Hicks v. Virginia Department of Corrections
Filing
28
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 6/27/2017. (slt)
CLERK'Ar Q; U,:. 8T. ti
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FIED
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I THE UNI
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TED STATES DI
STRI COURT
CT
FO R TH E W ESTERN DISTR I O F V I G I I
CT
R N A
R O AN O K E DI I O N
V SI
TH OM S L.HI S;
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N 2 7 9?
1
J LA C.
I D
BY:
CASE NO .7:
16CV00384
c RK
CL
ERK
Pettoner
ii ,
V.
M EM O R AN D UM O PI I N
N O
DI
RECTOR,W RGI A
NI
D EPA RTM ENT O F C O R RE CTI N S,
O
R e ponde .
s
nt
By:H on.Gln E.Conr
e
ad
C hi fU nie St e D i t i tJudge
e
t d at s s r c
Thom a L.Hiks a Vigi a i ae pr e ng pr K ,fl t s pe ii n f a wrtof
s
c ,
r ni nm t oc edi
o
ed hi tto or
i
h b a c r u ,p ru n t 28U.. j2 4,c aln i te v ldt o h sc ni e n o a
a e s op s us a t o
SC. 25 h le gng h ai iy f i o fn me t n
fnalor r by t Ra hn
i
de
he ppa nnoc Cot y Cic t Cour c ci hi of a tmpt d m ur r
k
mt r ui
t onvi tng m
te e
de ,
malcouswoundi us ofa fr a i t c m m iso ofa f l
ii
ng, e
ie nn n he o
sin
eony,a r r Re ponde
nd obbe y. s
nt
fl d a m o i t dim is a Hi r s
ie
ton o j s , nd cks e ponde m adng t ma tr rpe f diposton. Afe
d, l
he te i or s ii
tr
r vi w oft r or t c rt ncude t tt pe ii m us bedim is d.
e e
he ec d, he ou co l s ha he tton
t
s se
1
.
A. FacualBac gr nd
t
k ou
Ar und 8 P. .on Jm e 1 2010,Cl G c 'Deli erwasi hi fontya d whe he
o
M
l
0,
yde va k' lng
n sr
r
n
wa s i t f e a r d oft ca h i hi poc t Da e a Pa a Delnge ,Cl s
s hot n he ac nd obbe
he s n s ke . ni l nd ul li r yde'
s a da ht ri lw, we e d ng ho e a ot t s m e tm e as t s i . l They
on nd ug e -n-a
r dvi
m r md he n
i
he hootng
notc d Cl l ng on hi bac i t ya d a r hedt c c on hi . Da e r n up a as
ie yde yi
s k n he r nd us
o he k
m
ni l a
nd ked
Cl wha ha ha ne a i he ne d hep. As Cl 1 t r bl di he e ie y
yde
t d ppe d nd f
ede l
yde ay he e ee ng,
xct dl
sa e R-e s me,Da el a her bbe m e' Hiksv.Comm o
t t d: l hot
l
ni , nd
o d .' c
nweat 725 S. 2d 748 751
1h,
E.
,
( .Ct App. 2) niltsii 1 gue sE ydelt hthewasg
Va .
201 .Da e etfed,1 s cl
1
houg
onnano ma i,s he
t ke t o
j tg veif r to a d a1hec u d' JL S i o t eg o n i apo lo boo ,Cl et l
us a n o main n l o l . - tl n h r u d n o f l d yd od
'I
. l
1Dani andPa alvedbehi Cl .
el
ul i
nd yde
.
Da e t tTom Thomps orTho a on, s ota r d hi . l anilt tfe t tCl de
ni l ha
on,
m s 2 h nd obbe m r e esii d ha y
m a t s sa e nt tpont ousy'r t rt n i r s ns t s t i d q si ng. Cl
de he e t t me s s ane l a he ha n e po e o usane ue toni
yde
alo i r d ofli s wheherhe woul ge s e hep and whe he he c d t ke hi t t
s nquie
zs on
t
d t om
l
t r
oul a
m o he
hos t l' I
pia - d.
