Hicks v. Virginia Department of Corrections

Filing 28

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/27/2017. (slt)

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I THE UNI
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STRI COURT
CT
FO R TH E W ESTERN DISTR I O F V I G I I
CT
R N A
R O AN O K E DI I O N
V SI

TH OM S L.HI S;
CK

N 2 7 9?
1
J LA C.
I D
BY:

CASE NO .7:
16CV00384

c RK
CL
ERK

Pettoner
ii ,
V.

M EM O R AN D UM O PI I N
N O

DI
RECTOR,W RGI A
NI
D EPA RTM ENT O F C O R RE CTI N S,
O
R e ponde .
s
nt

By:H on.Gln E.Conr
e
ad
C hi fU nie St e D i t i tJudge
e
t d at s s r c

Thom a L.Hiks a Vigi a i ae pr e ng pr K ,fl t s pe ii n f a wrtof
s
c ,
r ni nm t oc edi
o
ed hi tto or
i

h b a c r u ,p ru n t 28U.. j2 4,c aln i te v ldt o h sc ni e n o a
a e s op s us a t o
SC. 25 h le gng h ai iy f i o fn me t n
fnalor r by t Ra hn
i
de
he ppa nnoc Cot y Cic t Cour c ci hi of a tmpt d m ur r
k
mt r ui
t onvi tng m
te e
de ,
malcouswoundi us ofa fr a i t c m m iso ofa f l
ii
ng, e
ie nn n he o
sin
eony,a r r Re ponde
nd obbe y. s
nt
fl d a m o i t dim is a Hi r s
ie
ton o j s , nd cks e ponde m adng t ma tr rpe f diposton. Afe
d, l
he te i or s ii
tr
r vi w oft r or t c rt ncude t tt pe ii m us bedim is d.
e e
he ec d, he ou co l s ha he tton
t
s se
1
.

A. FacualBac gr nd
t
k ou
Ar und 8 P. .on Jm e 1 2010,Cl G c 'Deli erwasi hi fontya d whe he
o
M
l
0,
yde va k' lng
n sr
r
n
wa s i t f e a r d oft ca h i hi poc t Da e a Pa a Delnge ,Cl s
s hot n he ac nd obbe
he s n s ke . ni l nd ul li r yde'
s a da ht ri lw, we e d ng ho e a ot t s m e tm e as t s i . l They
on nd ug e -n-a
r dvi
m r md he n
i
he hootng
notc d Cl l ng on hi bac i t ya d a r hedt c c on hi . Da e r n up a as
ie yde yi
s k n he r nd us
o he k
m
ni l a
nd ked

Cl wha ha ha ne a i he ne d hep. As Cl 1 t r bl di he e ie y
yde
t d ppe d nd f
ede l
yde ay he e ee ng,
xct dl
sa e R-e s me,Da el a her bbe m e' Hiksv.Comm o
t t d: l hot
l
ni , nd
o d .' c
nweat 725 S. 2d 748 751
1h,
E.
,

( .Ct App. 2) niltsii 1 gue sE ydelt hthewasg
Va .
201 .Da e etfed,1 s cl
1
houg
onnano ma i,s he
t ke t o

j tg veif r to a d a1hec u d' JL S i o t eg o n i apo lo boo ,Cl et l
us a n o main n l o l . - tl n h r u d n o f l d yd od
'I
. l
1Dani andPa alvedbehi Cl .
el
ul i
nd yde

.

Da e t tTom Thomps orTho a on, s ota r d hi . l anilt tfe t tCl de
ni l ha
on,
m s 2 h nd obbe m r e esii d ha y
m a t s sa e nt tpont ousy'r t rt n i r s ns t s t i d q si ng. Cl
de he e t t me s s ane l a he ha n e po e o usane ue toni
yde
alo i r d ofli s wheherhe woul ge s e hep and whe he he c d t ke hi t t
s nquie
zs on
t
d t om
l
t r
oul a
m o he
hos t l' I
pia - d.
'
Pa a ha c le 911 a Cl r m aned co ci durng t s r wai f hep t
ul d a ld
, nd yde e i
ns ous i he ho t t or l o
n ve. ç ul t tfed t tt r ç san ur ncy i li voie,t theha t t l usa muc a
ni
t a esi
pa
ha he e wa
ge
n ls c ha
d o el s
h s

he c ul Ibeive,bec us he wan' sze i he wa goi t ma i.' J W hie on t
o d, le
a e
s t tr f
s ng o ke t'' Z
l
he
gr md,Cl ha a a o otve be ti hi ha whih he t l Da ela Paul t the had
ot
yde d n ut m i
l n s nd, c
o d ni nd
a ha
s ntt
e Tom ' t Cul pe t r t ve. Cl alo t ndia e t tt betwasve y i ra t
' o pe r o e de
yde s t c t d ha he l
i
r mpo tnt o
fndi & .' l
i ng Tom '' d

Cl lt rt tfed a Hi ks pr lmi r he rng a i ntfe hi a t ma who s
yde a e esii t c ' ei na y a i nd de ii d m s he n
hot
a r d hi . Be or til Cl did of c us s um ea e t t s i
nd obbe m
f e ra , yde e
a e
lt d o he hootng. Afe Cl '
tr yde s
de t t Com monwe t fl d a pr t lmoton t alow Cl s sa e nt t Dn ela hi
a h, he
alh ie
e da
i o l
yde' t t me s o ni nd s
sa e nt a t pr lmi r he rng t be al wed i o e denc unde hea s y exc ptons
t t me s t he ei na y a i o
lo
nt vi e
r ra
e i :
e t ute a ofavi tm now de a e a t pr i i r hea t s i
xcied tr nce
ci
ce s d, nd he elm na y dng e tmony ofo who i
ne
s
now de a e The ti lc tg a t d t moton and a l d t t si o a sa e nt i o
ce s d.
ra our r n e he
i
lowe he e tm ny nd t t me s nt
e de e.
vi nc
#. Pr edu alH it y
oc r
s or

Thejly c n it dHikso atmp e mt d r maiiu wo n i g u eo afr n m i
t o v ce c f te td z e, lco s u d n , s f ie r n
r
r
t c
he ommison of. flny,a r bbey,a t ti c ti e t j y' a egae
si
a eo nd o r nd he ral our mpos d he ur s ggr t
s ntnc off t ei - r 'i io e .Hiksa a e a gui t tt cr ui c te ed
e e e ory- ghtyea s mprs nm nt c ppe l d, r ng ha he ic t our n'

b ()z l t a sae nso Cld Del e, h alg dv ci c ud c meit e d n ea
y 1 ' i h t ttme t f y e li r t e le e itm, o l o n o vie c s
u ng
ng
a e ctd u trnc e c pi n t te h a sy r l,a d ()b alwig a tilt etsi ny o
n x ie tea e x e to o h e ra u e n 2 y l n t ra h etmo f
o
2I tgaor ltrde em i d t tH i us t aisSlom Tho ps .''
nvesi t s ae t r ne ha cks ed he la çm on

2

wine s who we e pr e a t pr lmi r he rng a who hea d t t si ony of Cl
t s es
r es nt t he e i na y a i nd
r he e tm
yde
De lnge . The Vigi a Coul o Appe s a fr e t c c ins The Supr m e Cour of
li r
r ni
' f
t
al fim d he onvi to .
e
t
Vigi at n r f s d Hi 'pe ii f a
r ni he e u e cks tton or ppea , nd f rhe de e li pe ii f r hea
l a u t r ni d ls tton or e dng.
Hiks t n tm ey fl a peii f a wrt of ha a c us i t Ra hn
c he i l ied
tton or
i
be s op
n he ppa nnoc
k
Count Cic t Cour, alegi sx cli of i feci a ssa e of c ms a f ur
y i ui
t l ng i a ms
ne f tve s it nc
ot el nd o
s t ntvecli s Fis, c cai d t tc ms lwa i feci f :
ubsa i am . r t Hi ks l me ha ot e s ne f tve or
1. f lng t m o t c tnue t pr lmi r hea i bec us a c tr pore wa not
aii o ve o on i
he e i na y
rng
a e our e tr s
pr ent
es ;

fiigt o j c wh nt j r s n t n tst t j d ed dn d lb rto
al o be t e he u y e t wo o e o he u g u g eieain;
n
f ii t c l Ofi e Fi hn a a de e e wine s t t siy a ut wha he ha t d
a lng o a l fc r nc m s
f ns t s o e tf bo
t
d ol
J m e H ac e t s y a
n s
kl y o a bouthi i ntfc ton ofH i ;
s de ii a i
cks

