Farabee v. Clarke et al

Filing 99

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 1/11/2018. (slt)

CL SOFFI U.S. ST. URT
ERK'
CE
DI O
ATK ANOKE,
VA
FI
LED

I TH E UN I
N
TED STA TES D I
STR I T C O UR T
C
FOR TH E W EST ER N DI
STRI T O F W R G I I
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R O A N O K E D I SI N
VI O
B NJA N FAR ABEE,
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N O

HAROLD CLARKE,etal,
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D ef
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s.

By:

H on. ihae F.Ur
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r pe t dt ea i t a i o n a s gi ls a a puli outhi i t si sS P1i ifr f edt
e a e hr t s e rng pe ur ca c r nd lng
s n e tne .
a ntf e us o

dic steame wih aQuaii M e a He t Pr esi lonAprl2a 3,cai t ha
sus r t nt t
lfed ntl alh of sona
i nd l med o ve

s lo dp e e o arz r a de n iu dh stz ast s l-nu e
walwe ic s f a o , n o tn e i h e t o efij r .
St ff l t y we euna et te Pl n ifa W al nsRi duet hi a t a t easof
af et he
r
bl o r at aitf t le
dge
o s c s nd hr t

s l- n a r f asf rte t n .Coùs quenty,prs stffpeii t W ieCot t
efha u nd ezs l o r ame t
e
l i on a
ttoned he s
my
Ge ea Ditit u ti a c r a c wihVigni Co e55 14 2a dVDOC p lc ,oh v
n r l src Co r,n c o d n e t r i a d 3.- 0. n
oiy t a e
Pl i ifc
antf omm itd t M a i f a ut te t e t sa lzehi be vi .6 TheW ie Count
te o ron or c e r am nt o t bii s ha or
s
y
Ge r lDiti tCo ta ovedt pe ii on Aprl5, 6, ort ne ded'i t a y
ne a src ur ppr
he tton
i 201 f G e ' nvolmt r
as
ç e c la orm e alhe t c r 'f rup t 1 da .
ç di a nd/
m
nt alh a e' o
o 80 ys
Pl i ifa lgest tDr Ca y t e t ne hi a W al nsRi i M a c 201 Dr Ca y
antf le ha . r hr a e d m t le
dge n r h 6. . r

alge l t l Pli ifthewo l ha egi f ri yd g e , l o g ge if r dh r. .
le dy od ant G
f s
u d v hmj o cbl nlg d at u h h j n o me e .
h
o gijAd a e Die tv a dLgg l qAgt rz d Rgprs nai qlg l p o i i n
f h s v nc d rcie n e al uho ie q e e e ttve e al r h bt g
y
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4Safpq e hm i Ev - itrsri so Mac 2 b c u ePanifijle hms l al rf sdt so
tf lc d i n epon etant n rh 5 ea s litf nt d i ef r eue o tp.
r
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Pli ifwasr las d 9om t fvepoi r sr nt t nex da butPl ntf
antf
ee e
he i - nt e tai s he t y,
ai ifwasr t nedt tve- ntr sr nt on
eur o i poi e tai s

Mac 28atrrsmigsl-nuy.Plitf wa rlae fo tvep it etanst d ysltrb t g i plc d
rh fe eu n efij r anif s ee sd rm i -on rsrit wo a ae u a an a e
bac i fvepoi r tant onAprl1.
k n i - nt esr i s
i
ZThes gials armayhavebe n r ltd t hi s cdea t
ur c c
e eae o s uii tempti 201 whe hes al
n 2
n w lowedas
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M mio
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6M a i i t VDOC' ps hiti f lt f teai ad tmaei t swhoe re es omso a
ron s he
S yc arc aciiy or r tng ul l nma e
xpe inc ympt
f
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ntl s de
s c e td he oi
s fn
crdiai
t ar ga z i .

6

s ' Pli ifalege y e ai d t Dr Ca y t thepr f r team e t ti l sa c st
uch. antf l dl xpl ne o . r ha
'
e e s r t nt ha ncude c es o
t out r , r e ef om iolto agy ,a na tr t cr m e e .
he doo s elas r s ai n, m nd tlopahi e di s7
D.

Pl i ifa lgest tDr Ca y ca red o he t e tt f r i y d g hi a trhe was
antf le
ha . r r i ut r hr a o o cbl nl m fe
t a f r ed t M a i Pl i ifw a a M a i be w e n Aprl6 a J 22,201 A c e Ca e
r ns e r o ron. a ntf s t ron t e
i nd une
6. ut r
i a e , l Pli if ar i l aiyc
nm t s i
ke antf e nvolmtrl ommitdt M a in frc tor e teame . Ea h
te o ro o our- derd r t nt8 c

i t i as i
nma e s sgnedt ate t ntt n us ly c itngofaps hi tit aps hol y
o r a me e m ual onssi
; yc ars, yc og
as oc a e,a lc ns d c i c s i w o ke ,a c ew o k c ns l ,a r r ato t r pi t a a
s i t i e e lni al oc al r r as r ou e or ec e i n he a s , nd
r git r nur e
e s e ed s .

The Tr a me Te m i r ponsbl f de l ng team e plns a s i
s t nt a s es i e or veopi r t nt a , s urng
i e nt ton ofte t e pln i e ve ins r as e sng te t ntpl nsa
mpl me a i
r am nt a nt r nto , e s s i r a me
a t
e t bls d i e v s a m oniorng a i ae' pr r s i n. TheTr am e
sa ihe nt r al, nd
t i n nm t s og e so
e t nt

Te m wil a s s me tl h at n e s a wi n ffe n ( 5 d ys wi
a
l s e s n a e l e d nd t ite 1 ) a
h
hi
l
l
d v lp aTr ame tPln wih e c o fnd rt twila d e smao me tl
e eo
e t n a t a h fe e ha l d r s j r n a
he lh nee . Tr am e s r i s a i e ve i ns i l
at
ds
e t nt e vce nd ntr nto nc ude m e c ton,
di ai
t r pe i pr a s i vi l co e i
he a utc ogr m , ndi dua
uns lng, e a i
duc tonal s r i es w i
e v c , ng
m e tngs wor pr r m s a a t r pe i e r e . Specal
ei ,
k og a , nd
he a utc nvionm nt
i
i e v ntons s h as us of s c us o a o r s r nt m a be or r by a
nt r e i
uc
e
e l i n nd/ r e tai s y
de ed

Ps clars whe a g mae n e s p o e to fo s l hnm a do t
y l tit n n i t) e d r tcin r m ef r n /r o
i
n
pr ve ha t ot r
e nt nn o he s.

Pli ifase t t tDr Cayç pe fcal die tdnuri a j ai ...ofr i y
antf s rs ha . r ç ciî ly rce sng t M ronj t o cbl
s
m e ca ehi a t kee hi i c tntiolton i s gr to ' Pl i ifalege y
di t m nd o p m n onsa s a i n e egai n. antf l dl
'
ex re e ts r sdee f t . .ncl
pe i nc d çeve e i fecs . i udlg butno lm ie t f r humiiton,pai
t i t d o, ea ,
la i
n,

s rn s, le i , r mo t , izn s,r mo s . .n b lyt stsiljbu rdvso
o e e s be dng d y uh d z ie s te r, . ia ii o i tlg, lre iin,
t
mus eac ,dr i s e c'
cl he owsnes , t .
'

7Thes at mai ale dl i l via ns lom e 3','a c
e lel tves lge y ncude tmi , K ga s' nd hamom ie.
l
8M a i su c eCaeTr % en Pr a 'i lc e b t De rm e ofBeha o alHeat .
ron' A ut r ea t ogrm 's iens d y he pa t nt
vir
lh

7

Hao ei o (ç 1 o' wa alg dyf ri ya miitrdt Plitf f u tme i
lp rd l 1 d 1) s le e l o cbl d n see o an if o r i s n
Ha '

Ap i 2 69 S affrt o cb yij ce Had ln oPli ifo Apll7 2 6 S afn x
rl 01 . tf is f r il ne td l o it ant n i , 01 . tf e t
f
f r i y m e ca e hi on Aprl1 , 2016.0 Thel tt tm e oc ure on Aprl23,201 ,
o cbl di t d m
i 4
1
as wo i s c r d
i
6

wh nanzs g vehm a o a d s o Had la dsaff ri l ij ce Had l n an r oi
e l e a i n rl o e f lo n tf o cby n e td l o a d a c tc
r
ta lze .
r nquii r
D r Ca y a r t tH a doli a c m o s f ,a e f c i tea m e f rça t ton'
. r ve s ha l s om n, a e nd f e tve r t nt o t gia i '

r uli fom Bo de lnePe s lt Di o de . Dr Ca y e ai t tHadoli aS y c l'
es tng r
r ri
r onaiy s r r . r xpl ns ha l s G pi a 'or
t
ç r t ge r t o a i ycho i ' a i a o d by t Fede a D r g A dm i s r ton f o a o
f s - ne a i n ntps
t c' nd s ppr ve
he
rl u
nit a i or r l r

i r mus ul rus . Pli ifde esbe ng a t t d' dir ptvebe or ea h a nita i of
ntn c a e a ntf ni i gia e or s u i
f e c dmi sr ton
Hadol
l .
l c r s,Pli ifct sadoc e tpur -e y is d byt N ai na I tt e o
n onta t a ntf ie
um n pol dl s ue
t
he to l nsiut f

M e tl at s g e t t a io nyaf w s iss w t me iain a ene e sr o
na He 1h u g si h tG q l e md e ho l
ng
g
pt dc t s r c say r
o
e fcief rp o ewih g r eln Pes naiyDio d r. Th d c me t tsta twl ie
fe tv o e pl t Bo d ri e ro l s r eq' e o u n noe h tf hl
t
'
g
me iainsma b h lf l nma a i gs cfcs mp o . . gie a g e so . . t e ei
dc t
o
y e ep u i n gn pe ii y tms . . l j g rs in . .h r s
k
ltl e de et tt spr ci ei nec s a y ore f tve'
ite vi nc ha hi a tc s e s r
feci .'