'
Pa a ha c le 911 a Cl r m aned co ci durng t s r wai f hep t
ul d a ld
, nd yde e i
ns ous i he ho t t or l o
n ve. ç ul t tfed t tt r ç san ur ncy i li voie,t theha t t l usa muc a
ni
t a esi
pa
ha he e wa
ge
n ls c ha
d o el s
h s
he c ul Ibeive,bec us he wan' sze i he wa goi t ma i.' J W hie on t
o d, le
a e
s t tr f
s ng o ke t'' Z
l
he
gr md,Cl ha a a o otve be ti hi ha whih he t l Da ela Paul t the had
ot
yde d n ut m i
l n s nd, c
o d ni nd
a ha
s ntt
e Tom ' t Cul pe t r t ve. Cl alo t ndia e t tt betwasve y i ra t
' o pe r o e de
yde s t c t d ha he l
i
r mpo tnt o
fndi & .' l
i ng Tom '' d
Cl lt rt tfed a Hi ks pr lmi r he rng a i ntfe hi a t ma who s
yde a e esii t c ' ei na y a i nd de ii d m s he n
hot
a r d hi . Be or til Cl did of c us s um ea e t t s i
nd obbe m
f e ra , yde e
a e
lt d o he hootng. Afe Cl '
tr yde s
de t t Com monwe t fl d a pr t lmoton t alow Cl s sa e nt t Dn ela hi
a h, he
alh ie
e da
i o l
yde' t t me s o ni nd s
sa e nt a t pr lmi r he rng t be al wed i o e denc unde hea s y exc ptons
t t me s t he ei na y a i o
lo
nt vi e
r ra
e i :
e t ute a ofavi tm now de a e a t pr i i r hea t s i
xcied tr nce
ci
ce s d, nd he elm na y dng e tmony ofo who i
ne
s
now de a e The ti lc tg a t d t moton and a l d t t si o a sa e nt i o
ce s d.
ra our r n e he
i
lowe he e tm ny nd t t me s nt
e de e.
vi nc
#. Pr edu alH it y
oc r
s or
Thejly c n it dHikso atmp e mt d r maiiu wo n i g u eo afr n m i
t o v ce c f te td z e, lco s u d n , s f ie r n
r
r
t c
he ommison of. flny,a r bbey,a t ti c ti e t j y' a egae
si
a eo nd o r nd he ral our mpos d he ur s ggr t
s ntnc off t ei - r 'i io e .Hiksa a e a gui t tt cr ui c te ed
e e e ory- ghtyea s mprs nm nt c ppe l d, r ng ha he ic t our n'
b ()z l t a sae nso Cld Del e, h alg dv ci c ud c meit e d n ea
y 1 ' i h t ttme t f y e li r t e le e itm, o l o n o vie c s
u ng
ng
a e ctd u trnc e c pi n t te h a sy r l,a d ()b alwig a tilt etsi ny o
n x ie tea e x e to o h e ra u e n 2 y l n t ra h etmo f
o
2I tgaor ltrde em i d t tH i us t aisSlom Tho ps .''
nvesi t s ae t r ne ha cks ed he la çm on
2
wine s who we e pr e a t pr lmi r he rng a who hea d t t si ony of Cl
t s es
r es nt t he e i na y a i nd
r he e tm
yde
De lnge . The Vigi a Coul o Appe s a fr e t c c ins The Supr m e Cour of
li r
r ni
' f
t
al fim d he onvi to .
e
t
Vigi at n r f s d Hi 'pe ii f a
r ni he e u e cks tton or ppea , nd f rhe de e li pe ii f r hea
l a u t r ni d ls tton or e dng.
Hiks t n tm ey fl a peii f a wrt of ha a c us i t Ra hn
c he i l ied
tton or
i
be s op
n he ppa nnoc
k
Count Cic t Cour, alegi sx cli of i feci a ssa e of c ms a f ur
y i ui
t l ng i a ms
ne f tve s it nc
ot el nd o
s t ntvecli s Fis, c cai d t tc ms lwa i feci f :
ubsa i am . r t Hi ks l me ha ot e s ne f tve or
1. f lng t m o t c tnue t pr lmi r hea i bec us a c tr pore wa not
aii o ve o on i
he e i na y
rng
a e our e tr s
pr ent
es ;
fiigt o j c wh nt j r s n t n tst t j d ed dn d lb rto
al o be t e he u y e t wo o e o he u g u g eieain;
n
f ii t c l Ofi e Fi hn a a de e e wine s t t siy a ut wha he ha t d
a lng o a l fc r nc m s
f ns t s o e tf bo
t
d ol
J m e H ac e t s y a
n s
kl y o a bouthi i ntfc ton ofH i ;
s de ii a i
cks
4. f ii t fl a moton t ha J m e Ha l y' sa e ntdiqualfe unde t he r a
a lng o e
i o ve n s cde s t t me
s i d
r he a s y
rl
ue;
f ii t c l Ofi e Fi hn asa de e e wine st t siy abouthi i ntfc to o
a lng o a l fc r nc m
f ns t s o e tf
s de iia i n r
wha t ofi rt dhi mot r br t r a sse -n-a t s y a
t he fce ol s he , o he , nd it ri lw o a boutHi ks c e;a
c ' as nd
6. fii t o j c t t t si n o Pa l Deln e , n wigt t u au e Ox co tn.