4. f ii t fl a moton t ha J m e Ha l y' sa e ntdiqualfe unde t he r a
a lng o e
i o ve n s cde s t t me
s i d
r he a s y
rl
ue;
f ii t c l Ofi e Fi hn asa de e e wine st t siy abouthi i ntfc to o
a lng o a l fc r nc m
f ns t s o e tf
s de iia i n r
wha t ofi rt dhi mot r br t r a sse -n-a t s y a
t he fce ol s he , o he , nd it ri lw o a boutHi ks c e;a
c ' as nd

6. fii t o j c t t t si n o Pa l Deln e , n wigt t u au e Ox co tn.
al o b e t o he etmo y f u a l g r k o n ha Pa l s d y ni
ng
i
Hiksa s alege t t
c lo l d ha :

7. M s Fi hn m a a f le sae e a tilwhe s s i s s w H iks f c ng t
. nc m
de a s t tm nt t ra
n he a d he a
c a i he
vi tm ;
ci
8. The V igi a Supr m e Cour r ed t t t t s i ony of Pa a D e lnge and She i f
r ni
e
t ul ha he e tm
ul
li r
rf
Col i Sm ih s d no ha bee a it d a t i ;
me
t houl t ve n dm te t ral

9 Th tilc u t re i alwigteCo n at t s w t j r t egm t tij d
. e ra o r er d n lo n h mmo we lh o ho he u y h t ha nme
t vitm ;a
he c i nd

10. vi tm wa no s fom t bl c rbe aus hedi no ha gun powde r i ueon
The ci
s t hot r he ue a c e
d t ve
r esd
hi .
m

The Ra hn
ppa nnoc Cot y Cic tCour gr n ed t r ponde ' m oton t dim is t co t
k
mt r ui
t a t he es
nts i o s s : he ur

f u d Cli 7 9 a d 1 b re un e S a tn v.Pa g n 20 E.d 6 0 ( 9 4 ,Cli 8
o n ams , , n 0 a rd d r lvo
ni a , 5S. 2 8 1 7 ) am
bardbyHe r v. ade 5 6 S. 2 4 5( 0 3 ,a dt therman e o tecamsddno
re
n v W r n, 7 E.d 9 2 0 ) n ha t e id r f h li i t
stsyS rc a dv. ahigtn, 6 U. 6 8( 9 4 .
aif tikln W s n o 4 6 S. 6 1 8 )
Hi ksa ald,r ie ai t s m ec am sasi t cr ui c tbutaddi a alega i
c ppe e e tr tng he a
li
n he ic t our
ng n l ton

t a t crui c u tûaldt i e tf t s b tnc o t ecamsa sre i t (tt h be s
h t he ic t o r G ie o d niy he u sa e f h li se td n he sae a a )
f
peii a sa et r s f t delalofe c c am . TheVigi a Supr me Cour r f s d
tton nd t t he ea ons or he li
a h li '
'
r ni
e
t eue
t r viw Hi ' ne cai a dim is d t r t of t peii n be us t cai s we e
o e e
cks w l m nd s s e he es
he tto
ca e he l m
r
t ae
e
p o e t al d futd u d rVigna Su e Co r Rul 5 1 ()ii. The cour lt r deni d
r c dl ly e a le n e r ii prme u t e :7 c(i)
r
Hi ks m oto t a e
c ' i n o m nd.
On J y 7,201 Hikstmel fl d a pe ii f r a m i o ha asc usi t f r
ul
6, c i y ie
tton o
t f be op
n he ede al
dititc r, al gi ni i f c i a ssa ofc
src ou t le ng ne nefe tve s it nce ouns lcli sa t s t ntve ca m s3
e am nd wo ubsa i li .
Fis,c
r t ouns lwa i f e tvef :
e s ne f c i or

Fal t ( )c n iu t p ei n r h a ig a d( )f l w Hik 'i tu to t h ve
ii o 1 o tn e he r l ay e rn , n 2 ol
ng
mi
o c s nsr ci n o a
t pr lmi r pr e ngsc i d be aus no c trpo trwa pr e ( ai 1
he ei na y oce di ontnue c e our e re s es nt Cl m
a A)
nd ;

Fal t o j c whe t ej r s n t noe t tej g d dn d l r to ( am 2
ii o b e t n h u y e t wo ts o h ud e u g ei ain Cli
ng
be
a B)
nd ;

3 Hiks r ie f cl ms i hi ame
c as s our ai n s
nded petton, a el n a to l cams i a ha wrten
ii
nd eve ddiina li n
nd it
s emen t hi peii Howeve ,Cl msB,D,a E i Hiks s pplme a ei ntca t Cl ms2,4,and3,
uppl t o s tton.
r ai
nd n c ' u e nt r de i l o ai
r peci l i Hiks a nde pe ii I or rt mi mi c u i t c tc old e and r r r d hi
es tvey, n c ' me d tton. n de o ni ze onf son, he our ons iatd
eo de e s
cams Hiks'orgi numbe i a ei pa e t s s Hiks'peii doesno haveaCl m C.
li . c
i nal
rngs r n r nhe e . c
tton
t
ai

3. Faii t cal Ofk e Fi hn as a de e e wine s t t siy a
lng o l t r nc m
f ns t s o e tf boutwha he ha t d
t
d ol
J mes Hac e t s y a
a
kly o a bout hi i ntfc ton of Hiks a wha t ofi e t d hi
s de ii a i
c nd
t he fc r ol s

mohe, r te s a d sse-n lw t s ya o t c s c s ( am 3a dE)
t r b oh r, n itri-a o a b u Hik ' a e Cli n ;
Falng t i tgae J s Hac e i or rt c le e hi t si ony a tilorfl a
ii o nvesi t nme
kly n de o ha lng s e tm
t ra
ie

mo int h veHa k e ' sae n ds uai e u d rt h a syr l ( am 4a dD)
to o a
c ly s ttme t iq lt d n e he e ra ue Cli n ;
i
5 Faln t o j c t M s Fic n ' fletsi n t a s s w Hiksa Cld ' h mea
. i g o b e t o . n h m s as e tmo y h t he a c t y es o t
i
7: P. .o Jme20,
30 M n t
2010, ndt tHi kswasf i Cl a t a tme( am F)
a ha c
acng yde t.h t i Cli ;

6 Faln t o j c t t Co n at s ds ly n o a .0 c lb r fr am d rng
. i g o b e t o he mmo we l
i
h' ipa i g f 4 ai e ie r u i
Hi ks ti whe t ti l c t ha ale y s ve e t a tonal fr nr c r
c ' ral
n he ra our d r ad e r d he ddii
ie m ha ges

( am 1)
C1i 1;

Fal t o j c t t e tsi n o Cl e Del g r kn wig t t Cld wa o
ii o b e t o h e t y f yd li e , o n ha y e s n
ng
mo
n
Ox co tn( am l;
y n i Cli )
8. Fa lng t s poe t vi tm ' c o he a f lng t as t sa e f e i s i nts
ii o ub na he ci s l t s nd aii o k he tt or nsc c e it
ce t n quesi r ga di gun po rr sdue t two d ha pr
rai
tons e r ng
wde e i
ha ul ve oved t vi tm wa
he ci
s

n ts o fo t buec rb c u eh ddn th veg np wd rrsd eo hm ( am J;
o h t r m he l a e a s e i o a u o e e iu n i Cli )
rd

Fal t b i win s J h M c y' ia l y t ie tf Hik i c u tt tej r '
ii o rng te s o n co s n bit o d n iy c s n o r o h u y s
ng
i
a tn in ( am L)
te to Cli .
Hiks alo al ge t f l ng s t tvecai s
c ' s le d he olowi ubsan i l m :
1 D e e e co m s ' af i vi pr pa e f us i t s a e ha a pr ee ng c r di t a
0. f ns t els fda t e r d or e n he t t be s oc di ont a c s

lte s n t t ep o e u o o F b u r 4 2 3( am G) a d
etr e t o h r s c t r n e r ay , 01 Cli ; n

1 . j r rle o f letsi n wh n ic n ce Hik ( am K)
1 The u y eid n as etmo y e t o vitd c s Cli .