Pli tf wa ta se e fo M ain t Re Ozo SaePrs n(t dOnin'o J n
anif s r n fn'd r m ro o d l n tt io $
i
Re
o' n ue
)
22,201 Soon al ra rvi Pli ipsr s d t f m iizpa tr ofr u i team e ta
6.
fe ri ng, antf e ume he a la te n ef sng r t n nd
t e t ni a aci t s l- t . Fo e mpl Pl ntf ti t ope woundsby c ti a
hr a e ng nd tng o efha'
m
r xn e, ai if red o n
u t nd
ng

9A lo, a or rf rHadolwase e edi Pli ifsme c r or uponhi r- dmison t M a i i
s n de o l
ntr n antf
dial ec d
s e a s i o ron n
Se em be 201
pt
r 6.
1 P1i ifdoesnots ik al na et m e c i , b tfrp s so s
0 antf
pect ly m he diaton u o mpo e f ummayj d me ttec u t
r u g n,h o r
i e st ti wa Hadolba e onPli ifsr iain ofalga i .
nfr ha t s l
sd
antf ' ect to
le tons

8

bii hi s l,a her f e t so r f e m edia i ,a t e t ne t putf ce a urne
tng m ef nd e us d o t p, e us d
c tons nd hr a e d o
e s nd i
i hi woundst f cea i sr t st ta f rhi outo Red Oni n.
n s
o or dm nita or o r nse m
f
o
St f f tt y we et a et tea Pli ifa Re Oni duet hi a a t e t of
a f el he
r m bl o r t antf t d on
o s ds nd br a s

.

s fha m al r f a sf te t nt On Se e r23, 6,sa fa Re Oni pe iine a
el- r rd e us l or r a me .
pt mbe
201 t f t d on tto d
sa ec t o ha Pl i ifc
t t our t ve antf omm il d t M a i f a ut team e tt sa lzehi be vi .
te o ron or c e r t n o t bii s ha èr

Thesa eco ta ove t r que tf E nee d'i unt y l
tt ur ppr d he e s or ç
as de ' nvol ar & c a o m e a heat
medial nd/ r nt l lh
c r ' oru t 180 da .
a e'f p o
ys
Pl i ifwa ta f red ba k t M aron on Septm be 26,201 1 Pl i ifr mai d
antf s r nse r
c o
i
e r
6.1 antf e ne

no ompla a M a i a r eved af w dicplna y c vitonsby J nua y 30,201 whe
nc
int t ron nd ec i
e s i i r on c i
a r
7, n
'

hefl d t n e d c pli t1
e he m nde om a n . 2
l1.

De e d n sfldamoinf rs mmayj dg n , r un ,n e ai,h d fns o
f n a t ie
to o u r u me t ag ig itr la t e ee e f
q ai di mi A p ryi e t ldt s mmayj g n i tepla ig ,h d s ls d
u lfe mmt t
y. a t s ni e o u z ud me t f h e dn s t e ico e
t
ma e i son fl ,a a a da t s w t t r i no ge nediput a t a m ae ilf c .
t ral
ie nd ny o vis ho hat he e s
nui s e s o ny tra a t

Fe . Ci P. 6 a;s eW iln v. ifn 9 2F. 8 0 8 3(t Ci. 9 1 (e o nzn a
d R. v. 5 () e l ms Grfi, 5 2d 2 , 2 4 h r 1 9 ) r c g iig
i
pat i e tte t s
ry s n ild o ummayj d me ti ter c r a awh l c udn tla arto a tiro
r u g n f h e o d s oe o l o e d ain l re f
f tt fndi f voroft no mova ) G aeilf cs' r t ef t ne sa yt e tbls
ac o i n a
he n- nt. ç tra a t'a e hos acs ce sr o sa ih
M
t elm e sofapa t sc us ofaci n.Ande s y. be t Lo
he e nt
ry' a e
to
r on Li ry bbysI . 477 U. 242,
nc,
S.
248

( 9 6 .A g n n d s u eo maeil a e ssi,nv e n t er c r a al e s na l
1 8 ) e uie ip t f tra f d xit f i iwig h e o d nd lr a o b e

1 P1i ifi c r ntyconfne a RedOni .
1 a ntf s ure l
i d t
on

1Plit f sc n itdo t c ag sfrfiigt flo isi o a c u t r c dze o itreij
2 ani wa o vce f wo h r e o aln o olw n tmin l o n p o e l s r nefrn
f
t
r
wihcoun ,whihr ule i t c
t
t c es td n he umultvel sofsxt da r r ton.Pli ifha t e mor s ro
ai os
i y ys' eceai
antf d hr e e e ius
co ctonsf t eae ngbodiy ha a t
nvi i or hr tni
l nu nd ampe i wihs cu iy mae il,de c ,ore pme ,whih
rng t e rt tras vies qui nt c
r s t i t cumultvepe lyoftAy da s gr gai
e uled n he
ai nat '
i
ys' e e ton.

9

i e e esd a t r r m i a lg mos f vo a et t non- o ng pa t ar as bl f t
nf r nc r wn he efo n i ht t a r bl o he
m vi
ry, e ona e ac-

fnde c dr tr aveditf t no mova .J Themo ngpa t ha t btr n o
r oul eun r c or he n- nt Q
vi ry s he lde f
s
howi - lha i , ntngoutt t dititc zt- t tt r i a a e ofe de et
ng G t s poi i
t
o he src olr ha he e s n bs nce vi nc o

s p o th n n vn pa t' c s . Ceoe Co . Cart, 7 U. 31 , 25( 9 6 .I t
u p r t e o mo i g ry s a e' l tx m v. tet 4 7 S. 7 3 1 8 ) f he
'
m ova s ts i t sbur n,t n t non- o ntmus s tf t s c fcf t t tde onsr t
nt a ifes hi de he he
m va
t e orh pe ii ac s ha m tae

t e itn eo ag n i ed s u eo fc f r ra.l . t3 2- .S mmayj d me ti
he x se c f e u n ip t f a t o til d a 2 24 u r u g n s
i ppr it i t e de ei s fc e f rar as bl f c -i rt r f n ave di ti f vor
na opra e f he vi nc s ufii nt o e ona e a tfnde o em'
rcna
oft non- ovi pa t Ande s 477 U . at248.
he
m ng ry.
r on,
S.

Ev ni t eei nods u ea t t ee d nir f cs sl r ud me ti n t
e f h r s ip t s o h vie tay a t, l
mmayj g n s o
a o it whe et uli ae f cua co l i t bedr wn a ei diput . Ove sr e v.Ky.
ppr pra e
r he tm t a t l ncusons o
a
r n s e
rte t

Ce tLieI s Co, 5 F.d9 , 3 (t Ci. 9 ) A c u t yn t e ov d s u e fcs
n . f n . .9 0 2 31 9 7 4 h r 1 91 . o r ma o r s l e ip td a t,
we g t evi nc ,orm a de e mi tonso c e biiy. Rus e lv. ir yneCor ,65 F.
i h he de e
ke t r nai
f r di lt
s l M c od
n.
3d

1 2 ,1 3 (t Ci.1 9 ) I ta , c t-a c p sa tu tee ie eo t en n mo i pat
2 9 2 9 4h r 9 5 . nse d a out c e t s r e h vd nc f h o - vng ry
a r s vesal i e na co lc sa i e e e i t nonnd e ol
l nt r l nfit nd nf r nc s n he
movi pa t sf vo . Cha bo ge
ng ry' a r
r nna s
de Fr nc v.Sm ih,597 F. 406, 41 ( t Ci. 9 9 .A p ryç amo c e t ag n n is eo
a e
t
2d
4 4h r 1 7 ) a t l r t r ae e uie su f
c
.

m a e ilf c t ough m e es c a i ort buidi o o i e e eupo a t r' Be ev.
t ra a t hr
r pe ulton he l ng f ne nf r nc
n no he . al
'

Had 7 9F.d21 , 4 (t Ci. 9 5 .Th r f r,t eeu u p re s c lto . .sn t
r y, 6 2 3 21 4h r 1 8 ) e eo e çmlr ns p o td pe u ain . i o
g

e u ht d f a as mma yj d me tmoi n' En i v. tl sno Bu . Ed . d o
no g o e e t u r u g n to . n s Na' As ' f s & uc Ra i .
'
I c, 3F.d5 , 2 (t Ci. 9 ) Alo ap an ifc n o u ear s o s t amo infr
n .5 3 5 6 4 h r 1 95 . s , litf a n t s e p n e o
to o
ml r j
mmay udgme t a ndorc r taco ai c le dbyt moi f s
nt o me
orec mpl nt halnge
he ton or umma y
r
j me .Cl ni r 555F. a 336.
udg nt oa nae,
3d t