al o b e t o he etmo y f u a l g r k o n ha Pa l s d y ni
ng
i
Hiksa s alege t t
c lo l d ha :
7. M s Fi hn m a a f le sae e a tilwhe s s i s s w H iks f c ng t
. nc m
de a s t tm nt t ra
n he a d he a
c a i he
vi tm ;
ci
8. The V igi a Supr m e Cour r ed t t t t s i ony of Pa a D e lnge and She i f
r ni
e
t ul ha he e tm
ul
li r
rf
Col i Sm ih s d no ha bee a it d a t i ;
me
t houl t ve n dm te t ral
9 Th tilc u t re i alwigteCo n at t s w t j r t egm t tij d
. e ra o r er d n lo n h mmo we lh o ho he u y h t ha nme
t vitm ;a
he c i nd
10. vi tm wa no s fom t bl c rbe aus hedi no ha gun powde r i ueon
The ci
s t hot r he ue a c e
d t ve
r esd
hi .
m
The Ra hn
ppa nnoc Cot y Cic tCour gr n ed t r ponde ' m oton t dim is t co t
k
mt r ui
t a t he es
nts i o s s : he ur
f u d Cli 7 9 a d 1 b re un e S a tn v.Pa g n 20 E.d 6 0 ( 9 4 ,Cli 8
o n ams , , n 0 a rd d r lvo
ni a , 5S. 2 8 1 7 ) am
bardbyHe r v. ade 5 6 S. 2 4 5( 0 3 ,a dt therman e o tecamsddno
re
n v W r n, 7 E.d 9 2 0 ) n ha t e id r f h li i t
stsyS rc a dv. ahigtn, 6 U. 6 8( 9 4 .
aif tikln W s n o 4 6 S. 6 1 8 )
Hi ksa ald,r ie ai t s m ec am sasi t cr ui c tbutaddi a alega i
c ppe e e tr tng he a
li
n he ic t our
ng n l ton
t a t crui c u tûaldt i e tf t s b tnc o t ecamsa sre i t (tt h be s
h t he ic t o r G ie o d niy he u sa e f h li se td n he sae a a )
f
peii a sa et r s f t delalofe c c am . TheVigi a Supr me Cour r f s d
tton nd t t he ea ons or he li
a h li '
'
r ni
e
t eue
t r viw Hi ' ne cai a dim is d t r t of t peii n be us t cai s we e
o e e
cks w l m nd s s e he es
he tto
ca e he l m
r
t ae
e
p o e t al d futd u d rVigna Su e Co r Rul 5 1 ()ii. The cour lt r deni d
r c dl ly e a le n e r ii prme u t e :7 c(i)
r
Hi ks m oto t a e
c ' i n o m nd.
On J y 7,201 Hikstmel fl d a pe ii f r a m i o ha asc usi t f r
ul
6, c i y ie
tton o
t f be op
n he ede al
dititc r, al gi ni i f c i a ssa ofc
src ou t le ng ne nefe tve s it nce ouns lcli sa t s t ntve ca m s3
e am nd wo ubsa i li .
Fis,c
r t ouns lwa i f e tvef :
e s ne f c i or
Fal t ( )c n iu t p ei n r h a ig a d( )f l w Hik 'i tu to t h ve
ii o 1 o tn e he r l ay e rn , n 2 ol
ng
mi
o c s nsr ci n o a
t pr lmi r pr e ngsc i d be aus no c trpo trwa pr e ( ai 1
he ei na y oce di ontnue c e our e re s es nt Cl m
a A)
nd ;
Fal t o j c whe t ej r s n t noe t tej g d dn d l r to ( am 2
ii o b e t n h u y e t wo ts o h ud e u g ei ain Cli
ng
be
a B)
nd ;
3 Hiks r ie f cl ms i hi ame
c as s our ai n s
nded petton, a el n a to l cams i a ha wrten
ii
nd eve ddiina li n
nd it
s emen t hi peii Howeve ,Cl msB,D,a E i Hiks s pplme a ei ntca t Cl ms2,4,and3,
uppl t o s tton.
r ai
nd n c ' u e nt r de i l o ai
r peci l i Hiks a nde pe ii I or rt mi mi c u i t c tc old e and r r r d hi
es tvey, n c ' me d tton. n de o ni ze onf son, he our ons iatd
eo de e s
cams Hiks'orgi numbe i a ei pa e t s s Hiks'peii doesno haveaCl m C.
