McDonald v. Clarke

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 7/27/2017. (mlh)

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JA SON W .M CD O N A LD ,

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H AROLD W .CLARKE,
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C A SE N O .7:
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M E M O M ND U M O PI I N
N O

By:H on. ks L.Kier
Jac on
s
Se or U ni e St e D i t i tJudge
ni
t d at s s r c

J s W .M c
a on
Dona d,a Vigi a i a e pr e di pr K ,tme y fld a peii f r a
l
r ni nm t oc e ng o
i l ie
tton o

wrtofha a c pus purua t 28U. C.j2254,c lngi t vai t ofhi c i me
i
be s or , s nt o
S.
hale ng he ldiy
s onfne nt

o a ud me ti t Lo s Comt Cic i Co r f ra ga tdmaiiu womdn , l iu
n j g n n he uia t y ru t u t o g rvae l o s t ig mai o s
c
c
wot ng by m ob,a c pia t co mi m ai i wo mdi
mdi
nd ons r cy o m t lcous t ng.Res
ponde fl d am o i t
nt ie
ton o
dimi s a M c
s s , nd Donad r s
l e ponde ma ng t m a trrpe f rdiposton. M c
d, ki he te i o s ii
Dona d alo fl d
l s ie
a m oton t a ho i e di c r A fe r vi w o t r or I g a t t m o i t di m i s
i o ut r z s ove y. t r e e f he ec d, r n he ton o s s ,

dim ist pe ii a de t pe ng m o i
s s he tton, nd ny he ndi
ton.
1
.

A. FacualBac gr
t
k ound
Mc
Dona d was ti al wih c f nda s Cha a Se ik Goi . The Vigi a
l
red ong t ode e nt
d nd drc
ns
r ni
Co tofAppea ssl a i d t f c sasf l :
ur
l lmm rze he a t
olows
Atabout11: p. .on J ne 1 2011,De y J y He ly oft Lo s
00 m
u 9,
put a
nse
he ui a
Co y Sherf ' Of e we t 288 Kime own Roa i r pons t a 911 c l.
unt
ifs sc
nt o
r yt
d n es e o
al
Hef und St veM i ri a dic i fontofar i nc att ta r s .M i rha
o
e
no n th n r
esde e ha dd e s no d

s san dasveetal tcb anijzyt t e uie e r e ys r ey Efe t
u tie e r rl i ri nt ha r q rd meg nc u g r . f cs
ma
r
oft ij yweepe ne .
he n ur r nna nt
On t afe noon of J
he t r
une 1 2011,Robe tW a s d n be r a pl ye
9,
r
t on r nk e nd a d
hor es
s hoesa t r s de e ofDw a She t She t n t W a s t hi hom e
t he e i nc
yne lon.
lo ook t on o s
o N e lne Road a a
n wi
t bout 8: p. . Shelon s i t t w lie W a s ha be n
00 m
t a d ha zl
t on d e
d i ng t tda W a s n wasnotd u l whe Shelon t li ho e.
rnki ha y, t o
r rk
n
t ook lm m

Kel Goi ( l wa t gilre ofM i r t sse ofChad Goi
ly ns Kely) s he rfind
no ,he itr
ns
( a ) a d t mohe o Se rc Gons( d ik . Ata o t90 p. o J n
Ch d , n he t r f d ik i Se rc )
b u :0 m. n u e

1 2011 Ke l wen t t hos t by n bulnc t r ceve e e ge y m e ca
9,
, ly
t o he pial m a e o e i m r nc
di l
te t nt She wa ta pored t t hos t l r m fom t ho e of Le s
r a me .
s r ns t o he pia oo r
he m
wi

Du ia a 1 1Kime o Ro d E c n lqh d ma ete 9 1c l r g r ig
nv n t 1 r ytwn a . M Do ad a d h 1 al e adn
Ke l and,usng a f s na
ly
i
ale me,r pore t t Kely ha bee a s ule by he
e td ha
l d
n sa td
r

b y re d g c n l )a d S d ikboh weep e e ta 1 1Kin ytwn Ro d
o fin . M Do ad n e rc t r r sn t 1 n e o
a,
butM i w a no .
nor s t
Se i k l t r a oac d She t w ho w qs a pr e s ona I gh e ,a ut
dr c a e ppr he
lon,
of s i l i t r bo
fg i M i . Shet t tfedt tSedrc wasups twih M i bec us ofa
i htng nor
lon esii ha
ik
e t nor a e n
i i nt t t oc ur ed w ih K ely e r i r t t e ni
nc de ha c r
t
l a le ha ve ng. She t n r f e t f g
lo e us d o i ht

M i r Dulv n h ad E c nad a g i g wih s me n o t t lp o e a d
no . ria e r M Do l) r u n t o o e n he ee h n n
tle t ni t ç tt tni rsa s'
lr a e ng o t
bea ha gge ' s .
'
Afe he n ve hom e W as r c ve a t l phone cal fo
tr
ni d
,
t on e ei d
ee
l rm

g c n lq Afe t e p n c l,Ch d a d M i o a pe rd i a v hil a
M Do ad . tr h ho e al a n
n r p ae n e ce t
W a s s r sde . W a s n a ee t go t t sor wih Cha a M i r t
ton' e i nce
t o gr d o
o he t e t
d nd no o
ptr ha ebee .W hiet y we eta i Cha t ne t ve c ei t oppost
lc s
r
l he
r r velng, d ' d he hi l n he
ur
ie
die ton f o t sor sl ai W he W a s as wha hewasdoi Cha
r c i r m he t e' oc ton.
n ton ked
t
ng, d
s d he was a di t polc be us he had no drve ' lc ns Cha wa
ai
voi ng he i e ca e
i r s i e e.
d s
s di as he dr t 288 K i
pee ng
ove o
nneyt
own Road,t n t r d i o t d i w a
he u ne nt he r ve y.
Afe t y soppe W a s s w o pe s sa ng o sde t taie ,a t
tr he t d, ton a ne r on t ndi ut i he r lr nd wo
pe e i i aye ce t twaspa ke t r . M i a W as go outoft
opl nsde
hi l ha
r d he e
nor nd t on t
he
Caf.

W a s n t si d t t pe e c m e t wa d t
t o e tfe ha
opl n
o r hem t c r M i .
o onfont nor

( c nad g a b d W as n b t am. W he W as n pr tse ,r c n lj
M Do lj r b e to y he r
n to oe td M Do ad
cls d a hi . M i sa t nl ng a y fom t g ou t thad co r e
tr e t m
nor t red nni wa r he r p ha
nfont d

hm. ( c n lqrla e W as n a dj i e t g o p p r lqn M i o . Th
i M Do ad ee sd to n on d he r u u su i g n r e
me be soft g o t e M i down,kike hi ,a s o d hi . W a s
m r
he r up hr w nor
c d m nd t mpe m
ton

ie tfe g c n lj Ch d a d S d ik a s me o t e me e g g d i t e
d n i d M Do ad , a , n e rc s o f h n n a e n h
be tng.Afe he rng a l s t het
ai
tr a i
oud o md houghtwasa guns t W a s n r n t r
ho , t o a owa d
t ho e o J e neBr ksbec us he f a e t gr p woul co eafe hi .
he m f os phi
oo
a e e r d he ou
d m
tr m
W a s n c led 911a r poredt tfvem e we ebeai M i .
to al
nd e t ha i
n r
tng nor

M c n l v.Co n at ,No 0 73 1 - - @ a Ct Ap Ap .2 ,2 3 . M o e v r
Do ad
mmo we 1h . 7 - 22,12 . . p. r 4 01 )
r o e,
W a s n t si d t theco d ce l s t beai be us t ar a waswelil i t d by a
t o e tfe ha
ul lary ee he tng ca e he e
l-lum na e
sr e lg .
te ti ht
The Com m onw e 1h r i he viy upo W a s s e w ine s a ot t how e r W a s
a t eled a l
n t on' ye t s cc m ;
ve , t on

a te ha ng pror f l c c i a t the had i tal t d t polc t t Chrs
dmitd vi
i eony onvitons nd ha
nii ly ol he ie ha
i
J l s t pa ti t bea i bu l t r r s i
o m on ook r n he tng, t a e e c nded t ts a e e . A l o,a ti l s e i t
ha t t m nt s t r a , om one n he

c u to m h d d tce t o o o ac h lo W as n' b e i a daetdtej d e Th j d e
o rr o a ee td he d r f lo o n to s rah n lre h u g . e u g
wa a k d wheh rab e t ay e ts wo l bea p o rae b t h j d ed tr ne t tats
s se
te r ah lz r et ud p r p it , u t e u g eemi d ha e t

w a unne es a y bec us i woul notha pr uc d ad isbl e de e a W a s n had not
s
c sr
a et
d
ve od e m s i e vi nc nd t o
a t d lnl wf l ora a t rt i ue
c e l a uly ppe r mde he M nce.
Be
yond W a s s t tmony, t Comm onwe 1h a s i r ed phone r co ds t t
ton' esi
he
at lo ntoduc
e r ha
de o t a e t tChad ha c ac e Shelon o t ni o J 1 2011,a t tM c ona d
m nsr t d ha
d ont t d
t n he ght f une 9,
nd ha
D l

ha madet 911pho c l r ga di Ke l Furhe ,a Ve i W iels c t a ofr or
d
he
ne a l e r ng ly.
t r
rzon r e s usodin ec ds
t tse r ga di c l a t xtm e s ge n o M c nad,Chad,a Se i k. At1 45 p. .
esi d e r ng als nd e
s a s m ng Do l
nd drc
0: m ,
Yo
'
ut o l e ' d. t
t pho t tSe i k us d1s nta me s ge sa i û ,oh,Im bo t kilSt ve.' I a 3.
he ne ha drc e e
s a t tng: ç
The f l ng da t ts m ephone t xtd:çoh Im a be i de p s t....Tom oro 1ha t
olowi
y, ha n
e e ç
y n e hi
rw
ve o

t kt mylwye .Thi a eralybad.Ime ral ba ' J.
al o a r ngs r e l
an, e ly d. 'I
L
B. Pr e alH i t y
oc dur
s or