10

Qu lfe i nt p r t l o r me to fcasp ro migd sr to r
aisd mmu iy e mis G ven n fiil ef r n ic einay
g
f to s. .t b js ed d9o la ii f rcvld ma e i s fra terc n u td e no
uncin . go e hil e m iblt o ii a g s n oa s h i o d c o s t
y
vi l t ce l e t bls d sa u or o c tt i zght ofwhih ar as
o a e lary sa ihe tt t y r onsiutonal i s
c e onabl pe s woul
e r on
d

h v k wn. Halw v Fi g rl , 7U. 8 0 81 ( 9 2 .Be a eq lfe i nt
a e no ' ro . t ead 45 S. 0 , 8 1 8 ) c us uaiid mmu iy
'
z
s we a azi
et s s t mmuniy fom pr ti lmal r lkedicove y, heco tfndsi pr rt sr t
t r
e ra te s i s r t
ur i t ope o s
c i Def nda s def ns ofqua ii irm u t a t e ris opporuniy andbe or
onsder e nt ' e e
lfed zl niy t he a le t
t t
f e
a e sng ot ra fr a i de e est tm a r quiedic r Cons quenty, heco tde e s
ddr s i he fim tve f ns ha y e r s ove y.
e
l t
ur f r

ds o i o o Dee d n s e h u to d fn epe 4 U. C. 1 97 ()t i a trq aiid
ip st n f fn a t' x a sin ee s r 2 S. j 9 ea mtl fe u lfe
i
i m uniy i r s ve
m
t s e ol d.
111.

Dee d n saee tte t q l idi nt a ds mma yj d me tf rtes c n ,
fn a t r n ild o uai e mmu iy n u r u g n o h e o d
f
f urh,a sxt c am s Thes c cli a s rst tPl i ifsi i o e i t VDOC
o t nd i h l i .
e ond am s e t ha antf ' mprs nm nt n he

t a u l f sr t shi a lt t a s it wih t n-nsiu i nalze pe s . Thef t
mlwf ly nzta e s biiy o s oca e t t i tt to i d r ons'
no
'
ourh
c am a s rst tam i ofha a c uss ul c
l i s e t ha
t
be s op
ho d ompe hi r l a eâom t VDOC a i o t
l s ee s
he
nd nt he
c t oft Depm m e ofBe vi r lHe lh.The sxt cli smia l as e t t t
usody he
nt
ha o a a t
i h am i l ry s rs ha
De e nt vi a et ADA a Re biia i Ac by kee nghi i r r t i t VDOC
f nda s ölt he
nd ha ltton t
pi m nca ce aed n he
i t ad ofa a cvi hos t loft De rm e o Be vi alHe 1h. Ther med s htf r
nse
t i l pia he pa t nt f ha or
at
e y oug o
t s c am sa et s me:is nc ofaha speii t r tm lhi t t De rm e of
he e l i r he n
s ua e
bea tton o e b m o he pa t nt
Beha o a He t
vi r l alh.
Ea h oft s cli suli t l co e n am al routi Defnda s co r : hesa e
c
he e am tma ey nc r
te
sde e nt ' ntol t tt
co ' or rconfri Pl i ift t V DO C. Eve t
ul de
t
ilng a ntf o he
n hough Pl i ifw oul r t rs nd hi tm e
a ntf
d a he pe
si

i acvihos tlopeaedbyt De t n ofBe vi a He 1h,aj 1 acin i nott
n i l pia rt
he parme t
ha orl at
983 to s he
11

pr rpr e alve cet ha tn hi r l a efom t VDOC a be r t ne t t
ope oc dur hi l o se s e e s r he
nd
eur d o he
D e r m e ofBe vi alH e 1h. See e.a, lo v. mp el5 U. 6 7, 43 6 ( 0 4
pa t nt
ha or
at
a .Nes n Ca b l, 41 S. 3 6 , 46 2 0 )
--

(e o nzn tedsi to bewe n camsa drme isalwe u d rj 1 8 v ru h be s
rc g iig h it in t e li n e de l d n e 9 3 es s a a
nc
o
p tto s.Toa c lrt Pli ifsrlq efo t eVDOC a db c t t ecvl o t n o
eiin )
c eeae antf' ee s r m h
n a k o h iic mmime t f
t De rm e ofBe vi a He t woul be a i ope asf e i a o he sae im a e
he pa t nt
ha or l a1h
d
s mpr r r eng ny t r tt n t
fom lwf l i
' a uly-mpos d i ionm e a e E a r bl t r i ton. Se He k v.
r
e mprs
nt bs nt t vo a e em na i ' e c Humphr
f
'
ey,

51 U. 4 7 4 6 8 ( 9 4 (ttn t a aj1 8 cam ta wo l n c saiyd mo sr t t e
2 S. 7 , 8 - 8 1 9 ) sai g h t 9 3 li h t u d e e s rl e n tae h
ivai i o c nfn me to isd rto s u db b o g ta ah b a dam) s eas Ed r s
n ldt f o ie n r t u ai n ho l e r u h s a e s i ; e lo wad
y
v. l o , 2 U. 6 , 4547( 9 7 (ttngt a aj 1 8 d ma e cam a g n t a d e
Bai k 5 0 S. 41 6 - 1 9 ) sai h t 9 3 n g s li r uig h t u
s
pr s rg svi ai nsr ule i l sofgood-i c e t s d bebr ug a ha sc us
oce s i ht olto es t d n os
tme r dis houl
o ht s bea op

p tto ) Prie v Ro rg e , 1U. 4 5 5 0( 9 3 (tt ta awrto ha e sc r usi
eiin ; esr . d iu z 41 S. 7 , 0 1 7 ) sai h t i f b a op s
ng
f

s e f de alr m e whe i a ec le esf tofdtr ton ofi ionme a r lefs
ol e r e dy
n nm t ha lng ac
la i
mprs
nt nd e i oughti
s

fndi t tt i t i e ildt as ede rlas) Thesmpl al to t tc i me
i ng ha he nmae s ntte o pe ir ee e .
i e legain ha onfne nt
i t VDOC f usr t hi abiiy t as oc aewih ç i tt inai edpe s ns' e el
n he
r taes s lt o s it t ç nsiuto lz
nonr o 'm r y

des rbe ac ton t ti ç r oft pe lyt tc i i lo f nde spa f t rofe es
c i s ondii ha s t t he nat ha rm na fe r y or hei f ns
pa

a ans s cey. Rh d sv. a ma , 5 U. 3 7 3 7( 9 )
g i t o it ' o e Ch p n 4 2 S. 3 , 4 1 81 .
'
Thus ca mst f 'r a sx plr uei s a y m e ils l lt oresofr le a
, li wo, ot , nd i zs ndiput bl rte s ega he i
l
e if nd

ar notaci na ea ns De e
e
to bl gai t f ndan svi t sl ws t1 Se eg.N et v. iln s 490U .S.
t a hi a ui.3 e, . , izke W lim ,

31 , 2 ( 98 ) Ac o dn l Dee a t' to f rsl r u g ntsg a tda t
9 3 7 1 9 . c r igy, fnd ns mo in o l
mma yj d me i rn e s o
c a m st o,f ur a s x.
l i w o , nd i

1whj teVDOC i s bett teADA a dteRe a ii to Ac,h VDOC i n tap o e d fn a t
3 lh
e
s u jc o h
n h h blain tte
t
s o r p r ee d n
frp r o e o 51 8 .S e egs 9U. C. 7 4b ()4 U.. j1 311; lv. c ia De t fSae
o u p ss f 9 3 e . ..2 S. j 9 ()l' 2 SC. 21 () Wil Miha n p'o tt
,
Poie 49 U. 58 7 (9 9 .Ac odigy,h VDOC i noln e sb ett termanigj1 3cams
lc , 1 S. , 0 1 8 ) c r n l te
s o g r u jc o h e i n 98 li .
12

17
5.

Ther
emai ng fr ta t r cai c r t condii o c nfne e Pl i if
ni is nd hid l ms once n he
tons f o
m nt antf
e re ed a W al nsRi e, d Oni a M a i
xpe i nc t le
dg Re
on, nd ron.Fo<t lrtdam , antf a l est t
he s i Pl i if leg ha
Def nt coleci l denid hi E tt tona l a uaete t nt't nne es a iy'ke
enda s l tvey
e m t
consiu i ly deq t r a me ,'hl c s rl ' pt

hi i s r ton,a ç m e es a iy'm e caedhi .Fo t t r c am ,Pli ifs c fc l
m n eg ega i nd & c s rl ' di t m
ul
r he hid l i
antf pe ii aly

:le st tDr Ca y G a uly s i e 'hi wih ( c à r bodiy r tant'by a horzi
l ge ha . r s wf l e z d' m t l
unl
unne es a y
l esr i ' ut i ng
sa ft m e c t hi .Thec twildi c st t r cli a pa toft frtc am a utt
t f o dia e m
our l s us he hid am nd r he is l i bo he
i untr a nita i ofa antps hotcdr bef r a e sng t r m ani condii
nvol a y dmi sr ton n i yc i ug o e ddr s i he e i ng
tons
of c i m e c a m s pr e e i t fr tc a m .
ontne nt l i
es nt d n he is l i

