Muhammad v. Taylor et al

Filing 59

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 8/1/2017. (tvt)

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a tonpurua t 42U. C.jj1983a 2000c 1 na ngnlmeousc re a f me
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o scaso t Vign aDe a t n o Co rcin (1
f il f he r ii p rme t f re to s &
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t tDe e
ha f ndan sr t laed a i thi i vi a i n oft Fis Am e e t pr ve e hi fo
t e ai t ga ns m n olto
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mmay u me t a sri itr l t e e e s s f uai mmu iy n alr o
ng
a
se
e us a ia e a i s r tve r m e e .3 Pli ifr s
xha t va l bl dm nit a i e di s
antf e ponde m acng t sm a trrpe f r
d, li hi te i o

d s ii 4 Aferr viwi t r c d, 1gr ntt m o i t dimisa gr nti pa ta de
iposton. t e e ng he e or
a he ton o s s nd a n r nd ny

i pa themoi f rsl r udg nt
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ton o lmmayj me .
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1
.
h . THE RELEVANT FACTS

Be or c
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Atom e Ge r lofVigi aon Fe a y 23,2015, ora 1de e nt,i l ngTa or The
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our ' ls de
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and oughtPl i if s fna a dat The
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ai if ont nds ha he e hr e s s r
a e c us he nd antf
a i sr tvegle nc f r Tayl ' a W i ke ' ba e t r t la ea ns hi . Pl i if
dm nitai i va es o m
ors nd c rs s s o e ai t gai t m
antf
a l st tt ot rde enda si t sc evi a e f der lrg sa r t la e a i thi i
lege ha he he f nt n hi as olt d e a i ht nd e ai t d ga ns m n

s p o t fTa lra dW ik rç yd n ighm . .gje e rieo hsrlgo ,. . pa ig
u p r o yo n c e ç e yn i . fre xecs f i ei ing . . lcn
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lt ains o db itrrtds a t e c emitk sb to ewh p o e dwih u c u s l'atrto a d d;
ii to h ul e nep ee o s o x us sa e y h s o r c e to t o n e. (l ain d e
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f b t n mb ro t d) J ud nv.a , 51F.d1 8 1 9 1 (t Ci. 9 )( odigta aDoK lia ts
o moe u e mit l; o r a Jbe 9 2 0 , 0 -0 6h r 1 91 h l n h t r i g n i
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p ro c nc mpe e da e sl a alwy r; h ril . le, .1 -0 9 2 3U. DitLEXI 1 3 3, t
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No ehees Plit fi n t rj dc db cus Gifarso sv pe dn i n t e urd a alg to i
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2

hm i s g e ain rtlaln jf ra c s igc u t,i fit jc u l n t s a p ns me t
i n e rg to , eaitig o c e sn o rs gn lci r e a d mu u l u ih n ,
ng
ta se -n )gi t ama i z p io gn q( oaig d ep o e s . .
r n f nl g hm) o x ml rs n,a d viltn q u r c s . .'
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Pl ntf ltny ofr t iton be nso J n r 28,201 a trPli ifsgned a
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3

Asaco eq nc ofPl i ifsmovet s r ga i t c r tona ofi e si nt id
ns ue e
antf
o eg e ton, wo orec i l fc r nve ore
Pl i ifspe s lpr t on Fe a y2*, 2015. The c i c t d s m ene pa r a a
antf
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t pur has fom t c
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pt i e o e he s i i r
rng. ai if s d he o e e de e or ngs
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oughtt t hea
o he dng. Lowe Ar s As it ntW a de Clr a Ca an Leede e t
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r n a y, nd pt i
nid he
r que t t r vi t vi o r cor ngs
e ss o e ew he de e di .Lowea s de e Pl ntY spr he dngr q s f
lo nid ai i
e- a
e ue t or
t eei ae wine s swho wo d ha t sii d Pli ifha r c i d t s r fom apror
hr nm t t s e
ul ve e tfe antf d e e ve he hit '
r
i
c l a e a t tPl i i fha pos e s d i be or s m i y s a fw o e gr y s lr s
elm t nd ha a ntf d s s e t f e ec t t f r a li t .

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nduc e Pli if sdicplna yhe rngon M a c 3,a bot Pl i ifa Ar s
t d antf ' s i i r a i
r h nd h antf nd m
a t nded. A nnsbr htt g a s r , Pl i ifa gued t ti had be n m odii w hie i or
te
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oug he r y hi t but a ntf r
ha t
e
fed l n
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ts
m ' ssi
a ntf le s ha ihe
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4

wa c
s onfs a e By c tng o ft see a t n r s wi t m wih ç r h doubl pt e
c t d.
uti f he l ves nd he e e ng he
t G es
f
e l
r
whie' a hi d sic s
t 'm c ne tt he .
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we o
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32 nd nai e m t ne y
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good- nd ttme. Lowebas hi de ii n ont r po tngof e ' t si o Pl i ifs
co uc i
ed s c so
he e ri
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alege t si
l d e tmopy t tt s r be o dt hi ,a bec us t szr c os l r s m bl sa fs
ha he hit l nge o m nd a e he lit l ey e e ed t f
t f ln.Pli iffl d agde ncet tt s r ha bee m odii d,butt gre nc was
mion
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rj ce a n n-re be s Plitf a p ae t c n ito t d fnd n W ad nKie,
ee td s o g iva l.Alo, anif p e ld he o v cin o ee a t r e s r
w ho uphel Low e' dec sons
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a ntf xt ppea e t c vi ton t de e ntPont who i a VD O C Re onal
l d he on c i o f nda
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gi

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e t nd ha yl
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t l s gl i d he e t educ i t
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Clsiiain S r ie (G ' f ra p o a dep t Plitf' o j cin .
a sfc to e vc s ç ' o p r v l s ie anifs b e to s
CCS )

5

OnM a c 5,Tayl c
rh
or onducedPl ntf l s c t lvelhea i whi wasbas on
t
ai ifs CA e mi y e
rng, ch
ed
t a lged y e r ousr po t Pli ifalege t thene rr eve notc oft he rng a
he le l rone
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ve ec i d i e he a i nd
t the w a no pr e . Ta oruli at l r c m e
ha
s t es nt yl tm e y e om nded t tPl i if s s lrt l velbe
ha a ntf ' ec ziy e

i r a e t l ve sfo Le l4 t Le S, ha hebeta f re t Re Ori asaLe lS
nc e s d wo e l r m ve o vel t t
r ns e r d o d lon
ve
i a e a t thi goodnm t , nd ha s
conduc tm ee r ng lve ber d e
t i a ni e l e uc d.
.