5

Re ponde movest dim isHiks ca msaspr e al ba r d a orwihoutme i,
s
nt
o s s c ' li
oc dur ly r e nd/
t
rt
a Hikshasr ponde t t m o i
nd c
es
d o he ton.
I.
I

St
andar ofR e e
d
vi w

To obt i f de a ha asr le ,Hi ksmus de onsr t t thei Gn c t i vi a i
an e r l be e if c
t m tae ha
s l usody n olton
i

o te Co siui n o lwso te te o te Unie Sae . 28U.. j 2 5 ( Un e 2
f h n t to r a r rais f h
t
td tts'
'
SC. 2 4 $. d r 8
U. C.j2 5 4 ho ve,afd r lc u t yno g a tam ' o h be sc r u b s d o a y
S.
2 4 *, we r e ea o r ma t rn
i f a a op s ae n n
t

cam t a asaec u t e ie o t eme isu ls ta a j dc to
li h t tt o r d cd d n h rt ne s h t d u iain;
()Reu td . a d cso t twa c nrr t ,o iv l d a u ra o be
1 s le i
n e iin ha s o ta y o r n ove n n e s na l
a i to o ,c e ry esa ihed Fe r lw,a de e mi d by t Supr me
pplca in f l a l t bls
de al a s t r ne
he
e
Co toft U nie St t s or
ur
he t d a e ;

()Reul d i ad cso t t sbae o a u ra o a ed tr n to o te
2 s t n e iin ha wa s d n n n e s n bl eemiain f h
e
f c si lghtoft e de epr s nt i t St t c t oce di
at n i
he vi nc e e ed n he ae our pr e ng.

28U. C.j2 44 .R h r , sh r , h saec u tsa pl ain o g ve n f d rl1w i
S.
25 * W ee a e e t e tt o r' p i to f o mig e ea a s
c
c aln e i mu t b s o t be no o y er n o , b t o jci l u ra o a e'
h le g d, t s e h wn o
t nl ro e us u b e tvey n e s n bl.
'

Yab r ug v. Ge ty 5 U. 1 5 ( 0 ) Un e ti sa ad ça sae c u ts
roo h
nr , 40 S. , 20 3 .
d r h s tnd r , G j tt o r'
l
de e na i t t a ca m l c me i pr l
t nni ton ha
li a ks rt ecudes f r l ha as r i s l a f i- i d
ede a be elef o ong s a rm nde

j dssc ud a reo te c re tis o t esaec u tsd cso ' ri gtn v. c tr 5 2
u t o l g e n h o rcr s f h tt o r' e iin.
e
'Harn o Rih e, 6
U. 6 ,1 ( 01 )( mit gi tr a q oains.
S. 6 01 2 1 o ti nen l u tto )
n
11
1.

Exhaus i and Pr e alD e a t
ton
oc dur
f ul

G A)fd rlc u tma no g a tawrto h b a c r u t ap tto e i saec so y
t e ea o r y t rn
I
i f a e s o p s o eiin r n tt u t d
t e st peii rha fr te used hi sa er m ed e by pr e i hi cai st t hi s
ml s he ttone s is xha t s tt e i s
es ntng s l m o he ghe t

saec ut' Ba rv.Cor r 220 F. 276,288(t Ci.2000 (iai omitd) To mee
tt ot ' ke
coan,
3d
4h r
) cttons te .
t
t e usi r uie e , a peii ne t us ha pr s nt t t sae co t bot t
he xha ton eq r m nt
tto r l t ve e e ed o he t t ur
m
h he
ope ai f t a t con r lng l galprnci es' Kas v.Al el ,300 F. 48 501 02
r tve ac s nd he toli e
i pl .
'
i
w one
3d 7, -

(t Ci. 0 2 (n en lq oainmaksa dctto o te )
4 h r 2 0 ) itr a u tto r n iai n mitd .
6

Alo ûa h b a p tto e i bard fo s e i g fd r lr ve o a cam t twa
s , ç q a e s ei n r s re r m e k n e ea e iw f li ha s
l
i
pr e e t a sae cour a t la l a e e sy'de e on t i pe nt a qua e sat
es nt d o tt
t nd ce ry nd xpr s l
nid
he nde nde , de t t e

g o n o p o e trld fut' Beme t . weo e 9 F.d 1 3 ,1 4 (t Ci.1 9 )(iig
r u d f r c dla e a l' z t v Al l n , 2 3 3 6 3 3 4h r 9 6 ctn
Ha sv. e ,48 U. 2 5 2 3 ( 9 9 A p o e t a rlei a e u t tfi i rgual o
ni Re d 9 S. 5 , 6 1 8 :. r c dl l t s d q ae ç t s e lry r
r l
i
c n itnl a pid b t esae c mt' a d i d p n n çfi d e n tç e e l o a fd r l
o sse ty p le y h tt o ' n n e e de t l t o s o d p nd q n e e a
i
c tt i lr lng.' Ye tsv.Angeone 1 F.d 255,260( h Ci.1 (uoi Akev.
onsiutona ui '' at
l , 66 3
4t r 999) q tng

Oka o ,4 0 U..6 ,7 ( 9 5 ) Fu te ,la cam t a h s n tbe n prs n e t te
lh ma 7 S 8 5 1 8 ). rh r t q li h t a o e e e td o h
g
hi tsa e c tne rhees m a bete t d ase use i i i c e rt tt cli woul be
ghes t t our ve t l s y r a e
xha t d f t s l a ha he am
d
pr edlal ba r unde sae 1w i t pe ii r a tmpt d t pr s nti t t sae co t'
oc tr ly red
r t t a f he ttone te e o e e t o he t t ur.'

Ba e , 2 F.da 28 ( i n Gry v Neh ra ,5 8U. 1 2 1 (99 :. S hcamsae
k r 2 0 3 t 8 ct g a . t elnd 1 S. 5 , 61 1 6 uc li r
i

smutn o l e a se a d d futd.Se Bu k tv Ang lne 2 F.d 1 2 1 3 n 1 ( t
i la e usy xh u td n ea le
e r e . eo , 08 3 7 , 8 . 1 4h
Ci. 9 9 .
r19 )
Hiks c e c am s a e e used but de a t d be a e t y we e not pr ry
c ' = nt l i
r xha t
f ule
c us he
r
ope l
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( odn G r c d r l ea lu e Rue5 1 ()i a i d p n e ta da e u t saeb r'.
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p
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Hi ks c nno now pr e t s cai t t Vigi a Supr m e Cour bec us he i
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es nt he e l ms o he r ni
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01654( ( ,
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s c e sv peiin b r Va Co e j80 - 5 B)2 . S e S ar w v. neDe ' o Co , 9F.
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S. 2 , 5 1 9 )
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a t r , xt r l o s f ns
'
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asng s a m t n a le t

M u ryv. ni r 4 7U. 4 8 4 8( 9 6 .Tos o p eu ie apeiin rmu ts o t a t
ra Ca e, 7 S. 7 , 8 1 8 )
h w rj dc , t o e s h w h t he
t
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oai
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a

e tr ti lwih e orofaconsi i lmag t
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r
totona
niude.I
d.

Unde M a tne v.Rva 566U. 1( 2) af dea ha aspeii rma stsy t
r ri z
n,
S. 201 , e rl be ttone y aif he
û a e'rquie ntofa ot r s pr edlal dea td cai ofi fe tveasitnc i:( )
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t ei efcie a ssa c cam i aç u sa ta'o e ()t eç a e'frd ful G o ssl)o
h n fe tv sitn e li s t b tn il n ; 2 h E us' o ea t û n its f
s
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t r bengnoc e oronl i feci c e dudngt saec ltr lrvi pr ee nf'
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ouns l
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he tt olae a e ew oc di ;