Thec le st m e c tonpr s n t ditnc a g e s avi ai n oft
hal nge o di ai
e e t wo si t r um nt : ol to
he
Foure nt Am e e f t i unt r us o a a i yc i dr a avi a i n o t
te h
ndm nt or he nvol a y e f n ntps hotc ug nd olto f he
Ei h Am e
ght
ndmen f rs ng a al r cr a ton by usng Ha do . Pli ifs ist e
t or iki n le gi e c i
i
l l antf plt hes
c le
ha lngesagans Dr Ca y s ii al a ag i t alot rde e n sge r ly.Fqrt
i t . r pecfc ly nd an o 1 he f nda t ne al
he
f l ng r as ns a1 def nda sbutDr Ca y a Dr Le a ee il d t q lse i mt t a
olowi e o , l e nt
. r nd . e r ntte o uai d m miy nd

sl r ud me tf r h s me iain cams
l
mmayj g n o t e e d c to li .
1. I t ar us o a a i yc i dr a t Dr Ca y
nvolmt y e f n ntps hotc ug s o . r

t -j f ri ea miitain o a tp y h tcd u sp e e t as fkin l a ao o s
çlhe o cbl d n srto f n is c oi r g r s n s u t e ty n lg u
ri nz i upon bodiy s c iy t g ve rs t s h a p o e tbl lbe t i e es . J hns v.
nt s on
l e urt o i i e o uc
r t c i e i ry nt r t' o on
'

Sives 742F. 823,825(t Ci.1 4) Cons que l a i t ha bot s tntvea
l r,
2d
4h r 98 .
e nty, n nmae s h ubsa i nd
pr dtr lrght unde t Fo t nt Ame e ' DuePr e sCl us t a d t unwa ed
oce la i s
r he uree h
ndm nts
oc s a e o voi he
nt
ad i sr ton ofa i yc tcdr . Subsa i y,KheDuePr e sCl us pe m ist St t
m nitai
ntps ho i ugs
tntvel t
t
oc s a e r t he ae

t te taprs n i t who ha a s ro m e t il s wih a i yc tcdr gsa i thi wil
o ra
i o nma e
s e i us n al lne s t ntps ho i u ga ns s l,

i t i t i dange oust hi s l orot r a t te t e i i t i e' me c
f he nma e s
r o m ef
he s nd he r am nt s n he nmat s dial
i e es. W as ngt v. p e , 4 U. . 21 , 2 ( 9 0 .Pr c d al ,h Du Pr c s
nt r t'
'
hi on Ha r 49 S 0 2 7 1 9 ) o e urly t e e o e s

Cl us r quie t tt dedson t f r y m e oa eno be abir r orc m i i .Unied
a e e r s ha he
i o o dbl di t t r ta y
a cous
t

S ae v. a tr, 6 F.d 3 2, 0 (t Ci. 9 8 .Th pes nmadn t i hldc l e ii n
tts Ch res 8 3 2 0 3 6 4h r 1 8 ) e ro l g h s e ia d cso

mu t x riet r fs in lu g n ' a i '
s e ecs t o e so a j d me t'me nng.
p
El d cso ma b b s d u n a c pe me ia p a tc s i da n ss
' he e iin y e a e po c e td dc l rcie n ig o i,
T
te t e a pr gnoss wih t a d ofs h tcl ca t sa c ula i
r am nt nd o
i, t he i
uc e mi l ool nd ons t tve
t cm i
e l ques a a e a opr a e i t pr f s on. W iho a tm ptng a
s r ppr i t n he o es i
t ut te i
de tve c c it i i o o t t a de son of t t pe he e i is
fnii he kls , t s bvi us ha
cii
he y
r n s ue
s ul i ve co i r ton o s h f c o s a t pai n ' ge r hit y
ho d nvol
nsde a i f uc a t r s he te ts ne al sor
a pr e c ton,t s c fc nee f t m e c ton,ispos i e sde
nd es nt ondii he pe ii
d or he di ai t
sbl i e f t, a pr yi r a ton t t s m e or c
fec s ny e ous e c i o he n
ompa a e m e c ton, t
r bl
dia i he
pr
ognos s t d z a i n ofa pr vi m ed c ton,e c
i , he lr t o
ny e ous
iai t.

I . t31 (iain o te )
d a 2 ctto mi d .
t
Forpup os ofduepr e s amedialde i i t f cbl a i se a a i yc i
es
oc s ,
c
c son o or i y dm nit r n ntps hotc

d u i f r sl tv l v l gnd la it ma bei s do l wh nt ed cso b t
r g s ' e t iey ai a j ibl y y mpo e ny e h e iin y he
p mp
d
i
pr fs in li s c as b tn ild patr fo a c p e pr fsina j d me tprcie o
o e so a s u h u sa ta e ru e r m c e td o e so l u g n , a tc , r
sa r ast de
t nda ds o monsr t t tt pe s r s i e a t ly di no bas t de son on s h
tae ha he r on e ponsbl cual d t e he cii
uc

aj d me t' Yo mb m v Ro o 4 7U. 3 7 3 3( 9 2 .Ana miitaiea v ra il
u g n . ul e . me , 5 S. 0 , 2 1 8 )
'
d n srtv d e s ra
he rngi n trq ie b fr d tr niga c p a l p o eso a j d me t1 Pa h m v. . ,
ai s o e p rd e o e eemi n c e tbe r f sin lu g n . r a JR.
4
4 2 U. 5 4 6 ( 9 9 .
4 S. 8 , 08 1 7 )

1 Pl ntf wasc
4 ai if
ommil t M a i a tranad rara hea i i saeco t Pli ifdoe notc lnge
ted o ron fe
ves il rng n tt ur. antf s
hale
t elgalpr e ngs,a t scour ha pr vi l hedt tVigi a' r e ntsau e c
hos e
oc edi
nd hi
t s e ousy l ha r ni s elva ttt s ompo wih d
rt t ue

p o e s W ahnzo v S le, 0 F. u p. 79 3 4 8 ( . . . 9 2 ( lo J)afd No 9 - 9 ,1 9
r c s. s i n . ib r 8 5 S p 3 , 8 - 5 W D Va 1 9 ) Wisn, . f', . 271 9 9 3
,
U.. p. S 1 0 6 1 9 WL 1 8 0 (t Ci. 9 3, e s ..W ahn tnv Han r4 4U.. 0 2
S Ap LEXI 3 4 , 9 3
8 3 9 4h r 1 9 ) s e ea, s ieo . r e, 9 S 21 , 20
.
(9 0 (ic sigteo elpo saep oe to sa dteDu P o e sClu e.
1 9 ) dsu sn h v ra f tt rtcin n h e r c s a s)
'
1
4

I i no c e rwho or r t a tps hotcdr i Aprl201 e t rasam ont y
t s t la
de ed he n i yc i ug n
i
6, ihe
hl
: ant na ' dos o a a e e ge ,C sne d'dos 1 I i as notcla why a
$ i e nce' e r s n m r nt ç ede ' e.5 t s lo
m
a
er
ny
a i yc i dr wasor r a amedialte m e .Dr Ca y dic s sHadolge r ly i
ntps hotc ug
de ed s
c r at nt . r s us e l
ne a l n

h rafd vi, u s d e n t x ant erlv n fcso ra o i gt s g s t ts e
e f a tb t he o s o e pli h ee a i a t r e s n n o ug et ha h
e rie ç r fs in l u me t'fs ,nf c, i od ra a tp yc tci Ap 2 6
xecs d t o e so a j dg n'i he i a t dd r e n ni s hoi n dl 01 .
p
Ac o dn l, . r fist etbiht a s eî e tte t s mmayj g n , n s wil
c r igy Dr Cay al o sa ls h t h s n ild o u r ud me t a d he l
h vet fl a t e moinf rs mmayj dg n a d e sngt e ed sr p n is
a o ie noh r to o u r u me t d r si h s ic e a ce .
2. A ut i i H al ast D r Ca y
hor z ng dol o . r

Pl ntf ' r a e c am a i tDr Car i t the a lge o de sf rHa dolwe e
ai ifs elt d l i ga ns . y s ha r le d r r o l
r
co r r t no e r src i i hi m e ca r co d a Ad nc d M e c Die tve.A medial
nta y o t d e titons n s di l e r nd va e
di al r c i
c
r or c eaed i 201 by t De rm e o Be vi alHe 1h no e ,C dve s Dr R' N t
ec d r t n 2 he pa t nt f ha or
at t s W
r e ug X o
Tho a i ... ' TheAdva edM edia Die tve c e t d i 201 not d Pl ntf ' a lr t
r zne 96.
'
nc
c l r c i r a e n 4 e ai ifs le gy o

ç an ip yc oisa dp yc or p c ,n l ig b t o lmie t Th r ie' e a s t e c u e
G l t- s h tc n s h to is icudn , u n t i td o o r n 'b c u e h y a s
g
te rpyrmi ls oms e rmea ey,d ymout a ohe ad reraci fj'
dxta a da ympt , xte nxit r
h, nd t r ves e tons.'
Dr Ca y doesno a es t scli a
. r
t ddr s hi am boutwhehe s wa dei r t l i fe e t a
t r he s lbe a ey ndif r nt o
s t nta rs ofha' by al ge y pr s rbi Ha dolve s a he a i yc tc d g o
ubsa il ik
l
m
le dl e c i ng l
r us not r ntps ho i nz r

a oh rte t n o to S eFa ne v. e a , 1U. 8 ,8 (9 4 (o igd lb rt
n t e r ame t p in. e n r Brnn n 51 S. 25 38 1 9 ) n tn ei eae
i fe e er uie a saeacort ha bee pe s nal a r off t i i a i as t nta
ndif r nc eq r s tt t o ve n r o ly wa e acs nd c tng ubsa il

rs o s ro h r a t ea t rmu t a a t al rc g ie t e itn eo s c ars )
ik f eius am, nd h co s h ve cu ly e o n z d he x se c f u h ik ;
'