li . c
i nal
rngs r n r nhe e . c
tton
t
ai
3. Faii t cal Ofk e Fi hn as a de e e wine s t t siy a
lng o l t r nc m
f ns t s o e tf boutwha he ha t d
t
d ol
J mes Hac e t s y a
a
kly o a bout hi i ntfc ton of Hiks a wha t ofi e t d hi
s de ii a i
c nd
t he fc r ol s
mohe, r te s a d sse-n lw t s ya o t c s c s ( am 3a dE)
t r b oh r, n itri-a o a b u Hik ' a e Cli n ;
Falng t i tgae J s Hac e i or rt c le e hi t si ony a tilorfl a
ii o nvesi t nme
kly n de o ha lng s e tm
t ra
ie
mo int h veHa k e ' sae n ds uai e u d rt h a syr l ( am 4a dD)
to o a
c ly s ttme t iq lt d n e he e ra ue Cli n ;
i
5 Faln t o j c t M s Fic n ' fletsi n t a s s w Hiksa Cld ' h mea
. i g o b e t o . n h m s as e tmo y h t he a c t y es o t
i
7: P. .o Jme20,
30 M n t
2010, ndt tHi kswasf i Cl a t a tme( am F)
a ha c
acng yde t.h t i Cli ;
6 Faln t o j c t t Co n at s ds ly n o a .0 c lb r fr am d rng
. i g o b e t o he mmo we l
i
h' ipa i g f 4 ai e ie r u i
Hi ks ti whe t ti l c t ha ale y s ve e t a tonal fr nr c r
c ' ral
n he ra our d r ad e r d he ddii
ie m ha ges
( am 1)
C1i 1;
Fal t o j c t t e tsi n o Cl e Del g r kn wig t t Cld wa o
ii o b e t o h e t y f yd li e , o n ha y e s n
ng
mo
n
Ox co tn( am l;
y n i Cli )
8. Fa lng t s poe t vi tm ' c o he a f lng t as t sa e f e i s i nts
ii o ub na he ci s l t s nd aii o k he tt or nsc c e it
ce t n quesi r ga di gun po rr sdue t two d ha pr
rai
tons e r ng
wde e i
ha ul ve oved t vi tm wa
he ci
s
n ts o fo t buec rb c u eh ddn th veg np wd rrsd eo hm ( am J;
o h t r m he l a e a s e i o a u o e e iu n i Cli )
rd
Fal t b i win s J h M c y' ia l y t ie tf Hik i c u tt tej r '
ii o rng te s o n co s n bit o d n iy c s n o r o h u y s
ng
i
a tn in ( am L)
te to Cli .
Hiks alo al ge t f l ng s t tvecai s
c ' s le d he olowi ubsan i l m :
1 D e e e co m s ' af i vi pr pa e f us i t s a e ha a pr ee ng c r di t a
0. f ns t els fda t e r d or e n he t t be s oc di ont a c s
lte s n t t ep o e u o o F b u r 4 2 3( am G) a d
etr e t o h r s c t r n e r ay , 01 Cli ; n
1 . j r rle o f letsi n wh n ic n ce Hik ( am K)
1 The u y eid n as etmo y e t o vitd c s Cli .
5
Re ponde movest dim isHiks ca msaspr e al ba r d a orwihoutme i,
s
nt
o s s c ' li
oc dur ly r e nd/
t
rt
a Hikshasr ponde t t m o i
nd c
es
d o he ton.
I.
I
St
andar ofR e e
d
vi w
To obt i f de a ha asr le ,Hi ksmus de onsr t t thei Gn c t i vi a i
an e r l be e if c
t m tae ha
s l usody n olton
i
o te Co siui n o lwso te te o te Unie Sae . 28U.. j 2 5 ( Un e 2
f h n t to r a r rais f h
t
td tts'
'
SC. 2 4 $. d r 8
U. C.j2 5 4 ho ve,afd r lc u t yno g a tam ' o h be sc r u b s d o a y
S.
2 4 *, we r e ea o r ma t rn
i f a a op s ae n n
t
cam t a asaec u t e ie o t eme isu ls ta a j dc to
li h t tt o r d cd d n h rt ne s h t d u iain;
()Reu td . a d cso t twa c nrr t ,o iv l d a u ra o be
1 s le i
n e iin ha s o ta y o r n ove n n e s na l
a i to o ,c e ry esa ihed Fe r lw,a de e mi d by t Supr me
pplca in f l a l t bls
de al a s t r ne
he
e
Co toft U nie St t s or
ur
he t d a e ;
()Reul d i ad cso t t sbae o a u ra o a ed tr n to o te
2 s t n e iin ha wa s d n n n e s n bl eemiain f h
e
f c si lghtoft e de epr s nt i t St t c t oce di
at n i
he vi nc e e ed n he ae our pr e ng.
28U. C.j2 44 .R h r , sh r , h saec u tsa pl ain o g ve n f d rl1w i
S.
25 * W ee a e e t e tt o r' p i to f o mig e ea a s
c
c aln e i mu t b s o t be no o y er n o , b t o jci l u ra o a e'
h le g d, t s e h wn o
t nl ro e us u b e tvey n e s n bl.