( )çh sae c laea r ve pr c e ig wa t iiilr ve p o e dng i r s e tt t e
3 ç e tt o ltrl e iw o e dn s he nta e iw r c e i n e p c o h
t
i feci -s it ceoftilco s cam' a ( sae 1w çe rs t ta i fe tve
ne tvea ssr - -ra- r el li ' nd 4) tt a G quie ha n nef ci ;
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as it nc - -ralc ms lcli ber ie i a i ta-e i w colatr pr e ng. Fowl rv.
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J v e ,7 3 F.d 4 6 461( t Ci.2 4 (uoig Trvio v.Th lr 1 3 S.Ct 1 1 1 8
o nr 5 3 4 ,
4h r 01 ) q tn e n
ae , 3
. 91 , 91
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20 3
A ts t tal'cl i i one t t ha m e i. M ari z, 566 U . a 1 To e t bls
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tne
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i ef ci a ssa e apeiin rmu ts w t a c t e' pef r nc fl b lw a o j cie
n fe tve sitnc , tto e s ho h t oms ls ro ma e el eo n be tv
4Hiksdoe no ague a col a e cai ofac li
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s tr
or bl l m
ma nnoce underSc up v. Deo 51 U..2 8( 9 5
nce
hl
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a d Mc i i v P r i ,1 3 S Ct 12 (01 )ta wo l alw frrviw o hi camsrgadls o hs
n ouccn . ekns 3 . . 9 4 2 3 h t ud lo o e e f s li e r e s f i
dea t He hasno a s red a a u i e e a g
ful.
t s e t n ctal nnoc nc r umentorpr f r a t r la e'e denc i s
ofeed ny ç
new eibl' vi e n uppor o
tf

hi alg to s Theeoe t c u t e n t d rs t mic rig o j siee c pin
s le ain . rfr,he o rned o a des he s ara e fu tc x e to .
8

sa a d o r a o a e s a ta h wa p eu ie b t e alg d d sce tpef r n e
tnd r f e s n blne s nd h t e s rj d c d y h le e e in ro ma c .
Src lnd v.W a hngo 4 6 U. 6 8 6 9 ( 9 4 . Colt a pl a sr n prsl to t a
tika
s i tn, 6 S. 6 , 6 1 8 ) t' p y to g e l in h t
ts
mp
c ms ' pe f ma e,e pe i ly r ga di ti lm a
ot els ror nc s c al e r ng l a nage nta sr t y,wa wihi t r nge
me nd taeg
s t n he a

o ra o be p o e so la ssa c . I a 6 9 To d mo srt p eu ie p tto e mus
f e s na l r f sina sitn e d. t 8 .
e n tae rj dc , ei n r t
i
s
how t r i ar ms na epr biiy t t butf c ms lst of s i le r ,t out ome of
he e s e o bl oba lt ha,
or ot e ' mpr e sona ror he c
t pr e ng woul ha bee dif r nt I a 694. ç r alegai ns'ofc tm tona e r
he oce di
d ve n fe e . d. t
ç e l to '
Ba
onsi i l ror
a e nots t intgr mds f habe r i ;t pe ii rmus pr f revi nc t s por hi
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cams Nik ro v. e 9 F.d 1 25 1 35(t Ci. 9 2 .
li . é es n Le , 71 2 1 , 1 4 h r 1 9 )
V.

A nal s
ysi

Unr viwabl Cl ms
e e
e ai
I Cli 1 Hi ks a gue t ttilc
n a m 0, c r s ha ra ouns lc r c e he s l i a a fda tpr pa e
e ontadit d r e f n n fi vi e r d
f t cr ui co tha spr e ng.5 H ow ever,
or he ic t ur bea oc edi

ac le g t Vigna ssaeh be sc r u pr c e ig ( c n o pr vd ab ss
haln e o r ii' tt a a o p s o e dn s q n n t o ie a i
f rf d rlh be sr l f S eBr a tv.M aya ,8 8 F.d 49 ,4 3 ( t Ci.
o e ea a a ei . e y n
e
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h
c n ito p o e dn saen tc g ia l o fd r l a e sr ve .
o v ci n r c e ig r o o nz be n e ea h b a e iw)

W rR tv Anc ln ,1 F.d 1 1 1 9 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Fe e a h be speiin r ma n t
ih . eo e 51 3 5 , 5 4h r 9 8 . d r l a a t o e s y o
t
c lnge a sae pos- onvi to r i bec us çt peii r i notç t ne a a r ul ofa
hale
tt
tc ci n ulng a e lhe ttone s
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d cso o t (tt c urli t e saeha e sa to 'b trt e i i c t d pt s a tt te
e iin f he sae o t n h tt b a cin, u ah r s n uso y l u n o h
r
r ln o t e o i ia tilc u t' Or e v.Tr e 2 3 F.S p 2 7 ,7 7 ( D.Va 20 2
ui g f h rgn l ra o r. b
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5Hiks ale ton i alo wihoutme i. Hiksaserst tco lc r ce herel by sai on one
c ' lga i s s t
rt c
s t ha unse ontaditd s f t tng
oc sont tt Vigi aSupr meCour a fr d t ti co tsr i t tt he r a evi ewa a isbl,
ca i ha he r ni
e
t flme he ral ur' ulng ha he a s y denc s dm s i e
a t lng Hikson a he oc aso t tt co thel t e de et bei dmisbl Hiksa a st conf e
nd eli
c
not r c in ha he ur d he vi nc o na s i e. c ppe r o
us
co els s
uns ' umma y of t Vigi a Supr me Comïs a gume t tt i l i o e uson of t he r a
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nt ha he ncuson r xcl i
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çven f
he ra esi
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ve n dmitd nd ha he ughtri

lw a d S eifs o l n th v b e p r te t tsi a o ttep ei n r h a ig Eh Vigni S p e
a n h rf h ud o a e e n emitd o etf b u h rl ay e rn , te r i a u rme
y
mi
Co t o n ta)teewa si sfkin e ie c t baeac n ito o 'P trsS pp.oteAm. t 1 ,
urf u d h t h r s tl u t e t vd n e o s o vcin m' e'' u lt h
l
Pe. 8 ECF
N o. Atac 1
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( u tn W rg t 1 F.d a 1 9) Theeo e Cli 1 i no c g ia l o fd r lh b a
q oi g ih, 51 3 t 5 .. rf r , am 0 s t o nz be n e e a a e s
1eV 1 .
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Alo,Cl m 11i dea t unde Slyt v.Para n,205 S. 2d 680,682 ( 1 4)
s ai
s fuled
r a on
ria
E.
Va. 97 ,
be us Hiksc d ha r ie t is on die ta al butf l t do s Se Vi on v.
ca e c oul ve as d he s ue
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Tr e 4 6 F.d 41 ,41 (t Ci.2 6 t ria i a a e uae a d id pe d n b r
u , 3 3 2 7 4h r 00 ) pnrg n s n d q t n n e n e t a ).

M a t e d e n ta py, n Hik ha no s wn c u ea p eu ieo amic ni g o j sie
ri z o s o p l a d c s s t ho a s nd rj d c r s a a e f u tc
n
e
xcus shi de a t6
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#. M ari zCl ms
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Hi ks' cai s of i feci a ssa e of c uns l k m ei a
c
lm
ne f tve s it nc
o el ac
zt nd, t us a e not
h , r
ç ubsa il' Ac di y,t co tfnds t t t e cai s a e ba e fom f de alha as
ç t nta .
s
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r vi w.
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I Cli 1 Hiksa srst ttilc u e wa i fe tv fr( )fiig t f l w h s
n am , c se t ha ra o nsl s nefcie o 1 aln o ol i
o
isr cin t ha e te p ei n r p o e d n sG tt b c n iu d' a ()f rf iig t
n tu to o v h r l ay r c e i g 1 o e o tn e ,1 nd 2 o aln o
mi
no
'
m ovet c i t pr lmi yhe rng be a e ac t e rtrwasnotpr s nt
o ontnue he e i nar a i
c us our r po e
ee .
Fis,Hiks'a l a i a e c l o y. He ha no pr de a s
rt c
leg tons r onc us r
s t ovi d ny uppor f hi c am
t o< s l i
t tco i ng,orhavi a c tr pore pr e ,woul ha r s t i f vor bl e denc
ha ntnui
ng our e tr es nt
d ve e uled n a a e vi e.

Hi a s ri nt tCld t si p i, a b e s o i li h a , ssu e i h ss llh a d
s se t ha y e t n an h d e n h t n l e d wa ln'd n i peec n
o
wa
s

6 M a tnez c n onl be us d t s
ri
a
y
e o how c us f i fe tve as itnc of c elatt i talha as
a e or ne fc i
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ouns
he nii be
pr edig.
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7The cour i e rt Cl m 1 t bet cou e wa i f c i f f lng t co i t hea i , not
t ntp es ai
o hat ns l s nefe tve or aii o ntnue he rng
f lngt ha t he i R t bec i d. Thelte i m e ils bec et hea i wasnotc i d.The
aii o ve he arng not o ontnue '
'
a tr s rte s aus he rng
ontnue

c u ts itrrtto i b ltrd b Hik 'sae n t t<th d fnse wa a a mii m e t ld t a
o r' nep eain s osee y c s ttme t ha t le ee ll s t
l
nmu nie o
t
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on . . .o xyt i ' i no pr of t thi consiutona rg s we e vi aed o t tt vi a i
8
tt i l i ht r ol t r ha he ol ton
oc n,' s t o ha s
fm dn nt ly a f t hi ti l Unde Ni ke s ba e al ga i a e nots t intgr mdsf
l me al feced s ra .
r c r on, r le tons r
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or
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t a i lf t c u s lsp o e so a j g n .Ne Yo k v Hi , 28U. 1 0,1 5 1 ( 0 0
h t s e t o o n e' r fs in l ud me t w r . l 5
l
S. 1 1 - 6 2 0 )
Csc e ui g matr a e pli l a n t o e f r whih a r e n b c t e g neal
l h d ln
tes r any mo g h s o
c g e me t y oms l e rly
c nto s. .( ny c u s li i ap sto t a s s t eb n fto d ti n o ted ly t te
o r l . Oj l o n e s n o iin o se s h e ei r erme t f h ea o h
dee nts c e.) Theeor ,Cl m 1 f l t r bot prngs i Stil nd and i no
fnda ' as '.
'
rf e ai
ais mde h o
n rcda
s t
Es t tal'mderM a tne
Gubsan i 'l
ri z.
Cl i s 2,5,6,a 7
am
nd