I 201 a Lo ia Co n y Cic i Co r j r c n itd M c nad o a ga td
n 2,
u s u t ru t u t u y o v ce
Do l f g rvae
m ai i wot di m alci wèt ng by mob, a c piac t c mi m ai i
lcous
m ng,
i ous
mdi
nd ons r y o om t lcous
woundi a t c ts nt e li t t nt i ye r i prs n. He a
ng, nd he our e enc d lm o we psx a s n io
ppea e butt
l d,
he
V igi a Cour of A ppea s a t V i g ni Supr m e Co t de e hi pe ii ns H e f l a
r ni
t
l nd he r i a
e
ur ni d s tt o .
ied
m o i t ha t cic tc t odi y hi s nt nc butt c t ef e hi r ques .
ton o ve he r ui our m f s e e e,
he our r us d s e
t

l 201 M c
n
5, Dona d fl d a tm ey pe ii f a wrt of ha as cor i t Lo s
l ie
i l tton or
i
be
pus n he uia

Cic t Co u r ii s bsa i ly t s m e c am s a hi c r nt peii n.2 The c r ui c r
r ui t t asng u t ntal he n
l i s s ure
tto
ic t ou t
de e r le . Hebr
nid e if
oughtt s m e ca m st t Vigi a Supr m e Cour,butt c tr f s d
he n
li o he r ni
e
t
he our e u e
hi ha asa
s be ppea .
l
II.

Cl m s
ai

M c onal r i est f l i c a m s
D
d a s he olow ng l i :

1Te tm ony e tbls d t K el ownedt phonebutt ts alw e Sedrc t us i.
si
sa ihe hat ly
he
ha he lo d
ik o e t
2M cD onad di noti udeCl m 8i hi saeha a peii .
l d
ncl
ai n s tt be s tton

3

The Co n at viltd Br d v.M a ya ,3 3 U. 8 ( 9 3 b
mmo we l oae a y
h
r lnd 7 S. 3 1 6 ) y
wihhol ng e ul t y i or ton t tcon r di t t t si o oft o y
t di xc paor nf ma i ha
ta c s he e tm ny he nl
t siyi e wine s Ro r çsquir l'W a s
e tf ng ye t s , be tç re' ton;
2. The Com m onw e t vi a e Br dy by w ihhol ng i o m a i t t W a s
a1h ol t d a
t di nf r ton ha
t on
w as dnl
nk'

The Comm onwe 1h vi a e Br dy by f ii t dic os t tDNA t si
at olt d a
a lng o s l e ha
e tng
had be done o t velc e alege y us d by t de e nt t fe t
en
n he lil l dl e
he f nda s o l e he
s eneoft as a t
c
he s ul;
4. TheCo monwe t vi a e Br y by pr di t de e e w ih f s Br dv
m
alh olt d ad
ovi ng he f ns t al e a
.
m a e i . The Comm onwe 1h had i or e def ns co elt tW a s n a
t ral
at
nf m d e e uns ha
t o nd
Cr i J
ag ohns we e c i , t y we eno a t ly r l t
on r ousns but he
r t c ua l e aed;
The Comm onweat vi a e Br by wihhol ng e ul t r e de e t t
lh olt d ady
t di xc pa o y vi nc ha
goe di e ty t t c edi lt of t Comm o e lh' wines , Dwa ne
s r c l o he r biiy
he
nw at s t s
y
Shelo
t n;

Th Co n at viltdBr d b prs ni gtej r wh t sno k o
e mmo we 1 oae a y y e e tn h u y a i w n wn
h
t be at as vi i i c sae e '
o
t ie ctm mpa t tt m nf'
f
Couns l w a i f e tve f r f ii t f ly a e f tve y c
e
s ne f c i o a lng o u l nd f ec i l onduc a
t n

iv siaino tevci sijzisa c u eo ij re ; n
n e tg to f h itm' n l e nd a s f n u is a d
r
8. The e de e i is t a iy wa i ufi i n t esa ih gu l be
vi nc n t otlt
s ns fc e t o t bls
it yond a
r as bl doubt whi h vi a ed M c onal s r ght t de t Fit Si h,
e ona e
, c ol t
D
d' i s m r he fh, xt
a Fouree h A m endm e st t Co ttli
nd
t nt
nt o he ns it on.
t
M c onal ha r i e a l of hi cl i s i t Vi gi a Supr m e Co t t r f r , hi
D
d s as d l
s a m n he r ni
e
ur ; he e o e s

camsaep o ry e h use u d rBa rv Co c rn, 20F.d2 , 8(t Ci. 0 0 .
li r r pel x a td n e ke . ro a 2 3 76 28 4h r 2 0 )
4

11
1.

St
andar ofRe e
d
viw

To obt i f de alha as r le ,a pe ii r mus de
an e r
be ei f
ttone
t monsr t t the i Gn c t i
ta e ha
s ' usody n
i

v oain o t Co si in o lws o te te o t Un td S ae . 2 U. C.5 2 5 ()
i lto f he n tmto r a r rais f he ie tt s' 8 S.
'
2 4a.
Un e 28 U. C.j 2 5 d , we e,t ef d rlh b a c u tma n tg a tawrto ha e s
dr
S.
2 4() ho v r h e ea a e s o r y o rn
i f ba

c r sba e o a ycam t a asaec u t e ie o t emei t e st t du iain:
opu s d n n li h t tt o r d cd d n h rt mls ha a j dc to
s
( )Re utd i a d cso ta wa c nrr t ,o iv l d a t e s n be
1 s le n e iin h t s o tay o r n ove n mra o a l
a ia i of cea l e t bls d Fe r lw,a de e mi d by t Supr
pplc ton , l ry s a ihe de al a s t r ne
he
eme
Cour oft Unie St t s or
t he t d a e ;

( )Re utdi ad cso t twa bae o a t e s n b ed tr n to o te
2 s le n e iin ha s s d n n mra o a l ee miain f h
fcsi lg to t e i e c p e e td i teS aec u t r c e i .
a t n lh f he v d n e r s ne n h tt o r p o e dng
2 U. C.j2 4( s e as W iln v.Ta l r 5 U. 36 4 3 1 ( 0 ) G hee a
8 S.
25 *; e lo l ms
i
y o , 29 S. 2, 0 - 3 20 0 . t r, s
W
he e,t sa e c tsa ia i ofgove i f r l1w i c le d,i mus be s
r he tt our' pplc ton
m ng ede a a s hal nge t t hown t be
o

n to l e e us b to j cieyu r a o b e' Yabo o c v. nr ,5 U. 1 5 ( 0 )
o ny non o , u b e tv l n e s na l. r r u h Ge ty 40 S. , 20 3 .
'
Und rt i sa d r ,&a saec u tsd tr nain t a acam lc smei p e ld sfdea
e hs tn ad l q tt o r' eemi to h t li a k rt rcu e e rl
g

h b a r l fs l n a f i- nd djlit c ud a re o te c re t s o t e sae c u ts
a e s ei o o g s armi e t ss o l g e n h or cne s f h tt o r'
e
r
d cso ' Harnzo v Rih e,5 2 U. 8 ,1 ( 01 )( mit g itr a q tto s. Th
e iin. ri tn . c t r 6 S. 6 01 2 1 o ti n en l uoain ) e
'
n
AEDPA sanda d i ç ghl def r nta ' t bot f cua fndi a l lco l i ,a t
t r s ç y e e il' o h a t l i ngs nd ega ncusons nd he
hi

p tto e b ast eb r e o p o f d a 1 5 Culnv. n o se, 6 U. 1 0 1 1( 01 )
eiin r e r h u d n f r o .1 . t 0 ; le Pih ltr 5 3 S. 7 , 8 2 1 .
A pe ii rc am i i f c i as itnc ofc
ttone l i ng nefe tve ssa e
ouns lm us s tsy t t pr d t s
e
t a if he wo- onge e t

s tf t i Stillnd v.W as ndo 466 U. 668 ( 984) il e peiine mus s boh
e orh n rcca
hi n,
S.
1 . s- tto r t how t
-h

d fce tp ro n e a d p eu ie t t ae spaae a d dsi tee ns' S e c rv
eiin e fnna c n rj d c ; he wo r e rt n itnc lme t. p n e .
'
M u ry,1 F.d2 , 2 3 ( t Ci.1 9 )(mp a i a d d .
ra 8 3 29 23 - 3 4h r 9 4 e h ss d e )
Fort fr tpr
he i s ong, tt o rm us s
pe ii ne
t how ç ha c
l t ouns lm a e r s s s r oust tco m s
t
e de r or o e i
ha t el
w as not f toni a t G ouns ' gua a t d t de e nt by t Si h Am e e '
unc i ng s he c
el
r n ee he f nda
he xt
ndm nt'