De e
f ndantCl r a o d t r c
a y ppr ve he e omm e d t i r as fom Le 4 t Le S a t
nde he nc e e r
vel o vel nd he
ta f rt Re Oni TheVDOC' CCS a oved Clr ss c iy lve a ta f r
r ns e o d
on.
S
ppr
a y' e urt e l nd r ns e
r omm e tonson M a c 10.Addii l de e n G.K. a hi o who i t f r r
ec
nda i
rh
tonaly, f nda t
W s ngtn,
s he o me

Rq in l e ai n Chif o d rdt tPlitf beç s ingd S c rt Le e- b sd o s o e
go a Op r to s e , r e e ha anif i sg e j e u i v ls a e n c r
a
y
o 43ponsa ds ro na eo r c n 1 2ifa to wljr o fn e ma eal f r s it
f
it n eius mr f e e t 3 n rcin h ee fe d r d l o m hr
ni
t tc d ha be n us t dec i a ga n a ce st t out rpe i e e .Ofe ri t be
ha oul ve e ed o eve nd i c s o he e rm t r f nde s o

a sg dt ( e lS a ta fre t RedOni Stt Prs '
sine o Lq ve nd rnser d o
on ae ion.
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Sykesc
onduced a he 1 he dngon M a c 24,a pe W a hi on' r ques,
t not r CA a
rh
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rc
e omm e
ndedPl i ifbeta f re t Re Oni asaLe lS i t Syke wr t t I
antf
r ns e r d o d on
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s o e he CA
he rng t s
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n y Pt el6 2 3 2 , 31 4h r 2 1 e a c ; e n e ln, 0 3 8 , 9
6D ee nt cieW a dv. J h s n 6 0F. 1 9 - 1 9-3(t Ci. 98 , ndag eta t yaee tte
fnda s t r
o n o , 9 2d 0 8 1 0 1 4h r 1 2)a ru h the r n i d
l
t a ol ei m uniy f t rdecso m a i i tt tona dici i r hea i a a l.W he s ki
o bs ut m
t or hei iins de n nsiui l s plna y rngs nd ppeas
n ee ng
abs ut i
ol e mmuniy,agove nme o fci be sahe y bur n ofde
t
r nt fi al ar
av
de
mons tngt ove rdi publcpolc
kai hat ri ng
i iy
.
consdeatonswar nts h e pto lpr e ton.Deenda shavenotdones a f rher e,heydo no
i ri
ra uc xce ina otci
f nt
o, nd u t mor t
t

a de sCla ic rv. a n r4 4U. 1 3, 0 - 7( 9 5, ihh l ta pio o fcasiv le i dsil ay
d rs e vn e S x e, 7 S. 9 2 6 0 1 8 )whc ed h t rs n fiil n ov d n icpi r
n
d cso aee tt dt q aiid, o a s lt,mmu iy frq ai u iil u cin .Moe v rd fn a t
e iins r nil o u lfe n t b oue i nt,o u s- dca fn to s ro e, ee d ns
e
j
wav dt dee s o a s lt i ni b n t e dn i i tera s r S e eM, d. Ci P. () Go zv.
ie he fn e f b oue mmu t y o pla ig tn h i n we. e . ..Fe R. v. 8 c; me
y
Toe o 4 6U. 6 5 6 0( 9 0.Co s q e t , c n ie wh te dee a t aee tt dt q aiid a n t
ld , 4 S. 3 , 4 1 8 ) n e u nl I o sd r eh r fnd ns r nil o u lfe , nd o
y
e
a ol e,i m uniy.
bs ut m
t

12

( t Ci.1 9 )(( n o fca ma cam q aiidi n t a lnga h sa to sa en t
4h r 9 7 1A) fiil y li u lfe mmu iy s o s i ci n r o
;
ce rye tb ih dt beb y n t b u d de o hsds rto ay a t o iy'.I c n u tn
lal sa ls e o e o d he o n a s f i icein r u h rt . n o d cig
)
t q lse i m iy a l i,t frtt k i t i ntf t t pe ii 'rghtça a hi lve of
he ua i d mmt t nays s he is as s o de iy he G c fc' i tt gh e l
s

pa tc a iy't t pl ntf s e t wasi rngedby t c lnge c
riul rt 'hat he ai ifa s rs
nfi
he hale d onduc .Edwa dsv.Ciy
t
r
t

O Go d b r ,1 8F.d2 1 2 ( t Ci.1 9 ) W i fedv Ba s 1 6F.d5 5 5 0( t Ci.
f l s o o 7 3 3 , 51 4h r 9 9 ; n il . s , 0 3 2 , 3 4h r
1 9 )(n b n )
9 7 e a c.
Theot rt ksa et i r Gwhehe a c tt i vi l ton oc ur e 'a G t r
he as r o nquie û t r onsiutonal o a i
c r d' nd i he
whe
t rg vi aed wa cea l esa ihed'a t tme oft ofi i ' c
he i ht ol t
s l ry t bls ' t he i
he fcals onduc .M eca v.
t
l r

Gr e e 5 3F.d3 , 5 (t Ci. 1 ) s ePe ro , 5 U. a 2 ( li c u t ma
e n , 9 3 48 3 3 4 h r 20 0 ; e as n 5 5 S. t 31 hodng o rs y
iq iei et e o d r.ç e ryetbl h d' eest t a j d c to o t ç p cfc' ih
n ur n i r r e) t al sa i e 'r fr o he du iain f he ç e ii'rg t
h
cl
s
s
i ntfe t tahi h lve ofpa tc a iy,' e si ha no be n,i whih çcea l esa ihed'
de ii d l
a
g e l
riul rt 'unl s t s t e n c ll ry t bls '
mea ar as bl publc o fc a s ul lnow s m ehi i de m e E a f ty i l d'
ns e ona e
i f ii l ho d c
o t ng s e d ç niesl ncude '
m
wihi ç e ge r a i tons'o t tc econsi i lprncpl i vo d.'Prthe t
t nl
mor ne al pplcai ' f he lor
tmtona i i e n ke ' ic t v.