I Cli 2 Hik alg st a c u e wa ief ci e f rf i n t o j c t te til
n am , c s l e h t o nsl s n fe tv o al g o be t o h 'a
e
i
r

c ur' a s r t çwo n ts' fo te j r a l g whehe t e sn e c s wo l r n
o ts n we o i
t o e ' ' m h u y sdn
r
t r h e tn e
ud u
co e utvey or c nc r nty. Fis,t e rc r s o ta t ej r o y sn o noe t te
ns c i l
o ure l
rt h e o d h ws h t h u y nl e t ne t o h

j g d n tep n s me tp a e Thej r t s e t l o i t es n e e i s dwo l
ud e mi g h u ih n h s .
u y G h d o c w f h e tnc s mpo e u d
wi
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nm co ec i l or c ure l ' a t c tE orecl a we e t t çhe we e no t
ns utvey
onc r nty,' nd he our G r ty ns r d ha t y r t o
c
c
once t m s ve wih wha ha ne a tr r .' Hiksv. Di. De tofConn N o.CL1
m he el s t
t ppe d fe wa ds'i c
r. p'
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2 3, t7( . r Ct J 9, 1 ) ECF No. 8 Ata h.
0 a Va Ci. . un 20 5 ,
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h tt a a o r noe ,h

til u g ' a we wa ac re tsae n o lw.Vie v. n y, 5 F.d 3 2 3 9( t Ci.
ra j d es ns r s or c ttme t f a
n s Mu c 5 3 2 4 , 4 4h r
1 7 ) (( h pl s me tfx d b t j r i no fn lo a s lt,sn e is fn i o t
9 7 < Tj e nih n le y he u y s t i a r b oue i c t idng n he
1

p o e p nih n i s b e tt s s nso b tetil u g ...Th v r ito tej r i t
r p r u s me t s u j c o u pe in y h ra j d e
e e dc f h u y s he
fxi ofma mum punihme whi ma bes r ed. Couns li noti feci f fii t
i ng
xi
s nt ch y e v '
l.
e s nef tve or alng o

ma ea f tl o j cin. S e M o d v.P l 4 F.d 1 ,1 (t Ci 2 0 )(o dn t a
k ui be to e
e
o y ok, 08 3 41 51 4 h n 0 5 h l ig h t
c t e i n trq ie t fl âi oo smo in )
oms l s o e u rd o ie v lu to s.
8 Oxyt i i a hor
ocn s
mone us d as a medi ton t f iiat chidbit, pr s bl Hi me nt t
e
cai o aclt e l rh' e uma y cks a he
pr s rptonpankilr Oxycon i
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tn.

I Cli 5 Hiks a g e ta c t e wa i efcie f r f ing t o jc t M s
n am , c r u s h t oms l s n fe tv o al o be t o .
i
Fi hn ' t si ony be a e i wa f le. Howe r c el c le d M s Fi hn '
nc m s e tm
c us t s a s
ve , ouns hal nge
. nc m s
i n ii a i t si o by c tng doubton he a lt t s e, hr
de tfc ton e tm ny
msi
r biiy o e t ough f ige a whiedrvi
ola nd
l i ng,

wh twa g ig o i fo t Cld Del g rs h me Tr 2 - 4 (ço o e y u p s te
a s on n n r n y e li e ' o . . 717 ç nc o a s h
n
S
d e y i yo wil a yviw o t i ae wo l beb o k db te s c re t '. Hik fist
dv wa ,f u l, n e f hs r a ud l c e y re , o rct) c s al o
l
s w t tc t e' d cso no t o j c wa i fe tv a ssa eo c u s lb c u ep tig
ho ha oms ls e iin t o be t s nefcie sitnc f o n e e a s u t
n
tece blt o Ms Fic m' tsi n t t ej r b c si d u to h re e t s cams
h rdii y f . n hn s etmo y o h u y y a t o b n e y wi s li
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ne
c udha eb e ar a o a l tiltci .Se Ar l v. t,1 3F.d 1 5 ,1 2 6 (t Ci.
o l v e n e s n b e ra a tc e nod Evat 1 3 3 2 36 - 3 4h r

1 9 )( t e' d cso t p t win s'ce i ii t tej r i ta o o j cig c udha e
9 7 Coms ls e iin o u a t e s rd blt o h u y nse d f b e tn o l v
y
be np r o ar a o a l til tae y .
e a t f e s n be ra srtg )
l Cli 6 Hiksc n e d ta c u s l si fe tv f rf iigt o j c o mo efra
n am , c o tn s h t o n e wa nefcie o aln o b e t r v o
m iti lwhe t Com mon e lh i toduc a . c i fr n m i o e de e,ast wea
sra
n he
w at n r ed 40 alber ie r nt vi nc
he pon

Gn lme a dprj d c dt j r t c nvcin' Hik p o et t a t e .0 c l rpitlwa
G fn d n eu ie he u y o o ito . c s r tss h t h 4 ai so s
i
'
be
ir l va a un c s rl i mm aor i t Cl De lnge ti be us c ms l ha
re e nt nd ne es a iy nia
t y n he yde li r ral ca e ot e d
s e s uly s ve e c r
ucc s f l e r d ha ges r ga di ot r fr n ms i l ng t .40 cai r wea
e r ng he ie r , nc udi he
lbe
pon.
,

Ne rhe e s t . c i rsr r wasr lva be a eHi ksha ta t . cai rpit
ve t l s , he 40 albe en m
ee nt c us c
d r ded he 40 lbe sol
f rt . cai rsr r us d t s
o he 38 lbe en m e o hootCl De lnge .Tr 1 9 208- .
yde li r . 69- 2,
211

Fu t r h camst tc u s lwa i efcie f rn to j ci t t e ifn t r
rhe, e li ha o n e s n fe tv o o be tng o h n lmmao y
n tteo t e i n e Ho v r te d cso n tt o j c9wa av 1d ti lsr t gy, b c u e
at f he vde c . we e, h e iin o o be t s ai ra ta e e a s
r
a o j cin c u dha e d a tej r satn in e n fzte t t ee d nc . S eEva sv.
n be to o l v r wn h u y' te to ve t h r o h vie e e
r
n

Tho s n 88 F.d 1 7 1 5( t Ci.1 9 ( o dn ta d cdngwh t e t o j c o n t sa
mo o , 1 2 1 , 2 4h r 98 ) h l ig h t e ii
eh r o b e t r o i
9I c u slh d oj ce t te i lmmaoy n tr o te e d n e i wo l h v b e te sc n
f o n e a b etd o h nfa tr aue f h vie c , t ud a e e n h e o d
o j cin rg r ig te sme e ie c . Co nslh d ara y oj ce o rlv nc go n s K o sl:You
be to e adn h a vd n e u e a le d be td n ee a e ru d : r un e) r
Ho r Im g ig t o j c t ter lv n eo s mehn t tto pa e i J n ay o 20 0' Tr 1 . Th
no, ' on o be t o h ee a c f o tig ha o k lc n a u r f 1 . . 71 e
'