'
Yab r ug v. Ge ty 5 U. 1 5 ( 0 ) Un e ti sa ad ça sae c u ts
roo h
nr , 40 S. , 20 3 .
d r h s tnd r , G j tt o r'
l
de e na i t t a ca m l c me i pr l
t nni ton ha
li a ks rt ecudes f r l ha as r i s l a f i- i d
ede a be elef o ong s a rm nde
j dssc ud a reo te c re tis o t esaec u tsd cso ' ri gtn v. c tr 5 2
u t o l g e n h o rcr s f h tt o r' e iin.
e
'Harn o Rih e, 6
U. 6 ,1 ( 01 )( mit gi tr a q oains.
S. 6 01 2 1 o ti nen l u tto )
n
11
1.
Exhaus i and Pr e alD e a t
ton
oc dur
f ul
G A)fd rlc u tma no g a tawrto h b a c r u t ap tto e i saec so y
t e ea o r y t rn
I
i f a e s o p s o eiin r n tt u t d
t e st peii rha fr te used hi sa er m ed e by pr e i hi cai st t hi s
ml s he ttone s is xha t s tt e i s
es ntng s l m o he ghe t
saec ut' Ba rv.Cor r 220 F. 276,288(t Ci.2000 (iai omitd) To mee
tt ot ' ke
coan,
3d
4h r
) cttons te .
t
t e usi r uie e , a peii ne t us ha pr s nt t t sae co t bot t
he xha ton eq r m nt
tto r l t ve e e ed o he t t ur
m
h he
ope ai f t a t con r lng l galprnci es' Kas v.Al el ,300 F. 48 501 02
r tve ac s nd he toli e
i pl .
'
i
w one
3d 7, -
(t Ci. 0 2 (n en lq oainmaksa dctto o te )
4 h r 2 0 ) itr a u tto r n iai n mitd .
6
Alo ûa h b a p tto e i bard fo s e i g fd r lr ve o a cam t twa
s , ç q a e s ei n r s re r m e k n e ea e iw f li ha s
l
i
pr e e t a sae cour a t la l a e e sy'de e on t i pe nt a qua e sat
es nt d o tt
t nd ce ry nd xpr s l
nid
he nde nde , de t t e
g o n o p o e trld fut' Beme t . weo e 9 F.d 1 3 ,1 4 (t Ci.1 9 )(iig
r u d f r c dla e a l' z t v Al l n , 2 3 3 6 3 3 4h r 9 6 ctn
Ha sv. e ,48 U. 2 5 2 3 ( 9 9 A p o e t a rlei a e u t tfi i rgual o
ni Re d 9 S. 5 , 6 1 8 :. r c dl l t s d q ae ç t s e lry r
r l
i
c n itnl a pid b t esae c mt' a d i d p n n çfi d e n tç e e l o a fd r l
o sse ty p le y h tt o ' n n e e de t l t o s o d p nd q n e e a
i
c tt i lr lng.' Ye tsv.Angeone 1 F.d 255,260( h Ci.1 (uoi Akev.
onsiutona ui '' at
l , 66 3
4t r 999) q tng
Oka o ,4 0 U..6 ,7 ( 9 5 ) Fu te ,la cam t a h s n tbe n prs n e t te
lh ma 7 S 8 5 1 8 ). rh r t q li h t a o e e e td o h
g
hi tsa e c tne rhees m a bete t d ase use i i i c e rt tt cli woul be
ghes t t our ve t l s y r a e
xha t d f t s l a ha he am
d
pr edlal ba r unde sae 1w i t pe ii r a tmpt d t pr s nti t t sae co t'
oc tr ly red
r t t a f he ttone te e o e e t o he t t ur.'
Ba e , 2 F.da 28 ( i n Gry v Neh ra ,5 8U. 1 2 1 (99 :. S hcamsae
k r 2 0 3 t 8 ct g a . t elnd 1 S. 5 , 61 1 6 uc li r
i
smutn o l e a se a d d futd.Se Bu k tv Ang lne 2 F.d 1 2 1 3 n 1 ( t
i la e usy xh u td n ea le
e r e . eo , 08 3 7 , 8 . 1 4h
Ci. 9 9 .
r19 )
Hiks c e c am s a e e used but de a t d be a e t y we e not pr ry
c ' = nt l i
r xha t
f ule
c us he
r
ope l
pr s nt t t Supr me Co tofVigi a Hiksdi no brng a oft e cli s on die t
e e ed o he
e
ur
r ni . c
d t i ny
hes am
rc
a al a i hi sa e ha
ppe , nd n s tt beas a al t Supr m e Cou t of Vigi a f
ppe , he
e
r
r ni ound hi c am s
s li
p o e u al d ful d u d rVa S p Ct R.5 1 ()ii. Ru e 5 1 i a id p nd n a d
r c d r l ea t n e . u . . :7 c(i
y
e
)
l :7 s n n e e e t n
a quat sa e gr md 'f pr edu al de a t See M ue lr v.Ang one, 181 F. 557,58
de e t t ot o oc r
f ul.