1 Pli iffl a i m plt co ofhi m e c r c da wihou ac t a sce tt ato . Se e c.
5 antf ied n nco ee py
s dial e or nd t t usodin' rik in e. . ,

Fe . Evd 8 36 (ic sighera a db sn s r c r s.No eh ls,heme ia rc r sen t c nrdc
d R. i. 0 () dsu sn asy n u ie s e o d) n teest dc le o d e ts o o ta it
Pl ntf' as e tort Dr Car o de e mai e ncedos soremer nc dos son Aprl1 or23,201 A
ai ifs s ri ihat . y r r d nt na
e
ge y e
i 4
6.
nure' ps ar pr e snot daedAprl6,201 sae ,ç a t dolDe 50mgI (4 we kson4/ 5/ 6/
s s ychity ogr s e t
i
6, t ts E r Hal
st
c
M 1 e
7, 5, 2,

63 -o e ojcin. Theetyo Api2320 6-û ia 2mgI S RBVO Pe DrCa ' idctsDr
/0 vr beto '
' nr n rl , 1 ç vn
At
M TAT
r . y'- n iae .
Car or r ana c i a nota a i yc tc.l m uc a t e de i p es nty i dm isbl f rs
y deed r otc nd
n ntps hoi nas h s he vi nce s r e l na sl e o umm al
y

j d me ta dDr Caya od a de sn t me ia r cr ,h c u t ln t k tei ee c a v ret
u g n n . r v is d rsig he dc le od te o r wil o ma e h nfrn e d es o
Pli ifast non- ova .
antf he
m nt

15

M ite v. o n, 9 F.d8 8 8 ( t Ci.1 9 )( oigd l r t idfee c ï yb
lir Be r 8 6 2 4 , 51 4h r 9 0 n tn ei ae n ifr n e na e
be
de
monsr t d by eihe a t lit ntorr c e sdir r a ahe lh c r pr de m a be
ta e
t r c ua n e
e kls sega d nd
at a e ovi r y
dei r t l i fe e whe t te t ntpr dedi s gr sy i mpe e ,i de t ,or
lbe a ey ndif r nt n he r a me
ovi s o os l nco t nt na qua e

e c si a t s o kt c n ce c o i i tlr b et f n n na fine s.Theme ia
x esve s o h c he o s in e r s n oea l o u d me tl ar s)
dc l
r co d a Pli ifsa lged sae e swoul ha i onue Dr Ca y oft rs o an al r c
e r nd antf ' le
t tm nt
d ve nf
d . r
he ik f le gi
r aci n t a i yc i dr .6 Ac or ng y,Dr Ca y f ist e t bls t ts i e il dt
e to o ntps hotc ugs1
c di l
.
r al o sa ih ha he s ntte o

s mmayj d me t a d s ewil a et fl a ohe mo infrsl r j d me ta d e sn
u r u g n , n h lh v o ie n t r to o '
mmay u g n d r sig
tésclin.
i ar
De e
f ndan sc l c i l
t ole tve y
I pa toft frtc am , antf ge r l alege t tt de e nt ot rt n Dr
n r he is l i Pl i if ne aly l s ha he f nda s he ha
.
Ca y a ea s la ef t us ofa a i yc i dr
r r lo ibl or he e n ntps hotc ug.Exce f Dr Lee t eot r
pt or . , hos he
de e nt a e e il t qua ii d i uniy bec us t c am sf i.
f nda s r ntted o lfe mm t
a e he l i a l
The r co ddoesnots
e r
uppo ta i e e et tde e nt Cl r Ro ns M ads n,o
r ny nf r nc ha f nda s a ke, bi on,
e r
Robiha W as pr s rbe a a i yc i dr Howe r a l as o medialr co d e r
c ux- ton e c i d n ntps hotc ug.
ve , t e t ne
c e r nty
s
ugge t t tDr Le pr s rbe Hal ,butDr Le di notfl a a da tt e an t
ss ha . e e c i d dol
. e d
ie n x vi o xpli he

i r f sin lud me t wh he aa e d o d rda a tp y h tcd t Ac o dn l, ak ,
l o e so a j g n ' y , r u n o, r e e n n is c o i rz c r igy Clr e
p
'
g.
Robi on,M a e a Ro c ux- a s a ee il t quai i t t a s
ns
ds n, nd bi ha W ton r ntted o lfed mm miy nd umm a y
r

j d me t o t me iaincams b tDrLe wil a t fl a t rmoinf rsl r
u g n f r he dc to li , u . e lh ve o ie nohe to o l
mmay
j d me ta d e sngt eme iai ncams
u g n d r si h d c to li .

1 N otbl no
6 a y, bodyr f t an pha ma o ca dif r nc bet e Hal a Thor i , a t c t
e ues y r colgi l fe e e we n dol nd
azne nd he our
wilnotma t ti e e e a r et Pl ntf ast no mova .
l
ke ha nfr nc dve s o ai if he nnt

1
6

B.

Pl ntf al ge t te h de e antwa dei r t l i fe e t a s t i ds of
ai if le s ha ac f nd
s lbe a ey ndif r nt o ubsantal k

har c us by t iol tng c ndii a W al nsRi ,Re Oni ard M a i Re aedt
m a ed he s ai o tons t le
dge d on, l ron. l t o
t scai i hi al gai t te h de e
hi l m s s le ton ha ac f ndan S lbe ae y dir ga de Pl i i sc r ne ds'
t t i r tl s e r d antY a e e '
de
a a s delbe ael wihhel ç e s r orci c ly pr c i d te t e . Pli tf doesnot
nd lo i r t y t d û s a y lnia l es rbe r am nt' a n if
nec
'
e i il nn et ç lni ly pr s rbedte t nt' her f r nc sDBT,whih wa frt
xplcty m he i i cal e c i r a me 'but e e e e
c
c
s is
s
uggese byt lce e c i ca ps hol iti 1 a alor f r nce dtrnghi c i i l
t d he i ns d lni l yc og s n 998 nd s e e e d zi
s rm na
pr e di .
oc e ngs

TheEiht Ame m e ,a nött Fo te h Am e
g h
nd nt nd
he ure nt
ndme a Pli tf i ore ty
nt s a n if nc r c l
bei ve ,a ist t s c am s Pl ntf a gue t thi sausa i n i untr c
le s pple o he e l i . ai if r s ha s t t s t nvol a y omm ite'
a
te '

fom t NGR. ve diti nott xtnguihe ' bei i t VDOC' cusody. Suc a
r he
I r c s
l i s d'by ng n he
e
S t
h n
i t p r t ton wo d ce t nl be i hi f vora hewoul a i t c e nce o beng a
ne eai
ul rai y n s a
s
d vo d he ons que s f i n
i ioned c c .Ho e r aGc ci n hass fc e l e i s d t de e n ' lbe t
mprs
onvit w ve , tonvito
ufii nty xtnguihe he f nda ts i ry
i e e tt e powe t St t t c i hi i a ofisprs ns ...Tha lf i o prs i
ntr s o m
r he ae o onfne m n ny t i o .
t ie n ne ion s

mu hmo eds g e a l t ni a t rd e n ti isl sg iyt a aFo re n hAme d n
c r ia r e b e ha n nohe o s o n tef in f h t u te t
n me t
lbe t i e e ti i plc t d whe aprs ri ta f re t t i tt i wih t mor s r
i ry nt r s s m i a e
n ione s r ns e r d o he nsiuton t he
e eve e

nze . .' M e c u v. n 4 7U. 21 , 2 - 5( 9 )( rgn le h ss.I i a imai
ls . . a h m Fa o, 2 S. 5 2 4 2 1 76 o i ia mp a i) t s xo tc
'
ç ha ,b vit oft i c ci ns i a e m us e tsgnii a r src i ns i r nti
ç t y rue her onvito , nm t s t xpec i fc nt e tito , nhe e n
t
pr s lf ,on r g s a prvie f ee c tze t ke f gr n e ' M c unev.Lie 536 U . 24,
i on ie
i ht nd i l ges r ii ns a or a t d.
' K
l,
S.

40(
2002) I ha bee l stldt tasaema pt s c cswihi isc r ,abetno
. t s n ong e te ha tt y mih onvit t n t a e l i t

c el a u us al pe teEihhAme d n , fe af r l dudc to o g it S e e:,
nzl nd n u l r h g t
y
y
n me t alr o ma a j iain f u l. e - ..