Co n at ct ee:4- i ( 0cl e)fer .. i g igt b cn etdwi t sc n ! nta we
mmowel omtrd tl s . ai r i am .s on o e o n ce t he eo d u ht
h
llh 4 b r
h
beiv wa tes oigwe p n.An s i' n c sayt plc g e.0c l r g ni ( c s)p seso 'I.
le e s h ho tn a o
d o ts e e sr o a e t 4 ai ) u n Hik ' o sslm' d
h
be

tcia d cso ta l to n y ma r ui eyl; o r v. ie S e , 3 F. u p. 2 7 7
a tc l e iin h t t tr e s ke o tn l' M o e Untd uts 9 4 S p 7 4, 2
a
( D. .1 9 )(t d e ,a1 a tto r r c g iet tn ti rq e ty i i b te t r man
E. Va 9 6 Gn e d l prci nes e o nz ha o nfe u n l, t s etr o e i
l
i

sln t a t d a atni n t a matr b o fdn a o j cin. Co rs to r c g ie
ie t h n o rw te to o
te y fe g n b e to
u t, o , e o nz
c un e' a tno i srtg ctil e vo .)
o s ls u o my n tae i ra b ha ir' .
'
I Cli 7 Hiks sae h t c u s lwa ie fci f r fiig t o j c t Cl e
n am , c tt sta o n e s n fe t o al o b e t o yd
ve
n
Del g rstsi n be a e Cld wa o Ox n i ml ha j s b e s t s e i al ,
li e ' etmo y c us y e s n yco tn d d u t e n ho; p cfc ly
n
co elf ie t fl a m oton t obti Cl s t c ogy r por,ha a c
uns al d o ie
i o a n yde' oxi ol
e t ve ompe e y he rng,
t nc a i
ent t s l
r ni aw ça
oroutihte l Cl ' t tmony a a i ompet wines .o Under Vigi a l , lll
rg xcude yde s esi
s n nc

win s i c mp tn t tsiy. . i he ç se s l) t e c p ct t o e v , r c le t
t e s s o ee t o etf . f
po ss es h a a iy o bsr e e olc,
c muni ae e n s a i elge l fn e a we st t quesi as d ofhi orhe wih a
om
c t ve t , nd nt li nty r m ns r o he
tons ke
m
r t
c c o nes ofa dut t s a t t uh.' J sv.Com monwe 1h,526 S. 2d 281 287ons i us s
y o pe k he r t '' one
at
E.
,
88

( . . p. 0 )(uoi Gre wa v. mmo we 1h 4 7S. 2 2 4, 27( .1 9 :.I
Va CtAp 20 0 q tng e n v Co n at , 8 E.d 2 2 Va 9 7 n
hi pe ii n,Hi ks al ge t tbe a e Cl sured hi wor ,ha r ce l 'nde gone s ve e
s tto
c le s ha c us yde l r
s ds d e nty u r
e r
ta l a,a wa o pankilr ,he wa a i ompee wines . Howe r wine sco pe e y
r lm nd s n i le s
s n nc
tnt t s
ve , t s m t nc
i an e r m ey l ba , a Hi ks f is as a m a tr of 1w t al ge s fc e t f c s t
s
xte l ow r nd c a l
te
a o le ufi i n a t o
de onsr t t tCl wasi ompe e t1
m tae ha yde
nc
tn . 1

1 TheAsitntAto ne Gene a i t pr s ntca ei epr td Hiks'pe ii asi f tveas itnc of
0
ssa
tr y
r l n he e e s ntr ee c
tton nefeci ssa e

c u s lfrtal gt oj c t Pa l Del g rstsi n o tego n ta s eusdOx co t ' Rep'' Br
o n e o l in o b et o ua ln e' etmo y n h ru d h t h e y ni ' s ts .
fi
i
n.
1 ECF No.1 Howe r Hiks flngs ce l r frt Cl Deli rbei i
5,
8.
ve , c ' ii lary ee o yde lnge ng ncompee t tsiy,notPa a
tnt o e tf
ul

Del g r 1 -Del g rwa o Ox n t a tetmeo tsi n a d silu e a d co ' cr . Pe '
ln e: 4 . li e s n ycogli t h i f etmo y n tl nd r o trs ae' frs
i
M1
n
n
'
S p .t Am.P t 2 -4 ECF No 7 Atah 1 Alo ; .Del g rha iultga me t i hsbri wa
u pl o
e. 32 ,
. , tc . s, $
Mr ln e d b le g nus n i an, s
i
su ig wo d , tme r o e e t gi) a d wa o ( y lji)an roi wi o tad co Eq c n e t'
lnfn ) r s no moy f v ns sc, n s n Ox contn ac t t u o tr's o s n '
c h
Pe ' Res t M ot t Dimis6,ECF No.27. Thesaeha ascom'as a e s d t cl m asPa aDeli r
frs p. o . o s s
tt be
t lo ddr s e he ai
ul
lnge
usng Oxyco i Re r e s ofHiks'i e i Cl m 7,he a s rsno e de t tPa a Delngerwa on
i
ntn. ga dls
c ntnt n ai
set
vi nce ha ul li
s

Oxycontn att tme ofhe t si
i he i
r etmony;t r or ,i t cai wasmea t rf rt Pa a Deli r i i sil
heef e f he l m
nt o e e o ul lnge , t s tl
wihoutm e i.
t
rt
1 Att t e hol , Eede a ha a co pusr i doesno le f ero sofsae l 'be aus Gi i nott
1 he k s d ç r l be s r
f
elef
t i or r r
tt aw' c e it s
he
pr nc of a f de a habe cour t r xami sae c tdee mi tons on sae-a que tons' Esel v.
ovi e
e rl
as
t o ee ne tt- our tr na i
tt lw
si .' tle

Mc ie 5 2 U. 6 6 - 8( 9 )( odn t tfd rlh b a c u t cu o l rve saec u td cso so
Gur, 0 S. 2, 7 6 1 91 h lig ha e ea a e s o rs a ny e iw tt-o r e iin n
sae1w i ted cso wa s o ta e u a t voaed epocs) l Vigna Gth a misblyo e ie c i
tt a fh e iin s o urg o s s o ilt u r es. n rii, lje d siii f vd n e s
t
wihi t dic ei oft ti c ' a alhough t Vigi a Cour ofAppe s di notdiecl a e s a
t n he s r ton he ral oul ' nd t , he r ni
t
al d
r ty ddr s

1
3

To s
uppor hi c am ,Hi ks m e e y o lys t po e il sde e f c s of Oxycontn,a
t s li
c
r l uta he t nta i fe t
i
ge a c uton r ga d ng isus i e de l a de lt t pa int ,a a a lga i n t tCl
ner l a i e r i t e n l ry nd biiaed te s nd n le to ha yde
di no ha a vai pr s dpton. Hi sae e sa e s fs r i a c us r a he of e s
d t ve
ld e c i
s t tm nt r el- e vng nd oncl o y nd
fr

n p o fta Cldewa s d b l ae b hi ij r a alg dp i kle us t a ito u to o
o ro h t y
s o e ii td y s nu y nd le e an ilr e h t nr d cin f
t
t t si
he e tmony i o e de e vi aed Hiks c nsiu i lrg s
nt vi nc ol t
c ' o tt tona i ht .Rega dl s co ms ' dec son
r es , t els ii

n tt o j c t t si n a d i ta pu tewin s e 'c e iii t t ej r c ul h v be n
o o b e t o e tmo y n nse d t h t e s s r db ly o h u y o d a e e
t
.

pa tofar as bl ti lsr t t e or c ms lspe f m a e wa notdek intast Cli
r
e ona e ra taegy; her f e, ot e ' ror nc
s
t e
o am
7. Se Ar d,11 F. a 1 2e nol 3 3d t 36 63.

F rh r Hik f ist d mo taeprj d c fo c t e' f i r t o jc i Cli 2,
u te, c s al o e nsr t eu ie r m omsls al e o be t n ams
u
5, 6, a
nd

Se Untd Sae v.W o d 8 9 F. 9 7 9 3 3 ( C.Ci. 1 8 ) (iig
e ie tts
o , 7 2d 2 , 3 - 4 D. r 9 9 ctn

Ki l nv. o ts n 47 U. 3 5 3 5 (98 ) C ( op e al n acam o ief cie e s
mmema M rio , 7 S. 6 , 7 1 6 ) ûTq r v i o li f n fe tv n s
of c
ouns l a de e nt m us s
e,
f nda
t how t t t r i a te ona e pr biiy t t but f t
ha he e s r as bl oba lt ha,
or he
c ms lst of s i ler r ,t r s toft pr e di wotl ha be n dif r nt ...t
ot e ' mpr e sona r o s he e ul he oc e ng ld ve e fe e '
he

d fn a tmu ts o t tte ( cam ha mei a dt a t eewa ara o a l p s iii t t
ee d n s h w ha h q li s rt n h t h r s e s n b e o sblt ha
y
t ev r itwo l h v b e dfee t. .' .Hik ma e n s c s wi g tu ,Cli 2 5
h e dc ud a e e n ifrn . .) c s k s o u h ho n ; h s ams , ,
'
6,a 7 do nots ts y et rpr unde Stikl nd,a a eno Gs t nta 'unde M a tne
nd
a if ihe ong
r rc a
nd r t tubsa il'
r ri z.