le
el
3d
4
( odn G r c d r l ea lu e Rue5 1 ()i a i d p n e ta da e u t saeb r'.
h lig t o e u a d f ut nd r l :7 c s n n e e d n n d q ae tt a '
p
)
Hi ks c nno now pr e t s cai t t Vigi a Supr m e Cour bec us he i
c n t
es nt he e l ms o he r ni
e
t a e
s
ba rd by bot t Vigi a ha ssa e oflmiains Va Code j 8. - A)2) and t
re
h he r ni bea tmt i tto , .
01654( ( ,
he
s c e sv peiin b r Va Co e j80 - 5 B)2 . S e S ar w v. neDe ' o Co , 9F.
u c si e t o a, . d .1 6 4( ( ) e p ro Di pt f m 43
t
S p 5 4, 8 - 8( D. . 00 )(o dn ta camsb re b Va Co ej8016 4( ( )ae
u p. 8 5 7 8 E. Va 2 6 h li g h t li ar d y . d . - 5 A)2 r
n t e iwa ei fd r l b a p o e d n s; a ,51 U. a 1 2 ( li t a camsbard
o r ve bl n e e a ha e s r c e i g ) Gry 8 S. t 6 hodng h t li
re
b Va Co ej8. - 5 ( ( )aeno rve bei fd r l a a pr c e ig )
y . d
016 4 B)2 r t e iwa l n e e a h be s o e dn s .
IV .
Excuse f D efaul
or
t
A sa eprs ne c n obt n f de alha asr vi ofapr e aly de aule cai i he
t t io r a
ai e r
be e ew
oc dm l f t d l m f
s o et e ( )c u ea p eu ieo ( )amic rig o j tc . Coem an v Th mo o , 01
h ws ih r 1 a s nd rj d c r 2
s ara e f usie4 l
o sn 5
.
U. 7 2 7 0( 9 1 . To s w c us , p t in rmus d mo srt t a t eewe eE be tve
S. 2 , 5 1 9 )
ho a e a ei o e
t
t e n tae h t h r r l j ci
o
f c o s' e e na t hi de e e,whih i ded hi fom r ii hi cli a a e rir sage.
a t r , xt r l o s f ns
'
c mpe
m r
asng s a m t n a le t
M u ryv. ni r 4 7U. 4 8 4 8( 9 6 .Tos o p eu ie apeiin rmu ts o t a t
ra Ca e, 7 S. 7 , 8 1 8 )
h w rj dc , t o e s h w h t he
t
al ge co tmtonalvi l ton wo ke t hi a tzla s t nta dia nt ge,i eci hi
le d nsi i
oai
r d o s c t nd ubsa il s dva a nf tng s
a
e tr ti lwih e orofaconsi i lmag t
n ie ' a t n'
r
totona
niude.I
d.
Unde M a tne v.Rva 566U. 1( 2) af dea ha aspeii rma stsy t
r ri z
n,
S. 201 , e rl be ttone y aif he
û a e'rquie ntofa ot r s pr edlal dea td cai ofi fe tveasitnc i:( )
ç us ' e r me
c
n hewie oc tr ly fule l m nef ci ssa e f 1
t ei efcie a ssa c cam i aç u sa ta'o e ()t eç a e'frd ful G o ssl)o
h n fe tv sitn e li s t b tn il n ; 2 h E us' o ea t û n its f
s
'
c
c
t r bengnoc e oronl i feci c e dudngt saec ltr lrvi pr ee nf'
hee i
ouns l
y nef tve ounsl
he tt olae a e ew oc di ;
( )çh sae c laea r ve pr c e ig wa t iiilr ve p o e dng i r s e tt t e
3 ç e tt o ltrl e iw o e dn s he nta e iw r c e i n e p c o h
t
i feci -s it ceoftilco s cam' a ( sae 1w çe rs t ta i fe tve
ne tvea ssr - -ra- r el li ' nd 4) tt a G quie ha n nef ci ;
r
as it nc - -ralc ms lcli ber ie i a i ta-e i w colatr pr e ng. Fowl rv.
ssa e ofti - ot e am
as d n n nii lr k e
l e al oc edi '
'
e
J v e ,7 3 F.d 4 6 461( t Ci.2 4 (uoig Trvio v.Th lr 1 3 S.Ct 1 1 1 8
o nr 5 3 4 ,
4h r 01 ) q tn e n
ae , 3
. 91 , 91
( 1 :.
