Farabee v. Gardella et al

Filing 52

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 1/11/2018. (slt)

CLERKSOFFI U. . DI COURT
CE S ST.
AT ROANOKE,
VA
FI
LED

J 12 2 1
AN
28

I THE UNI S
N
TED TATESDi TRI COURT
S CT
FOR THE W ESTERN DI
STRI OF VI NI
CT
RGI A
ROANOKE DI SION
VI
B NJAN FAR ABEE,
Pl ntf ,
ai i f

J
UL
BY:

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C i lAc i No.7: 6- v- 326
vi t on
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M EM O M ND U M O PI O N
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DR .R O BER T G A RD ELL A,e a .
t l,
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endant
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By:

H o M i hae F. r
n. c l U bans
ki
C hi fU nie St t sD i t c Judge
e
t d a e s ri t

Bra Fa a ,aVigi ai a epr e ng pr K ,fl d ave ii a e d c
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)
I t s
n he umm e of201 t VDOC r l a e Pli tf ba k i o t c t oft De rm e of
r
2, he
e e s d a n if c nt he usody he pa t nt
Be vi a He t f contnue c
ha or l alh or
i d omm ime .
t nt
Thi l ws tc enl t co tonso co i m e tPl ntf e re ed whie cvil
s a ui onc s he ndii
f nfne h ai if xpe i nc
l i ly
com mitd a W ese n St t Hos t lbet e Se e r 1 a Ocober1 , 201 2 Pl n if
te t
tr ae
pia we n pt mbe 0 nd t
3
5. aitf

a s t t tHer r t lae a i thi by ta f r i hi fom Ce r lSt t Hos t lt
s ers ha
r e ait d gans m
r ns e rng m r
nta ae
pia o
W ese n St t Hos t lwhe e hewa a sgne t am or r titvear aca ld W a d 2- m .
tr ae
pia
r
s si d o
e esrc i e le
r El

Pl i ifc udest tHe r Dr Ga de l a Dr M c ra s d bela ef t r src i
antf oncl
ha r , . r la, nd . Fa lnd houl
ibl or he e titve

c n iin h e pein e i W ad2 El
o dto s e x re c d n r - m.Plit f e ksij n tv r l ft c mp lHert
ani s e n u cie ei o o e r o
f
e
ta f rhi t Ea t r St t H os t lwhe ehec n bec os rt f m iy.Pl ntf a s s e
r ns e m o se n ae
pia
r
a
l e o a l
ai if lo e ks
dn age .
m s
B.

Dr Ga del a Dr M c rand we eas i d t Pl i ipsteam e tt n be or he
. r la nd . Fa l
r sgne o antf r t n e m f e

a ve a W ese n St t Hos t l Dr Ga de l woul bePli if sphysc a a c ul
ni d t
t r a e pia . . r la
d
antf'
ii n nd o d
pr s rbem ed c tonsa wrt or r f r sr nt ard Dr M c ra woul behi
e ci
iai
nd ie de s or e tai , l . Fa l nd
d
s
ps hol s butdi no ha t ta t iy.
yc ogi t
d t ve ha u hort

On Se e be 6,201 Dr Ga de l a Dr M c ra r cevedno i ofPl n if s
pt m r
6, . z la nd . Fa l nd e i
tce
aitf
i ndi ta f ra t m os r e N GRIa ualr por fld wih t Cic tCour.The
mpe ng r ns e nd he
t ec nt
ml e t ie t he r ui
t
r por e e i l r po t Pl i ifsbe vi s i udi bei a es i ,dim ptng hi a
e t xtnsvey e red antf
ha or , ncl ng qg ggr sve s i
s nd
o he s team e s sons r f sng te t e ,de toyi sa epr ry,a s rng f eson
t r ' r t nt es i , e u i r am nt sr ng t t ope t nd mea i ec
wals Ther por as no edt t t n da be or bengs ntt W e t m Stt Hos t l Pl ntf
l.
e t lo t ha , e ys f e i e o se
a e pia, ai if

2flit flf Wetr SaeHo ptlo Oco e 1 , 0l .
ani e t sen tt s ia n t b r 3 2 5
f
2

hadbe n on ;am odii d 1: sausf m o t i o a pos i epr ve im ofs l hn m ....
e
&
fe 1 t t or niorng f nd sbl e ntl
ef r

(n jvilnc o s r ainsau d t h sa g e sveb h vir)
a d oe e b e v to t' s ue o i g r s: e a o .
t
l
,
The r por i onned Dr Ga de l a Dr M c ra ofPl ntf se e i hit y of
e t nf
. r la nd . Fa lnd
ai if xt nsve sor
t ea e ng a hn mi hi s fa ot r .
hr tni nd r ng m el nd he s

r rb e ha ah so y o s l- et g fr in o j csit h sr cl a d
Faa e ) s itr f efi ri o eg be t n o i e tm n
ns n
l
ur t a. J lr c ds i c t he ha br hii,GERD,and a pas postve
ehr ai e or ndi a e
d onc ts
t ii

PP Heh sas rq ie vaiu me ia p o e u e f rh ss l-nu us
D.
a lo e u rd ro s d c l r c d rs o i efij do
be vi s i l ng slge y,s urng,e
ha or nc udi tr r ut i
ndos o a ur ogi pr e tes
c py, nd ol c oc dtr

due t i etng f egn ob e t it hi urt a W hie a Ma i
o ns ri ori
j cs no s ehr .
l t zon
Conrc i
tonal Tr a me Ce e he i se a pl si s
e t nt ntr
nge t d
a tc poon and r quie
e rd
s lge y t ha i r m oved a ha a s e nt c os om y.Pr o t t s
tr r o ve t e
nd d ubs que ol t
i r o hi
ta f r t CSH ,he was as i ned t t me c l uni of t Powha a
r nse o
sg
o he di a
t
he
tn

Conecin Ce e ( we r he was hous d i t mo e s cze M e a
to ntr ho ve ,
e n he r e tr
ntl
He 1h Unt. He h d a c lso whe h a v d a CS - i wa
at i)
a
oo t my
n e ni e t H t s
e e t al rv re o 4 8201 . Heh d av nr lh r i rpar(u t h s
v n u ly e e s d n / / 3
a e ta en a e i d e o i
prv o a d mia s g r ) o 1 / / 1 . Du t a fg t. . h h d a
e ius b o n l ur ey n 0720 3
e o ih ., e a
f a tle of hi r g rng f nge f w hi h he ha s ge y on 4/ 4/ 4. H e
rc t
r
s i ht i i r or c
d ur r
1 201
wa poory c m pla wih pos - phy i lt r
s
l o int t
top sca he apy. Alc heha s eot r
s?
s om
he

ij re o h slf tumbd et p ysc la g e so .
n u is n i eth
u o h ia g rsi n

He ha had num e ous s lham atm pt va i tm e t z ho hi
s
r
ef r te s rous i s h oug ut s
hos t lz tons aswe lasa DOC.The r s n f hi col t
piai a i
l
t
ea o or s osomy i t the
s ha
ha r poredl s lowed a s
d e t y wal
poon whih be ame i c e a e nt ly he
c c
mpa t d nd ve ual
had t ha s ge y a s e ntc oso y duet t s s lo ng oft
o ve ur r nd ubs que ol t m
o hi wal wi
he
SP0On.

He ha nlme o di
d l r us agnos s i t pa t i l i Dyshym i Dior r
e n he s ncud ng
t
c s de ,
Bor ri Pe s naiy Dior r Ps ho i Dior r N o Ot r s
de lne
r o lt
s de , yc tc
s de ,
t he wie

S cfe ,Bi oa Dio d r S hz p le i a M ao De r si Dio d r
pe iid p lr s r e, c io lrn a nd j r p e sve s r e,
Ps ho i Fe t e , Sc zoa f c i
yc tc
aur s
hi fe tve Dior r Ate i
s de ,
tnton De i/
sct
Hype a tviy Dior r Conduc Dior r An ioc a Pe s lt Di o de ,
r c i t s de ,
t s de , ts i l r onaiy s r r
N o Ot r s Spe i
t he wie
c fed wih Bo de lne a iocalNa cissi I
t
r ri nts i
z s itc mpuli
sve

a d Pra od Tris as S h z tp l Pes n lt Dio d r Ad u t n
n
n i at, lo c ioy a ro ai s r e , j sme t
y
di o de , D e us ona Di or r I pul e Contol Di or r a l va i ot r
s r r l i l s de , m s
r
s de rd rous he
s t nc a e di o de s l 1 4 he w a di gnos d by t I
ubsa e bus s r r . n 99
s a
e
he LPPP wih
t
Se
xualSa s .
di m

Hi be vi r s
s ha o al ympt s i l
om ncuded urna i i i ppr i t plce ,
i tng n na oprae a s
s ea i a ea i f ce ,di ng a hi s a , c tng,bii a bt ang
m rng nd tng e s ggi t s c bs uti
tng nd m i
hi ef i e tng ie si t r tz ,dr blac a s lo ng non-ood
ms l, ns ri t m n o ectm ank e h nd wal wi
f
3

ie s He a s i r po td t o ng urne a f e a ot r a we la hi,
tm .
lo s e re hr wi
i nd ec s t he s s l s t
ki k,s r t h,s ta s xual as a t d ot r a va
c e a c pi nd e ly s ule he s t doustm e t o h hi
i s hr ug s
ho piai a i .
s t lz tons
Re t y he c i d t s be vi r sat a
poredl
ontnue he e ha o s t ed bove a t DOC i or rt
t he
n de o

beta fre t g ain Cor cina Tz ame tCe tr.
rnser d o M ro re to l e t n ne )

Nu r u (rmi aq o fn e noe r i cudng b nln o d sr yig a
me o s ci n l fe s s tdg n l i u ig r e to n
)
dwe lng.Hewa ound NGRIi 1
li
pf
n 999. HehXd malci woundi c r s
i ous
ng ha ge
i 2000 a f m d guit a s ntnc d t 20 ye r wih 1 ye r a
n
nd ot
ly nd e e e o
as t 6 a s t
Pi ont s pe
edm
us nded. H e al o ha as a t a m a i i us w oundi c r s
s d s ul nd lc o
ng ha ge
i 2000 asw el M os oft e we eno l pr s d. He ha f l o a s ul
n
l.
t hes r le os e
d eoni us s a t

gnj 2002 a he wa f
i
nd
s ound guit a wa sntt Cor ci li 200
ly nd s e o re tona n 4.
The e i r pored num e ous come tona i r tons whe he was i Red
r s e t
r
l ci l nfaci
n
n

Oni Prs a wel a W alr gi) Stt Prs n. He ha nume ous
on ion s l s le sc ae io
d
r
d s il r ifa to s i ldn s l-nu y d ma ig p o ry s a ig
icpi y n r cin ncu ig efij r , a gn r pet, me rn
na
.

a t r wi f e ,s ti a t o ng,t e t ni bodiy ha m ,us o
nd h o ng ec s pitng nd hr wi hr a e ng
'
l r
e f
vul r i t nt l ng ge a co rng hi w i
ga ns a a ua nd ve i
s ndow s w ih pa r a a s t
t pe , nd s aul
a ns s af a ot r i a e
gai t t f nd he nm t s.