Alo d 9 3F.d3 7 31 ( t Ci.1 9 ) A r a o bl p b i otca i Vignas o l l o
f r , 7 2 0 , 4 4h r 9 2 . e s na e u lc f iln r i i h ud o k
i
t t l w oft Supr m eCour oft Unie St t s t Cour o Appe sf rt Fourh Cic t
o he a
he
e
t he t d a e , he
tf
al o he
t r ui,

a t Supr m eCour ofVigi at de e mi whehe t rghti G l a l e t blà d.'
nd he
e
t
r ni o tr ne t r he i s l e ry sa ihe '
c

Owe sv. t 3 2F.d 2 7 2 9(t Ci. 0 ) I t r i n s c d cso , r a o be
n Lot 7 3 6 , 7 4h r 20 4 . f hee s o u h e iin a e s na l
publcofk ili t scr ui s d l t at ons ns o c s sofpe s sve a t iy fo
i i a n hi ic t houl ook o ç e us f a e
c
rua i u hort r m
'
mi l
ohe j rs ito s i s c e ss'1 I .ct M aci elov S mn r 9 3F.d2 5 2 8(t Ci.
t r u idcin ,f u h xit. d ; l
u e, 7 2 9 , 9 4 h r
.

1l 201 ,f e m pl, t Fourh Cic thedt tac r c i ofi i i Sout Ca olnaha ace
n 7 or xa e he
t r ui l ha ore tonal tcal n
h r i d td

u rao byfrn tk o n i 2 0wht lal etblhd1w wa apia et cret n l fiili Iwa
nesnal o o n wij n 01 acery sa i e a s p lcbl o orci a ofcasn o ,
s
o
Tea, loni,n Gerl, nteseii lg lsu h db e de dn t t du iae b teS ge
x sCai r a ad ogawhe h p cfc ea ise a en eme o yeajdctd y h u rme
f
Cour oft UniedSt e ,t Co tofAppeadf rt Fou t Cic t ort Supr meCour ofSo h Ca ol
t he t ats he ur
l o he rh r ui, he
e
t
ut r ma.

Boo e v S. De ' o Co , 5 F.d5 3 5 44 (t Ci. 7 .Th tofca i So t Caoi wo l as be
k r . C. pt f =.S 5 3 3 , 4 -5 4h r201 ) a fiiln uh rl
na ud lo
d e dt e sn befrrl n o aFo rhCic ipu ih dd cso ta a j dc tdt is eC nfsl
eme mrao a l o eyig n ut rut bl e e iin h t du iae he su K iet
s
ma
y
i ude 'wihi t mor ge r a i to oft c eco tt i prnci ei
ncl d' t n he e neal pplcains he or nsim onal i pl nvoke Ada v.Ri ,40 F.
d, ms
ce
3d

13

1 9 )(e o nzn q ai di nt i itnd dt p o e t u i ofcas9o madn b d
9 2 r c g iig u l mmu iy s ne e o r tc p bl fiil m l g a
se
c
g e s si g a ae s.
u se n r y ra )
B . EXHAUSTI OFA VAI
ON
LABLE A DMI S
NI TRATI R E E ES
VE M DI

Def nda sa guet tPl ntf f ie t e us a l eadmi sr tver m e esas
e nt r ha ai if al d o xha t vaiabl
nita i e di

r q ie b 4 U. C. 1 9 ea.Thee l to rq ie n i ma d t r a dG p le t a1
e ur d y 2 S. j 9 7 ()
xwusi n e ur me t s n ao y n s pis o l
a
imaes isa o t rs n l e .' Po trv. sl, 3 U. 5 6 5 4, 3 ( 0 ) ç r p r
n t ut b u p io i gq' re Nu se 5 4 S. 1 , 2 5 2 20 2 . G o e
f
p
e usi de a c
xha ton m nds ompla ewih a age y' de dlne a ot rc ii lpr e a r e .'
i nc t n nc s a i s nd he rtca oc dur l uls'

W o d o dv. o, 48U. 81 9 ( 0 6 .W h n ap io prvie a a miitai eg iva c
o f r Nc 5
S. , 0 2 0 ) e rs n o d s n d n srtv re n e
pr dtr ,t i a emus fl a g iva er i i apa tc a c am a pur uei t ough a l
oce ze he nm t
t ie re nc a sng
riul r l i nd s t hr
l

a ia l lv l o a p a t ç o el e a s. I .Di nv' z , 91F.d4 5 4 0 91(t
valbe e es f p e l o E p ry xh u t' d; xo . e 2 3 8 , 9 - 7h
pr
'
Pa

Ci. 0 2 .
r2 0 )
G AjAa mi itaierme yi no c n iee t h v be na ia l i ap io e ,
t I d nsrtv e d s t o sd r d o a e e valbe f rs n r
E
t o no f ul ofMsown, a pr ve e fo a ii li e fofi. M oor v. z te 51
hr ugh
a t
w s e nt d r m va lng lms l t'
'
e Beme t, 7

F.d71 , 2 ( t Ci. 0 ) sW l e p io o fcasp e n imae fo u igte
3 7 7 5 4h r 2 08 .ç h n rs n fiil rve tn ts r m sn h
l
a i s r tve pr s ... t pr s t te s s o pa rbec e t a ia e i r alt '
dm ni ta i
oce s , he oce s ha xit n pe
om s m va l bl n e iy.
'

Ka v S e n, 8F.d6 , 8 (t Ci. 0 6 .A d fn a th stebzd n t p o eal
ba . tp 45 3 78 6 4 7h r 2 0 ) ee d n a h l e o r v l
r
i t sf iur t e us a ia ea nita i r m ed e . J nesv. k,549U . 1 21
nma e' a l e o xha t va lbl dmi sr tve e i s o
Boc
S. 99, 6

( 0 ) On ead fn a tp e e t e d n eo af i r t e h us,h bld n o p o fs it t
20 7 . c e e d n rs n s vie c f al e o x a tt e t e f r o hfs o
u
r
t pli ift s
he antf o how,by apr po r nc oft e de e t te usi occ n'd or
e nde a e he vi nc , ha xha ton u e