17

l rha v. rz t43 U. 6 , 716 2 n.0( 9 7 .Ac o dngy t eEihh Ame d n
nc a m W ih , 0 S. 51 6 - 7 , 4 1 7 ) e r i l ,h g t
n me t
co r st diposton oft co to ofco i m e c am s
ntol he s ii
he ndii ns
nfne nt l i .
Cl z a Robi o a t c ndto a W a lnsRi , d Oni a M mi n
a ke nd
ns n s o o ii ns t le
dge Re
on, nd
o
Clr and Robi on a e e il t q lfe i mt t i t i i vi ua ca ctesf
a ke
ns r ntted o uaiid m miy n her ndi d l pa ii or

t ealg t nt a t e weed l rtl i ifrn b n tso pigt ioaig c ndto
h le ai h t h y r ei aey ndfee t y o tp n he s ltn o i ns
o
be
i
P1 i ife re ed a W a lnsRi Re Oni a M a i l To e t bls s r ior
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dge, d on, nd ron.?
sa ih upe vs y

la iiyu e j1 8 , pli ifmus s o ta: 1 tes p r io ha q t a o c nsr cie
ib l nd r 9 3 a ant
t
f t h w h t ( ) h u ev s r d cu l r o tu tv
knowl
edget ta s di t wase ge i qo uc t tpos d 1 pe vasvea urr s na e
ha ubor nae
nga d n nd t ha e G r i nd lea o bl
a

rs 'o c n ttto a ij r t p o l lk teplitf' 2 t es p t s rsrs o s t t t
ik' f o si in ln u y o e p e ie h anif ( ) h u ewio ' e p n e o ha
u
,
knowl
edgewa s i deq t a t s w çdei r t i fe e et ort i a horz ton oft
s o na uae s o ho t lbe a e ndif r nc o act ut i a i
he

alg do fnsv p a tc s'a ()t theewa a C f nnai c usll k'b t e t e
le e fe ie r cie' nd 3 ha t r s n t t tve a a i ' ewe n h
;
ai
n
s p ni o ' ia to a dtepa t ua J n ttto a ij r s fee b teplitf.S a v
u e s rs n ci n n h ri lr o siuin ln u y u fr d y h an if h w .
c

S rud 1 F.d7 , 9(t Ci. 9 4 .Yo stsyt rq ie nso t efrtee n ,
to , 3 3 91 79 4 h r 1 9 )
aif he e u rme t f h is lme t a
p an ifmus etbl h: 1 tes p r io ' k o e g o ( )c n u te g g di b a
litf t sa i ( ) h u e vs rs n wld e f 2 o d c n a e n y
s
s b r i t ()wh r t c n u t s sapev sv a du r a o a l rs o c nsiuina
u o dnae 3 e e he o d c po e
r a ie n n e s n b e ik f o t to l
t

ij r t t panif Slk nv. re, 3 F.d 3 8 3 3(t Ci. 98 ) Esa ihnga
nu y o he litf. a a Po tr 7 7 2 6 , 7 4h r 1 4 . tbls i
l z sve'a û e ona e' ik o har r quie e de et tt c
t wa i ' nd t as bl 'rs f m e r s vi nc ha he onduc i wi s e d,
pe
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t s de pr a or
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t ea t s e e
e r l fe en
a i , nd ha he o
t nga d n he

s b r iaep s sa u a o bers o ham o c nsiu in l nu y Jla 3 3 7 A
u o dn t o e n me s na l ik f r f o ttto a ij r . -s t 7 - 4.
t

1Plitf as fut Clr ea Ro i o frn tf kn a i e ni g)p lc t siuae
7 an if lo a ls ak nd bnsn o o T ig nd mplme t a oiy o tp lt
ma
ng
avalbiiy ofte t nt pr a ,andaciiisf pe s nsunde i u ar c
ia lt r ame , ogrms
tvte or r o
r nvolnt y ommime ...'Pl ntf des i s
t nt ' ai if crbe
t misngpolc a onet tpr bispt tvec
he s i
iy s
ha ohi t mii onfneme a ttame o i f rs
nt nd r t nt ptons o omeonep e ousy ci ly
r vi l vil
co m it asNGRI Thi ale ton i mor a o it y c t rzedasa of a ca iycl m ,t whih
m ted
. s lgai s e ppr prael aego i
n fcil pact ai o c
qualfedi miy i notadefns Ac or ngl t c tde e st diposton ofofi a ca iy camsuntl
ii mmt t s
e e. c di y, he om- f r he s ii
tcil pact li
i
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r es vi
lfe m
t

18

pl ntf y esa ih dei r t i fe e by de o tai a s r i o ' çc i d
ai ifma t bls lbe a e pdif r nce
m nsr tng upe v s r s tontnue
i ci n i t f ceofdoc e t wi s e d a es' I a 373.
na to n he a
um n ed de pr a buq . d. t
'
I s ppor ofhi alegai n,Pli ifr f r t api eofmai a o a ale d i de
n u
t
s l to
antf e e s o ec
l nd ne n l ge nci nt
ofam e aly ili t who di i aM a s c e' prs i 2009whieCl r wa
nt l l nma e
ed n
s a hus ts ion n
t
l a ke s
Com m i s one oft M a s hus tsD e r m e ofCo r c i . Pl i ifa l ges
s i r he s ac e t pa t nt
r e tons a ntf le :

Be us def nda Clr i a lt f miirwih t da rpos t m e t l
ca e e nt a ke s l oo a la t he nge
ed o n aly
i1i t sby polceso c t st tca c us t m s rouse n f t lhn m,
1 nma e
i i r usom ha n a e he e i
ve a a r
fom hi pror poston a die t of t M as a hus ts De t of
r
s i
ii
s r c or
he
s c et
p'
Coreci ns... whe e a i ae was l ld by mite t nt a he was
r to
,
r n nm t
dle
sr a me nd

i etg td. ( e i a r o t ene d frp lce a d rg lto s al t
nv siae H2 s wae f h e 0 o iis n e u ai n , r o
d
e fr s h, srg z ste t n o me tlyilidv d as- a ( litf n oke uc a e a d rame t f n al l n ii u l s Plan if
i hi c t
n s usody.
Pl n ifha maiedt Clr i J y 2015 ac py ofaE o i n t n ndpeii n f rwrtof
aitf d l o a ke n ul
o
t to o me
m
tto o i
pr bii 't so hi ta f rfom t De rm e ofBe vi r He 1h t t VDOC.
ohi ton' o t p s r ns e r he pa t nt
ha o al at o he
Pl ntf' co l or al gatonsf l s r e tbls ng Cl r sorRobi on' pe s
ai ifs ncus y le i al ho t sa ihi
ake'
ns s r onal

ors r i o y delber t i f e e e.Not ng i t r co d s
upe v s r
i ae ndif r nc
hi n he e r upporsa i e e et tt s
t n nf r nc ha he e
def nda skne Pl i ifwa ho e i t VDOC a a oft s t eeprs ,s f r d a
e nt
w antf s us d n he
t ny he e hr
ions ufe e
m e alil s wa c i i iolton,orha s
nt lnes , s onfned n s a i
d ympt m sofhi il s e c r t by t
o
s lne s xa e baed he

iol tng c tonsofc i m e . Eve i t s de e nt kne ge r ly t tN GR.
s ai ondii
onfni nt
n f he e f nda s w ne a l ha
I
i a e , i Pl i if a eho ed i ioltng c ii nst te e ba em e t il s e ,a
nm t s lke antf, r us n s a i ondto ha xac r t n al lne s s s
Pli tf al ge ,t VDOC pr vi squa iid m e a he t pr tto r t tea i aeswho
a n if le s he
o de
lfe
nt l alh acii ne s o r t nm t
s f rm e a il s e ,lkePli if a prs ad i sr t slkeClr a Robi on a e
ufe nt l lne s s i
antf, nd ion m nitaor i
a ke nd
ns r

e ildt rl onpr esi medc l udgme s M ite,896F. a 8 Ase de e i
ntte o ey
of sonal ia j
nt. lir
2d t 54. vi nc d n
t sc e VDOC polcesa sa elwsal w tanedm e c lpe s nne t peii a sae c t
hi as ,
i i nd t t a lo r i
di a r o l o tton t t our
t ta f rme a l i1i a e t amedialf ciiy whe ne ded.Pl i iff ist add es t s
o r ns e nt ly l nm t s o
c a lt
n e
antf a l o r s he e
t o i pora f c sand doe no es a i h t tCl r orRobi on de i r t l dir ga de
w m t nt a t
s t t bls ha a ke
ns
lbe a e y s e r d
19

c n u t h t s dap r sv a u r a o a l rs o c n tt to ln u y Se Or in v.
o d c t a po e evai e nd n e s n be ik f o siuina ij r . e na o
J l o 6 2F.d 1 9 ,1 01( t Ci.1 8 )(e o nzn ta tkn ra o a l r me ilse s
oms n, 3 2 0 6 1 4h r 9 0 r c g iig h t a ig e s n be e d a tp
t prve tahar co rdit dei rt i fee ) Fulhe r ,a iolt i i n fom
o e n
m nta cs lbeae ndifrnce . - nno e n s aed ncde t r
t
a he sae a ne l t n ye r ag i t r mot t s
not r t t nd ary e a s Q s oo e e o uppor an i e e eofa c r e
t nf r nc
u r nt
w i s e d o per s ke r s i t VD O C. M or ve , he e i no hi t i c t Cl r kne
de pr a r va i ik n he
eo r t r s t ng o ndi a e a ke w
%

t co e sèft moton t n nd peii f wrto pr bii n,a t m oto sco e s
he nt nt he i o me
tton or i f ohi to nd he i n' nt nt
a enoti t r co d.Acc r ngl Clr a Ro ns a ee ild t q lfedi
r
n he e r
o di y, a ke nd bi on r ntte o uaii mmuniy a
t nd

