t
s s t e r d o f nd
nde f
m os
zs nt o he
A ut Polc o isEndor e e .
o iy r t
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Gr e a D om br ky co e t t e n i t t r s of t polc do not pr de
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nt nd ha ve f he e m
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iy
ovi
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ve a
om s s t ppe r
nyi
r ge. ç
A r on s t ppe r m nyi

t c eque esofhi c
he ons nc
s onduc whe et tc
t r ha onduc ha bee s h a t i e a he t c nge
t s n uc s o nduc not r o ha
hi posto i g
s ii n n ood f t or s h t t a r as bl m a woul r l upon t r pr s ntto
aih
uc ha
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d ey
he e e e ai ns

ma e' Htn l Oi & Re.Co.v.F d l y & Ca .Co,4 2 F.d 8 3 8 8 ( t Ci.1 6 )
d . u be 1
'
f
i ei
t
s . 0 2 9 , 9 4h r 9 8 .
Dombr k a Gr e bele t tt e al be wee J a Enc
os y nd e n ive ha he m is t n oe nd
ompa st qui a l s
s me voc ly how
t t Enco pa s a fnna i l r pr s nt d t is na e i ur t t Dombr ky, a r sde
ha
m s fi tvey e e e e o t m d ns ed ha
os
e i nt
r l tve ha c r
e ai , d ove age unde t polc M o e r Do br ky ur s t t r la e i
r he
iy. r ove , m os
ge ha e inc s
de o tae be a eJ i tu t d J Am1t ke p t e i c i and t d J Al t ts al
m nsr td c us oe nsr c e o
o e he ma l han
ol o m ha he rd
Do br ky we ec r
m os
r ove ed.
Enco pa sa s lst ti i note t d fom de ng c r gebe a e ç ove a ofa
m s s e' ha t s
t
soppe r
nyi ove a
c us ç r ge n
c
i ur nc co r c m a no bee e
ns a e nta t y t xt nded by e t lori i d wa ve t i l rs e e sy
soppe
mple
i r o ncude iks xpr s l

e cu e ' S a p v.Rih nd L f I .Co,1 3 S. 2 1 2 1 5 ( .1 71.Th sr l h s
x ld d. h r
'
c mo ie ns . 8 E.d 3 , 3 Va 9 ) i ue a
pr cude c r gei c s si whih t i lr nc co ni swe s f rasslng af sai
e l d ove a n a e n c he nsza e mpa e nt o a
i
onn t tng
t t is tpolcy was i f r a e f c a c r t d r' Se M ul v Cons . I v.
ha t t i
n o ce nd fe t nd ove ed he dve . è
'
ve
t. nc.

Bi n u Ca . r , 7 F. p' 1 0 1 8(t Ci. 01 )( ic s igNo ma v I . . f
mmio s s Co p.5 1 Ap x 5 , 5 4h r 2 4 d su sn r n .ns Co o
N. .2 9 S. 2 9 2, 0 ( .1 79) TheFo rh Cic i u h l adsrc c u tsd na o
Am , 3 E.d 0 9 8 Va 9 ).
u t r ut p ed itit o r' e il f
e endi cove age unde t docrne of e t l e n whe c rii t s of i ur nce satng
xt ng
r
r he ti
soppe ve
n e tfca e
ns a
ti
t tt r pa te we e adde a addii na i ur ds we e is des t t f c t tt t r
ha hid ri s r
d s
to l ns e
r s ued pie he a t ha he hid

pate weene ra t ly a dt t undel ng i tr nc polc Se i.a 1 60( di
ris r ve cual dde o he
ryi nsza e iy. e /s t 58- hol ng
t ha t diti c tdi no e ri r f sng t a y eso lt e e t si tr nc polcy'
ç t he srct our d t r n e u i o ppl t ppe o xt nd hi nsla e i s
t

c r be
oveage yond istnns'.As dic s t Endore nte ude c r f a i nt
t e '
l
s used, he
sme xcl s oveage or ccde s
i vi a ve c e ow ne by a m e be o t s m e hous hol Se Ext nde N on- ne
nvol ng
hi l
d
m r f he a
e d. e
e d
ow d

Co r g 1 Ac o dngy,t c u tma no S x e d b etp l.. .Eh s )rs se p e sy
vea e . c r i l he o r y t û tn y so pe
e
t e e ik x r sl
e l
xcuded.'Sha p, 1 S. 2d a 1 The e or , Encompas i not e t ppe fom de ng
'
r 83 E. t 35. r f e
s s
so d r
nyi

16

co r ge t rt Aut Polc a Endo s me .The c twilt g a i pa ta de i
ve a mde he o iy nd
r e nt
our l hus r nt n r nd ny n
par Dom br ky a Gr n' m oto a g anti par a deny i pa tEnco pas 'm oto
t
os nd ee s i ns nd r n t nd
n r
m s
i n.
Concl on
usi

Fo t er a o sae ,Do r s y a d Gr e ' mo in f rsl r j d me twilbe
r h e s ns ttd mb o k n e n s to s o l
mma y u g n l
gr nt d i pa' a de ed i pa t Enc
a e n l nd ni n r. ompa s m o i n wilbe g a t i pa ta de e i pa t
t
s ' to l
r n ed n r nd nid n r .
The Cl r i diec ed t s nd c r ii c e of t s m e or ndum opi on a t
ek s r t
o e
e tfed opi s
hi
m a
ni
nd he

a ompa ng or r t a1c ms lofr co d.The Clr i f rhe die t d t c os t sm a tr
cc
nyi
de o l ot e
e r
ek s u t r r c e o l e hi te
a srke i fom t a tvedoc toft c t
nd ti t r he c i
ke he our.
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