Ther por a s s c fcal no e Pl ntf' pr nst t bevi e us we pons a
e t lo pe i ly t d ai ifs ope iy o
olnt e a , nd
hi co r ba
de nta nd.

M .. Fa a
r r bee hi a sa f me be whie aa adol c nt a CCCA 'wih a
t tf
m r
l l
es e t
t

fa hih . Heh sf s ine e eyd y o j cpit we p n t h r hms l
ls lg t
a a h o d v r a be t n o a o s ö u t i ef
i l ng lg bul ,wal cl ks tn c ns s a e ,a pa rclps Pr vi
ncudi i ht bs
l oc , i a , tpls nd pe i . e ous
r pors i c t t the ha r por e a de ie t obt i a fr r a z e ge
e t ndi a e ha
s e td
s r o a n ien m ld nga
i a m a s s tng. W hie i t DOC he r po tdl i tre c i i l
n
s hoo i
l n he
e re y nctr d rm na
c r safe he as a t d ape rwih a l k i a s k. He alo l r e how
ha ge tr
s ule
e t oc n oc
s en n d
t hi we po on hi pe s i l ng hi c e ts ues W hie a
o de a ns
s r on nc udi
s he k is .
l t
Powhaa Coreci l Ce e he wa not al
tn
r tona
ntr
s
lowed ac es t a sa d
c s o
t ndar
wrtng utnsla wa onl alowe t us aCs f t pe '
ii e i nd s y l d o e ça ey n'unde s pe v son,
r u r ii
f f a hewoul ha us d i t ha m hi s l o a he pe s Curen l
or e r
d ve e t o r m ef r not r r on. r ty,
hi a ce s t va i us iç s i r srced due t f a she woul us t m a
s c s o ro t m s e ti t
o er
d e he s
we po a i tot r ora i thi s f W hie a CSH heha bee f
a ns ga ns he s gans m el.
l t
s n ound
wih c r nd,e. pe ,bo te ,books ba tres a o he ie swhi h he
t ontaba
g. ns tl s
, te i , nd t r tm
c
s d no ha wih hi . He co i
houl
t ve t m
ntnues t al
o tempt t ge a ce s t
o t c s o
c r ba ie s He ha notbee s e orvoi d t ug sofma ng ie s
onta nd t m .
s
n en
ce ho ht
ki tm
i o wea
nt
pons
.

Ther po'f rhe de c i d how Pl i ifr f s d t e
e l u t r s rbe
t
antf e u e o ngag i m e ni f ldic sons
e n a ng u s us i
a
bouthi be vi ro pr r s tloug tf r ha lttvepr r m cal d t C GIIGr dua e
s ha o r og e s lr h le e biia i
og n
le he C L a t d
N
Reea e Pr e s'
l s oc s .
'

gl e Trame tTe m . .h d atmp e t me twi Mr Fra e o a
' h e t n a . a te td o e t . b e n
I
h
r ul ba i,but he c ntnue t r f e t e ge i team e . He had
eg q ss
o i s o e us o nga n r t nt
r f ed t co pl wih wa d nzes on e c wa d he had bee o a
e us o m y t
r l
ah r
n n nd
co it nty fl co pl nt i hi ne ds a e not met i e ael M r
nsse l ies m ai s f s e r
mm di t y.
.
Fa a e ha no be n a e t m ant i a a e so f e pe i f a
r be s t e bl o i an n ggr s i n-r e rod or ny

sgnika lngt of tme. Onc ke s
i t nt e h
i
e
hows i ove be vi , ie.no
mpr d ha or .
a es i t r ot r ,t Tr am e Ten w o d lket puta pa ke i
ggr son owa ds he s he e t nt m
ul i o
c tn
f cvi ta f rt Ea t r Stt Hos t .
or i l r ns e o se n a e pial
C.

Pl i ifa rve a W e tr St t Hos t lon Se e be 10,
antf ri d t se n ae pia'
ptm r 2015,a w a a sg dt
nd s s i ne o
W a d 2- m . W a d 2- m i a a lm aeadmison uni a W e t r St eHos t ,a i i
r E1
r E1 s n l- l
si
t t se n at
pial nd t s
co i r d a mor r src i wa dwih hi rrs paint f t NGRI3 W a d 2- r nzes
nsde e
e e titve r t ghe -ik te s o md
r E1p l
.
r r t tapa inta t team e tgr meei i o de t ac es t ope a rf nc
equie ha
te tend r t n oup
tngs n r r o c s he n- i e ed
po c c
r h onnec e t t wa d be us a ce st t po c i i e a e i o t team e pr r m
t d o he r ca e c s o he r h s nt gr t d nt he r t nt og n
a aprvie .4 Thus t po c i c e r a l ked d i t m e tngst e our epai nt '
s i lge
he r h s l a ed nd oc
urng he e i o nc ag te s
,
a tnda .
te nce

W e tr St t Hos t lsHos t l e ge y Secuson a Re tantPolcy'
se n ae
pia '
pialç r nc
Em
l i nd sr i
i '
a horze t
ut i d t i a r sr i s'G e uson,' nd l r ol c lr sr i s' pate s
phys c l e tant r's cl i 'a c mac ogi a e ta nt'on int .
s
pha

t r col ca r sri 'me ntt Gg s ofamediai t ti ad nitrdi l n iy
G ma ogi l etant' a he cuqe
phn
c ton ha s mi see nvolmtrl
3Fore mpl ,paint i W a d2- m a elmiedt t t a qua iy ofpe s na pr ry al
xa e te s n r El r i t o he ype nd ntt
r o l ope t lowedi
n
t ir
her oomsa an onetme Pa intr
t y
i . te oomsmus befe ofne pa r andmus c ai no mor t f t
t re
ws pe s
t ont n
e han ot
r
ma i orbooksa no mo et n at e i hsac ofpa r .Unlkei W ad2- m, te sgr ntd hi r
gaznes
nd
r ha hr e-nc t k
pe s
i n r E1 paint a e ghe
prvie i l ss c e' yc ocilRe lttonUnis' vemor prvie ,i l ngac s t agym a a
i lges n es- e ur Ts hos a habiiai
t'ha
e i lges ncudi ce s o
nd
co m on aeawiham e alb a y.N GRIpate slkePli ifm a nota e st el -ik a e ,a W a d2m
r
t
di ir r
int i antf y
cc s hos owerrs r as nd r
E1 pr esi lsaf m a nota horz ahi rrs pa i tsta f rt aPs hos a Re lttonUni or '
m of sona t f y
ut ie ghe-ik ten ' rnse o
yc ocil habiiai
t
grntahihe -ikpaint lkePli if t prvie a l et alwe-ikpa i .
a
g rrs te , i antf, he i lges vaiabl o o rrs tent
4Thepor i l ss ct et n t r s ofW a d2- m wih o y t saf niorng upt t nt ght
ch s es e l ha he e t
r
r El t nl wo t fmo t i
o we pei
pa int Pai sonçco tntobs r to saus'a eno pe te a e st t aeaf s f t a s curt
te s. tent t nsa
e vain tt ' r t nnitd cc s o he r or a ey nd e iy
reasons.

f t c tolofa i vi lsbe vi rwhe t ti vi lsbe vi plce hi o ot r
or he on r
n ndi dua ' ha o
n ha ndi dua ' ha or a s m r he s

a i n n rs a dt a mi itr dme iaini n tasa d r te t gq f <te
t mmie t ik n he d n se e d c to s o tn ad r amen t o h
i vi ' me c lo ps hiti co ii ' Se l in me ntdgj i lntr plc me of
ndi duals dia r yc arc ndton. cuso a sthe nvou ay a e nt
'
a i vi a o i an a e s c e by a doo t ti l ked o hel s tby a saf r on,by
n ndi dual l ne n
r a e ur d
r ha s oc
r d hu
t fpe s
physc ly bl ki t door orby a ot rphysc lo ve ba m e nss t i vi lc nnot
i a l oc ng he
,
ny he
i a r r l a o he ndi dua a
l vei. Physc r sr nt ,ncudi çma
ea t'
'
i al e tai s i l ng t nualhol ' a Qmec ni a r sr i t , pr ve ç
ds' nd E ha c l e ta n s' e nt :
'
a
pa intfo fe y movi hi/ rlmbsorbody t e gei abe vi t tpl c shi o
te r m r el
ng she i
o nga n
ha or ha a e m r

oh r a rs o p y ia h r u t s htmea h /h i et rc l gr scu e . .'
te s t ik f h sc l a m ni uc i s es e s i am o q e l d d . .
l
he
'
G
t ia r sr n s' n r ng f o manual ho di apaintt sr ppi apai nti o a
physc l e tait 'ca a e r m
ly l ng
te o ta ng
te nt n
Em e ge y R e t a ntCha r
r nc
sr i
i.