20 3
A ts t tal'cl i i one t t ha m e i. M ari z, 566 U . a 1 To e t bls
Gubs an i ' a m s
ha s rt
tne
S. t 4.
sa ih
i ef ci a ssa e apeiin rmu ts w t a c t e' pef r nc fl b lw a o j cie
n fe tve sitnc , tto e s ho h t oms ls ro ma e el eo n be tv
4Hiksdoe no ague a col a e cai ofac li
c
s tr
or bl l m
ma nnoce underSc up v. Deo 51 U..2 8( 9 5
nce
hl
l, 3 S 9 1 9 )
a d Mc i i v P r i ,1 3 S Ct 12 (01 )ta wo l alw frrviw o hi camsrgadls o hs
n ouccn . ekns 3 . . 9 4 2 3 h t ud lo o e e f s li e r e s f i
dea t He hasno a s red a a u i e e a g
ful.
t s e t n ctal nnoc nc r umentorpr f r a t r la e'e denc i s
ofeed ny ç
new eibl' vi e n uppor o
tf
hi alg to s Theeoe t c u t e n t d rs t mic rig o j siee c pin
s le ain . rfr,he o rned o a des he s ara e fu tc x e to .
8
sa a d o r a o a e s a ta h wa p eu ie b t e alg d d sce tpef r n e
tnd r f e s n blne s nd h t e s rj d c d y h le e e in ro ma c .
Src lnd v.W a hngo 4 6 U. 6 8 6 9 ( 9 4 . Colt a pl a sr n prsl to t a
tika
s i tn, 6 S. 6 , 6 1 8 ) t' p y to g e l in h t
ts
mp
c ms ' pe f ma e,e pe i ly r ga di ti lm a
ot els ror nc s c al e r ng l a nage nta sr t y,wa wihi t r nge
me nd taeg
s t n he a
o ra o be p o e so la ssa c . I a 6 9 To d mo srt p eu ie p tto e mus
f e s na l r f sina sitn e d. t 8 .
e n tae rj dc , ei n r t
i
s
how t r i ar ms na epr biiy t t butf c ms lst of s i le r ,t out ome of
he e s e o bl oba lt ha,
or ot e ' mpr e sona ror he c
t pr e ng woul ha bee dif r nt I a 694. ç r alegai ns'ofc tm tona e r
he oce di
d ve n fe e . d. t
ç e l to '
Ba
onsi i l ror
a e nots t intgr mds f habe r i ;t pe ii rmus pr f revi nc t s por hi
r
ufk e
ot
or
as elef he ttone
t ofe
de e o up t s
cams Nik ro v. e 9 F.d 1 25 1 35(t Ci. 9 2 .
li . é es n Le , 71 2 1 , 1 4 h r 1 9 )
V.
A nal s
ysi
Unr viwabl Cl ms
e e
e ai
I Cli 1 Hi ks a gue t ttilc
n a m 0, c r s ha ra ouns lc r c e he s l i a a fda tpr pa e
e ontadit d r e f n n fi vi e r d
f t cr ui co tha spr e ng.5 H ow ever,
or he ic t ur bea oc edi
ac le g t Vigna ssaeh be sc r u pr c e ig ( c n o pr vd ab ss
haln e o r ii' tt a a o p s o e dn s q n n t o ie a i
f rf d rlh be sr l f S eBr a tv.M aya ,8 8 F.d 49 ,4 3 ( t Ci.
o e ea a a ei . e y n
e
r lnd 4 2 2 9 4h r
1 8 ) ( o dn t a er r a d irguaiis i c n e to wi sae p s9 8 h l ig h t ro s n re lrte n o n cin t tt o t
h
c n ito p o e dn saen tc g ia l o fd r l a e sr ve .
o v ci n r c e ig r o o nz be n e ea h b a e iw)
W rR tv Anc ln ,1 F.d 1 1 1 9 ( t Ci.1 9 ) Fe e a h be speiin r ma n t
ih . eo e 51 3 5 , 5 4h r 9 8 . d r l a a t o e s y o
t
c lnge a sae pos- onvi to r i bec us çt peii r i notç t ne a a r ul ofa
hale
tt
tc ci n ulng a e lhe ttone s
deai d s es t
d cso o t (tt c urli t e saeha e sa to 'b trt e i i c t d pt s a tt te
e iin f he sae o t n h tt b a cin, u ah r s n uso y l u n o h
r
r ln o t e o i ia tilc u t' Or e v.Tr e 2 3 F.S p 2 7 ,7 7 ( D.Va 20 2
ui g f h rgn l ra o r. b
'
u, 3
u p. d 49 8 E.