s mmayj d me ti t i i iiu l a cte .
u r u g n n her ndvd a. pa iis
c
2. M a e Dr Car Dr Le a W a de Ro c ux- a s a t c tonsa
ds n, . y, . e, nd r n biha W ton s o ondii
t
W ale Ri ,Re Oni a M a i n
l ns dge d
on, nd r o
Pli iff ulsM a e f c usngPl i ift behous d a W alensRi a Red
antf a t
ds n or a i
antf o
e t l
dge nd
Oni n,a hef ulsDr Ca y,Dr Lee a W a de Robiha W a s f t co to he
o nd
a t . r
. , nd r n
c ux- t on or he ndii ns
e re ed a M a i W ale Ri a Re Oni a eSe urt Le ls a Sec iyLe l
xpe i nc t ron.
lns dge nd d on r c iy ve- nd urt ve S prs ns r peci l butPli ifbe iveshe s d notha bee hous d t r asa Se iy
io , es tvey,
antf le
houl
ve n
e he e
curt
Le l3 i a e Pli ifar st tM ads n t rt a aps hol itt tioltng Pli if
ve- nm t . antf gue ha
e mde sood s yc og s ha s a i
a ntf

i t s r srctve f ciii woul e c z t hi m e a il s a c ehi t hn m li s l
n he e e ti i a ltes
d xa e bae s ntl lne s nd aus m o r lm ef
Pl i ifc t i s
antf ies n uppor M a e se alt sa f i cai t tPl ntf
t ds n' m i o t f , ndi tng ha ai ifwashous d a Re
e t d
Oni n be a ehei a' a
o c us
s d nage ntpr e 'a no be aus o C ol nc oral ge vi e .'
m
me
oblm ' nd t c e f l e e le d olnce'
vi
Pl i ifwa st bes n t aVDOC l e a He lh Uni'or&amor a oprae'f c lt t n
antf nt o
eto
t ntl at
M
t' 1
e ppr i t' a iiy ha
W al nsRi and Re Oni whe ehes l- r sduet t ioltng co to . Ose i y,
le
dge
d on
r
efha m
o he s a i
ndii ns t nsbl
M ads n and Dr . r a Leea ef m iirwiht te t e o m e a il s ,i l ng
e
s Ca y nd
r a la t he r am nt f nt l lnes es ncudi
Bor r i Pe s na iy Di o de . Si ia l D r .Ca y a Le a W a de Robi ha W a s n
de lne r o lt s r r m l r y, s r nd e nd z n
c ux- t o
w e e os e i y f m ii rw ih c tons i M a i n' A c e Ca e Tr a m e Pr r m a t
r t ns bl n la t ondii n z o s ut r e t nt og n nd he
20

cons ue esof orl c o ,ate t ntpl n o a i ae c
eq nc
, a k f r a me
a n n nm t ommitd f i unt r me a
te or nvol a y nt l
heat te t nt
lh r a me .
A pl i ifmus s t tade e
antf
t how ha
f ndr ta t d wih dei r t i fe e t as tntal
c e t lbe a e ndif r nce o ubsa i
rs ofs rousha m t sae avi ai n oft Ei h Ame e ' Cr la Unus
ik e i
r o tt
ol to
he ght
ndm nts ue nd
ual

Pt s nt Clus Fame ,511U. a 8 , etv. ki ,487U. 42, ( )
mihme s a e. r r
S. t 28' s At ns
W
S. 48 1988 .
De i r ei fe e er quiesa sae a t rt ha be n pe s ly a r off c si c tng a
lbe at ndif r nc e r
tt c o o ve e r ona l wa e a t ndia i
s tntalrs ofs ro ha m ,a t a t rm us ha acual r ogni d t e se eof
ubsa i ik e i us r nd he c o
t ve t ly ec ze he xitnc
s h ars Far r 511U. a 838. t ei r t i fer nc m a bede
uc ik. me ,
S. t
r lbe ae ndif e e y
monsr t d by eihe
ta e
t r
acuali e o r kl s dir r ' M ite ,896F. a 851 s ePa ih e r l Le v.
t nt nt r ec e s sega d.' lir
2d t ; e n-s x e . e

Clv ln , 7 F.d2 4 3 3( t Ci. 0 4 (g- ee d n emu ts o t a t eo fca i
e ea d 3 2 3 9 , 0 4h r 2 0 ) I -j vie c s h w h t h f iln
tl h
q sins b e t l r c g ie ta h sa to sweet p o raei lg to t a rs ') 1
ueto u j ci y e o nz d h t i cin r i prp it n ih f h t ik.'. 1
ve
na
' A
def nda a t r kl sy bydir ga di as bsantalrs ofda rt ti et rknown t t
e nt c s ec es l
s e r ng u t i ik
nge ha s ihe
o he
de e ntorwhih woul bea r ntt ar a ona epe s n i t de e
f nda
c
d
ppa e o e s bl r o n he f ndan ' posto '
ts ii n.
'
M ite ,8 F. a 851- A s ro m e c ne t ti ia e t Ei h Am e
lir 96 2d t
52. e i us dial ed ha mplc t s he ght
ndme i a
nt s
c ton t tG sbe n di g ed by aphysc a a ma tngte t e oronet ti s
ondii ha l
ha e a nos
ii n s ndai r am nt
ha s o
obvi t te n a1 y pe s woul e iy r cogni t ' c s iy f a docorsa tnton.'l
ous ha ve a r on
d asl e
ze hene e st or
t ' te i ' ko

v.Shrve,535F.d225, ( hCi.
e
3
241 4t r 2008)
.
Bot med c la non- e c pe s lm a be dei r t l i if r nt A he lh c r
h
i a nd
m dial r onne y
lbe a ey nd fe e .
at a e
pr de m ay be de i r t l i f er ntw he t te t e pr ded i s g os l i om pe e ,
ovi r
lbe a e y ndif e
n he r a m nt ovi
s o r s y nc
t nt

i qua e ore e sveast s k t co c e e o i i ol r bl t f ndnme a f m es .
nade t , xc s i
o hoc he ns i nc r s nt e a e o u
nt l ai s
M ite ,896F. a 851 no m e c lprs ofi i lma bede i r t l i fe e whe t
lir
2d t .A n- di a ion fc a y
lbe a e y ndif r nt n he
ofk i lw aspe s ly i ved w ih a de a oft e t e ,de i r t l i efer d w ih a pr s n
t a
r ona l nvol
t
ni l r a m nt lbe a e y nt l e t
io
21

doc orste t nt ort il a ho ied o wasde i r t l i fe e t t m e ca pr de '
t ' r a me , acty ut rz r
lbe a ey ndif r nt o he di l ovi rs
' m ic
s onduc whe e n a 1y pe s n woul unde sa t tt m e c lpr vi ri be ng
t n ve a r o
d
r t nd ha he di a o de s i
de i r tl i f e e . 1 a 85
lbe ae y ndif r nt d. t 4.
Viwi t i e e si hi f vor Pl ntf hasal ge s fc e f t t pr s nt
e ng he nf r nce n s a , ai if
le d ufii nt ac s o e e
c or bl Ei ht Am e e cam sa i tM ads n, . r Dr Le ,a W a de
ol a e g h
ndm nt li gans
e Dr Ca y, . e nd r n
Ro c ux- a s a utt i oltng c tonso c fne e a W al nsRi Red Oni
bi ha W ton bo he s ai ondii
f on i m nt t le
dge,
on,
a M a i .1
nd r on 8

Asamedia pr e sonalf mii wih Pli ifsme c lhit y,M a e woul
c l of s i
a lar t antf ' di a sor
ds n,
d
unde sa Pli tf' rs ofs l- r i r as se htm ehei l f i olt d. Ps hol s
r t nd a n if s ik e fha m nc e e ac i
s et s ae
yc ogit
M ads n pur re y c us d Pl ntf t bes ntt W ale Ri aLe lsprs andRe
e
po tdl a e ai if o
e o
lns dge, ve - ion,
d
Oni a Le lspds whe ePli tf woul lkel r m an i i o a i c tonsf ye r
on, veon, r a i if
n
d i y e i n s l tng ondii or a s
des t be ng aLe l3 i ae.M a e pur tdl ca e t sta f ron a ountof
pie i
ve - nm t
ds n pore y us d hi r ns e
cc
Pl i ifsdifc t t ma
antf
f uly o nage e a wiho r ga dt hi me a he lh ne ds By a l edl
m nt nd t ut e r o s nt l at e .
leg y
c usng hi ta f r i i plusbl t tM a e r kls l dir ga ded as t nta rs t tt
a i
s r ns e , t s a i e ha ds n ec e sy s e r
ubsa il ik ha he
i oltng c tonsofW al nsRi a Re Oni n woul e eba ePl i ifsme a il j
s a i ondii
le
dge nd d o
d xac r t antf' nt l lne s

a c u elm t sro sys l- am.A p y hoo it a n tda e rya 1 9 ta Gin amo t
nd a s l o ei u l efh r
i
' c l gs h s oe s al s 9 8 h t lj l s
s
l
a lca e , hefeq nc and i e iy ofs l- sr tvebe vi wor e ' f rpe pl wih
1 s s t r ue y
nt nst
efde tuci
ha or s ns' o o e t
Pl i ifsm e a il sa aco e nc o l ng-e i tt i nai ton. Ye,M a e
antf
nt l lnes s ns que e f o tnn nsiuto lza i
t ds n
as i d Pl i ift t m os r src i prs nsi t VD OC.
sgne antf o he
t e titve i o n he
Si iary,Dr Ca y a Dr Leea ebot ps hitit a M a i a f la wih
m ll
. r nd .
r
h yc a rss t ron nd amiir t
Pl ntf ' t e t e ne ds a t y a l ge y r le onl on H a dol a s da i t whi h t
ai if s r a m nt e , nd he le dl e i d y
l , e tve o
c he
1 Dr Le andW a de Robihaux- as di nottl afda t. M a e doesno add es t m e isof
8
e
r n
c
W ton d
ie fi vis
ds n
t r s he rt
t cai i hi afi vi.Asnotd e le , .Cay o y des i sHal ge r ly i he sgnedafi ta no
he l m n s tda t
e arir Dr r nl crbe
dol ne al n r i
fdavi nd t
t m e isofanycl m .
he rt
ai