A docora W ese n St t Hos t lha a oved a t e ge y Re tai Stp Down
t t
t r a e pia d ppr
n G r nc sr nt e
Em

Pl n't ma gePli ifsnon- e r c a e dir ptve a agg es i be vi s Thi pln
a ' o na
a ntf '
r die t bl , s u i , nd r sve ha or . s a
ra :
e ds
I t e ntt tM r Fa a wilnotf l sa fd r c i o i e gi i
n he ve ha . r bee l
olow t f ie ton r s nga ng n

veb ltr aso dsu t eb h vir(ncu i n tf l wigwad nz s b t
r a h e t r ir pi e a o i ldng o ol n r l ) u
v
o
e
hei notphysc ly a e sve aPhyscan' or rf rm a
s
i a l ggr s i ,
i i s de o
nualre t ai wil
s r nt l
be obt ne t phys c ly m o hi .
ai d o
ial
ve m
I he c i
f
ontnuest e ge i ve balt r a s de pie r r c i butdoe no
o nga n r h e t s t edie ton
s t
be om ephysc l a e sve t ne se wilbe us oft ERC. W he
c
ialy ggr s i , he xt tp l
e he
n
he i c l ,and m e t sa r hos t lr l a e c ie i he wilbe r e ed
s am
e s t nda d pia e e s rtra,
l
elas

fo t ERC ( se do .
r m he
no tp wn)
l M r Fa a e e ge i Phys c aggre s o t
f . r be nga s n
i al
s i n owrdsot r o hi eft t
he s r ms l ha
r s t i a ia i n ofERC;t spln f r se wi e r duci n ofphysc l
e uls n pplc to
hi a o t p s e to
ia
r sr i wilbef l wed f rs f t ofa l
e tant l
olo
o a ey 1:

Fr m Emeg nc Retan Char(
o
r e y srit i ERC)y u ma p o r s o to p y ia
o y r g e s u f h sc l
r t a nta f low s
esr i s o l :

'

* Fr ERC r duc t 4pta aoy,t n 2 n aor ( it,
om
e eo
mbultr he pt mbult y wrs)
t n 1 n aoy ( domi ntha o ofrsr i ) t n r e e
he pt mbultr not na nd ut e tant,he elas
6

fom al physc l r sr i ba e o i vi lz ciei ( xt
r
1
ia etant s d n ndi duaied rtra ne
b le)
u lt.
* I a h se o a ve rd cin bae o 4 hr o c n itnta
El c tp f bo e u to s d n
s f o sse nd
c e utve( hr i ar whiea ke
ons c i 4 s n ow l wa )
o f l i s a fdi e ton,
olow ng t f r c i
o no a es i posur orbe vi s
ggr s ve t es
ha or ,
O no t eat y
hr s

* g o td tn frs ft o s l a doh r
cl nrc ig o a ey f ef n t e s
@ The l ve of r t a nt m a al o be i r a e t t l a t r ti tve
e l
esr i
y s
nc e s d o he e s esr c i
lve nee d t ma n an s ey f a l
e l de o i t i aft or l.
Phn m a ol c r s r nt ,phys c lr s r nt ,a s c us on E r i e v ntons o l s
r c ogi al e tai s
i a e tai s nd e l i t e nt r e i
a
f at

r or f l nga tmpt t it r nei a ls r src i l s i svem a rwih t goa of
es t olowi te s o n e ve n e s e titve, e s nva i
nne t he l
e urngt s f t a pr t c i oft pai nta o he sa rs ., u s jy,K l a t
ns i he a e y nd o e ton he te nd t r t ik , ua ) qhe e s'
5

r srcied vie. .h twilefcteya d e st ep te tsbe a irmu tb slce 'i ii
e titv e c . t a l fe tv l d rs h ain ' h v o s e ee td'f t s
de e ne t tr tanti ne es a y.Howe r at z a ofha m t t paintorot r m a
t nni d ha esr i s c s r
ve , h e t
r o he te
he s y
r qui e e e ge y s c us on o r s r i w ihoutfr ta t m ptng l s r ti tve i e v ntons
e r m r nc e l i r e t a nt t
is te i es ésr c i nt r e i .

Se l i a r tantwer notalowe aspt s e ,f sa f sc
cuson nd esr i
e
l d
mihm nt or tf ' onve e e asa s tt e
ninc ,
ubsim
f te t e ,ori a mn rt tc us sunduephysc dic f 'orha m . St ndi o de s
or r am nt n
nne ha a e
ial s om ol
t
r
a ng r r ,
lno n asG RN ' orça ne de 'or r ,f s l i n o r t a ntw e e pr bie
t w
T
' t s e d' de s or ec us o r es r i
r ohi t d.
ll.

De e nt fld am oto t dimist tpr s nt i or ai n outi t pl di a
f nda s e
i n o s s ha e e s nf m to
sde he ea ngs nd
a gue ,i e a i,t de e e ofquaiid i mt t Be us t c twilnote l et ne
r s ntr la he f ns
lfe m miy. ca e he our l
xcud he w
i o ma i , t c u trast emoint ds s a amoi nfrsl r j d me t6
nf r ton he o r te t h
to o imis s to o l
mmay u g n .

A p ryi e t ldt sl r j d me ti t pe dng ,heds l sdmaeil o tl,
at s nie o l
t
mmay u g n f he la i s t ico e tras n ie
a n a f da t s
nd ny f i vis how t tt r i no ge ne d s e ast n m a e i lf t Fe R .Ci P.
ha he e s
nui i put
o ny t r a ac . d.
v.
5Les r titvei e ve i i l i r a be or li e ve i , r r ai li er nton,
s esrci ntr ntons ncude t bal nd havi a ntr ntons ec e tona nt ve i
ve
r r ton,ofe i als si ai envioz nt a e r
edieci
frng e s tmultng r une , nd nvionme almodiiai .'
nt
fc tons'
6Thepa e r ceve ras bl a e ii notc t tt cour m a co r amotont dimist t
Mis e i d e ona e nd xplct ie ha he
t y nve t
i o s s ha
'

rfrncsmatr o tietepe dn it amoinfrs mma'j d me twh nteClr is e a
eee e tes usd h la igsn o to o u l u g n e h ek su d
y
Ro e o on tc .Se Fe . Ci. l () Roe oov Garsn, 28F.d3 9 31 (t Ci.1 7 )
sb r oie e d R. v P. 2d ; sb r . rio 5 2 0 , 0 4h r 9 5.
7

5 () M aeil a t a et os n c s ayt e tbls t ee n so ap ry' c u eo a to
6 a. tra f cs r h e e e s r o sa ih he lme t f a t s a s f cin.
Andes v.Li ryLobby.I ,47 U. 24 248( 986 .A ge nediput ofmaei fct
ron
be t
nc. 7 S. 2,
1 )
nui s e
tral a
e ssi,i vi wi a isbl e de a a 1r s na ei e e sd a t r r m i a lg
xit f n e ng dm s i e vi nce nd l ea o bl nf r nce r wn he efo n i ht
m os f vor bl t t non- ovi pa t ar as bl f c -i rc d r t n ave ditf rt
t a a e o he
m ng ry, e ona e a tfnde oul e ur
r c o he

nonmovant J. #s

Th mo i p ryh st à re o s wi -tha i, onigo totedsrc c u t
e vng at a he ud n f ho ng ç t sp itn u t h itit o rt
t t h r i ala s n eo e ie et s p o't en ngl vn p y' c s . Ceoe Co .
ha t ee s t b e c f vd nc o u p l h o -mo ig m s a e' ltx p v.
t
'
Cart 4 7U. 31 , 25(98 ) I t mo a tstsist i b d n t nt eno mo a t s
tet 7 S. 7 3 1 6 . f he v n aife hs ur e ,he h n- v n mu t
s tf rh s cscf t t tde onsr t t e se e ofage nediput off c f ti . I a
e o t pe i acs ha m tae he xit nc
nui s e a t or ral d. t
322- çW he opposng pa test l t d fe e so i ,one o whih i blt nty c r dit d
24. G n
i
ri el wo if r nt t res
f c s a a l onta c e

b t er c r s ta n ra o bej r c u db l vei, c u t h u dno a o t h t rino
y h e o d, o h t o e s na l u y o i ei t a o r s o l t d p t a veso f
e
tefcsf rp r s so nligo amoinf rs mmayj d me t' S o t Hars 5 0U.
h a t o u po e f ln n
to o u r u g n , c t v. ri, 5 S.
'
3 2, 0( 0 7 .
7 38 2 0 )
A p ryi e t ldt ml r j d me ti t a misbee d nc a awh l c u dn t
a t s n i e o mmay u g n f he d si l vie e s o e o l o
t
l a ar tona tiroff tt fnd i f vo oft no m o nt W iln sv.Grfi 952 F. 8
e d ai l re
ac o i n a r he n- va . lim
ifn,
2d 20,

8 3( t Ci.1 91.S eeu s p o ds c lto . .sno e o g t d fa as mmay
2 4h r 9 ) t r n u p de pe u ai n . i t n u h o ee t u r
M

j dg n moin. El sv. tl sno Bu . Ed c Ra i. n .5 F.d 5 , 2( t Ci.
u me t to ' mi Na' As ' f s & u . do I c, 3 3 5 6 4h r
'
1 9 ) Op sto t sl
9 5 . po ii n o lmmmyj d me tmu t mo et nç i l s wln j ha te ei
u g n s be r ha ç mp y ho ig t t h r s
s
s m em ea
o
tphysc ldo tast t m ae i lf c s' M a s hiaEl c. ndus Co. Ze t Ra o
i a ub
o he t ra a t .
' tus t e I . v. nih di

Co p, 7 U. 5 4, 8 ( 9 6 .A p an ifc n tu ears o s t amo inf rs mma y
r .4 5 S. 7 5 6 1 8 ) litf a no s e p n e o
to o u r
j d me t on ndo c re t c mp an c aln e b t mo inf rsl z u g n .
u g n t me r o rc a o lit h le g d y he to o l
mmayj d me t
Cl ni rv. c vit 555F. 324,336( h Ci.2009)
on nce M De t,
3d
4t r
.
8

A go r me ofki s dvi j 1 i a i vi lc pa yma i
ve n nt t al ue a 983 n n ndi dua a dt y nvokequaii
lfed

i mi Co pe v. e h n, 3 F.d 1 3 1 8(t Ci. 01 )(ii M ic el Fo s t ,
mmt t
y. o r Sh e a 7 5 3 5 , 5 4 h r 2 3 ctng th lv. rv h
4 2U. 51 , 2 ( 9 5 If ed crn o q aiidi
7 S. 1 5 6 1 8 :.t' o ti e f u lfe mmunt Gaa c st i o tn
-h
i b ln e wo mp ra t
y
i e e t-hene d t hol publcofi il ac ot abl whe t y e r iepo rir s nsbl
nt r ss t
e o d
i fca s c mt e
n he xe cs we re po i y
a t ne d t s ed o fc a sfom ha a s e t dita ton,a la lt whe t y pe f
nd he e o hi l f ii l '
r
r s m n , sr c i nd i biiy
n he ronn

t erd te r a o by.' S t v. y 7 F.d9 , 0 (t Ci. 01 )(uoigPe zo v
h i uis e s na l ' mih Ra , 81 3 5 1 0 4 h r 2 5 q tn as n .
'
Calh n 5 5U. 2 3 2 ( 0 9 ) eç aiidi miya ay i tp c lyiv le t
la a , 5 S. 2 , 31 2 0 ).Th ku lfe mmt t n lss y ial n ov s wo
iq re : 1 wh t rt panif setbihe tev o>ino ac nsi to a rg ta ()
n uiis () ehe he litf ha sa ls d h i lto f o tt in l ih, nd 2
u
whehe t trghtwascla l e t bls d a t tm eoft a l dvi ai ' Ra v.
t r ha i
e ry sa ihe t he i
he lege olton. ub
'

Cn bel 7 5F.d 8 , 81(t Ci. 1 ) sel r Al n,1 6F.d 5 2, 9 (t Ci. 9 7
mp l, 8 3 76 8 4 h r 20 5 ; e n e l 0 3 8 5 3 4 h r 1 9 )
e
(ç no fca ma cam q ai di mi a lnga h sa to aen tce rye tbl h dt
:A) fiil y li u l mmt t s o s i cins z o la l sa i e o
(
fe
y
s
bebeyo t bounda i ofhi dicei ya hort ' .A t oul ma a e st s t
nd he
zes s srtonar ut iy.' s ' y ddrs he e wo
) c t
que to i t o de ...t twilbe tf ciia et f ra e t i n diposton ofea h c e.
s ins n he r r
ha l s a lt t he ai nd fk e t s ii
c as '
'

Esaeo Ar to :v. l. fPne u s, 1 F.d 8 2, 9 ( t Ci. 01 )(n en lq tto
tt f msr n Vi o i h rt 8 0 3 9 8 8 4h r 2 6 itr a uoai n
l
ma k o te ) A p anifscam ç u vv ss mmayj d me tho v r o yi ( ec t'
r s mitd . litf' li l r ie u r u g n , we e , nl f t out
s
h
q
a we gjbot quesi i t afr i ' I
ns rs h tons n h4 fimatve.' d.
11
1.
A.