Still nd,466 U . a 68 88. Gl pr rm e ur ofat ne pe f m a e r ma ns sm pl
rcca
S. t 7t-he ope
as e
tor y ror nc e i i y
r a ona e s unde pr vaii pr e sona nor .' I a 688. Ha a co t ma n an a
e s bl nes
r e lng of s i l ms' d. t
be s urs i t i

t tong pr umpton' t t c ms ls co uc f l wihi t S de r nge of r as bl
çr
s
es
i ' ha ot e ' nd t e l t n he t
wi a
e ona e
pr e sona a ssa e' I a 689. t c a s utny ofc m s lspe f nua mus beli y
of s i l s it nc .' d. t
vudii l cr i
ot e ' r o nce
t lghl

de e e i l' a c
f r nta , nd ouns li ç nnitd t s tprortes de e mi tilsr t y,a pr st e
'
e sG
pe te o e i ii , t r ne ri taeg nd es hos
c am swih t gr aes c nc sofs c s' I
li
t he e t t ha e
uc es .' d.
Fo t s ond pr
r he ec
ong, a pe ii r mus de o tae t t t r i a G ea ona e
ttone
t m nsr t ha he e s
t s bl
r
pr biiy t t butf c ms lsunpr e so le s t r s toft pr e ng woul ha
oba lt ha,
or ot e '
of s i na nor , he e ul he oc edi
d ve
be n dif r . I a 69 çA r a ona epr biiy i apr biiy s t i ntt t r net
e fe ent' d. t 4. ç e s bl oba lt s oba lt ufk e o mde mi he
'

c n e c o teo to . I La ty ç an atr e sfiu et r ieameils agu n (
o fd n e f h u c me' d. sl ,ç j ton y' al r o as
'
g
rte s r me t 1
c nno f m t ba i ofa s c s uli fe tve a ssa eofc ms c am be us t r s tof
a t or he s s
uc es f ne f c i s it nc
ot el l i ca e he e ul

t pr ee ng woul notha be n dif r ntha t a t ne r ie t i s ' Unie St t sv.
he oc di
d
ve e fe e
d he tor y as d he s ue.
' td ae

Ki e,1 7 F.d 8 9 8 3 (t Ci.1 9 ) s eas M o r v. td S ae ,9 4F. u p.7 4
mlr 6 3 8 , 9 5h r 9 9 ; e lo o e Uni tts 3 S p 2 ,
e
7 ( D. . 9 6 .
31 E. Va 1 9 )
La ty,t e t bls a Br v vi ai n,: c c e de e ntmus ma ea h of t ee
sl o sa ih
ad ol to 1 onvi t d f nda
a
t ke c
hz

s o n s ( )t e ie ea is ei Ca r bet t a c s d et e b c u ei i e up t r ,
h wig : 1 he vd nc t su s fvo a l o he c u e , ih r e a s t s xc lao y
o be a e i i i a hn ; ( ) te S ae s p r s e te e i e c , Eih r wi f l o
r c us t s mpe c ig' 2 h tt u p e s d h v d n e et e l ul r
l y

i d e tnl ' a ( )Grj dc ...e s d' Scn rv. t e,5 2 U. 5 ,5 6 ( 01 )
na v re ty ; nd 3 p eu ie
n ue .' l ne Swi r 6 S. 21 3 2 1
' i
z
( u tn Srcde v Gre , 2 U. 2 3 28 -2 ( 9 9 Tos o p eu ieu d rBr d ,he
q o ig til r . e ne 5 7 S. 6 , 1 8 1 9 $. h w rj dc n e a y t
e de mus ha be n m a e i .Evi nc i m aera t ft r i ar a ona epr biiy t t
vi nce
t ve e
t ral
de e s t il d he e s e s bl oba lt ha ,
i
had t e de e be n dicl e t t de e e t r s toft pr e di woul ha be
he vi nc e s os d o he f ns , he e ul
he oc e ng
d ve en

difr nt' Kvlsv.W hily,51 U. 419,433-4 ( 995) Ho ve,tll mee posi lt
fee .
' e
te 4 S.
3 1 . we r tthe r sbiiy
t tan ie oft s l ed i or ai n m i htha heped t de e e,orm i ha afe t d
ha
tm
mdicos nf m to
g
ve l
he f ns
ght ve f c e
t out m e of t ti l doe not e t bls ç a e i iy' i t c tt i na s ns .' Unie
he co
he ra , s
sa ih m t ralt n he onsiuto l e e'
td

Sae v. l s 4 U. 9 ,1 9 1 ( 9 6 .
tts Agz , 27 S. 7 0 - 0 1 7 )
r

l .
V

Pr edur D e aul
oc
al f t

The Unie St t s Supr m e Cour ha l he d t ta s a e pr s r sha as c a m s m ay
td ae
e
t s ong l ha t t i one ' be l i

n tb e trane b af d rlc u tG n ()G sae c u tE s d cie t a d e s(h s j
o e n e ti d y e ea o r t
whe 1 a tt o r haj e l d o d r s t o e
n
camsb c u et ep io e h d fie t me tasaep o e l a rq ie n a d ()çh sae
li e a s h rs n r a ald o e tt r c dz l e ur me t' n 2 t e tt
r
j d me trsso id pe d n a a e uaesaep o e t a g o d .' Ma e v Th ma , 6
u g n e t n n e n e t nd d q t tt r c dl l r un s' pls . o s 5 5
r
'
U. 2 6 2 0( 01 )( u tn Wak rv Ma t 5 2U.. 0 , 6( 01 :.A pr c dza r l i
S. 6 , 8 2 2 q o ig le . ri 6 S 3 7 31 2 1
n,
o e l l ue s
r
a q t ii i i r gul ry o c it n l a id by t sae c ut'and i pe ntt fi does
de ua e tf t s e a l r onsse ty pple
he t t ot '
nde nde i t
i

n tçe e g o af d r lc nsi to a r ln .' Ye t v An eo e 1 6 F.d 2 5 26 ( t
o d p nd ) n e ea o tt in l ui g'' at . g ln , 6 3 5 , 0 4h
u
s

Ci.1 9 )( u tn Ak v Oka o , 7 U. 6 , 5( 9 5 )
r 9 9 q oi g e . l h ma 4 0 S. 8 7 1 8 ).
S a tn v.P ria 20 S. 2 6 0 ( .1 7 )i a a e u t a d id p nd n sae
lyo
arg n, 5 E.d 8 Va 9 4 s n d q ae n n e e e t tt
pr dur ba t t a ieswhe a peii r c d ha r i e a i s attil a on die
oce al r ha rs
n
ttone oul ve a s d n s ue ra nd
r ct

a pe l b t aldt d s S eVis nv. e 43 F.d41 , 7 (t Ci. 00 )t ri a i a
p a, u f i o o o. e n o Tnl, 6 3 2 41 4 h r 2 6 parg n s n
e
a e u t a did pe d n b r)
d q ae n n e n e t a ..
t fa c am i de a t d,t n pe ii ne mus f i on t tca m unls he c s w t t
t
l l i s f ule he tto r
t al ha li
es
an ho ha

c u e a dprj ieo afmd me tlmic rig o j siemih e c s l sd fut' Belv.
a s n eudc r t n n a s ara e f u tc g t x u e l ea l. l
i
'
Tr e 41 F. p 2 6 7 6 6 ( . Va 2 0 )(iig F s rv. g l n ,1 3F.d 8 5 8 4
u , 3 Su p. d 5 , 7 W D. . 0 6 ctn ihe An eo e 6 3 3 , 4
(t Ci. 1 98) Th l a s ' p o g rq ie a peiin r t de n tae t a t e e wee
4 h r 9 ). e t u e' r n e ur s
c
tto e o mo srt h t h r r
S be t fco s' e tr a t hs d fn e whc i e e hm fo rii hs cam a al
s j ci a tr, x en l o i ee s , ih mp d d i r m asng i li t l
o
ve
'
e rirsa e Mu ry v.Ca e,4 7 U..4 ,48 ( 9 6 . Theç rj d c 'pr n rq ie a
ale tg . ra
ni r 7 S 78 8 1 8 )
ç eu ie' o g e ur s
p
pe ii r t s w t t t a l ged c tt tona vi a i w or t hi a t l a s t nta
ttone o ho ha he le
ons i u i l ol ton
ked o s c ua nd ubs a i l

dia nt ge,i ec i hi e ie tilwih e r ofaconsiutonalm a t de. I M ea ll
s dva a nf tng s ntr ra t ror
tt i
gniu
d.
nwiie,

t e f d me tl mic rig o j sie e c p in rq ie a p tto e t pr hi ac ual
h un n na s ara e f u tc x e to e u rs eiin r o ove s t
in c nc .S hu v Deo 51 U. 2 8 3 940( 9 5 .
n o e e c lp . l, 3 S. 9 , 3 - 1 9 )

V.

Di
scussi
on

A. Cl m 1
ai

I Cl m 1 M c
n ai , Donal alege t tt Com monwe 1h c mit a Br dy vi a i by
d l s ha he
at om ted
a
olton
f ii t dicos i or to t tc r c e W as st si ony. Attil W a s n t si d
alng o s l e nf ma i n ha ontadit d ton' e tm
ra , t o e tfe

t talhough he i ta l t d lW e or m e t tCr i J
ha t
niily ol a nf ce nt ha a g ohns n ha bee pr s nta t s e
o d n e e t he c ne

oft ci ,he mit J ms f M c
ée rme
sook ol on or Donal s brt r Ke 3 Ho ve,c dee nt
d' ohe , m.
we r o- fnda
Se i k G oi ,i a pos -r a i e v e ,t d l w e o c m e t t Cr i J
drc
ns n
tti l nt r i w ol a nf r e nt ha a g ohns n w a pr s nta
o
s ee t

t be tng a pa tci t d. M c nad c am st tt sne i o ma i e ils hi t a ne
he a i nd ri pa e
Do l l i ha hi w nf r ton ntte m o
w
til
ra .