7 ( hCi.1 9 )a da u p bih dc s a pyn ta p bl h dd cso t rjc tedpe ii rg t ie tfe
2 4t r 9 4, n n n u ls e a e p lig h t u i e e iin o eeth d cfc ih' d niid
s
s
'
Rtahg lv l fp riuai , Da ev. b n ti, 7F. p' 31 , 9(t Ci. 01 ) CtBo k r sp aa
a ih e e o atc lrt ' v Ru e sen 41 Ap x 7 31 4h r2 1. l o e,u r t
y'
5 -2( a lr J, isnig (Be a s Ada i bn ig c nr lnga to i t t ee t Bo ke' cam,h
515 Trxe, .dse tn ) C cu e ms s idn , o tol uh rt ha rjcs o rs li te
ç
i
y
mao i er b ds sigAd msa drl n o c sso tieti crutt d n q ai e i ni .S e. .
j rt rs y imisn a n eyig n ae usd hs ic i o e y u li d mmu t e .
y
i
y
Ed rs 1 F.da 2 (I argh i rc g ie i smeoh rcrutbu n ti t so e a o t a wi
wad , 78 3 t 51 $f i t s eo nz d n o te ic i, t o n hi n , n fkil l
:
l
o dn rl rti tei ni d fn e'(nen l u tto mak a datrto o te ).)
r iai ean h mmu t ee s . itra q oain r s n l ain mi d)'.
y
y
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e
t '
1
4

a i sr tver me e we euna ia e tlough no f ul oft pli if See e. ,Tuc lv.
dm nitai e di s r
val bl lr
a t he antf. . g. ke

Gr ve, 6 F.d1 49 1 5 ( 0h Ci. 1.
o r 6 0 3 2 , 2 4 1 t r 201 )
VDOC De a t n OpeaigP o e t e(OP' 8 61 ç f n e Gre a ePr c d ry
p rme t rtn r c dl ç ' 6 .,l e d r iv nc o e u e'
r ç )
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pr dest a M sr tver m e esf i a e t r s vecompl nt , ppe la nita i
ovi he dm ta i e di or nm t s o e ol
ai s a a dmi sr tve
de sons a c l ngepolc e a pr dur s Thepr s pr de c r c i
cii , nd hale
ii s nd oce e .
oce s ovi s ore tonal
a i sr t sm ea t i tf po e i lpr blm sa i ne es a y,co r c t epr e si a
dm nitaor
ns o den iy t nta o e nd, f c s r r e t hos oblm n
tmel mn r A1 i s a e gre bl e e is sa utpolces pr ce es a de ii ns
i y nne . 1 s ues r iva e xc pt s ue bo
i i , o dur , nd c so
oft Vigi aPa ol Boa d;dicplna y hea i pe lisa o pr e lale r s sa ea
he r ni r e
r si i r
rng nate nd/ r oc dtr ror ; t t nd
f r lc r decs o ,l ws andr gultons a o he m a tr be
ede a ou t ii ns a ,
e a i ; nd t r te s yondt VDOC' c r .
he
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l a e a eore e t t i t g i va pr edzewhe t y e t rt VDOC' c t a
nm t s r int d o he nma e re nce oc lr
n he n e he
S usody nd
whe t y a eta f r e t ot rVDOC f ciii .
n he r r ns e r d o he
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Pro t s itng agre nc t i ae us ly m us ma agood-at e f t o
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t ke
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l es ve he s ue ubm ti n nf r
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ant or
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nf
ly es ve he nm t
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i mis8 f he s ue s
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l
wihi t ry cae rda fom t da eoft oc ure eori i nt9 O n1 onei s pe
t n hit lnda ys r he t
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s ue r
y
r gulrg i va m a beaddr s ed.1 OP 866.1r uie a i a et de c i t l sue'
e a re nce y
es 0
eq r s n nm t o s rbe he ç s 'and
i
doesnotr quiet i t t s cf t r s
e r he nma e o pe iy he e ponsbl o fc a orpr pe tve de e nt See e. ,
i e f ii l
os c i
f nda . . g.

J n s 5 U. a 21 - 8(ic si a ie tfc to rq ie n)
o e , 49 S. t 7 1 d s u sng n d n iiain e urme t.

SAn i ei notr quied,howeve, t fl ani or compl nta
nmat s
e r
r o ie nf mal
ai boutanalege i i nto s xual
l d ncde f e
abus .
e
9A lgre nc sa ec i r d u e ei 'whe VDO C saf t ordaesa p i o t wor ng da
l iva e r onsde e r c ved' n
t fdae
t tm t n he ki
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r ceve VDO C ofk il m a m odiyt t 't - y lm i f rcrum sa sbe
e i d.
t as y
f he ht y da i t o ic tnce yondt i ae' co r orwhe a
r
he nm t s ntol
n
mor r srci tme-i tha be n e tbls d.
e e titve i lmi s e sa ihe
1 Fore
0
xampl, i ar iva ealge avi ai ofas cik polc a alo alge apa tr ofc
e f
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pe t
iy nd s le d
te n onduc
t

b l v dt b rtlain,h g iv n ec udberj ce a p ee tn toma yis e : poiyvoaina d
ei e o e eaito te re a c o l ee td s rsnig o n su s a l ilt n
e
c
o
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eait y onduc .
t

1
5

Reg a gre nc m a r vi we by muli esa f f ciiy' w a de c uc st
ul r iva es y e e d
tpl t f .A a lt s r n ond t he
fr t < e I' e e I t i aei uns tsi wih t Le l1de e m i ton, hei m a e
is ,t vel 'r viw. f he nm t s a ifed t he ve
t r nai t n t
ma a
y ppea t de e nai wihi fveda ofr ceptt Le lI , c i us ly do by a
l he t nni ton t n i
ys e i o ve I whi h s ual ne
vel e po e
t s ue t n li t ys nd
r i lom buds a 1 A Le Ir s ns mus bei s d wihi tlry da , a aLe l1
eg ona
m n.1
ve 1
r pons mus beis d wihi t nt da . Expia i oft tmelmi wihoutis nc ofa
es e
t s ue t n we y ys
r ton he i i t t
s ua e
r pons a a sageoft pr es a o a ialy e ilsa i t t pr e t t ne lve.
es e t ny t
he oc s ut m tc l ntte n nma e o oce d o he xt e l
Re arg va est tdo notm e tt flngr r m e sofOP 866. a er tu d t
gul de nc ha
e he ii equie nt
1 r e tme o
t i t wihi t wo ki da fom t da eofr ceptwih i tu tons whe pos i e
he nma e t n wo r ng ys r he t
e i t nsr c i , n sbl ,
a
bouthow t i em a r dy a dek inc . 1 An i ma em a a ala i t ke de ii
he nmat y eme ny t e y 2
y ppe n n a
c son
n t