Pli ifc le sHe rsde ii t tanse hi t W e tm St t Hos t li t a of
a ntf hal nge r ' c son o r f r m o se
ae
pia nse d

Ease n St t Hos t . Pli ifbele st tHe ri afind ofDr Ya a ha who wasPl ntf s
t r a e pial antf ive ha r s re
. rt ,
ai if
tea i phys c an a Ce r St t H os t l? Pl i ifa s r sw ihoutpe s
r tng
i i t ntal a e
pia .
a ntf s e t t
r onalknow l
edget t
ha
Dr Ya a ha i or ed H e , f e t t a f rt W es e St t H os t l ofa l w s tPl i if
. r t nf m
n'be or he r ns e o
tm ae
pia ,
a ui a ntf

1Panifh db e cviyc mmie a Ce ta Stt Ho ptlo a po i tl trey asb fr te
litf a e n i l o t d t nrl ae s i fr p rxmaey h e e r eo e#
l
t
a
ta f rt w e tr St eH os t .
r ns e o se n at
pial

9

ha fl i t Unied St t Diti tCour f rt Ea t l Diti tofVigi aagans Dr
d ied n he t
aes src
t o he se' src
n
r ni
i t .
Ya aha a ot rhos t sa f8
r t nd he
pial t f .
Pl ntf c l st tHe rsde ii n t ta f rPl i ift W ese n Stt Hos t l
ai if onc ude ha r ' c so o r ns e antf o
t r a e pia
i t ad ofEa tm St t Hos t lwasapr uc ofr t i to f s ngHe r sfi ndsa Ce r l
nse
se
a e pia
od t ealai n or ui
r ' re
t nta
Stt Hos t l
ae pia .
He i a ad i srt i t c nta o fc oft De rme ofBe vi r lHe t
n's n m nitaor n he e r l fi e he pa t nt
ha o a a1h.

Here pli t ad nitai ras hes ntPl ntf t W ese Stt Hos tl
r x ans he mi srtve e ons e ai if o tm ae pia:
Some i ei Augus 201 M r Fa a ewasta f r e t a t runi wihi
tm n
t 5, . r be
r nse r d o no he t t n
CSH ' Buidi 39 i a e f tt pr de hi a f e h sa twih a ne
S l ng
n n for o ovi
m
r s tr t
w
te t e t a . Howe r on Se e r 1 201 i t ki wih CSH
r a m nt e m
ve ,
pt mbe , 5, n al ng t
D ie t r Re c V a e ,1 be am e a a e of a s r e of e nt w hi h l f m e
r c o be ca ut r
c
w r
e i s ve s c e t
wih sg fca c
t i nii nt once s a
nz bout t e ie pr a ' a lt t e f tvey
he ntr ogr m s biiy o feci l
e ge hih i team e a t m a m ie hi o runiy t ta ii t a
nga
z n r t nt nd o xi z s ppo t t o r nston o
l s r s r c i te m e s ti ' Spec fca l M r Fa a e w as ve y wel
es e t i tve r at nt e tng.
ii ly, . r be
r
l
known t oug
hr houtt M a m lm Sec iy Uni f hi e r m ey c le ng
he xi z
urt
t or s xte l ha lngi
a t ea a t be vi s s h a s arng f ce ,m a ng r pe t d f le
nd mpl s n ha or , uc s me i e s
ki e a e a s
a l ga i of ne ec a a e a i t m uli e s a f a f phys c l
le tons
gl t nd bus ga ns
tpl t f , nd or
i aly
a tc ng ot r . Hi pa tl of be vi s was bo h s f e nt a s
ta ki
he s
s tem
ha or
t o r que nd o
i e e t te n hi qe y a sg d te t e t m and nur i sa fwe e
nt ns ha ve s wl s i ne r am nt ea
sng t f r
hé ng adifc ttm er m ani t r pe i wih hi .
vi
f ul i e i ng he â utc t m
Furhe ,CSH had r e l s
t r
ec nty oughtc ula in wih DBHD S'Ce r lOfi e
ons t to t
nta fc
r ga di M r Fa a e' a opra e s f c vi t a f r A fe c ula i n
e r ng . r be s ppr i t ne s or i l r ns e . t r ons t t o
wih my pe s 1 c l d t t e n .hough t y we e c le i M r
t
er , onc ude ha , ve t
he
r ha lngng, .
Far bee' ci c co ii n a be vi r w e e s h t t t y c d be
a s lnial nd t o nd ha o s r uc ha he oul
m a ge i a c vi s ti
na d n i l e tng.
.

81 S1 O toft saseri , ai ifciest doc . enr 41i Fa a ev Yaah , . 1 c 1 ( D.
t
n t r hi s ton Pl ntf t o ke ty n r be
PP
rta No 2:4 v1 8 E.
Va) whc i ab if i db t Ofieo teAton yGe ea o be afo DrYaahaa doh rd fnd ns On
., ih s re fl y he fc fh tre n rl n h l f . rt n te ee a t.
e
.

pa eght c ms f Ya ahawr e Gl ef c sa et tDr Ya ahas hta ar ngedf rFa a t be
ge i , ot el or r t
ot,t- a t r ha . r t oug nd ra
-h
o r bee o

taserdfo g nrlSaeHoptlt ( se SaeHopil . .'Thr in ctto i sj ot f
rn fre rm ceta tt siajo Wetm tt s t j . . ee s o iain n u p ro
a
'

c elssae e ora r e e et H e a no oft de e nt a fda t a t hedt t bre s
ouns ' ttm nt ny efr nc o m nd ne he f nda s' fi vis tac
o he lf uppor t
the

p ofr Thep ofri n t d sil e ie c i ti c s, ndtec u t lno' k j dca n tc o ap r o td
r fe.
r fe s o a misbe vd n e n hs a e a h o r wil ta e u iil oie f ' p re
t
u
fc pasngyn tdi adfee tc s .Co aeColna Pe nl . . . i 8 7F.d1 6 1 9(t Ci.
a t si l oe n ifr n a e mo r o il n ns Co v Col 8 2 23 , 23 4h r
,
1 8 )(oigac t'ma tke udca n tc o t e itnc o c mpansa dpe dn si oh rc ut) wihS
9 9 n tn out y a j iil oie fhe xse e f o lit n la ig n te o rs, t .
Cr s Ov re sAc n is Ic v. hKwo S T n Gp . d, 8 F.d41 , 262 (1 Ci. 99 )( tn a
o s es a e ce .n . Wa
nc hi c
mi
Lt.1 1 3 0 4 -7 3- r 1 9 noig
d
c u'ma no tk u iil oieo t t o fcsrctdi a te c s)
o l y t a ej dca n tc fnzh f a t e i n noh r ae .
t
e
10

M y de son t ta f rM r Far be t a cvi t tou sde CSH wa madet
cii o r ns e
. a e o i l mi t i
s
o
pr de hi wih a he o runiy t e ge i m e ngf l te t e
ovi
m
t not r ppo t t o nga n ani u r am nt
s r c i a l s r s r c i s ti a tf e h s a t'
e vi es n es e ti tve e tng, dr s t r .
'

1ma t decsont ta frMr Faabe t W etnlStt Hos tl( SH)
de he ii o rnse . r e o se ae pia W
rte t a t Ea tl SaeHopia ( H) b c u e W S ha a s a o d
ah r h n o se' tt s tl ES , e a s
n
H d e s ne
c i c ll ade s p t m t tw as be t r s t t d t pr de M r Fa a wih
lni a e r hi ea ha
te iua e o ovi
.
r bee t
t opporuniis l f l he nee d.At t t tme, ESH wa e re i
he
t te
et
de
ha i
s xpe incng
s gnii a pr s ur s o m a f o s sm ula ous y; ie. ESH had a
i fc nt e s e n
ny r nt i t ne l . ,
r ltvel ne Die t r ESH wa de lng wih t pos i lt oft cos r
ea i y w r c o ,
s ai
t he sbiiy he l u e
o Ha oc Ge i ti Tr am e Ce e ,ESH w a c ng wih muli e r f nc k rarc e t nt nt r
s opi
t
tpl e
oc tr i fndi fo t Ce e s f M e c r & M e c i Se vce
c lrng
ngs r m he ntr or di a e
di ad r i s

( S) andESH waswe t rngt mos damai i ras i ad s i of
CM ,
ahei he t r tc nce e n misons
a oft s a eps hi t i hos t l .
ny he t t yc a r c pia s
I m y pr f s i na opi on,W SH w asbel rs t t d t n ESH t pr vi t
n
o e s o l ni
te iua e ha
o o de he
ca e M r Far be ne d a t tpo nti tm e ...
r
. a e ede t ha i n i .