On ha asr vi w, heLouiaCount Cic tCou the d:
be e e t
s
y r ui
r l
Theva ue o Se ik' i e viw i t i pe h W as on whe he Cr g J
l f drc s nt r e s o m ac
ton
t r ai ohns
on
was a t s ne of t c i e. W a s s c e biiy,howe r wa i a he
t he ce
he rm
ton' r di lt
ve , s mpe c d
wih r r t whehe Cr g J
t ega ds o
t r ai ohns wa a t s ne. Fori t nc W a s
on s t he ce
nsa e, ton
wascr se mi d e e i l a
os - xn ne xt nsvey boutwhe he Cr i Jo on wasa t s e of
t r ag hns
t he c ne

t ec i ,a d wh W as n h d c a e lsso y a u s en J l o ( il
h rme n y to a h ng d l tr bo t e i g oms n. Tra
i
Tr 28 289,29 300,304) The dee e as c le Dinne Brds w who
. 7,
9.
fns lo ald n
a ha
t sii d t tJ
e tfe ha ohns a M c
on nd Donal s br t rdif sghii a l i a
d' o he fer i fc nty n ppea a .
r nce

( ilTr 6 3 58 .Thu , d ik' ie tfc to lf J h o a t es e eo t
Tra . 5 - )
s Se rc s d n iiain o j o ns n t h c n f he
c i i cl a i t t e de e ar ad pr s n ed t c le
rme s lmultve o he vi nc le y e e t o ha lnge W a s s
ton'
c e biiy. Se Loc r v.Commonwe t 34 Va.
r di lt
e kha t
alh,
App.3 3 542 S. 2d 1
29, 46,
E. ,

9 ( 0 ) ( o ig te Br d e ie e ç s smpy mo e o t e s me tpe o
2 01 n tn h a v vd nc i i l r f h n y f
wa
e de e a woul not we c ude haveputt whol c e i s h a dif r nt
vi nc nd
d ,
oncl ,
he
e as n uc
fe e

l h a t u d r n c n i e e i t vedc ) s e as Unie Stts v.
i t s o n emie o fd nc n he r if' e lo td ae
g
;
Coo r 654 F 3 1 0 , 1 2 ( 0h Ci.2 1 ( d s ls d e i n e t a i
pe ,
d 1 4 1 0 1 t r 01 ) Un ico e vde c h t s
.

.

Gc
tumultve of e de ofbi orpa taiy ar a pr e e a t wo d
ai
vi nce
as
rilt le dy es nt d nd hus ul
ha pr de onl m a gi la ii ls
ve ovi d y r na dd tona uppor f t de e e'i notma e il
t or he f ns ' s
t ra

f Br pur e )...
or adv pos s
Furhe mor , Se ik' i ewi w woul no ha be n hepf l t
t r e
drc s nt l e
d t ve e
l u o

Mc
Donal i gari a ne tilbec us Sed ik t d lw e or eme t t
d n ilng
w ra a e rc ol a nf cegq nt ha
M c onal co m i t d t c i es Se i k' i er e e , D e ec i Cart
D
d m te he r m .
drc s nt vi w r
t tve
lon
J
ohns t sii d a t Oc o r 1 201 pos-ralhe rng t tGhe onl t ng
on, e tfe t he t be 7, 4 tti a i ha t
t
y hi

t twa difrntEn Se ik' a cou qwast tCri J o wa t r a
ha s fee i drc s c nt
ha ag ohns n s hee nd
tc pa e '
hi
?m'i i t d' everyt ng

e s w a t sme Gn ldn Mr Mc n l s
le
s he a , t cu ig
i
. Do ad'
l ve e .' The Co t f
nvol m nt'
ur ound De e tve J
tci
ohns s t tm ony c e bl
on' esi
r di e.
Co i rng t r c d a a w hol Se i k' i t r i w woul not i us d,ha
ns de i he e or s
e, drc s n e v e
d ,f e
ve
.

3Thec 'r po trtans i M c nal sbr hersna asbot Ki a Ka .
our e re r crbed Do d' ot ' me
t
h m nd m

G tt whol c e i s h adif r ntlg a t t r net c i nc i t
E he
pu
e as n uc
f e e i ht s o mde mi he onfde e n he
ve dit' Thus i doe no m e tt Br sa r f rm aera iy.
r c .'
, t s t e he ady t nda d o t ilt

M c n l v. ake No. 5 0 - 0 5 7 8( . r Ct M a 21 2 5 .
Do ad Clr , CL1 - 4 0 , , - Va Ci. . y , 01 )
I a ee wih t sae co ts a yss Couns l r pe t dl i ac d W a s s
gr
t he t t ur ' nal i.
e e a e y mpe he
ton'
c e biiy;t r f e,Seddc st si ony f t ri a hi W a s n' r a e i ntf ton of
r di lt he e or
k' e tm
urhe mpe c ng t o s ec nt d de ika i
Cr g J hns i c
ai o on s umultve a i ma e i lt rBr dy.4 Atti l de e e c m s li
a i nd m t ra mde a
ra, f ns ol e mpea he
c d
W a s s c edi lt r ga di Cr i J on' pr s nce die ty by poi t dl a ki s ve al
ton' r biiy e r ng a g ohns s e e
r cl
n e y s ng e r
quesi s h as ç - f r a y we e yo fom Cr g J
tons uc : Gl a wa
l ow
r u r
ai ohns whe you i ntfed,f s l
on
n
de ii aley
i ntfed hi ?' Tra Tr 28 Se ond,c ms lc l Br ha t t tf a t t sgnii nt
de ii m ' il . 7. c
ot e aled ads w o esiy s o he i fca
d fe e e , t n Cr g J l o a M c
if r nc sbe wee ai o ms n nd Donal sbr he ,i l i hei ,we g ,ha rt e
d' ot r ncud ng ght i ht isyl,
a sdn t
nd l one. TralTr 654i .
57. Thid,at
r lhough M c o l spe ii n i l sa 201 a sd vi
D nad' tto nc ude
4 f a t

fo Se i k sa i t tM c
r m drc ttng ha
Donal di no pa tci t i t be tng buti t ad a tmpt d t
d d t ri pa e n he a i
nse te e o
sop i, t a fda t die ty c r di t Sed ik' pror sa e e t a i ir l va t
t t he fi vi r c l onta cs
rc s i t t m n s nd s re e nt o
M c o l ' Br dy c ai ss
D na d s a l m .

The e or ,1 g a t m oton t dimi sast Cl i 1 bec us t sa e c tsfndi
r f e r nt he
i o s s
o am , a e he t t our' i ng
w as no c r r t or a unr a ona e a i a i o , f de a l , o a t r s na e
t ont a y o,
n
e s bl pplc ton f e r l aw r n m ea o bl

de em i to o f c s
t r nai n f a t .
B. Cl m 2
ai

4I hi Res e M c
n s pons , Donal poi soutt tCr i J o t tfedt M cDonal wasnotpr e dmi
d nt
ha ag ohns n esii hat
d
es nt ng
t be tng, Howe r Cr g J ms st tmony i kr eva t M c
he ai
ve , ai ol on' esi
s el nt o Donal sc rntBr v cai be aus Cr i
d' ure
ad l m c e ag
J o t tfed a M c onal ss t nci andM c o dha no pr f r a evi nc t tt Comm onweat
ohns n esii t D
d' en e ng
D nal s t ofeed ny de e ha he
lh
s esed hi t tm ony. Alo,J ms s sae ent confitwih tsi ony fom W a s Chad,Se ik,and
uppr s
s esi
s ol on' ttm s
lc t e tm
r
ton,
drc
Deeci Ca lonJ on.
t tve rt ohns

5TheCommonwe t ne s ppr s t i or ton i t afi t M or r Sedrc sr a aton i
a1h ver u esed he nf ma i n he tdavi.
eove , ik' ec nt i s
pr bl tc bec us ofhi i onsitntsaeme sa hi rpe ed ans r oft1don' r me r'i r s et
o ema i a e
s nc se tt nt nd s e at
we s t
t e mbe ' n e pons o
t Co
he mmonwe lh' quesi a M c
at s
tons t Donad' s nt i he rng. Att tme,Se ik Goi s d t the was
l s e encng a i
he i
drc
ns ai ha

drigt fr e (h betn l' M o. ' Tr a 7 ( t 1 , 1 )
çyn o o g t te aig . tHrg . t 6 Oc. 7 20 4 .
t
'

I Cl i 2,M c
n am
Dona d c e t tt Co onwe lh c
l ont nds ha he mm
at omm itd a Br dy vi a i by
te
a
olton
wihhol ng t i onna i n t tW a s n wasi oxi t a til
t di he nf
to ha
to
nt caed t ra .Spe ii aly,M c nad alege
cfc l
Do l l s
t tBr y w a vi a e be a e e n t
ha ad
s olt d c us ve hough a l a tone me be oft Louia Comt She ifs
t es
m r he
s t y rf
De rm e was a r t tW a s n ha a odo ofa c
pa t nt
wa e ha
to d n
r
l oholwhe he ga t tm o W as s
n
ve esi ny, ton'
a lged i oxi a i was nots r d wih t de e e a t co e ne r c os - xn ne
le
nt c ton
ha e
t he f ns , nd hus uns l ve r se mi d
W a s r ga di hi i o c ton l ve . M c
t on e r ng s nt xia i e l
Dona d as pr f e s a a fda tf o le Goi
l lo o f r n fi vi r m r ne ns
Br ds w, who ca ms t t s pe s ly wine s d W as c u e a c
a ha
li ha he r onal t s e
t on ons m l ohol dlrng co t
zi
ur

b e kswh l hewa a wi s frte Co n at M c nad ag e ta t eçt y c ul
ra
ie
s t s o h mmo we l
ne
h. Do l r u s h t h jl o d
r
ha f und t tadnmke wine si l s c e bl t n as be o ' Pe .7,ECF N o.1
ve o
ha
n t s s e s r di e ha
o r ne. t
'
.
Mc
Donal r ied t i s ofW as si oxi to a hi s nt ncng,on a a ,a i
d a s he s ue
t on' nt cai n t s e e i
ppe l nd n

h ssaeh be s6 TheVign aColt fAp e l rj ce t ecam:
i tt a a .
r ii t o p as ee td h li
r
Att e sn e i h a ig g c n l )mo e t sta i et evedc ba e o
h e tncng e rn , M Do ad v d o e sd h r it s d n
alege y ne l di co r e de e t ts m e i t c toom had de e t d
l dl w y s ve ed vi nc ha o one n he ourr
tce

t o o o ac h lo W as n' b e t d rngtil Ats n e cng t etil u g
he d r f lo o n to s r ah u i ra. e tn i ,h ra j d e
sae t tt al ga i r r ng aloholha bee br
tt d ha he le ton ega di c
d n oughtt hi a tnton i t
o s te i n he

mis o W as n stsi n , ndt ej d ewa a k dwh t rab e t ay e ts
d t f to ' e tmo y a h u g s s e ehe rah l z r et
s o l bea miitrdu n W as n.Th j d esae t tnos c t s wo db
h u d d n see po to
e u g ttd ha u h e t ul e
gi n a i wo d no pr
ve s t ul t oduce a isbl e de e,a t r w a no i i a i
dm s i e vi nc nd he e s
nd c ton