22

m e c lr or not drs c usng a alr cr a ton,t te tPli ifsme a il s es Dr
di a ec d e iks a i n le gi e c i o r a antf
nt l lne s . .
Car a Dr Leewe er ponsbl f c a tng ate t ntpln t tc d i l t r peutc
y nd .
r es i e or r fi
r a me a ha oul ncude he a i
pr gr ,i v dua c
o nms ndi i l ouns lng,e a i nals r ce , ngm e tngs wo k pr r ms a a
ei duc to
e vi s wi
e i , r og n , nd
t r pe i e r
he a utc nvionme . Ye,pl ntf al ge t tDr Ca y a Dr Le m e e y or ras atve
nt t- ai if le s ha . z nd . e r l de ed i
a wa e
nd z hous hi i iol ton.N et rDr Ca yno Dr Le ha dic s d whehe t
e m n s ai
ihe . r r . e s s us e
t r hey
c e t d a t e m en pl orwhe he D BT m a be a vi bl tea m e .
r a e r at t an
t r
y
a e r t nt

Pli ifaloha s fcenty aleg W a de Robiha W a s sdelbe a e
antf s s ufi i l l ed r n
c ux- ton' i r t
i f e e e.Asnot be o f t r t i i cli dic s d beow,W a de Robi ha
ndifr nc
ed l w or he ealaton am s us e l
r n
c uxW a s waspe s l i ve wih ade a ofteam e a M aron by ke pi Pl ntf i
ton
r onaly nvol d t
ni l r t nt t i
e ng ai if n

ioaina wih u a c s t ate t n oh rt a s d to Alo a uy c udfn t t
s lto nd t o t c e s o rame t te h n e ain. s , j z o l id ha
W a den Robiha x- a s n' n bi e t Dr Ca y' a Dr Le spr o i n ofPl i ifs
r
c u W t o s m valnce o . r s nd . e' om to
antf
s l- r i be vi sby ke pi hi i iolton c tt esdelbe ae i fe e e.
efha m ng ha or
e ng m n s ai onsiut
i r t ndif r nc
Ac or ngl M a e Dr Ca y,Dr Lee a W a de Robiha W a s a enote tte t
c di y, ds n, . r
. , nd r n
c ux- ton r
n ild o
qua i i miy ba ed ont pr en r co d.
lfed mmt t s
he es t e r
C.

Pl i ifc am st tDr Leea W a de Robi ha W as r t it d a i thi f
antf l i ha .
nd r n
c ux- t on eala e gans m or
flng t sl ws ta i tDr Ca y. D r Le a W a de R o c ux- a s a e notpr e l
ii hi a ui ga ns . r
. e nd r n bi ha W t on r
es nty

e t ldt q aiidi mi o s mmayj d me t o t e ecams
ni e o u lfe mmt t r u r u g n f r h s li .
t
y
Fora imaet ttt aFis Ame me rtlai cam,ghe pli ifmus s
n n t o û ae rt nd nt eaiton li t j antf t how
s
t t()hi s c wa pr ece ()t aleg r t it ya tona s l a fce hi
ha 1 s pee h s ot td, 2 he l ed ealaor ci dverey fe td s

p o e tds e h, n ( )ac u a r lto s pe itdb t e tep oe td s e c a dt
r tce pe c a d 3 a s l eain hi x se ewe n h r tce p e h n he
rtlai ' Hoyev. l e, App' 764,765(t Ci. 7)(ii Ra v.Ca bel 785
eaiton.'
Gimor F. x
4h r 201 ctng ub
mp l,
23

F.d8 6 8 5(t Ci. 5 L p an ifs fesa v rea to i ted fn a tsalg d y
3 7 , 8 4 h r 201 :. W litf uf r d es cin f h ee d n ' le e l
r t i t y co uc w oul lke y de e a pe s ofor na y f r nes f om t e r i e ofFis
e ala or nd t
d i l t r r on
di r i m s r he xe c s
rt
Ame
ndm e r g s ' Cons a i v. e t r & V i io sofG e ce M as U ni , 1 F. 474,
nt i ht .
'
t ntne R c o s
st r
or
on
v. 41 3d

5 0( t Ci. 0 5 .
0 4h r 2 0 )
Re ai to a i tPli iff e r ii t rghtt a è sco ssa e ac za e
t lai n ga ns antf or xe csng he i o cc s urt t t s ogni bl
c am i vi pr t t s c t twa c e ry e t bls d be or t e nt oft sl ui.
l i nvol ng o eced pee h ha s l a l sa ihe 'f e he ve s hi aws t

Se s ..Hu s ehv. i gn , 8 F.d 1 45 1 4748( t Ci.1 7 ) I i n td tr n tv
e ec, d p t F c is 6 4 2 3 , 3 - 4h r 9 8 . t s o eemiaie
t tPli ifc tnue p os c i t saci n de piet a lgedr tla or ac ofc i d
ha a ntf on i d r e utng hi to s t he le
ea it y t ontnue
iol i n.Pl i ifsde c i i ofl tr iol i n i M a i wiho m ed c lte t nt
s ato
antf ' s rpton ong e m s ato n ron t ut i a r a me
ot t n f ci y a i s e e s da i t tm a c us a a l r c r a i n s m s r as bl
her ha or bl dm nit r d e tves ha y a e n le gi e cto ee e ona y

c c aedt lkey detrape s ofor na y fr nes fom pr e utng t slws t
algl t o i l e
r on
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os c i hi a ui.

Ac o dngy Dee d ns mo inf rsl z ud me t s b d n e a t ter tlain
c r i l, fn a t ' to o l
mmayj g n mu t e e id s o h eaito
c a m s a i tD r Le a W a de R o c ux- a s n.
l i ga ns . e nd r n bi ha W t o

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ai i fr pe e y c e f nda s a lng o olow rous t t nd

polc e .Howe r ac am t tprs n ofii l ha notf l we t i o polc e o
ii s
ve , l i ha io fc as ve
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if xs

Vign a 9 7F.d 1 5 ,1 6 ( t Ci.1 9 )(o dn ta i sae1w g a t mo epr c d r l
r ii, O 2 4 9 4 9 4h r 9 0 h l ig h t f tt a rn s r o e u a
rght t nt Consiui r uie ,asae' fiur t a debyt t1w i notaf rldue
i s ha he
ttton eq rs tt s al e o bi
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edea

pr c s is e; lh rv Ol r 8 8F.d3 , 6( t Ci.1 9 )(g7allet f l w
o e s s u ) Bec e . i , 9 2 2 3 4h r 9 0 il it o ol
ve
ts r
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pr e e e t bls d f t ge r pr t to a w ef r ofi aesdoesnotc tt e
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onsiut

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lbeae segad or he dia e
riulr i tl' .
'
, fnda s r
e ildt q lfe i miya st ayj
ntte o uaiid mmt t nd tmm r udgme f s ha us to .
nt or uc cc ains
24

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Fort f egoi r as ,t c 4gr nt i pm' a de esi pa t f nda s moton
he or ng e ons he oul a s n t nd ni n r De e nt ' i
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f rs mmayj g n a t q aiidi ll 1 Th c u t log a t Plitf' moint
o u r ud me t s o u l e mml t 9 e o r as rn s an ifs to o
f
n y.
core tt r c d a de e a m e il sPl i ifsm otont srket a fda tofanonr c he e or nd ni s s rtes antf
i o ti he f i vi
de e nt M a e Dr Ca y,Dr Le a W a de Robihal W a s n s lfl am o i n f r
f nda . ds n, . r
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c tx- t o hal ie
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s mmayj g n s p re b a sd vts wihnf ry-i ed y pu s a t oS a dngOr e
u r ud me t u po td y f a it) t i o t fv a s ru n t tn i d r
201 6.Theofi i c pa iy c am sagans Ci r a Ro ns a utt a ia lt of
3fcal a ct l i
i t a ke nd bi on bo he va lbiiy
te t nt , og a s a a tvii f i ae pr vi usy de m e N GRIr m an pe ng.The
r a me s pr r m , nd c i tes or nm ts e o l e d
e i ndi
pari ss lco pl edi c r wihi t ne sxt day andDe e nt s l fl am o i
te hal m et s ove y t n he xt i y s,
f nda s ha l e
ton

f rml r j g n a d e sn t rmann camswihnf ry-i ed y t ra tr
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