1ne rha a wrte orveba c
ve d ny it n
r l omm uni ai n wih et rDr Ga del or
c to t ihe . r la
Dr M c ra r r ng M r Fa a e' ta f r t W SH . 1 ha no
. Fa l nd ega di
. r be s r ns e o
d
i ve e t w ih a y de i i ns m ade by a
nvol m n
t n
c so
nyone a W SH r ga di M r
t
e r ng
.
Fa a orhi t e t e a W SH .
r bee
s r a m nt t
H e a r hehadnolnowl dge o Pli ifsl ws ta i tDr Ya ahauntlt re n
n. ve s
t
e
f a ntf a ui gans . r t
i hite
da a trhedecde t s nd Pli tf t W ese n St t Hos t l He' wa i l d i an e al
ys fe
i d o e
a n if o
tr ae
pia . l s ncude n
r
m i
s nton Se e r 1 201 t t Ofi eoft Ator y Ge a o Vigi a a trade e àn
e
pt mbe 4, 5, o he fc
he l ne
ner l f r ni fe
f nd t
r c i d l ga no i eoft a ton.A c t d ra
e e ve e l tc
he c i
our or e bouts r c wa e er d i t tc s on
e vi e s nt e n ha a e
Se e r8,201 whih wass ve da al rHe rm a hi decson.
pt mbe
5, c
e n ys fe r de s ii

Fo acam o rt l to t slvves mmayj g n ,h p an ifmus p o u e
r li f eai in o t i u r ud me tt e litf t r d c
a
r
s f in e i e c t a ( ) h s e c wa p oe td ( )t alg drtlao ya o a ves l
u fce t v d n e h t 1 t e p e h s r tce , 2 he le e eait r din d rey
a fce teprtce s e c , nd()ac uslrlto hpe se bewe nt p b e tds e c
fe td h oe td p e h a 3 a a eains i xitd t e he r tce p e h
andt rtlai Ra 785F.d a 885,ctdkyHo v. l r ,691F.App' 76 765
he eaiton. ub,
3 t .ie
ve Gimo e
x' 4,

( t Ci. 01 ) Baea srinso rtlain d no saea a to becam.Bel lCo v.
4h r 2 7 . r se to f eaito o t tt n cina l li
lAt. p.
Twombl 550U. .5 555( ) Ada v.Iiç, F. 74- ( h Ci.1 .
v,
S' 44, 2007 4 ms tc 40 3d 75 4t r 994)
11

Slt sn te u ht thep oe tde p e so plye ar l o wa amo iaigfco
t q i o no g ha t r tce x r s in a d o e r s tv tn a tr
g
i t ertlain cama tmu t h w t a lu f r t ep o e tde p eso t e(tt a tr
n h eaito ; li n s s o h t b t o 'h r tce x r sin h sae co !
woul no ha t ke t alege r t laor aci ' Am .Ci Li ri sUni v. W i omi o
d t ve a n he l d e ai t y ton.
'
v. be te
on
c c

Cny.9 9F.d78 , 5 8 n. (t Ci. 9 3 ( u tngHu l v. . fGo eno so t Unv.
t , 9 2 0 78 - 6 6 4h r 1 9 ) q oi
am Bd o v r r f he i
o N . , 0 F. 1 3 ,1 4 ( t Ci. 9 0 .Th ,tino d rt etb ih g)c us l
f C.9 2 2d 1 4 1 0 4h r 1 9 ( us l l r e o sa ls a a a
9
g
c
onneci n,apl n ifi ar t iton c em us s w , tt ve y las, ha t de e ntw a
to
aitf n e ala i as
t ho a he r e t t t he f nda
s
a r ofhere
wa e
ngag ng i pr e t d a tviy.'Consa i 411F. a 501 Cot' c n i e
i n ot c e c i t '
tntne,
3d t . ut a nf r
s
e us ton whe t a r e a ton oc ur s ty a trapli ifenga d i apr t ced a tviy.
a ai
n he dve s c i
c s horl fe
antf
ge n o e t c i t

Fo trv. v. fM ay a d E. h r, 8 F.d24 , 5 (t Ci. 1 ) Ho v r d fnd n s
se Uni o r ln - S o e 7 7 3 3 2 3 4h r 20 5 . we e, e e a t
c n of e al gii t a pe s i er as f t i a onst r f t s h e de . Gue s
a f r e tma e nd nni sbl e on or her di o e u e uc vi nce
s ous

v F iv e Pr p.n s,
. ar iw o l v .LLC, 2 F.d20 , 7 (t Ci. 01 ) Ev n a trd fn a t ha
8 8 3 8 21 4h r 2 6 . e fe ee d n s ve
ofe eda l ii a er as apli tf ca silpr vai on hi cli i t e de easa whol
fr
egtm t e on, a n if n tl e l
s am f he vi nc
e
ma de
y monsr t t tt pr f r dpe misbl r s i m e ey apr t xt Hilv.Loc
ta e ha he ofe e r s i e ea on s r l
ee . l
khee
d

M a t Locitc M c .1 ,35 F. 277,28 ( h Ci.2004)( ba .
ri
n
sis mt. ne. 4 3d
5 4t r
0 nc)

Heri e tte t q l idi nt a ds mmayj d me tf rter tlaincam .
r s n i d o uai e mmu iy n u r u g n o h eaito li
l
f
Herde ci st lgii t baesWhyPli ifsta frt W esen Stt Hos tlwasi
r s rbe he e tmae s
antf rnse o tr ae pia
n
Pl i ifsbes i t r ssi t a o Ea t m Stt Hos t orCe r lStt Hos t l Pl n ips
antf
t n e e t nse d f se
ae pial
nta a e pia . aitf
own c nc us y a us ton i notbas o pe s na know l dg r . f is t es a i h H e r s
o l or cc a i s
ed n r o l
e e d a l o t bls
r'

pe s na knowl
ro l
edgeofpr e t d a tviy. Se se. ,Gol be gv. Gr n & Co. 836F. 845,
ot c e c i t
e g. d r B. ee
,
2d

8 8(t Ci.1 8 )(o cu oya s rin a u d f n a tsmoiaina d saeo midn t
4 4h r 9 8 c n l s r se t s bo t e e d n ' tv to n tt f n o
o
s fiin t wih tn s mmayj d me t.Theei n e i e c s g sigt tHe '
u fce t o t sa d u r u g n) r s o v d n e u getn ha n'
s
r s ni i apr t f a ule i ym otve.Furhç mo e Pl i iff l t esa ih t tt
ea o ng s eext or n tro
i
t r r , antf ais o t bls ha he
t a f rf om one s a e hos t t a t r a ve s l af e t d t pr t c e s e h a a hi
r ns e r
tt
pial o no he d r e y f c e he o e t d pe c s nyt ng
12

m or t n a( mi mi i nve e e.Se eg.W iomioCnt , F. a 78 86n.
e ha
q
. ni s nco ninc
es . , c c
v.999 2d t 5- 6
.

(e o n zn t alg drtlai nmu trs l i mo et a aA mii si o v ne c t sae
rc g iig he l e eaito s e ut n r h n
e
n mi nc n e in e o tt
acli .M o e r t tmi oft ta frao doe no oveco Hersc ncng,nonam) r ove ,he i ng he r nse lne s t r me r' onvi i
r t it y e a ton. Se egs Pi ron v.Co o.De tofTr ns , 563 F. 1052,1066
eala or xpl na i
e, .. nke t
,
l
p'
a p.
3d

( 0h Ci. 0 9 .Ac o dngy He 'se t ldt q ai e i miya s mmayj g n f r
1 t r 2 0 ) c r i l, n i n i e o u lt d mmt t nd u r ud me t o
t
l
t r t lai c am .
he e ai ton l i
B.

Dr Ga de l a Dr M cFa l nd a ee il t quaii i uniy a s ma y
. r la nd .
ra r ntted o lfed mm t nd um r

j d me tf rtecamsa u teta se t W etl SaeHo pi l ra sg me tt W ad2
u g n o h li bo t h rn fr o se' tt s t o si n n o r n
a
El . Sec i n 1 r quiesa s i ofpe s lf ul on t pa tofa def nda e t rba e
m
to 983 e r
how ng
r ona a t he r
e nt ihe s d

on t de e ntspe s
he f nda ' r onalc
onduc ora he ' c nd ti e c i oft de e ntspolces
t not rs o uc n xe uton he f nda ' i i

o c so .Se . ..S a v. to d, 3F.d7 , 9 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Nete Dr Gad la
r u t ms e ec, h w Sr u 1 3 91 7 9 4h r 9 4 . ih r . r el
no Dr M c ra dh d a yiv le n wihPlitf' a sg me t oW etm S aeto pt l r
r . Faln a n n ov me t t an ifs sin n t se tt l s ia o
W a d 2- m ,a t coul noto de hi o ofW a d 2- m .I tad,He ra sgne Pli if
r E1 nd hey
d
r r m ut
r El nse
r s i d a ntf
t W e t r St t Hos t ,a t hos t lsadmitsr tvesa fas i
o se n a e pial nd he pia '
ritai t f sgnedPl i ift W a d 2antf o r

El . Acc di l Dr Ga del a Dr M cFa lnda ee il dt qua ii d i lniy a
m
or ng y, . r la nd .
ra r ntte o lfe mm l t nd

sl r ud me tf rte ecamsbe a eP an iffist e tb ihterp ro a
l
mmayj g n o h s li c us litf al o sa ls h i es n l
i ve e .
nvol m nt
lV .