c
ompeenc is ,t c tdi uphol t ti c tsr i t tCl ' tsi
t y sue he our d
d he ral our' ulng ha ydes e tmony wa ad s i e unde he r a
s misbl
r asy

e c pin . Hik v Co n at,7 SE.d 7 ,7 2 5 ( .Ct Ap 201 ) I hspeiin,Hik cts
x e to s c s . mmo we 1 25 . 2 48 5 - 5 Va . p. 2. n i tt
h
o cs i
e
UntdSae v Lasn 5 6F.d7 9(t Ci.1 7 )a Harsv. to ,3 5F.d5 2(t Ci. 0 , tb t
i tts . ro , 9 2 5 8h r 9 9 nd ri Cotn 6 3 5 7h r 20 4)bu oh
e
c e a et ii l La s t deens r se bec us a e ul t y wines a r d t be u vaia e,bu
as s r mavalng. n ren, he f e e td a e n xc paor t s ppea e o
na lbl t

t wi s b cmea albes rl atra dr o nn tec s wo l n th v peudc d t g en n. I
he me s e n v ia l hot fe n e pe ig h a e ud o a e rj ie he ov rme t n
y
Ha rs c m s w a i feci i a mur rti f f ii t obti at col r po twhih woul ha s
ri, ol el s ne f tve n
de ral or alng o an oxi ogy e r
c
d ve hown
t tt vitm ha bee unde t i l nce of ac
ha he ci d n
r he nfue
lohola c i a t tme t peii r kil t vitm.
nd ocane t he i he ttone led he ci
Be aus t peiine asere a s l- e e a g entand t t c ogy r por r fece upon t vi i '
c e he tto r s td
efdefns r um
he oxiol
e t e l td
he ctm s

be a ira tetmeo tevci sd ah,h rpo tç scic lo Eh peiin rs d fn e' 3 F.da 5 6
h vo t h i f h it
m' et te e r ç
wa rt a t te t o e ') ee s . 65 3 t 5 .
i
t
'

Hik ddno h v awi esb cmea albeatrted fns rse b tb fr coigaj met l i Lasn;
cs i t a e t s eo vial fe h ee e etd u eoe lsn ru ns i n ro
n
ke

Cl Deli rwa nota e paor wines ,a hedi beor ti .Alo,unlket peli ri Ha rs Hiks
yde lnge s
n xcul t y t s nd
ed f e ral s
i he ttone n ri, c
doesnotar e t the s Cl i s fde e e a t tco elwa i f tve f notobti ng a t c ogy
gu ha
hot yde n el- f ns nd ha uns
s nefeci or
ani
oxiol
r po of Cl a t tme oft s i i t d,he agues t tco elwas i fe tve f no o ani a
e rt
yde t he i
he hootng; nsea
r
ha uns
nef ci or t bt i ng
t c ogyr por a t tmeofCl stsi
oxiol e t t he i
yde' e tmony.

14

ii
i.

Cl m 3
ai

I Cli 3,Hiksa s rst tcom s lwapi feci f rf lng t c lOf rFi hn
n am
c s e t ha t e
ne f tve o aii o al fce nc m
as a de e e wine s t t siy a
f ns
t s o e tf bout wha he ha t d J m e Ha l y t s y a
t
d ol a s cde o a bout hi
s
i ntfc ton o Hi ks a wha Ofi e Fi ha t d hi m o he ,br he ,a sse -n-a t
de i a i f c nd
t fc r nc m ol s t r ot r nd it r i lw o
s y a utHiks c e.TheRa hn
a bo
c ' as
ppa nnoc Co mt Cic tCou hel t :
k t y r ui
rt d hat

Elheewa no e de e Ofie Fi hnm tza d f hi fmiyt t tf a
' r s vi nc fc r nc
T
ar nge or s n l o esiy nd
i e tf Mr Hik . F rh r t e Ea tt a ( c rFi h mlwa a o fc ro
d niy . c s' u te , h f c h t Ox e nc n
s n fie n
s e a dhi moh rtsi dt a s s w M1 Hik a Eh v ci ss o )o te
c ne n s te e tfe h t he a . c s t t e it
.
m' h p n h
da i q si was br
y n ue ton
ought out durng c os - m i ton a a gu a
i
r sexn na i
nd r ed t

s ntncng. And, defns c ms l sae t t thlr i ntsc ton of t
e e i '
'
e e ot e tts ha l e de i ai
he
d f n a twa s be tt co se n n to a d is ce i l y o lc t ee f
e e d n s u j c o r s -x miain n t rdbit , r a k h ro ,
i
wa a gue d li c osng a pl nt'
s r d trng l i r me .

Hiks v Co n at ,No.CL1 - 0 ,a 9 1 ( .Ci.Ct J n.9 2 5 ,ECF No.1 ,
c . mmo we lh
3 2 3 t - 0 Va r . u , 01 )
8
Ata h.6. The co ta e wih t sa e ha as c ts a yss Hi ks doe notofe a
tc
ur gr es t he t t be our' nal i . c
s
f r ny
s
uppori f c s f r hi c l o y al ga i of a Fi ha c piac t ha Ha kl y a
t a t o s onc us r le ton
ng
nc m ons r y o ve c e nd
f m iy m e r t tf a ns Hiks Re r e s Hiks ha not pr f r a a sda t of
a l
mbe s esiy gai t c .
ga dl s , c
s
ofe ed n f vi
Ofke Fi hn ' pur re f vor bl t tmony, c pr sf t lt hi cli . SeeBea rv.
f r nc m s po td a a e esi
wM h ove a a o s a m
ve

Th mp o 9 F.d 1 8 ,1 9 (t Ci.1 9 ) Fu te , oms l st tla to iy t ma a e
o s n, 3 3 1 6 1 5 4 h r 9 6 . rh r c t e ha ç z uh rt o n g
fl
t c n u to t til. .a lt ecin mus a c p t c n e u nc so t lwy rsd cso
he o d c f he ra . lnd h le t t e e t he o s q e e f he a e ' e iin
t f r o co se n n t n,(r t d cd n tt p tc ran wi se o t sa d. Ta l rv
o o g r s-x miai o) o e i e o o u e ti t s s n he tn ' y o .
o
ne
'
Iln i, 4U. 4 , 8( 9 8 .Be a s Ofi e Fnc n G udn tc o rt wi d fns
lio s 48 S. 00 41 1 8 ) c u e tc r i h m l l o o peae t ee e
wo
h
c ms l a woul nothave ha a hi f vo a e t s f r t def ns ,'co ms lm a a
ot e nd
d
d nyt ng a r bl o ay o he e e' t e
de
r as bl t t c lde i i n t notc l O o ce Fi hnm t t tf H i ks v.Com m o e t N o.
e ona e ac i a c s o o
al
r nc
o es iy. c
nw alh,

CL1 - 0 a 8 ( . r Ct Jm. , 1 ) ECF No 1 , tc .6
32 3, t Va Ci. . t 9 20 5 ,
. 8 Ata h .Thee oe Cli 3 d e n t
rf r , am o s o
s ts y et rpr ofStill nd a i notû ubsa i l'
ai f ihe ong
rcca nd s
& t nta 'unde M a tne
s
r ri z.

i
v. Cl i 4
am

I Cl m 4,Hi ks a gu t t c ms l wa i f c i whe s f l t i tga e
n ai
c r es ha ot e
s nefe tve
n he aied o nvesi t

J s Hàcce i or rt c l nge hi t tm ony o fl a moton t ha Ha kl y' saeme
ame
lly n de o hale
s esi
r ie
i o ve c e s t t nt
diq lfe a he r a Fis,Hi kshasnotde onsr t d wha f vor bl e de e woul ha
s uaii d s a s y. r t c
m ta e
t a a e vi nc
d ve

r s td fo iv siain. S e Be ve,9 F.d a 1 9 C( n alg to o ia e u t
eul r m n e tg to
e
e a r 3 3 t 1 5 A) le ain f n d q ae
i si to does no wara ha s r i a en a pr f of wha f vo a e e de e or
nve tgai n
t r nt bea elef bs t
ofer
t a r bl vi nc

tsi n wo l h v b e p o u e . S c nd Hiksh sn td mo srtd h w a dto a
e t y ud a e e n r d c d' e o , c a o e n tae o d iin l
mo
).
i si a i wo d ha a f t t out ome oft ti l SeeM oa
nve tg ton ul ve feced he c
he ra .
wad v.Ande s 1 F.
r on, 43 3d