. 0)
5Hiks ale ton i alo wihoutme i. Hiksaserst tco lc r ce herel by sai on one
c ' lga i s s t
rt c
s t ha unse ontaditd s f t tng
oc sont tt Vigi aSupr meCour a fr d t ti co tsr i t tt he r a evi ewa a isbl,
ca i ha he r ni
e
t flme he ral ur' ulng ha he a s y denc s dm s i e
a t lng Hikson a he oc aso t tt co thel t e de et bei dmisbl Hiksa a st conf e
nd eli
c
not r c in ha he ur d he vi nc o na s i e. c ppe r o
us
co els s
uns ' umma y of t Vigi a Supr me Comïs a gume t tt i l i o e uson of t he r a
r
he r ni
e
' r
nt ha he ncuson r xcl i
he a s y
evi ewa ir l ant çe i ...t hea sy t tmony s d notha bee a te a t tt da e -ndenc s r eev
çven f
he ra esi
houl
ve n dmitd nd ha he ughtri
lw a d S eifs o l n th v b e p r te t tsi a o ttep ei n r h a ig Eh Vigni S p e
a n h rf h ud o a e e n emitd o etf b u h rl ay e rn , te r i a u rme
y
mi
Co t o n ta)teewa si sfkin e ie c t baeac n ito o 'P trsS pp.oteAm. t 1 ,
urf u d h t h r s tl u t e t vd n e o s o vcin m' e'' u lt h
l
Pe. 8 ECF
N o. Atac 1
7, t h. .
( u tn W rg t 1 F.d a 1 9) Theeo e Cli 1 i no c g ia l o fd r lh b a
q oi g ih, 51 3 t 5 .. rf r , am 0 s t o nz be n e e a a e s
1eV 1 .
* eW
Alo,Cl m 11i dea t unde Slyt v.Para n,205 S. 2d 680,682 ( 1 4)
s ai
s fuled
r a on
ria
E.
Va. 97 ,
be us Hiksc d ha r ie t is on die ta al butf l t do s Se Vi on v.
ca e c oul ve as d he s ue
r c ppe ,
aied o
o. e ns
Tr e 4 6 F.d 41 ,41 (t Ci.2 6 t ria i a a e uae a d id pe d n b r
u , 3 3 2 7 4h r 00 ) pnrg n s n d q t n n e n e t a ).
M a t e d e n ta py, n Hik ha no s wn c u ea p eu ieo amic ni g o j sie
ri z o s o p l a d c s s t ho a s nd rj d c r s a a e f u tc
n
e
xcus shi de a t6
e s f ul.
#. M ari zCl ms
tne ai
(lin 1
za r
Hi ks' cai s of i feci a ssa e of c uns l k m ei a
c
lm
ne f tve s it nc
o el ac
zt nd, t us a e not
h , r
ç ubsa il' Ac di y,t co tfnds t t t e cai s a e ba e fom f de alha as
ç t nta .
s
' cor ngl he ur i
ha hes l m r n'd r
e r
be
r vi w.
e e
I Cli 1 Hiksa srst ttilc u e wa i fe tv fr( )fiig t f l w h s
n am , c se t ha ra o nsl s nefcie o 1 aln o ol i
o
isr cin t ha e te p ei n r p o e d n sG tt b c n iu d' a ()f rf iig t
n tu to o v h r l ay r c e i g 1 o e o tn e ,1 nd 2 o aln o
mi
no
'
m ovet c i t pr lmi yhe rng be a e ac t e rtrwasnotpr s nt
o ontnue he e i nar a i
c us our r po e
ee .
Fis,Hiks'a l a i a e c l o y. He ha no pr de a s
rt c
leg tons r onc us r
s t ovi d ny uppor f hi c am
t o< s l i
t tco i ng,orhavi a c tr pore pr e ,woul ha r s t i f vor bl e denc
ha ntnui
ng our e tr es nt
d ve e uled n a a e vi e.
Hi a s ri nt tCld t si p i, a b e s o i li h a , ssu e i h ss llh a d
s se t ha y e t n an h d e n h t n l e d wa ln'd n i peec n
o
wa
s
6 M a tnez c n onl be us d t s
ri
a
y
e o how c us f i fe tve as itnc of c elatt i talha as
a e or ne fc i
ssa e
ouns
he nii be
pr edig.
oce n
7The cour i e rt Cl m 1 t bet cou e wa i f c i f f lng t co i t hea i , not
t ntp es ai
o hat ns l s nefe tve or aii o ntnue he rng
f lngt ha t he i R t bec i d. Thelte i m e ils bec et hea i wasnotc i d.The
aii o ve he arng not o ontnue '
'
a tr s rte s aus he rng
ontnue
c u ts itrrtto i b ltrd b Hik 'sae n t t
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