Pl i ifa guest tt c to hee re e i W a d 2- m,a l dl i
antf r
ha he ondii ns xpe inc d n r El lege y mpos by
ed
k

De e
f ndN t, vi a e hi lbe t i e esspr e t d byt Foure nt Am e
s olt d s i ry nt r t ot c e
he
te h
ndmen . Pl n if
t9 aitf
9P1i ifdue notpr e algalba i t s r hi cia i t t N i h Am e
s
esnt e
ss o uppo t s tton o he nt
ndmen , a t cou twil
t nd he r l
antf

n te ta lt a ag me to hsb h l.Se . ..Srn b m v. ln , 91F.d7 4, 4 (t Ci. 9 6
o xrpoae n ru n n i e af e ec, ta d e Hee a 7 2 4 7 8 9h r 1 8 )
(g h ( i h g me d n h sn v rb e rc g z d.sid pe d nl sc rnga yc n ttto a rg tfr
çTle Nl Al n me t a e e e n e o nie a n e n e ty eu i n o siuin lih,o
t
nt
13

a l st tDr Grde l had e e e t sa i or r :onealowi Pl ntf o bepl c i
lege ha .
la
nt r d wo t ndng de s
l ng ai ift
a ed n
t Eme g nc Resr i Chara a he a lwi sa ft us apha ma ogi lr sr i .
he
r e y tant i nd not r lo ng t f o e
r col ca e tant
Pl ntf alege t tDr Ga del a Dr M c ra ha c us d Pl i ift beEc i uo l
ai if l s ha . r la nd . Fa lnd d a e antf o tontn usy
iolt d' d i çhee ietm e' wa a W e tm Stt Hos t .Fi ly, Pl i i fa l ge t t
s a e ' urng ç ntr i 'he s t se
t
ae pial na l a ntf le s ha
hi a sgnme t W a d 2- m co tt e i ionm e a / rs l i n a vi ae a
s si
nt o r El nsiut d mprs
nt nd o ecus o nd ol td
I r edom t as oda e' t non-nsiuto lze pe e.Pl i ifge r ly f ulsHe t f r
fe
f
o s t 'wih
i tt i nai d opl
antf ne al a t m oo, o
t e r e esi W a d 2- m .
he xpe i nc n r El

De e d n saee tte t q l di nt a ds mma yj g n f rte ecams
fn a t r n ild o uai mmu iy n u r ud me t o h s li
ie
be aus Pl i iff ist s
c e antf a l o uppor hi ac us to wih e de ebas o pe s na kno edge
t s c ai ns t vi nc
ed n r o l wl .
The r or doe nots
ec d s
uppor a i e e e t tD r G a de l orD r M c ra ha a
t n nf r nc ha . r la
. Fa l nd d ny

i ve ntwih Pl ntf' as i e t a sg e t W a d2- m orsandi or r f r
nvol me
t ai ifs sgnm nt o s i nm nt o r E1
t ng de s o
pha mac ogialr sr nt Dr M c ra hadno or r d physca r sr i s a Dr
r ol c e tai s. . Fa l nd
t de e
i l e tant , nd .
Grdel sOr r f physc r tan swe enotunr a ona e Al o, he' or s wst t
la' de s or
ial esr it r
e s bl . s t r d ho ha
ec
Pli ifwasnotc tnuo l iolt d d i çhee ietme'hewa a W e tr St t Hos t l
antf
on i usy s a e uzng ç ntr i '
t
s t se n ae
pia,
a a ge r G- dom o a s i to 'wa l wf l c t l a ac e nc ofhi c vi
nd ny ne al &r
fee
f s oc ai n' s a uly uraied s ons que e
si l
c
omm im e . Lasl t r c d i de d ofHe r si ve e FihPl i ifsc r o
t nt
ty, he e or s voi
r ' nvol m nt t antf ' a e r
e re si W ar 2- m . CE Sha 13F. a 799.
xpei nce n
d El
w,
3d t
A ..

Dr Ga delaa Dr M c ra a ee ild t q ii d i uniy a s
. r l nd . Fa lnd z ntte o ualfe mm t nd umm a y
r

j d me tf rt camsa u a alg dsa dngod r o p ama e tc l e tan .Onted y
u g n o he li bo t n le e tn i r e f r h r c u ia rsr it
h a
Pl i ifa rve a W ese n St t Hos t lbutbe or hea rve a W a d 2- m,t a ti
antf ri d t
tr a e pia
f e
ri d t z El he dmitng

pup sso pts igacvl ihscam.)s eas Jr i v Grha 4 lF. p' 5 5 5 (t Ci. 01 )
r o e f l un iirg t 1i ' ;e lo adne . a m, 7 Ap x 2 , 28 7h r 2 2
r
'
(oi ab sls cam u d rj1 8 a dteNit Ame me tifioo sa dd e n t ra t ic sin)
nt
ng a ees li n e 9 3 n h nh nd n s rv lu n o s o warn dsu so .
14

physc a on dut or r d a sng e 1 m . or dos ofc o pr m a ne.0 Thi physca a s
ii n
y de e i l , 00 g. al e hl r o zi 1
i in lo
s
is aC
s ued TRN 'or rf 100m . ofc op r a i up t e r f urho lsa trPl ntf was
' de or
g. hl om zne o ve y o
tr fe ai if
a te t W a d 2- m .N et rDr Ga del norDr M c ra a ho i d a sa ng o de
dmitd o z El
ihe . r la
. Fa l nd ut rze ny t ndi r r
f apha mac utc m sr i .1
or
r e ial tant 1
B.

Dr Ga de l a Dr M c da a e e ttedt q lte i muniya s
. r la nd . Fa nd r n il o uaii d m
t nd umm a y
r

j g n f rt camsa o t h ia r sr it.Therc r r v ast t . r el e r e
ud me t o he li b u p ysc l e tan s
e o d e e l ha Dr Gad la xedsd
p o e so a j dg n wh n o d rn t m a t tDr M c ra ha n iv l e n wi
r f sin lu me t e r eig he nd ha . Falnd d o n o v me t t
h
s h or r .
uc de s

Alhb h i t c t oft sae, antf c nno bepunihedwhiec vil c
t ug n he usody he t t Pl i if a t
s
l i ly omm itd
te
be us a i a t a quit eha notbee c ced o a c i i lofe e. Se ec. J ne v.
ca e n ns niy c te s
n onvit f rm na f ns
ee . , o s

Unie S ae , 3U. 3 4 3 9( 9 3 .l v l ai c mmitdidviu l mus beaf r e
td tts 46 S. 5 , 6 1 8 ) n ot zl o te n i d as t fo d d
mt y
a ua ef
deq t ood,s le ,c o hi r s na em e c lc r r s na e s f t a r as bl no
het r l t ng, ea o bl di a a e, ea o bl a ey, nd e ona y n-

r sdciec ndto si x e wh na t tee tn p o e so lud me td e ( )n c sa y
e t tv o i n t c pt e nd o h xe t r fsina j g n e ms i e e sr
i e
t
t a stes s ey o t pr dene de tani ' Yom g r v.Ro eo,457U . 307,324
o s tr uch af t r o ovi
e d r i ng.
' l be g
m
S.

( 98 ) çll cso ma eb t a r p it p o e so a aee tte t ap e u to o
1 2 . ç ne iins d y he pp o rae r f sin l r n ild o r s mp in f
r
c re t s't l t h so o j d ca itree ewi t itr a o rto so asae
or cne s'o i t e c pe f u iil ne frnc t he n en l peain f tt
mi
h
i ttto I . t3 2 2 (iigBel W ofs 4 U. 5 0 5 9( 9 0 (i j q iisit t e
nsiuin. d a 2 - 3 ctn l v. lih, 41 S. 2 , 3 1 7 ) Gln ure n o h
r
c ndto o c n e nt p igfo c n ttto a r q ie n sa u iila s r t t e
o iins f o fn me s rn r m o siuin l e urme t ndj d ca n wes o h m
' Chl pr a ne alo known a Tho a ne i a a i yc i dr t tha bee us t te tPl ntf a
0 or om zi , s
s r zi , s n ntps hotc ug ha d n ed o r a ai if t
Ce rlStt H os t .
nta ae pial
1 Pli ifr c ve aI
' antf e ei d TRN' dos o c or oma neon Sep e r1 , 201 a rha ng be i t
' e f hl pr zi
t mbe 2
5, ûe vi en n he
Emegenc Re tai Chai f a oxi t y t e andahal hour De piet tpas a oftme,Pl ntf
r y sr nt r or ppr mael hr e
f s. s t ha s ge i
ai if
r ne deinta a e sve s ti o t f eoft nur ewho c
emai d fa nd ggr s i , pitng n he ac
he s
onduceda houry a s s m e .Eve i,
t n
l s e s nt
nf
a aue
r ndo. .Ga delaha a horze t pha col c r sri a t stme,i doe nota a t tisus w a
Dr r l d ut i d he nua ogial e tant t hi i t s
ppe r ha t e s
t ea ona eordipr tonaei lghtofPlitf ' be vi .Se dic so i Secin I .
mr s bl
s opori t n i
an ifs ha or e s us in nga to V B.

15

mu t elc ta f c rt rta ac u tsi e o h w b s t o rt af clt ') Th s a
s r fe t h t a t ahe h n o r' d a f o e t o peae a ii l . u ,
y.
pr es i lsa ea t ' de ii n t ti rngeson apr t c e i e e ti ç e umptvey vald'
of sona t t c ors c so ha nfi
o e t d nt r s s s s
pr
i l i'
a vi a e albe t it r s G y whe t de son .. i s h as t nta de rur fom
nd olt s i ry n e e t t
onl
n he cii
. s uc ubsa il pa t e r

a c p e p o e so a j d me t p a tc o sa d r sa t d mo srt t thep ro
c e td r fs in l u g n , r cie r tn a d s o e n tae ha t es n
rs i ea t lydi notba et decso on s h aj
e ponsbl cual d
s he iin uç udgme .'I a 323.
nt' d. t

Ther c r s o t a Dr Gad lae rie p o e so lud me t e o d rn
e od h ws h t . r el xecs d r fsina j g n wh n r eig
physc r sr nt,whih ti r dt Em e ge y Resr ntStp Down Pln de l d a
i al e tai s
c rgge e he
r nc
tai e
a veope nd
or r by anon- f nda .Dr Ga de l l a ned a
de ed
de e nt . r la e r
boutPl ntf ' pr nst f a es i a
ai if s ope iy or ggr son nd
s l- r fom Pl i ifsNGR.r por a sa fha i o me Dr Ga de l ofPli ifs
efha m r
antf '
I e q nd t f d nf r d . r la
antf '
a es i ordir ptve a ti e atl be or Dr Ga del is d e h or rf r tai .
ggr sve
s u i c mm di e y f e . r la s ue ac de or esr nt
W hiePl i ifc
l antf ompli t ta ls f r f li e ve i s d ha be n ptr ue frt Dr
ans ha e s o ce u nt r nton houl ve e ls d s, .
Ga de l e anst ts cl i wa no as f i t r nto on a c
z la xpli ha e uson s t a e n e ve i n
c ountofPli ifssgnii n
antf i fca t
pa thit r o s fha m deaied i t N GRIr pot.
s so y f el- r
t l n he
e '
t
.

'

Dr Gar lawa r s
. del s e ponsbl f ro oft t e tm e Pl i ifwasco
i e o ne he hr e i s antf
nfne i t
d n he

Bm e ge yRe tai chai.z Dr G ar la appr
r nc sr nt rl
de l
oved a r s r i or r o oc obe 7,201 a
e t a nt de n t r
5, t
.

1 Pli ifal bre l i t a nde c aitt thewasCc i
2 antf leges ify n he me d ompl n ha
çontnuousy iolt d a ors uded'a
l s a e nd/ ècl ' t
W esen Stt H o pial Ther c dr f tst sc us y alga i Plitf w a i t Em ege yR etant
tr ae s t .
e or e ue hi oncl or le ton. an if s n he
r nc sr i
Chai f a oxi a ey t ry-wo hour t alwhiea W et r St eH o pia bew e n Se e be 1 a Ocobe
r or ppr m t l hit t
s ot
l t sen at s tl t e ptm r 0 nd t r
1 201 A lo, os oft stm ew a no t ful o ade e t
3, 5. s m t hi i
s t he a t f f ndan .