W as n h d i td ul wf l I a d to t til u g n td a t es ne cn
to a c e ra ul n d iin,he ra j d e oe t h e tn ig
l
y.
he rng t the di notdee ta odoro aco la
a i ha
d
t c ny
f l ho boutW a s a ti ,norwas
ton t ral

t ee a id c to W as n wa u d rte ifu n e Thetil ud ed rid t e
h r n n iai n to s n e h n l e c .
ra j g el h
e
moto t s t asde t vedit fndi g c
in o e i he r c, i ng M Donal ha not be n de e
dq d
e nid
e ul t y evi nc ...
xc pa or
de e

g c nad c n e d t th wa d n e li rg t maeile c l tr
M Do l) o tn s ha e s e id l iht o tra x upao y
s
e ie et whc h wa e tte t e Brd v. r ln 3 3U. 8 ( 9 2 .
vd nc o ih e s n ild md r a v Ma ya d, 7 S. 3 1 6 )
Alh u h t e tilj g r c le beng a p o c e a o t t s s co t t
t o g h ra ud e e ald i p r a h d b u he u piin ha
W a s s e ld ofa c , hi cr um sa e wa notvei i d by a e de eor
ton m le
l ohol t s ic t nc
s
lfe
ny vi nc
t s i ony a t s nt nc ng hea i t ndi t pr ' as e ton a
e tm
t he e e i
rng e ng o ove t
he s ri bout W a s n
to
ha be t e. Norwas t r e de e t tW as wa i ompe e t t siy.
d en nz
he e vi nc ha
ton s nc
t nt o e tf
See Tom lns v.Com m onw e t 8 Va.A pp. 21 222- 380 S. 2d 26,29
i on
alh,
8,
23,
E.

( 9 9 ( u tngBl et v Co n at ,1 2Va 5 8 5 ,1S. 2 2 , 9
1 8 ) q oi mlte . mmo we lh 7 . 7 , 91 E.d 68 26
( 9 )CC wi e si no rnd rdi o ee tb t efc t th . .sd
1 39 GA t s s t e ee nc mp tn y h a t ha e . i nmk a
n
t
6 Un e He y v. Wad n.5 6 SE.d 4 5 4 6 ( .2 0 )Vignasaeha m c m' d n trve
d r nr
r e 7 . 2 9 , 9 Va 0 3 r ii tt be s o t o o e iw
s
cams t ta e r s d a tiland on die ta al t r f r t ls r as d opi on on t is i 9om t
li ha r aie t ra
r c ppe ; he e o e he at e one
ni
he s ue s
he

Vigni Co r o Ap e l.Se Y1t Nl e k r5 U.. 9 , 0 (9 )
r i a u t f p as e s v. l ma e, 01 S 7 7 8 3 1 91.
nn
10

t tm e ofgi ng hi t tm o t e shi c ton i s h t the i t bl t
he i
vi
s esi ny, ml s s ondii s uc ha
s ma e o
na r t f ct a e nt i a wa t ber i on,a i i f t ti lc ti is
r ae a s nd ve s n
y o
eled
nd t s or he ra our n t

d srto t d tr ne wh t e o n th s tsi n s o l be r c i e ' )
icein o ee mi
eh r r o i etmo y h u d
e ev d.l .
'
Thus e q as mi a gu
, ve ml ng r endo t tt Comm o a t ha i
ha he
nwe 1h d mput d lno e
e c wi dge

o te alg to ta W as n s le o ac h l tee wa no e up ty
f h l ain h t to meld f lo o, h r s xc lao
e

e d n ewi hed fo g c nad . Ac o dn l,t etil u g d d n term
vie c t l r m M Do lj c r i gy h ra j d e i o r
h
r f sngt s ta iet v r it
e u i o e sd he eb c.
'
M c n l v. mmo we lh No 0 7 -2- 5 6( . . p. r 2 20 3 .
Do ad Co n at , . 7 3 1 2, - Va Ct Ap Ap . 4, 1 )

la r ewiht eVign aCo r o Ap e l.M c n l o fr t ej d e src le to o
ge t h r ii u t f p as Do ad fe s h u g ' e o lcin f
a odo ofalohola Br haw' sae e t ts wines e W a s drnl a e de of
n
r
c
nd ads
s t tm nt ha he t s d ton i dng s vi nce
W a s s i oxi a i but pr t t W ato dr nk on t day of hi t si ony doe not
ton' nt c ton,
oof ha
sn n
he
s e tm
s
diquaiy orne s a iy i
s lf
ce s rl mpea h W as a awine s
c
t on s
t s.
Unde Tomlns t tilco tha dic e i t de e mi whe he W as was t
r
i on, he ra ur d s r ton o t r ne
t r ton
oo

itx c tdt tsiy Th j d er me ee ben a pr a h drg r ig a o o o ac h lb t
no iae o e tf . e u g e mb rd ig p o c e e a dn n d r f lo o u
t r wa no i c ton t t W a s n wa i oxi t a i ompee wine s or t t t
he e s
ndi a i ha
to
s nt caed, n nc
tnt t s ,
ha he
Comm on a1h was a e t tW as ha c
we t
war ha
t on d onml e a c hol Rega dl s M c
m d lo .
r es , Donad fis t
l al o
s
how t t t Com m onw e 1h vi a e Br dv; he has no pr n t t e de e of W a s n'
ha he
a t ol t d a
t ove ha vi nc
to s

ac
l ohol c um pton was e ul t y or i a hi t t t Comm o
ons
i
xc paor
mpe c ng, ha he
nweat kne a
lh
w nd
w ihhel i or ton r ga di W a s n' i oxi ai n,ort tW a s n' drnki wasm ae il
t d nf ma i e r ng t o s nt c to
ha
t o s i ng
tra .
The ef e Igr ntt m o i t dim is a t Cli 2,be a e t sa e co ts r i
r or , a he ton o s s s o am
c us he t t ur' ulng
w a no c r r t or a l e s bl a ia i of f de al l or a t e ona e
s t onta y o,
n mr a ona e pplc ton , e r aw,
n mr as bl
de e mi ton off c s
t r nai
a t.
C. Cl m 3
ai
I Cl i 3, M c o l alege t t t Com m onw e lh vi a ed Br
n am
D na d l s ha he
a t ol t
ady by f lng t
aii o

ds l s ta DNA tsi wa n ve d n o tev h cea d maeil f u a tes e o t e
ico e h t
etng s e r o e n i e il n tras o nd t h c ne f h
be tng. I hi petton,M c
ai
n s ii
Donad i tal sa est tt Comm onweat vi a e Br dy by
l nii ly tt ha he
1h olt d a

f ii t dicos t tDNA t si had bee done,butlt c a ii s t the bele st tt
alng o s l e ha
e tng
n
aer l rfe ha
ive ha he

maeil wee n ve tse . He c n e d t a t eune td tn te eo e u d sl s d DNA
tras r e r e td
o tn s h t h t se a d h r f r n ico e )
e de e was e ul t y a ad isbl t r W or a v.Comm onweat 636 S. 2d 368
vi nc
xc pa or nd m s i e mde
km n
lh,
E.

( . 0 6 b c us t eCo n at ' fiu et ts t maeil ds rdt t t r ug ne s
Va 2 0 ) e a e h mmo we lh s al r o et he tras ice is he ho o h s
t
s lm
and good f t oft i si ton. I s
aih he nve tgai 7 n uppor ofhi cai , M c
Dona d s isas a c wa a
l ubm t e r h n'nt
f rt ve c e.
o he hil
On ha asr viw,t sa ec t l t f l wi
be e e he t t our he d he olo ng:

( c nad c n o s o t u t se DNA wa e up t r o maeilt e
M Do l q n n t h w he n e td
s xc lao y r tra md r
Br dy. The e i S c tmto l r uie e t t t pr e uton m a a
a
r s E onsi i na eq r m nt ha he os c i
no
ke
c
omplt a de al d ac ot i t t de e e ofalpolc i si t y wo k
e e nd t ie c mtng o he f ns
1 i e nve tga or
r

o a c s . M o r v.ll o s 4 U. 7 6 7 5 ( 9 2 ;s e as Ky e v.
n a e'
' oe li i, 08 S. 8 , 9 1 7 ) e lo ls
n
W h te ,51 U. 41 ,4 6 3 ( 9 5 (( h Co si in i n tvoae e r
ily 4 S. 9 3 - 7 1 9 ) $T) e n tmto s o iltd vey
ç
tme t go r
i he ve nmen f is or c
t al
hoos s nott dic os e de e t t mi htpr ve
e
o s l e vi nc ha g
o
he pf t t de e e.W eha ne rhed t tt Consiu i de a a o n
l ul o he f ns
ve ve l ha he
tt ton m nds n pe

fl p lc ( o ve s h ap lc mih wok o ti p a tc ....) I ac s
ie o iy h we r uc o iy g t r u n r cie
'. n ae
'
i vi t e t d s me s mpl s t Supr m e Co toft Uzie St t s he d
nvol ng mt s e e n a e , he
e
ur
he lt d a e l

tepo sbii t tt u tse maeil ma ha ee upae t d fnd n çs
h si ly ha he netd tras ( v xc l td he ee a tç
t
i
not e
nough t s ts y t sa r of co tt tona m a e i iy. Adz
o a if he t nda d
nslu i l t ralt '
'
ona v.