9 2,9 8 (t Ci.1 98 CA d f n a twho alg sa fiu et i v si ae o te p r o h s
4 4 5h r 9 )
ee d n
l e al r o n e tg t n h a t f i
e
co ms m us alege wih s cfct wha t i tga i woul ha r veaed a how i
t el
t l
t pe ii iy
t he nvesi ton
d ve e l nd
t

wo l h v atr d t e o to o t e ti1'. GW jto ta s cfc a tnn tv s o n o
ud a e l e h uc me f h ra .) l i u pe ii, fi aie h wig f
e
' l h
wha t m isng e de e o t si o woul ha be n .
t he s i vi nc r e tm ny
d ve e

:t i ve y difc t t as es
i s r f ul o s s

whehe co els pe f ma was de i e ,a ne dy i
t r uns ' r or nce
fcint nd a mpos i e t de e mi whe he t
sbl o t r ne
t r he

p tto e wa p eudc db a y d fce isi c u t ef r n e'l An es nv. li ,1
eiin r s rj ie y n eiince n o r p ro ma c .'. d ro Co l 8
'
ns
F.d 1 0 ,1 21(t Ci.1 9 )(u tn Untd Sae e rlPa tev La e 9 F.d6 4 701
3 2 8 2 5h r 9 4 q o ig ie tts x e. re . n , 26 2 9 ,

( t Ci.1 91) Attil Hiksdd c n rd c Ha kly' tsi n sih l b sai g t the
7h r 9 ). ra, e i o ta it c e s etmo y l ty y ttn ha
g
had ne r m e Ha e None hees ,Cl i 4 i e iey t u
ve
t ckly.
t l s am
s ntr l ms ppored by f c s he does not
t
a t:
alege s cii f a e e de et ti si ton woul ha r ve l d,a he doe no s
l
pe fc avor bl vi nc ha nve tga i
d ve e a e nd
s t how
how a i si ton ofHac e woul ha a f t t out ome o t til
n nve tga i
kly
d ve feced he c
f he ra .
Furhe , H i co pl ns t t H acde s t tm ony s ul ha bee di qualf e a
t r cks m ai ha
l y' esi
ho d ve
n s ii d s

he s y. Ho ve ,Ha kl y ha pe s
ar a
we r c e d r onalknowldge o t f t t ryi hi t tm o Fis,
e
f he acs mde l ng s esi ny. rt
Ha l y t tse t tCl had i r e Hikst Ha kly a ç ommy Tho ps m ' Tr 238.
cde esi d ha yde
ntoduc d c o c e s T
m o ' .
Se nd,Ha kl y t tfed t t he kne t t Cl ge r l c ni d a sgnii a n ot of
co
c e esii ha
w ha yde ne aly a e
i fc nt m mt

m one o hi pe s n be a e Cl r n a c h busnes a had m a c
y n s r o c us yde a
as
i s nd
de hangef rHa kly a tr
o c e fe
pur ha e a r pais Tr 240- Co e wa noti feci f r f ii t m a a âi ous
c s s nd e r . .
43. uns l s
ne f tve o alng o ke
vol
m oton. See M oody,408 F. a 1 . The e or ,Cl i 4 doe not s ts y et r pr ng of
i
3d t 51
r f e am
s
a if ihe o
Stikl nd a i notts t ta'underM ari .
rc a nd s
&ubsan i l'
tnez
v. Cl i 8
am
I Cl m 8,Hi a g st tc
n ai
cks r ue ha ouns lwa i fe tve f f ii t as t sae f e i
e s ne f c i or alng o k he tt or nsc
s e itwhy,i Cl De lnge had bee s fom i i t bl c r prm e r sdue had no
cints
f yde li r
n hot r nsde he ue a , i r e i
t
bee f
n ound i va i pl c i t ca ,o Cl Delnge ' cl hes a o Cl De lnge
n rous a es n he r n yde li rs ot , nd n yde li r
hi ef I hi pe ii n,Hiks a ks que to wihout a tmptng t a we t m a m a s
ms l. n s tto
c s
si ns t
te i o ns r he nd ke
co l or sa e e s abo how,i c
ncus y tt m nt
ut
f ouns lha q si ne t s i ts,t t tmony woul
e d ue to d he cen it he esi
d
ha bee f vor bl Una we ed que to a l al c usons l c ng f c ua s
ve
n a a e.
ns r
si ns nd eg oncl i
a ki a t l uppor
t
cn
nnot s ts y t def r nta sa r t r Stiklnd. M o e r whe co e c os a if he
e e il t nda d mde rc a
r ove ,
n uns l r s
e mi d t f e i o fc r c
xn ne he or nsc fi e , ouns l q si
e ue toned ma a pe t of t f e i pr e s
ny s c s
he or nsc oc s ,
i l ng whe e t i tga o gahe e t prm e , t pos i lt of ta f r nc of t
ncudi
r he nvesi t r t r d he i r he
sbiiy
r nse e e
he
prm e ,a t i biiy oft f e i s e itt de e mi how ol t prme s
i r nd he na lt
he or nsc cints o t r ne
d he i r ampl wa .
e s
Tr 444- I ge r l ha sco t t r r uc a t s ond gu st t c i ofti ll
.
45. n ne a , bea urs t e el t nt o ec
a
es he a tcs ra awye s'
r,
'
a wine squesi ng i a m a troftilsr tgy. Goods v.Unied St t ,56 F. 1 ,
nd t s
toni s
te
ra tae
on
t
aes 4 2d 071

1 7 (t Ci.1 7 ) ee o e Cli 8d sno s tsy et rpr n u d rS rc a d i no
0 2 4h r 9 7 .Th rf r , am oe t aif i
he o g n e tikln s t
ç ubsa il'mde M ari z.
G tnta 't r
s
tne
Cl m 9
ai

l Cli 9 Hik alg st a c u s lwa ief cief rno noiyngt j r ta J l
n am , c s le e h t o n e s n fe tv o t tf i he u y h t om
M ccoy ha f ie t i ntf Hi i c lta t m a t twaswih Cl Delnge a ot t
d a ld o de iy cks n otr s he n ha
t yde li r r md he
tm e oft s i M c
i
he hootng. coy t si d t the s w a ma s a ng t De lnge o t ni htof
e tfe ha
a
n pe ki o li r n he g

J me 1 , butM cco di notr cog z hi .2 M c
t 0
nw at s
y d
e nie m :
coy sa e i r pons t t Comm o e lh'
tt d n es e o he

q sinng t t t ma c ul ha e b e Hik ,b t c u s l o j ce t t e a we a
ueto i ha he n o d v e n c s u o n e be td o h ns r s
s c ltv , ih tetil o r s san d.Tr 28 - 8 Afe c u s lss san d o j cin,h
pe uaie whc h ra c u t u ti e
. 7 8 . tr o n e' u ti e b e to te

jzy wa wela r t tM c y h df ie t i e tf Hik a t ema wi Deln e o t e
t
r s l wa e ha co a ald o d niy c s s h n t lig r n h
h
nih o te s o tn . Hik c n o s o de in p rb ma c o prj ie fo c t e'
g t f h h oi g c s n n t h w fce t e lr n e r eudc r m oms ls

f i r t rieaek o fcst tej r .Th r fr ,Cli 9 d e n ts tsy et e p o g o
al e o etrt n wn a t o h u y ee o e am o s o aif ih r r n f
u
Stiklnd a i notç ubsa il'
rc a nd s
G t nta 'unde M a t z.
s
r ri
ne
VI
.

For t r s ns sae t c twil gr nt t moton t dimis Al c am s a e
he ea o t td, he our l a he
i o s s. l li
r
pr e a l ba r wiho e us a or no c za e on f r l ha as r vi w. An
oc dm ly red t ut xc e nd/
t ogni bl
ede a be e e
appr it or rwile e t sda
opra e de l nt r hi y.
The Cl r i dieced t s nd c e oft s me or ndum o ni and a c pa ng
e k s r t o e opi s
hi m a
pi on
c om nyi
or rt Hiksa t c
de o c nd o ouns lofr c d f Res
e
e or or ponde .
nt
M

E R: i :9 dyo zn, 0 7
NTE Ths
a r u e2 1 .

ChifUnie St t sDititJ
e
t d a e src udge

1 R s w ( ma a Deln e')b tldd 'rc g iehm, n Idd 'ge aral g o lo a hm. Tr
2 I a a n t lig rs, u int e o nz i a d int t e l o d o k t i ' .
y
'
284.

18