A no -ee d n d co a t rzdrsrit a 1 0 pm. nS pe r1 , 01 , p r xmaeyfv
nd fn a t o tr uhoie etans t 2:5 . o e tmbe 2 2 à a p o i tl ie
mi esafe Pl ntf e t y at ke anure.Pl ntf waspl e i t Emegçnc Retai Chai,a t
nut tr ai ifr poredl tac d
s ai if
ac d n he
r y sr nt r nd he
fr thotry a s s tnot âo a o 1: p. rpo tdt tPl ntf yeleda s ta t ntrewho c ked
ls ll s esmen e m r und 00 m. e re ha ai if l nd pa t he ls
hec

o hm.Ataomd13 pm. 1 0mgo c op o zn wa ijce it Plitf.Atao n 2:0pm.teh t l
ni
r t :4 . , 0
f hlrr ma ie s netd no anif r u d 0 . ,h oly
r
assme tn t rpotdt t an if o ane ta ted d weefr e o hm .. ( n Etflg v hi a
se s n oe e re ha Plitf c mpli d h th t s r oc d n i .whe l saf a e m
me
(
PRN) oh l c l hm d wnt g t m o to r srit. Plitf wa b ifyrla e fo tersrit ao nd
t ep am i o o e hi u f etans' anif s rel ee sd rm h etans ru
'

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'
2: p. . o ab ea durngwhi t r por s dPiitf opt t sr th. Theno deenda docorwho
00 m f r r k, i
ch he e t ai anif ed o tec
n- f nt t
,
a horze r sr nt r vi
ut i d e tai s e ewedPl n ifspr r sa aound 8: 1p. .bywhih tm ePli ifha t tppeddown' '
aitf ' og es t r
1 m,
c i
antf d ç e
s
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t z pon a ult r r sr it wi awa s b l a u d rd r c o s r ai n.Plitf wa r la e fo r sl n s
o - it mb ao y e tan s t
h
it et nd n e ie t b ev t
o an if s ee s d r m e t t
ii
e iel bym i ghtafe s tsyi t Em e ge y Re tai Stp Down Pl
ntr y
dni
tr aif ng he
r nc sr nt e
an.
On Ocobe 11 2015 a ar
t r ,
, t ound4: am .anon- e nta horze r s i sa tri wasr po ed
45 . ,
defnda ut i d e kant fe t
e rt

Pl itf b c med su tv , e tu tv , ndd ng r u . S n eèli t f sno s e iial a s u t t wa d
an if e a ir p i e d sr ci e a a eo s i c an i wa t p c fc l s a li o r
f
y
ve
a he pes hedi nothavet Ksepdown't ought va iussage oft Em e ge y Re tantStp Down
not r ron,
d
o st
'hr
he ro t s he
r nc sr i e

16

a ound 2: p. . fe Pl ntf r poredl a tc d anur e. The Em e gency R esrai St p
r
20 m a tr ai if e t y ta ke
s
r
t nt e
Down Pl n wa i e
a
s mpl mentd, Pl i ifwa r sr i d i t Em e ge y Re tantCha .
e and antf s e tane n he
r nc
sr i
h'
1

Pl i ifpr es e t o h t Em e ge y Re ta ntSt p Down Pln asr l c e i t houry
antf ogr s d hr ug he
r nc sr i e
a
efe t d n he
l

a s s me s a hewasr l as d fom r sr i sa oxi ae y sxt nho zslt ron Oc obe 8,
s e s nt , nd
e e e r e tant ppr m tl i ee lr a e
t r
2015,a 6: a. .
t 00 m

Th r c r s wst a Dr Gad l e ecs dp o e so a j g n wh n o d rng
e e o d ho h t . r el x r le r fsi n lud me t e r ei
a
physca r tant o Se e be 1 1 a 1 , 201 Hea oved e c o de a trPl i if
i l esr i s n pt m r 4, 5, nd 6
5.
ppr
a h r r fe antf
r pore y r us t l a t por h whe i nee d t be cos d durngte t ntgr p
e tdl ef ed o e ve he c
n t de o
l e
i r a me
ou
meei .Dr Ga de l no e t tPl ntf wasnotagg e svebutwa no f l ng sa fs
tngs . r la t d ha ai if
r si
s t olowi t f
dieci t l vet por h.Asac e nee sa fbrefy es re Pl n ifo oft po ch
r tons o ea he o
ons que , t f i l co td aitf ut he r
s i c d be l ked. 1
o t oul
oc
3

Plitf fist o ec met j eu to o c re t e sgv nDr Gad las
anif al o v ro he r s mpin f o rcn s i e . r el '
p o e so a j d me t otmpo aiya t o iep y ia rsr it.Th r srit i e n e
r f sin lu g n t e r rl uh rz h sc l e tans e e tans mplme t d
donota arunz as bl ordipr to t gi n Pl i ifsbe vi si me ael
ppe
e ona e
s opori na e ve antf ' ha or m di t y
pr e ngt decs o . Se Young r 45 U .S. t3 2-3( oi gp o e so a j d me t a e
ec di he ii ns e
be c, 7
a 2 2 n tn r fsi n l u g n s r
.

e tte t ap e u to o c re t s) Ac o d n l, . r el i e tte t q aiid
n ild o rs mp in f o r cnes. c r i gy Dr Ga d la s nild q u lfe
i n t a dsl r ud me t o t e ecams
mmu iy n l
mmayj g n f r h s li .
C.

Dee a t aee t ldt q ai di n t a s mmayj d me t o t ecam t e
fnd ns r ni e o u lfe mmu iy nd u r u g n f r h li h y
t
vi a e arghtofS r a s ito ' t no i tt i nai d pe eorS s a e ' m by no
ol t d i
t ee s oc ai n'wih n-nsiuto lze opl
f
t olt d'hi
i
t

al nghi t la W ad2- m.çr ommime f a pur ec tt e asgni a
lowi m o e ve r El çcl t nt or ny pos onsiuts i fc nt
Pl Cons que l hewasr las d 9om t Em e ge y Re tai Chai w ihi f hour.
an.
e nty,
ee e
he
r nc sr nt
r t n our
s
1 A non- f nda docorbr r physc r tantf rt s m er s a wih t s ec e nc
3
de e nt t deed
ial esr i o he a ea ons nd t he am ons que e
on Ocobe 2,201
t r
5.

d p i to o lb ry . .' Ad i go v. x s 4 U. 41 , 2 ( 9 9 .Tot ee tn
e rvain f i e t . . d n tn Te a , 41 S. 8 4 5 1 7 )
'
h xe t
Pl n ifs kst hol De enda sla ef rhi ge r ly no fe y a s tngwih nonaitf ee o d f nt i bl o m ne a l t r el s odai
t
i tt i lze pe eorl vi t wa dt whih hewasco mit , t cl i i f i o .
nsiutona i d opl
ea ng he r o c
m ted he a m s rvol us

TheCic tCour lwf ly lm ie t ta lt asa c e nceoffndi i nec s a yt c mi
r ui
t a ul i t d ha biiy
ons que
i ng t e s z o om t
Pli ift t De rmentofBe vi a H e lh,whi h a sg d hi t W a d 2- m . Pli if
antf o he pa t
ha or l at
c s ine m o r E1
antf
ot m i ef ist pl d a bass be ndhi m e e c l i n, o ar as bl tiroff tt
he s al o ea ny i , yo
s r oncuso f r e ona e re
ac o
co l t ta de e ntde e hi acla l e t bls d rghtt a s it wih no
ncude ha ny f nda
nid m
e ry- sa ihe i o s oc ae t ni tmtona iedpe eo la hi pl eofci lc
nsi i lz
opl r e ve s ac
vi omm im e .Se Twombl 550 U. a 555
t nt e
y,
S. t

( o igrla c o lbesa dc ncu in i is fce t ope dacam) s eas Ci o Dals
n tn ein e n a l n o lso s s n ufiin t la li ; e lo t f la
y

v S a ln 4 0U. 1 , ( 9 9 (ic si arg to a s cai na o tp ltc ) Ho g v.
. tngi, 9 S. 9 23 1 8 ) d s u sng i h f so ito b u o iis; d e
J n s 31F.d 1 7 1 3 6 (t Ci. 9 4 (a a o t a l)
o e , 3 5 , 6 - 4 4h r 1 9 ) s me b u fmi .
y

Pl n ifal ge t tDe e nt vi a e hi rghtt befeefom dic i nai n u r
aitf le s ha f nda s olt d s i o r r
s rmi to nde

t Ameia wi Dia l isAc (ADA' b d p i n hi o S lnc l r c mme d d'
he rc ns t sbite t $
h
i
G ' y e rvig m f t iial e o n e '
)
c
y
te t n,o tn il Dilcia Be vo a Th rpy(1 ', y Cu j crn qh m t
r ame t se sby ae tc l ha ir l e a ç
DBT' b i b e tig i o
) s
unnec s ar iolton. te 1 oft ADA pr de t tC q lse i vi wih a
e s y s a i ' l 1 he
'Ti
ovi s ha l uai d ndi dual t
no
dia lt s l, r as n ofs h dia lt bee ude fom pa tcpa i i o bede e t
s biiy hal by e o
uc s biiy, xcl d r
ri i ton n r
ni d he

b neiso s r ie , o r ms o a t iiso ap blce t y o b s b e tdt d srmi to
e ft f ev c s pr g n , r ci te f u i ni , r e u j ce o ici nain
v
t
b a ys c e iy' 4 U. C.j1 3 .A S u lce iy'n l d st De rme to
y n u h nt . 2 S.
t '
21 2 t b i nt 'icu e he pa t n f
p
t
Bv a i rl at .I .j1 31 1.
h v o a He 1h d 21 ( )
A.

Til 1 oft A DA z ogni s a c e o a ton f di c i i t o a i tpublc e ii s
te 1 he
ec ze aus f c i or s rm na i n ga ns
i ntte ,

n t g is p i aei dv d as Bar v Ro e 1 2F.d4 2 4 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Ac o dngy
o a an t rv t n ii u l. id . s , 9 3 6 , 71 4h r 9 9 . c r i l,
18

Pl n ifc nnotpur ueADA ca msa i tDe e nt i t ri vi lc pacte , and t
aitf a
s
li ga ns f nda s n hei ndi dua a ii s
hey

aee tte t q aiidi nt a ds mmayj d me ti t trs e t
r nild o u lfe mmu i n u r u g n n ha e p c.
y
B.