by s ndi t gre nc a t i a de son t ar gi lombuds n wili fveda of
e ng he iva e nd he ntke cii o e ona
ma tln i
ys

r c it Theei n fzte rviw o teitked cso Noa l ag iva c rj ce a itk
e ep . r s o t h r e e f h na e iin. tby, re n e ee td t n a e
r
i de m e notpr pe l fl
s e d
o ry ed.
VDOC OP 8611,t f nde Dicplne, nsiuto , pr dest a nita i
. Gof e r s i i l tt ins' ovi he dmi sr tve
'
r medi f i a e t a a d s i i z c ci .Exc ptf af w cr umsa e no
e
es or nm t s o ppe l i cplna y onvi tons
e or e ic tnc s t
pr s nti t sca e a i t m a a
e e n hi s , n nma e y ppea a c c i t awa de wihi ffe n da of
l onviton o
r n t n ite ys
r cevi t hemi r por.Thewa de s d r pond i m ii wihi t nt busne sda ,
e i ng he
ng e t
r n houl es
n tng t n we y i s ys

a d e snge c is er ie i t ea pe l ewad nh snl r u a j d c to o to ,
d r si a h su as d n h p a.Th r e a t o s du iain p ins
me
i udi a fr ng,va tng,a notbl or rng ar hea i f a ls e ofe ecod i t
ncl ng fimi
cai nd, a y, de i
e rng or e s r f ns
e f he
i t wa c r wih a i orec ofe e.Exc ptf raf w cr
nma e s ha ged t n nc r t f ns
e o e icumsa e notpr e i t s
t nc s
es nt n hi
c e t i a e m a t a alt a r gi na a i sr t w ihi t ee da off c vi t
as , he nm t
y hen ppe o e o l dm ni ta or t n m n ys e ei ng he

1 SOm eis a eei bl f at r lvelofr ew,butf rt is si ve i t sca e Le l1 wa
1
s ues r lgi e or hid e
evi
o he sue nvol d n hi s , ve 1 s
t fnallve .
he i e l
'
1 A c oft i akede son i ke i t i t sgre ncetl.
2 opy he nt
cii s pt n he nmae' iva ie

1
6

wa de sr s e.Ther ona a nita o s dr s ndwihi sxt busne sda and
r n' e pons
egi l dmi sr t r houl e po
t n i y i s ys

h st es mea j d c to o to sa tewad n.Th r i nofrh rrviw a albl.
a h n du iain p in s h r e
ee s u te e e v i e
a
11
1.

Afe r vi ng t r co dand viwi t i e e esi alg mos f vo a et
tr e ewi he e r
e ng he nf r nc n i ht t a r bl o
Pl i if Ig a i pa ta de i pa t m s Cl y, t Ke e Kie ,Le Lowe M ahe ,
antf, r nt n r nd ny n r Ar , ar hur, gly, s r e,
, t na

Po t n S k s a Ta l rsmoin frsz r j d me t Themo ini d n e i pat st
n o , y e , nd y o ' to o l
mmay u g n .
to s e id n r a o
t f l ng c am s whi h r m an pe i wih t c t Po on r voki 90 da 'goodhe olowi l i , c e i nd ng t he our: nt e ng
ys
c uc tm ewiho a a o it he rng,a t a lgedr t iton by Ta or Syke ,Ar s
ond t i
t ut n ppr pra e a i nd he le
eala i
yl ,
s m ,
a Hur .
nd
t

Th moinf rs mmayj d me ti g a tdi p r a t t r mann camsa an t h s
e to o u r u g n s rn e n a t s o he e iig li g i s t e e
de e an s
f nd t .
A . THE CLAI S THAT PONTON Ar W ARDEN K I FAI TO GI PLAI FFA NEW
M
SER LED
VE
NTI
DICILI
S P NARY HEARm G TO J TI Y THELOS OF90DAYS'GOODUS F
S
CONDUCTTI
ME

Pli tf l ge t tPo on a W a de Kie vi a e d pr es by f ii t gi
a n ifale s ha nt nd r n s r olt d ue oc s a lng o ve
Pl i ifa dicplna y he rngbe or co c i hi o t l s e i l d ofe ec 111a
antf
s i i r ai
f e nvitng m f he e s r ncude f ns ode
nd
r voki e r d good- onduc tm e.1 A prs
e ng a ne
c
ti 3
ioneri e ttedt c ran duepr es pr t c i
s n il o e ti
oc s o e tons
f prs dicplna ypr e ngswhe f ce wih t l so g
or ion s i i r oc edi
n a d t he os f ood- onduc tm e W olfv.
c
ti .
f

M c n l, 8U. 5 9 5 4 (9 4 .Pr c d r l u p o e sr q ie a va c wrte n tc
Do nel41 S. 3 , 6 1 7 ) o e u a d e r c s e urs d n e itn o ie
oft c r es ahe rng,t rg t c l wines e a pr e e de ewhe doi s i not
he ha g , a i he iht o a l t s s nd es nt vi nc
n ng o s
i nsse wih i tt i na s f t a co r c i lc e s a awrte de ii I a
nco it nt t nsiuto l a e y nd r e tona onc m , nd
itn c son. d. t
56 71. Subsa i duepr s i s ts d i t dic plna y he rng de i i wa ba e upo
4t ntve
oce s s a ife f he s i i r n i
c son s s d n

t o e ie c . S p rn e d n . a s Co .ns. Hi , 2U.. 4 , 5 ( 9 5 .
ç me vd n e' u e itn e tM s. n'l tv. l 47 S 4 5 4 5 1 8 )
s
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l
1 se compl ! 1 5 1 6.
3 e
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Pon on' de ii n t smula
t s c so o î t neousvac t t c 1 co c i a dee Pl i if
a e he ode 32 nviton nd m antf
guit ofc 111s ae avi ai n o a rghtt pr e zalduepr s t tha be n cla l
ly ode
tt s olto f i o oc dlr
oce s ha d e e ry
e tbls d.Pli ifne rr eve notc t thew o d ne d t de e hi eff ra c 111
sa ihe
a ntf ve ec i d i e ha
ul e o f nd ms l o ode
c r e,( nt n i nal D e toyi Ale i Dn a ng,orDe acng Stt ora Pe s s
ha g G e to ly sr ng, t rng, m gi
l
f i
a e ny r on'
Pr ryy' di he e rr eveahe i t a s r de e e pa tc a t ac 111 c r
ope t 'nor d
ve ec i
arng o s e t f ns s riulr o ode
ha ge
be or hi good- onduc tm e w asr voked.
f e s
c
ti
e