Yo n bo d, 8U. 51 5 ,1 2( 9 8.Thee up ty vau o u tse o
u g lo 48 S , 6 0 1 8 )
xc lao le f netd r
t vaia e e de i tbe a r nt' f e dic r l m a t d by Br v.
ma l bl vi nce t
mus
ppa e 'be or s ove y s nda e
ad

I ;s e as Unt d S ae v.Ag r,4 7 U. 9 ,1 9 1 (9 6 (The me e
d. e lo ie tts
u s 2 S. 7 0 - 0 1 7 ) t
t
r
pos i lt t ta ie ofund s l e i o ma i m i tha hel d t d e e
sbiiy ha n tm
i cos d nf r ton gh ve pe he ef ns ,
ormi htha afe t d t out ome oft tildoe notesa ih ç t raiy'i
g
ve f c e he c
he ra
s
t bls ma e i lt n

t ec n t uin l e s . Fu te mo e M c n l ' a srinta h c udh ve
h o si to a s n e' rh r r , Do ad s se t h t e o l a
t
).
o

u e teifr to t dsrdttejoieiv siaini se uaiea dfl
sd h no main o ice i h l n etg to s p c ltv n al
c
s

s o t fs wi gBrd p eu iei t sc s .Theci d dn to cl i t c r
h r o ho n a y rj d c n hl a e
rme i o c t n he a .
r
The c e wasprma iy abou t t si o ofW as a i rm i tng pho
as
i rl
t he e tm ny
t on nd nc i na i
ne

c ls M c nad ha n ts o ta p e e tn t j r wih i o main a u
al. Do l s o h wn h t rs n ig he u y t nfr to bo t
t e td s mpls 9o t c rwo d t t who e c s i s h adif r ntlgh
mt se a e m he a ul t he
put
l a e n uc
fe e i t
ast unde mi t co i ncei t ve di . Kyl s 51 U . a 435.
o
r ne he nfde
n he r ct'
' e , 4 S. t

1 I W or n,t Vigi a Supr me Cour hed t t t Commonwe t ha vi atd Brdy f not
n
kma he r ni
e
t l ha he
a1h d ol e a or
dicosng,des t a t n fl' polcy,sgniia exc paor evi nc t tr ule 9om s pa ae butr ae
sl i
pie n t
ope ie' i i fc nt ul t y de e ha es td
e rt
elt d
hw e tgai . Spect aly,
si tons
ik l
-

<- hei i d a p o euo h sa d t t lnno a y fv rbee d nc k o t teoh r
tl ndviu l r sc tr a uy o e r f n a o a l vie e n wn o h tes
gq
a tng on t gover nts be f i t ca e i udi t polc ' I t s ca e t
ci
he
nme ' hal n he s , ncl ng he ie. n hi s , he
'

Co n at c n e e ta teh siaos k o e g o ( sp rt c s)wa c r a l t
mmo we 1 o c d s h t h wetg tr' n wld e f a e aae a e s hagebe o
h
t Commonweat Furhemor ,t ti co tsdicovey o de pl nl ma t d di l ur of
he
lh. t r e he ral ur' s r r r ai y nda e scos e
s h i o mai '
uc nf r ton.'

Wok n, 3 SE.da 3 5(u t Kylsv Whie , 4U.. 9 4 7(9 5
rma 6 6 . 2 t 7 q oi
ng e . t v 51 S 41 , 3 1 9 $.
l

M c n l v Clr e No. 5 0 - 0 9 1 ( . r Ct M a 21 2 5 .
Do ad . ak , CL1 - 4 0 , - 0 Va Ci. . y , 01 )
Ia eewih t Louia Cot y Cic tCo tshol ng t tM c
gr
t he
s
mt r ui ur ' di ha
Dona d f l t s
l ais o how t t
ha

t ma e i lwo d ha bee e ul t y a hi s ulto r r ng t polc i si ton
he t ra ul ve n xc paor nd s pec ai n ega di he ie nve tga i
does no s tsy t r r m e s of e t r W or n o Br dy. Hi c e di not i ve
t aif he equie nt
ihe
kma r a
s as d
nvol
co plc t d f e i s e
m i a e or nsc cince o muli e r l t d i si a i ' i i ved al e wines ,
r
tpl e a e nve tg tons t nvol
,
! ye t s
code e nti plc ton,a cr lm sa i l i i i tngphoner or .
f nda m i a i nd ic l t ntaly ncrm na i
ec ds
The ef e I gr nt t moton t dim is as t Cl m 3, be us t sa e c ts
r or ,
a he
i o s s
o ai
ca e he t t our'

a j iain wa n t c n rr t , o a t e s n be a p iain o , f d r l lw, o a
dudc to
s o o tay o r n mr a o a l p lc to f e ea a r n
t e ona ede e na i n o f c s
mr as bl t nni to f a t.
D. Cl ms4 5 and 6
ai , ,
Cl m s4, 5,a 6 a e a1de a t d unde Pa ca 8
ai
nd r 1 f ule
r ni n.

I Cl i 4,M c
n am
Donal a g s t tt Comm o e 1h c
d r ue ha he
nw at omm it a Br vi ai n by
ted
adv ol to
pr d ng t def ns wih f s Br dy m ae i lpro t ti l t tCr g J hns wa W a s s
ovi i he e e t ale a
t ra i r o ra : ha ai o on s ton'

c i .9 H ow e r bec us t Comm onweat pr de t gilo ma i t t def ns pr ti
ousn
ve , a e he
lh ovi d hi rf r ton o he e e e ral
a M c ona d f ie t r i e t i s a ti l or on diec a a ,t c a m i ba r d unde
nd
D l a l d o a s he s ue t r a
r t ppe l he l i s r e
r

Pa rca Rega dl s ,t cli f l on t m e isbec us none oft r quie nt ofBr dv
ri n.
r e s he a m ais
he rt
a e
he e r me s
a

8Mc n l d e n talg o d mo srt c u ea d p eudc o afmd me tlmic rig o j sie
Do ad o s o l e r e n tae a s n rj ie r t a n a sara e f u tc ;
e
teeo e In e no a de sp tnil xc ssfrhsd fut S eBl k tv An eo e 2 F.d 1 2 1 3n 1 (t
h rfr, e d t d rs oe ta e u e o i ea l. e z e . a ln , 08 3 7 , 8 .0 4h
r
Ci. 0 )( l n ta, sp tin rber b r nt riec u ea dp eu ieo ata in c n e ac u t e dno
r 2 00 hodig h ta eio e as ude o as a s n rj dc r cu ln o e c , o r n e t
t
c n ie ete i n tasre b p tt n r. I hspeio ,M c n l icu e boh a asd vt9o S dik
o sd r i r f o setd y eii e) n i tin Do ad n ld s t n f a i m e rc
h
o
t
G oi sai t M cDonal di nottkepm'i t beai a tsi ony 9om Cr i J m s t tM c o l wa
ns ttng hat
d d
a
t n he tng nd e tm
ag ol on ha D nad s
notpr e att s ene Howe r M c nal doesnota art a e a acua i e a g
es nt he c .
ve , Do d
ppe o ssrt n t l nnoc nce r umen .Re r e s I
t ga dls ,
c udet tt l ryi camsar wihoutme i.
oncl ha he mdel ng li
e t
rt
9w as t tfeda t t tJ ms wa nothi cousn.
ton esii t dalha ol on s
s
i

13

aes tsid ()t eif r to i n te c l tr o i a hig 1 ()t e ei n e ie c t a
r aife : 1 h n o main s o x upao y r mpe c n ,0 2 h r s o vd n e h t
t Co
he mmonwe t kne ors ese t i or ton, ( t i or toni notmaeil
alh w uppr s d he nf mai and 3) he nf mai s
tra.
I Cl m 5,M c o l a s r s t t t Com m o ea t c m it d a Br y vi a i by
n ai
D na d s e t ha he
nw 1h om te
ad ol ton

w ihhol ng e ul t y e de r ga di t c e biiy of Dwa
t di xc pa or vi nce e r ng he r di lt
yne Shet
lon. Spe i ly,
c scal

Mc nad ç o b le e s t a S lo ' n mb ra tetme E wa no o tep o erc r so
Do l t w eiv g) h t het n s u e t h i 1 s t n h h n e o d f
n
tenl rg t a S lo s i Ch d Gonsc le hm fo ' t 1 (ho nl r o te )
h t
mbe ) h t hetn ad a i ald i r m. . 2 p ne l s mitd .
'Pe
mbe
M c nad sa e t f l ng i t c r ntpeii ( hi i or to wa e ul t y t t
Do l t t s he olowi n he ure
tton: T s nf ma i n s xc paor o he

dee ea s ul vebe nt dove byt Commonwe lhbeor ti .'Jl
fns nd ho d' e ume
r he
at f e ral' -s
t
Fis,snc t st t d ng' oc ured a til M c
r t i e hi G hhol i ' c r t ra , Dona d co d ha r i e t i s a
wi
l ul ve a s d he s ue t
tila o die t a
ra nd n r c ppea ;t r or ,t cai i ba r under Pa ca M or ve ,t sa e
l he ef e he l m s red
ni n.
eo r he t t
ha a co tf und t tM c na d ha nots
be s ur o
ha
Do l d
hown t tt Comm onwe lh s es e f vor bl
ha he
at uppr s d a a e
e de . I a ee wih t Loui a Count Cic t Co ts a l i be a e M c nad ha no
vi nce
gr
t he
s
y r ui ur' nayss c us
Do l s t

f cu l s p o tdt cam.Se Nik ro v Le , 71F.d 1 2 ,1 3 ( t Ci.1 9 )(l r
a tal u p re he li
y
e c es n . e 9 2 1 5 1 5 4h r 9 2 s e
Ba
alegai ns'of co tt tonale r a e not s fc e gr
l to '
nsiu i
ror r
uf ii nt ounds f ha as r i f t pe ii r
or be ele ' he ttone
,