TheADA da msa i tDef nda si t i o fc a ca cte co tt ec am sagans
i ga ns
e nt n her fi i l pa ii s nsi
m li
i t
t Comm onweat ofVigi a Se . ec, frv. l, 0 U. 21 25( 9 ) W il Mih.
he
lh
r ni . e ..Hae Meo 5 2 S. , 1 91 * lv. c
,

De to S aePo ie 4 U. 5 , ( 98 ) Plitf se d ma e a d a ij n t nt
p' f tt lc , 91 S. 8 71 1 9 . anif e ks a g s n n nu ci o
o
ta f rt Ease St t Hos t bu notisf e i uni.
r nse o t m a e pial t
t or nsc t
To e t bls t tapu i e iy vi l t Til 1 oft ADA,apl ntf mus s
sa ih ha
blc ntt o aed te 1 he
ai if t how t t
ha :

( )h i apes nwihadsbit a d fne bysam e ( )h i ohewieq aiidf rhe
1 e s ro t ia l y s ei d tt ,2 e s t r s u lfe o t
i
b n ftn q sin, n ( )h i e ld dfo t eb ne d et ds rmi to ba e u n
e ei i ueto a d 3 e s xcu e r m h e ft u o ici nain s d po
dia lt 42U. C.j1 32;s e e. ,Doev. v. M d. ed.Sys,50F. 1 ,1265( h
s biiy.
S. 21 e e c.
Uni of M
.
3d 261
4t
Ci.1 ) W ihr r t t st r ee ntt r aet e ditnc gr mdsupo whihrle
r 995 . t egad o hi hid lme ,hee r hre si t ol
n c eif

ma beg a td: 1 itn in l ici n to o ds aaete t n ; 2 ds aaei a t o ( )
y rn e () ne to a ds rmiain r ip rt r ame t ( ) ip rt mp c; r 3
f iur t ma r as bl a c
a l e o ke e ona e c omm odai . Ada sy. onT m e y Cole 83 F.Supp.2d
tons
m
M go r
lge, 4

3 6 3 3( Md. 1.
8 , 9 D. 201 )
As lm i t tPli ifhast r quiiedia lt a qua ii f rabe i, ai if
sz ng ha antf
he e st s biiy nd lfed o
neft Pl ntf
doe notesa ih ho hewaspr ve e fom pa tcpa i i orbe ftng fom apr r m or
s
t bls w
e nt d r
ri i tng n
ne ii r
og a
s r i be aus ofhi dia lt On t co r y,Pli ifact wl dge hehad a ce st i e
e vce c e
s s biiy.
he ntar antf lno e s
c s o, ntr
ai ,t r py,t por h, e a he t te t e saf,a med c c r . Pli tf i no pe mit
la he a he c m nt l alh r am nt t f nd
i al a e a n if s t r ted
t de i n li own te t e pln,al hedi notcompl wih ate m e pl l f t NGRI
o s g ls
r am nt a l
d
d
y t r at nt al or he
Gr uaed Re e s Pr es Furhe mo e Pli iff ist e tbls t ta de ii n t de hi
ad t
l a e oc s. t r r , antf a l o sa ih ha
c so o ny m

DBT wa moi tdb a t u t idc nsd rto o hsds b e saus S e eg, twa s
s tvae y n mj si e o i eai n f i ia ld tt . e . ..Pah v
f
Ps c s cas ta.v To o Lè nado MD,1 3F. u p. 7 2 7 ( M d. 0 )
y ho o il e 1 . wn f o rt wm
.
3 S p 2d 7 , 81 D. 2 01.

Ast da a s Til 1 o t ADA ab ogaessa es ve e g i uniy t t e e i
o m ge , te 1 f he
r t t t o r i n mm t o he xtnt t

c e t saprva e a to f da a sa i tSt t f unco tt i lc
r ae
i t ci n or m ge ga ns aes or
nsiutona onduc .Unie Stt sv.
t
td ae

Ge r i, 46U. 1 ,1 9( 0 6 .Fo t er a o ara y ds u s da o t h camsp ru d
o ga 5
S. 51 5 2 0 ) r h e s ns le d ic se b u t e li u s e
u d rj1 3, aniffist e tbl had fnd n ' u c n tt to l o uc, ndd ma e a e
n e 98 Plitf al o sa i ee a ts n o siuina c nd ta a g s r
s
f t ra alb erme y.Cf Ro e v. e iln, 0 F.d 1 2 ,1 31(t Ci.1 7 )
l al v ia l e d
o
e wly M M la 5 2 2 3 6 3 4h r 9 4
(e og ii s v r ini miyd e n tb radam f re uia er l t.
r c n zng o ee g mmt t o s o a
i o q tbl ei )
e
Pl i iff rhe f ist e t bls a e ilm e t pr pe i e t bl r le duet hi
antf u t r a l o s a ih n ntte nt o os ctve quia e e if
o s
e r e sf' t ry t o da i 201 . Spqs e po u et h r wil o ,n a do is l,
xpe i nce or hi t w
ys n
5 t a t x s r o am l n ti n f tef
g

c e sandi upon a ltga t obti e t bl r le çbs ntas f ii ntlke i
onf r t ng
ii nt o an quia e ei f a e
u fç e i lhood t he
hat
wila i bewr ed i a sm ia wa ''Am . t lW or r Uni n v. a 968 F. 1
l gan
ong n i l r y.'
Posa
ke s o Fr nk,
2d 373,
-

1 7 ( s Ci. 9 2 ( u tn Lo Al lsv Ly n , 61U. 9 ,1 1( 98 :.Plitf f ist
3 6 1t r 1 9 ) q oi g s mee . o s 4
S. 5 1 1 3
anif al o
de
monsr t a G e itct e t'of a cue
ta e i alsi hr a'
r
r ndo, ufe i sm ia S o ' i t f t r o
s f rng i lr t ngs' n he u u e r
wr
'

c

,

,

tc i ng, e e tad reçf t ' Se e. ,Per v.Shea n,222F. 309,31 1 (t Ci.
iontnui pr s n ves fecs. es g. ry
'
ha
3d
3- 4 7h r

2 0 ) Plitf i p ee tyi t ec so y o t eVDOC, ndhi f a a o t y iin ' uu e
0 0 . an if s r sn l n h u t d f h
a s e r b u ph sca s f t r
o d r i t os c ltv f rt c u tofs ina p o raer le.I d e ,itheo iin o a
r es s o pe u ai e o he o r t a ho p r p it eif n e d l l pn o f
g
r s nsbl te tng physcin i dee m i ngt a o it c tonsf rte t toughtt be
e po i e r a i
i a n tr ni he ppr prae ondii
o r a men
o

g v nt g e t s o d frnc g 'epe il f rf mr te t n sb s do af t r saeo
i e he rae t f eee e, ' s cal o u e r ame t a e n uu e tt f
l
y
mid.Ol ta v. C. yZi nc 5 7U. 5 1 6 0(9 )( n e y, .c n u rn )
n
mse d L. b r , 2 S. 8 , 1 1 99 Ke n d J, o c rig .
mi
Ac o dn l De e d n saee tte t s mmayj g n f rt ADA o fca c pa iycams
c r igy, fn a t r n i d o u r ud me t o he
l
fiil a ct li .
V 1.

Pl i ifa us sDe e nt o f lngt f l w va i saepolce a pr du e .
antf cc e f nda s f aii o olo
rous t t i is nd oce r s
H ow e r a c a m t tpub i ofi i l ha notf l w e t i ow n polc es o pr e esdoes
ve , l i ha
lc f c a s ve
olo d he r
i i r oc dur

notn o t a c tt i vi ai See e. , c i v.Cnt ofFara Vigi a,907F.
m unt o onsiutonal ol ton. s c.Ri c o
v.
if xs r ni
2d
20

1 9, 4 9( t Ci. 9 0 ( odngt t fsaelw g a t mo ep o e t a rg t t a t
45 1 6 4h r 1 9 ) h li ha i tt a rn s r r c dl l ih s h n he
r
Co siui nrq ie , saesf i r t a i eb ta 1w i n tafd r l u p o e sis e ;
n t to e ur s a tt' al e o b d y h t a s o e ea d e r c s su l
t
u
Bec e v. i r 8 F.d3 , 6( t Ci. 9 0 ( gl i r t f lo p o e t e e tbl h d
lh r Ol , 98 2 2 3 4h r 1 9 ) tF al e o olw r c dl s sa i e
ve
ç u
r
s
f t ge r pr e ton a we f r ofi a e doe no c tt e dei r t dir ga df rt
or he ne al ot c i nd la e nm t s s t onsiut lbe a e se r o he

me ia n e sofapa t ulrE mae.) Alo Plitf fist etbiht a a yd fnd n wa
dc l e d
ri a i tq'. s , anif al o sa ls h t n ee a t s
c
n
'
rs
e ponsbl i a ofk i lca iy f al po iy orpr e et whih hecied i s ppo tofhi
i e n n t a pact or ty lc
oc dur o e
t n u r
s

cams Th s De e d n saee tte t q aiid' nt a s mmayj g n f rs c
li . u , fn a t r n ild o u l e i
f mmu i nd u r ud me t o u h
y
ac us to .
c a i ns
V Il.

Fo t ef r g i r a o ,h c u t r nsDee d n s moinf rs mmayj d me t s
r h o e ong e s ns t e o r g a t fn a t' to o u r u g n a
t t efd r lcams Pt s a tt 28U. C. 1 6 c,h c u t e l e t e e cs
o h e e a li . z u n o
r
S. j 3 7()t e o r d ci s o x r ie
n

s p e n a jlidcino e a ysae1w cam t a c udb lb r l c n t e fo t e
u plme tlt s ito v r n tt a li h t o l e ieal o snzd r m h
r
y
a e dc
m nde ompl i .1
ant 4

F T R: h
, E Ti
x
s

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dyo ln ay
a r auz
,

21+f .4. -- .
0f
8
a e6
r y
y.
j'.
!'

Chi fUnied St t s lti tJ
e
t
a e src udge

1 Pli ifi
4 antf nvokest Vigi aAdmi sr i Codea aba i f rt saci ,buthef l t s bsantae
he r ni
nitatve
s ss o hi ton
ais o u t it
how hehasa a tona elga c us unde t tc .Ast c ti no s ewhatsaelw,i a Pli ifma
n c i bl e l a e
r ha ode
he our s t ur
tt a f ny, antf y
beptrui a saelw cam i ds se wih u peu ie
ls ng, ny tt a li s imisd to t rj dc .
'
,

21

'
.
'

*