Pl n ifa s sa e avi ai ofs t n i duepr es t tha be n c e ry
aitf lo tt s ol ton ubsa tve
oc s ha d e l a l
e t ihe Pont n' r tonae f rfndi Pl n ifguit ofcode 111wa be a e çhe s r
sabls d.
o s a i l o i ng aitf ly
s c us l hit
t
s ul notha bee i hi pos e son,a i s ul no ha be n at r d fom isorgi l
ho d
ve n n s s s i nd t ho d t ve e le e r t i na

f m . Howe r code 111doe notpr bi pos e so ofa at r s r i pr bisis
or '
'
ve ,
s
ohi t s s i n
n le ed hiq t ohi t t
i e i lat r ton.Thenaur oft t si ony d i t he rng,a las a i i pr e l
nt ntona le a i
t e he e tm
urng he a i t e t s t s es nty
des rbe doesnotc tt eS o ee de 't tPl i ifi e i ly atr d t s r,
c i d,
onsiut ç m vi nce'ha antf ntntonal le e he hit
s

y r es whehe hepos e s d i.Acc di y, on i no e il d t qualfe i lniy f
ega dl s t r
sse t
or ngl Pont s t ntte o
i d mm l t or
t due pr s c a m s
he
oce s l i .

Ho v r W ad n Kie i e tte t q aiidi
we e , r e s r s n ild o u l e mmunt a s mmayj d me tf r h
f
i nd u r u g n o t e
y
d pr e sc am s Pl i iff ist e tbls how W a de Kie had a i l m e twih
ue oc s l i . antf al o sa ih
r n sr
ny nvo ve n t
Pont n' dec s on orhow W a de K i e had a hort t or r ane he rng f r a c
o s ii
r n sr
ut iy o de
w a i o onvi to
ci n

ara ya j iae b Po tn.Fu t nn r , n alg to t tW rd nKie ' r ve o t
le d dudc td y n o
rhe o e a y le ain ha
e s rs e iw f he
code 1 c ci vi l t d duepr es wa moot dupo Po on' de ii n t va a et t
32 onvi ton o a e
oc s s
e
n nt s c so o c t ha
convi i
cton.

Pont n' r g e t tPl i tf f l t e us a ia e a i s r tve r m e e i
o s um nt ha a n if aied o xha t va l bl dm ni ta i e di s s
c r i t d by t r co d. Pl i ifs ug a r m e vi OP 8 1 butne t r OP 8 1 norOP
ontad c e
he e r
a ntf o ht e dy a
66. ,
ihe
66.

18

861. alo d hi t s ek f t rr viw ofPo on' de ii n. Acc di l t pr e a a
1 l we m o e urhe e e
nt s c so
or ng y, he oc dur l nd
s t ntve due pr e s c ai s a ns Pon on r m a n pe ng.
ubs a i
oc s l m gai t t e i ndi
B . THE CLAI STHAT TAYLOR S TANTI Y BURDENE RELI OUSEXERCI E P ECTED
M
UBS
ALL
D
GI
S ROT
BY T FI T A MENDM E AND R LUI
HE RS
NT
PA

Plitf camst t yo s b tn ilyb r e e h se ecs o-ei ini vilto o
anif li ha Ta lr u sa tal u d n d i x rie irlgo n oain f
t Fis Am e e a RLUI .1 I at (cea l r t i pr t c i a f de by t Fis
he rt
ndm nt nd
PA 4 nm es tl ry e an o e tons for d
he rt
Ame m e ,i l ng isdieci t tno 1w s l pr hi tt feee r ieofr lgi n.
nd nt ncudi t r tve ha
a hal o bi he r xe cs
ei o '
'

O' n v. tt o S a z , 2U.. 4 , 4 ( 9 7 .Alo, UP A,nr lv n pa t
Lo e Esae f h ba z 48 S 3 2 3 8 1 8 ) s RI
i ee a t r,
pr de t tno gove n e s l i
ovi s ha
r m nt ha l mpos as t nta btr n o t r i o e r ie o an
e ubsa i l lde n he elgi us xe c s f
i t unl s t gove n e de
nma e e s he
r m nt monsr t st tt btr n f rhe saco peli gove n e al
ta e ha he lde u t r
m lng
r m nt

itr s a di t latr srcieme n o f rh rn ta itr s.4 U. C. 2 0 c - () A
ne et n s he e s e titv a s f u te ig h t n eet 2 S. j 0 0 c 1a .
S u tnil u d n'o clst ret rt F rtAme d n o RIUI i i ç ts
i bsa ta b r e ' c tr mde i he is
s
he
n me t r , PA f tç gq
pu
s t talpr s ur on a a he e t m odiyhi be vi a t vi a ehi be if ,or.. f c .
ubsan i e s e
n d r nt o
f s ha or nd o olt s le s
. or es

apes t c ebewee f lwi t pr e sofhe r lgona f f tngE venme a)
ron o hoos t n olo ng he ec pt
r eii nd oreii go r ntl

be eis o t eo h n a da a o i o eo tep e e t o hgs rlgo .. o teoh r
n ft, n h ne a d, n b nd nng n f h r c p s f i) ei in . n h t e

h n ' Lo ea ev. e 4 2F.d1 4, 8 (t Ci. 0 6 (n en lq tto so te )
a d. v lc Le , 7 3 7 1 7 4 h r 2 0 ) itr a uoai n mitd .
'
Pli ifhasno sl d e de e o a s i et si ony de o tai ho a snc r l
antf
t e vi nc r dmisbl e tm
m nsr tng w i e e yhe dr i o e r i ewa s t n i ly bur ne Furhe m o e no hi i t r c d s
l elgi us xe c s s ubsa tal
de d. t r r , t ng n he e or uppo t
rs
a i er nc t ta ac oro ison by Ta o wasi t ndedt de
n nf e e ha ny t m s i
yl r
ne
o pdvet Pl ntf ofar lgi
o ai if
ei ous

rg t S ei , t1 5 9 , 010 (o dn ta G nn e d d d nil o r lgo srg t d n t
ih . e 4 a 9 - 6 2 - 2 h l ig h t l itn e e as f eii u i hs o o
u
vi ae'heFis Ame
olt't rt ndme orRLUI .Furher e t rco ddoe no rvea Pli ifs
nt
PA) t mor,he e r s t e l antf
i or lc
nf ma ompli , eg a gre nce a g i va a ala
ant r ulr i va , nd re nce ppe bouta s bsa ilblr n t a
ny u t nta zde o ny