mus pr fe e i e c t s p o t i cams)
t o fr v d n e o u p r h s li ..
l Cli 6,M c
n am
Dona d c e t tt Comm onweat c
l ont nds ha he
lh omm itd aBr y vi ai n by
te
ad ol to

p e e tng aG as i a tsae n' t t j y d ng s ne ig. M i rsd u he ,Sei
r sn i
l le mp c ttme t o he m mi e tncn
f
'
no ' a g tr l
na
M ike sa e t ts wa notw o l s t ts c d tke c r ofM i be aus he di no
c y, tt d ha he s
rdng o ha he oul a a e
nor c e
d t
lket be l taone,had s i ur s a ha a c l lke mi
i o ef l
e z e , nd d hid-i
nd.M c
Dona d s
l upporshi cai wih
t s lm t
a 911 c l 1 f o N ove be 11 2011, n whi h M i ke ç ol di pa c t the f t rha m ade
a l og r m
m r ,
i
c
c y t d s t h ha r a he d
t
t e t t a d he gr ndm ot r and t M r M i di no t ke li m edi a i a w as Gi ng
hr a s ow r r a
he ,
hat . nor d t a ls
c ton nd
lvi

wih hi gil e on Ki
t s rgi nd
nneyTown Rd.' Pe .1
'' t 4.
1 I i uncea 9o t r c d why t Commonweat t
0 t s l r m he e or
he
lh houghtt tW as a Cr i J on we e
ha
ton nd ag ohns
r
c i . Neve t ls ,M c
ousns
rhee s Donal doe not pr fr a e de s ng t t W a s n ma fle sae nt
d
s
ofe ny vi nce howi ha
to
de as ttme s
r r ng hi r ato t Cr i J on;t r or t i o mato woul noti a W as
ega di s el in o ag ohns he ef e,he nf r in
d
mpe ch ton.

On ha s r vi t cr ui c t f md t t G c
bea e ew, he ic t our ot
ha t Dona d pr s nt no e de ,
M
l ee s
vi nce

icu ig ta fo t e 91 c l l g ta s o E c e s sae n i fle F rh nn r ,
n l dn h t r m h 1 al o , h t h ws Mik y') ttme t s as . u te o e
M c nad coul ha c le d t vitm i c sae e a ti oron a a' a t c am
Do l
d ve hal nge he ci mpa t t tm nt t ral
ppe l' nd he l i

wa t u bard b Pa i a M c nad v.Clr e No. 5 0 0 ,1 ( .Ci.Ct M a 21
s h s re y n z n. Do l
ak , CL1 -4- 0 2 Va r . y ,
2 5 .1a rewiht saec u tsa lss c n l ha n ts o t tt Co n at
01 ) g e t he tt o r' nay i.M Do ad s o h wn ha he mmo we 1h
vo ae Br d be a eheha no p o uc d a y e i e c s o n t a t eif r to wa ( )
iltd a y c us
s t r d e n v d n e h wig h t h n o mai n s 1

e up t r o i a hng ()s p rs e b tèCo nwe 1 o ()maeil
xc lao y r mpe c i ,2 u p e s d y h mmo at r 3 tra .
h,
The e or 1 gr t t m o i t dimis Cli s 4, 5, a 6 bec us t ca ms ar
r f e,
an he ton o s s am
nd
a e he li
e
pr dur ly def ule wihou e us ,a t sa eha a c tsf di we enotc ta yt
oce a l
a t d t t xc e nd he tt be s our' m ngs r
on r r o,
ora t e s bl a i ton of f de all w, a t e s bl de e nai off c s
n mr a ona e pplcai
, e r a or n mr a ona e t nni ton a t .
Cl m 7
ai
I Cl m 7,M c nad a guest tc
n ai
Do l r
ha ouns lwa i fe tve f f ii t f ly i tga e
e s ne f c i or a lng o ' l nvesi t
u

t vci s ij re a d c u e o ij re . S cfc l M c n l alg st tc u s lwa
he itm' nu is n a s f nu is pe iial
y, Do ad le e ha o n e s
una e t pr ry c os - xnmi M i r s tea i physca Dr M a k Sha fe bec us
bl o ope l r se
ne no ' r tng
i in, . r
fr y, a e
co el ne r obti d t doc o ' m e c l r or . I com s l ha obt i t r co ds
uns
ve
a ne he
t r s di a ec ds f l e d
aned he e r ,

c t e wo l ha eds o ee a Au u t2 1lte ta wa Gndrc giqc nr s t wha t e
oms l ud v ic v r d n g s 01 etr h t s i ie t sc o ta t o t h
i
doc ort sii d t a ti l' Pe .1 l s
t e tfe o t ra . t 8. n uppor ofli cai , c
'
t ls l m M Donal pr de onepageofDr
d ovi s
.
Shape st si ony a not sfo M i ' Augus 2011f l w- vii.
t y' e tm
nd e ' m nors
r
t
olo up st
Thesa eha asco 'f
tt be
ul ound t t
t
ha :

Mc n l ha stsidn ih rtel efl ln e'n rteI rj dc 'prn o
Do ad s aife ete h G rom' c ' o h G eu ie' o g f
p
a
?
Stikl nd. Dr Sha fe t tfe t t t vitm, St ve M mor a ve a t
rc a
. fr y esii d ha he c i
e
, ni d t he
hos t lwih alr bl coti li he d.Dr Sha fe r m ove a lr pi c o
pia t a ge ood l n ls a
. fr y e
d a ge e e f
M i r s s li or r t r m o t bl c o . Acc di t Shaf y,M i r
no ' kul n de o e ve he ood l t
or ng o
ge
no
w oul ha di d w ihoutt s ge y. Fi ly,D r Sha f e t tfed t t M i r s
d ve e
t
he ur r
na l
. f r y esi i ha
no '
c ton i pr d ove s ve a we ks buthe wilha a s a fom t s ge y
ondii m ove
r e rl e ,
l ve c r r he ur r
f r lf a pos i e s z e .
o ie nd s bl ei ur s

Dr Sha fe s tsi
. fr y' e tmony wa m os r lva t t t c r o agg a t d
s
t ee n o he ha ge f r va e
m ai i woundi An elm e o a a t m ai i woundi i t tt
lcous
ng.
e nt f ggr vaed lcous
ng s ha he

v ci i t e eey ij r d a d i c us d t s fe p r ne t a d sg iia t
itm s G v r l nu e n s a e o u fr e ma n n in fc n
s
p y ia i i nt'Va Co ej 1 .- .( .W h l Dr S f y' Au u t9
h sc l mpanne . . d 82 512 A) ie . hage s g s ,
'
2011 lte no es M i r s'mpr m e t i he lhl i t sx wee f l wi
e tr t
no ' i ove n n at l n he i
ks olo ng
stge y,not ng i t lte s ws t ta a a t malci wot ng di
tr r
hi n he e tr ho ha n ggr va ed
i ous mdi
d
not oc tr M i w a s il l f w ih a pe m a nt s a . See e. , H a l v.
cl.
nor s tl e t t
r ne c r
. g. w dns

Co n at Re o d No 0 0 -4- 2 5 Va Ap LEXI 1 6 a * @ a
mmo we 1h, c r . 9 8 1 2, 01 . p.
S 3,t 4 .
Ct Ap Ap .1 ,201 )(p o dn a g a ae maiiu womdng c n ito
. p. r 5
5 u h l ig g rv td l o s t i o vcin
c
whe e s i vitm woul be l f fo s ge y a(lr s ar a pe ma nta
r hootng c i
d
e t r m ur r ça ge c , r ne nd

sg iia tph sc li ime f Th ,a sl n t a c u e h d n to ti e
infc n y ia mpar n ). us sl g h t o ns l a o ban d
mi
t Augus 9,2011l te ,i wo d notha madeadif r ncei us d a ti l
he
t
e tr t ul
ve
fe e
f e t ra .

M c n l v. ak , CL1 - 4 0 ,1 - 5 ( . r CtM a 21 2 5 . ctto st ta s rp
Do ad Clr e No. 5 0 - 0 4 1 Va Ci. . y , 01 ) (iain o r n cit
o te )
mitd .
Ia eewih t Louia Coun y Cic tCour' a l i . No hi i Dr Sha fe snot
gr
t he
s
t r ui
ts nayss
t ng n . fr y' es
or t tmony s
esi
uppors t c e i n t t M i di not s f r a a a t ma ii
t he ont nto ha
nor d
ufe n ggr vaed lc ous

woundi Si we ks a trt e e ge y s ge y,Dr Sha fe s pl a a s prs t tM i r
ng. x e fe he m r nc ur r
. fr y' e s nt ur ie ha no

wa d i gs wel o sn tatrt fc t t i rsiju e r q ie tep r n n rmo a o
s o n o l d e o le he a t ha M no ' nti s e ur d h ema e t e v l f
pa tofli s l l vi ape ne s r M c
r ls kul, ea ng
nua nt ca . Donal ha notpr ve et rpr o St l nd
d s
o n ihe ong f dcda
be a e co elwasnoti f e tve f rf lng t purue a m eil s a pl e . Se Ki e ,1
c us uns
ne f c i o aii o s
rte s r m nt e ml r 67
F. a 893. The e or I gr ntt m o i n t dimis as t Cli 7 be us t sae co ts
3d t
r f e, a he to o s s
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aj d c to wa n t c n rr t , o a l e s na e itr rtto o ,fd r l lw, o a
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t ea ona ede e mi ton off t .
mr s bl t r na i
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Cl m 8
ai

La ty,i Cli 8,M c
sl n am
Donal a r t tt evi nc wa i uo ce t s
d ve s ha he de e s ns int o uppor hi
t s
c c i nsbe aus t onl e de o li pa tcpa i i t be tng o M i wasW a s s
onvito
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ton'
Gdubi ' e w ines t s i ony. Pe . 22. Fur he , M c ona d c ai s t t W a s G a
ç ous' ye t s e tm
t
t r
D l l m ha
t on t s
w