: seecom pl j9 .
4
.
8

1
9

snce ey- d r lgi e r ie.Acc r ngl Ta ori e ild t quaii i miy a
i r l hel ei ous xe c s
o di y, yl s ntte o lfed mmt t nd

sl r j d me tf rt s rlgo scamsu d rt Fis Ame me ta dRLUI A.
lmma y u g n o hee ei iu li n e he rt nd n n
P
C . THE CL M S T
AI HAT SYKESAr K EGLE CONS I TO COVE UP THE ERRONEOUS
Y
P RED
R
CLASSI CATI REPORT
FI
ON

Pl n ifale s t tSyke a K e ey c pie t c rup t c a s fc ton r po ' t t
ai tf l ge ha
s nd gl ons r d o ove
he l s ii a i e l ha
t

e r usy a
roneo l ddedt poi st hi s urt s r , i vi a i oft Equa Pr e ton Clus 1
wo nt o s ec iy co e n olton he
l ot c i
a e.5

Esa ls i acvic n pia yu e 4 U. C. 1 3rq ie ap an ift s o t a
tbihng i l o s rc nd r 2 S. 5 98 e u rs litf o h w h t

d fnd n sç ce o nl i c nc r a dt ts meo e t c wa d n i f rh r n eo t
e e a t ç tdj ity n o et n ha o v r a t s o e n u te a c fhe
a
c ns ia ywlc r s tdi Elitf'qd p i to o ac n tt in l h . Hikev. t o
o pr c l h eule n p an ifs e rvain f o si o a dg t' n l Civ f
i
m
'

Clr s r , 1F.d41 , 21( t Ci. 9 6 .Th s aplitf t e dfcst t ud
ak bu g 8 3 6 4 4h r 1 9 ) u , an ifmus pla a t ha wo l
ç e s n b yla t t i e e c t a ( ee a tj stveyo tctyc met amu u l
ç a o a l e d o he pfr n e h t d fnd n s po ii l r a il a o
r
ta
unde sa ngt ty t a ompls ac
rt ndi o r o cc
ih omm on a unlwf lpln. d. Alegai nsofC r le
nd a u a '
'I
l to
ç al l
pa
c
onduc a a ba e as e ton ofa co pi a y' ar notenough f r a co pi a y c a m t pr ee
t nd
r s ri
ns r c ' e
o
ns r c l i o oc d.

A Soc' W iho A Nnmev. r i a, F. 342,347( hCi.2011.
y t ut
Vicni 655 3d
4t r
)
TheFouree h Am e e tsEqua Pr e ton Clus r uiessa e t te tsm ia
t nt
ndm n '
l ot c i
a e eq r tt s o r a i l dy

st ae i i iu l aieu d rt lw.Pllrv Do , 5 U. 2 2 21 ( 9 2 .Tos c e do
iu td ndvd as lk n e he a
y e . e 4 7 S. 0 , 6 1 8 )
uce n
a e
n qualpr eci n c am ,Pli ifmus s
ot to l i
antf
t how t tG hasbee teaed dif r nty fom ot r
ha t
he
n r t fe e l r
he s
w ih whom hei sm ia l sm aed a t tt t qua te t ntw a t r ul ofi e i na or
t
s i lry i t nd ha he me l r a me
s he es t nt nto l

p r s fld srmi to .Mo s nv. ra h v 2 9F.d6 , 5 (t Ci. 0 ).
u po et ici nai n ni o Gar c t , 3 3 48 6 4 4 h r 20 1)
l
S ke a dKe lyaee tte t q ai di nt a ds mmayj d me t o te e
y s n g e r n ild o u lûe mmu iy n u r u g n f r h s
c am sbec us t c am sc nss ofpa a llc
li
a e he l i o it
r le onduc ,lbel,a c usons Pli iff ist
t a s nd oncl i . antf a l o
de c i K e e sove tac i f r he a oft c pia y f r de i rng t aleg y
s rbe gl y'
r t n u t r nce he ons r c o lve i he l edl

1 Se Co pj !j) .
5 e m . ( (j

20

er ne u rpo t ndt e c re tn iwhe Plitf o j ce t t alg der r F rh r r ,
ro o s e r a h n o rcig t n an if b e td o he le e ro . u temo e
Pl ntf a knowl st tnet rKe e sno Sykes r por r s t d i t de i to o a
ai if c
edge ha ihe gl y' r
' e t e ule n he prvai n f
c tt i lr ghtbe a e ne t roft e t r po t w ass i t t CCS f r a ova .
ons i ona i
m
c us ihe
hos wo e r s
ubm ted o
o ppr l