1 Dr S aâe n td t tMio E e illa y dfiul wi wo d h aig fv r c ls n u e ,
1 . h f y oe ha n r s ned n ifc t t
d
y h un e l , e e, hi , a sa
n
l
vomii he che ,me
tng, ada s moc dys u to ors ec dit t ... a plas d t thei doi s wel' Res Ex.
f ncin, pe h fkuly 1 m e e ha s ng o 1.
' p.
1 a 1,
, t ECF N o.22.

i oxi a e durng hi t si
nt c t d i
s e tmony,whih woul ha at r d bot hi m e o y oft i i ntand '
c
d ve le e
h s m r
he ncde
hi r ibiiy a til' Pe .22. He a lgest t a be t t evi nc onl s
s ela lt t ra -' t
le
ha, t s, he de e y howst the co d
ha
ul
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whe
y ai na
t r of f c c d ha f nd t e s nta e e t o t c i be
de
a t oul ve o he s e i l l men s f he rme yond a r a ona e do .'
e s bl ubt'

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9 1 7 ) e h ss n rgn l.
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l

t si n ,i i f rt j r a d n tt a p lae c u tt weg t e e d n e a d j g te
e tmo y t s o he u y n o he p elt o r o ih h vie c n ud e h
ce i ii o t ewin s e . I . t1 212 (iigUntdS ae v. s e , 8 F. 8 8 8 0 7
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( t Ci.1 7 ) c r d ne , 5U. 9 4 ( 9 49; e as M as l v Lo bec r 4 9U. 4 2
4h r 9 3 , e t e id 41 S. 2 1 7 ( s e lo rhal . n r e, 5 S. 2 ,
4 4 ( 9 3 (2 U. C. j 2 5 4 ) gv s fd r l h b a c t t no lc ns t r d tr ne
3 1 8 ) : 8 S.
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n ee tng Do l s u fce c r u n n ie t p a, h r ii u t f
Appe sfr tf md t tW a s st tm ony wa noti r nty i r bl :
al is ot ha
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nhe e l nc edi e

Elh j r s w a dhe r W as ntsiy a dc e ie h sv rin o e ns dl e
' e u y a n ad to e t , n r dtd i e so f ve t. t'
l
f
'h
c e biiy of t wine s s a t weght ac or t e de a e ma tr
r di lt
he t s e nd he i
c ded he vi nce r
te s
s el f t f t fnde who hast o r uniy t s e a he rt te de e a
ol y or he ac i r
he ppo t t o e nd a ha vi nc s
i i pr s nt ' Sa
t s e e ed.' ndova v.Com m onw e 1h,20 V a.App. 1 138,455 S. 2d
l
at
33,
E.

730,73 (
2 1995) W as n' prorfl co ci ,posi eit cain a t
. to s i eony nvitons sbl noxi to t he
tme oft ofe e,a pro i nsse sae e sa1we em a tr e o ed on
i
he f ns nd i r nco it nt t tm nt 1 r
te s xpl r

c o se n n to Thej r wa e tte t r s l c nlcsi t etsi n a d
r s-x miain.
u y s nild o e ove o tit n h etmo y n
e de e. See R ols o v. Com m onw e 1h, 11 V a A pp.535,547, 399 S. 2d
vi nc '
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lt n
at
.
E.

8 8 ( 991 . W eca s y W as stsi
23, 30 1 )
nnot a ton' e tmony wa Gi rnty i rdi e
s tnhe e l nce bl,

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r o nta y o l
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le .' s r

Co n at, 28Va 2 6 2 9 3 S. 2d20 20 ( 9 4 .
mmo we 1h 2
. 9 , 9 , 21 E. 2, 4 1 8 )
M c n l v. mmo we l No. 7 3 1 - , ( . . p. r 2 , 01 )
Do ad Co n at
h, 0 7 - 2 2 3 Va CtAp Ap . 4 2 3 .
S c nd t ea pelt c u tas rj ce M c n l sc ne to t th wa n tp r o
e o , h p lae o r lo ee td Do ad' o tn in ha e s o é t f
t gr t tbe tM i :
he oup ha a nor

W as n tsi d u e uvo al t a ( Do ad e g g d i te atc I iil ,
to etfe n q i c ly h t Mc n lq n a e n h ta k. ntal
y
E c n lqg a be W as n b t e am wh n W as n g to to t e v hil.
M Do ad rb d to y h r
e
to o u f h e ce
W as nk w ( c n l j a t eae wa wel ll n td.Afe ( Do ll
to ne M Do ad , nd h r a s l ilmiae
l
tr Mc nad
r la e W as n sa ,h j ie t eg o p t tpls e M i r k oc e hm t
ee s d to ' nn e on d h r u ha t u d no , n k d i o
r
t g ot a be thi . Thus t e denc wass t intt pr ve be nd a
he r md, nd a m
, he vi e
ufk e o o
yo

r a o a l d u tt a ( Do ad wa g i y o a g a ae maiiu wo n ig
e s n b e o b h t Mc n l) s ul f g rv td lco s u dn
t
a malci wo mdi by am o
nd i ous t ng
b.
I at3d.
4.

La ty,t cour of a a s uphe d M cDo d' c ci n of co pia y1 t c
sl he
t
ppe l
l
nal s onvito
ns r c 2 o omm k
m a ii uswoundi .
lc o
ng'

Th f csa d crl tn e ,c n iee t g te ,p o e t t( c n l )ma e
e a t n icl a c s o sd r d o eh r r v d ha M Do ad d
ms
a a r e n wihohest maiiu l womdM io .Kel h dbe nij rd o
n g e me t t t r o lco sy t
n r ly a e n u e n
t e ni ofJ y 1 2011 a Sed ik wa ups twih M i r a a r ul. I
he ve ng
ul 9,
, nd
rc
s e t
no s es t n

fc, d iktidt g tS lo t fg tMi o , u S et nr f s d g c n lj
a t Se rc re o e hetn o ih n r b t h lo eu e . M Do ad
wa he r o t t lphone t e t ng t be t s e
s a d n he ee
hr aeni o a om one. Subs que l Cha
e nty, d
pike up M i wih t pr t ns ofati t t sor t plr ha ebee . I t a
c d
nor t he e e e
rp o he t e o zc s
r nse d,

Ch d d lv r d M i r t t Kine twn Ro d a d e s whee E c n lj
a ei ee
no o he n yo
a d rs
r M Do ad ,
Se r c a o he sw er w a tng. The gr be tM i vi e l The e de e
d i k, nd t r
e ii
oup a nor ol nty.
vi nc

prve b yo ar a o bed u tta ( c nad wa g i yo c n pr c .
o d e nd e s na l o b h t M Do lq s ul f o s ia y
t
I a 4.
d. t

1 a e wih t sa e c ts a l e . Gr e M c
gr e t he t t our' nays s
antd, Donal s Ca e Pr s nt S ve al
d' s e e s e r
i t nce of c lc i t tm o a i nsse t sa e nt by t prnci l a t
nsa s
onfi tng esi ny nd nco it n t t me s
he i pa s nd he
wine s s but f de a ha a c t do not G edeenni ' c e biiy of wine s s a ti l
t se,
e r l be s ours
s t ne' r di lt
r
t s e t ra .
l t d,ha a c t def r t t f t fnder The Com m onw e t pr
ns ea
be s our s e o he ac i .
alh oduce s t n i ldiec
d ubs a t a r t

1 Vigi adefne cons r c a R n a e m e be wee t orm or pe s by s eco e td a ton t
2 r ni i s
pia y s a gr e nt t n wo
e r ons om
nc re c i o

c mmia ofne' Wrc tv Co n at, 9 S. 2d71 , 3( . 98 )
o t n fe s. ih . mmo we l 2 7 E. 1 71 Va 1 2 .
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h
18

a d cru tn ile i e e s p o t g t jly s fn i ;t ee o e d s ie d fns c u s l
n ic msa ta v d nc u p ri he t ' idng h rf r , e p t ee e o n e
n
r
r pe t dl i pe hi W a s t ver c w a not s out a ous t t no r t o lt i r of f t
e a e y m ac ng t on, he di t s
o r ge
ha
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ac

c d ha f
oul ve ound M c
Dona d g ly. The e or l gr nt t m o i n t dimi s a t Cli 8,
l uit
r f e, a he to o s s s o am

b c u et e sae c ur' a j iain wa n tc nr r t,o a t e s n b e a piain o ,
e a s h tt o t dudc to s o o tay o r n mr a o a l p lc to f
s
f de a l w , a unr s na e de e m i ton o f c s
e r l a or n ea o bl t r na i f a t .
V l.

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O n J nua y 30, 2017, M c onal f l d a m oton f r d s
a r
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tb r 7 01 ai ' n cit d r l , ud e y o o d a s , uh rz
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ttone
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t ta c i s buthedoe notofe s ik alegai nsde
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Dona d wildiag e wih t d t c i ' t si ony;howe r l ha
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ve ,
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Donal s c am s a f md t m me ils ; f rhe dico r wil not
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r f r , ny Donal sm oton.
d'
i
V Il.

For t f e ng r as ns I gr ntR e po nts m o i n t d s i s di m i s t pe ii
he or goi e o , a
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t o o i m s , s s he tton

f a wrto ha a c pus a de Pe ii rspe ng moton. Ba e upo m y snd ng t t
or
i f be s or , nd ny ttone ' ndi
i
sd n
i ha .

1 M cDonal fl am oto pur ua t Rul 6 oft Fe r RulsofCi lPr dtr , butlkeym e nta
3
d ied
in s nt o e
he de al e
vi oce le
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e
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s nt o he es
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es
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Peii rhasnotm a t r quiie s t nta s
ttone
de he e st ubsa il howi ofa de a o a c tmtona rg as
ng
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r q ie by2 U. C. 2 3c , c ri c t o a p aa lt i d r e
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