M or ove , healege de i ton,whih wa t ta f rt Re Oni di no n mtt a
e r t l d prva i
c
s he r ns e o d on, d t mot o
co tt i
ns iutonalde i ton. Se di c s on i r Se ton I ID . Fi l Pl ntf a l t de c i
prva i
e s us i nf a c i I .
naly, ai iff is o s rbe

wih who hei sm ia l sm aed,il taehow hewa teaed dif r nty t n ot r,ora l e
t
m
s i l ry i t lusr t
s r t fe e l ha he s
leg
how t tte t e wast r ul ofi e i na orpur e'ld s i i ton ba e on a
ha r am nt
he es t nt nto l
pos f icrm na i
u
sd
ny
pr t c e c a s Acc di y,Sy sa Ke e a ee il d t q i d i mt t a sl r
oe td ls .
or ngl ke nd gly r ntte o ualse m miy nd lmma y

j d me tf rte ecams
u g n o h s li .
D . THE CLAI S T
M HAT TAYL AND M ATHE W E NOT I
OR
NA RE
MPARTI DECI I MAKERS Ar
AL
S ON
THAT M ATHE W ARDEN K I E SYKES,
NA,
S R,
AND W AS NGTON D1 NOT GI PLAW TI
HI
D
VE
FF
NOTI OF THE 1 HEARI ON M ARCH 24, D NOT ALL PLAI F TO BE P E
CE
CA
NG
DI
OW
NTI F
RES NT
DURI THAT HEARI AND TRANS E
NG
NG,
F RRED PLAW TI T0 RED ONI
FF
ON.
Pl i ifar st tTa ora M a he vi a e due pr es by notbe ng i pa ta
a ntf gue ha yl nd t na ol t d
oc s
i m ril

whe de di ora ovi c nge t hi cls ii ai n.6 Pli ifa s a gue t tM a he ,
n ci ng ppr ng ha s o s a sfc to 1 antf l o r s ha t na
W a de Kie ,Sy s a W a hi on vi a e duepr es by notgi ng li a nc notc o
r n s r ke , nd s ngt olt d
oc s
vi lm dva e i e f
t 1 he i on M a c 24,notalowi hi t bepr e tdurng t tI hea
he CA arng
rh
l ng m o
es n
i ha CA
dng,a
nd
ta f r i hi t Re Oni n.1
r nse rng m o d
o 7
Ta or M ahe ,W a de Kie , nd Sykesa e e il d t qualûe i muniy f rt s
yl , t na
r n sr a
r ntte o
i dm
t o he e
c am s andt c
li ,
he ompl i f ist sa eac am a i tW as ngtn.The e i at se pr s
ant al o t t l i gans
hi o
r s wo-t p oce s
t r ol apr e lalduepr s cli a utaprs rss c y c a sfc ton.Fis,t
o es ve oc dtr
oce s a m bo
ione ' e udt l s iia i
r t he
c tm us de e m i w he he t prs ne hasa pr e t bl lbe t i e e ti a di t m o e
our
t t r ne
t r he i o r
ot c a e i r y nt r s n voi ng he r
s rng ntc tonsofco i m e i s r ga i Se .e. ,l um aa v.Str i 791 F. d 517,
t i e ondii
nfne nt n eg e ton. e c. nc
ilnc,
3
1 Se Co j !jj .
6 e mp .( t4
5 se Compl!1 .
7 e
.
03
.

21

5 6( t Ci. 01 ) I t ep io e h snoprt ca l l ry itr s,h nnop o e si d e
2 4 h r 2 5 . f h rs n r a
oe tb e i t ne et te
be
r cs s u .
Se . ..W ikn o v Ausi, 4 U. 20 , 21( 05 (t en e ra hteq sino wha
e e:, l is n . tn 5 5 S. 9 2 20 ) < e d e c h ueto f t
W
p o e si d eo l i t imae e tbih ac n ttto l p o e tdl ryitr s . .'.l
r c s s u n y f he n ts sa ls o sitinal r tce i t n ee t . .) f
z
y
be
'
albe t i e e tdoese s,t n aco t us e l t whehero no t prs rr evedt
i ry ntr s
xit he
ur m t vaua e
t r t he ione ec i he
m i m al a qua epr s r quiedt pr ec t ti e es.I uma 791F. a 526.
ni ly de t oce s e r o ot t ha nt r t nc a,
3d t
A lbe t i e e ts c e t gi rs t pr ed a duepr e spr t c i nsç a a ie
i ry nt r s uo i nt o ve ie o oc ur l
oc s o e to l y rs
m
fom t Co tt i is l ... i m a a iefom a e ctton ori e es c e t d by sa e
r he nsiuton t ef or t y rs r
n xpe a i
nt r t r a e
tt

lwso poiis' W idn o 5 5U. a 2 (i to o te ) Al o g t Co si in
a r lce . l s n, 4 S. t 21 ct ins mitd . t u h he n tmto
' l
a
h
is l doe no gi Pl i ifa lbe t i e e ti a di ta f rt m o ead r ec tonsof
te f s t ve antf i ry nt r s n voi ng r ns e o r ve s ondii
c i m e ,saeprs r gu ai nsorpr dur sma c e t s h a i e es i t m or
onfne nt t t ion e l to
oce e y r a e uc n nt r t f he
e

srn e tc n iin Gmp s g ay c l ndsg i a th r s i o t imaei rlto t t e
tig n o dto s t o eq tpia a in sc n ad hp n he n t n eain o h
i
o dn r i cd nso p io lf . S n i v Co n r 51 U. 4 2, 3 8 ( 9 5 .
r iay n i e t f rs n ie' a d n . n e, 5 S. 7 48 -4 1 9 )
'
As um i a cue
s ng, r ndo, ha VDOC polc c e t salbe t i e e tt a i t c to
t t
i y r a e i ry ntr s o vo d he ondii ns
ofLe lS a Re Oni Pl i ifsbre c ne ntt r ,a t a tnda c to he
ve t d on, antf
i f ov me he e nd he te nt ondii ns
a l gedl e
le y xpere d,di no co tt t a ç t c a sgnii an ha ds p' c pa e t t
i nce
d t nsi u e n i ypi al nd i fc t r hi ' om r d o he
a

ç di r i de so prs lf 'heco d e
ç na y nci nt f ion ie'
or
ul xpec . Se i a 484. Them e elmia i o
t e d. t
r i t tons n

p iie e , r pet, n a tvte f ra miitai l s g e ae imae çal)wi i t e
rv lg s p o ry a d ciiis o d r srtvey e rg td n ts ç lg t n h
l
f
h
e c e pe i eer oft s nt ncei
xpe t d rm t s he e e
mpos d by a c t l w. Sa n,515U. a 485;s
e
our of a ' ndi
'
S. t
ee

Gat nv. yo , 46F.d3 0, 4 ( t Ci.1 91 ( ligt tc a g si aprs n rs
so Ta lr 9 2 4 3 3 4h r 9 ) hodn ha h n e n io e '
toc ton,vaitonsofdal rutne c ng i c tonsofc i me (ncudi
ç ai
l
rai
iy o i , ha es n ondii
onfne nt i l ng
a nitai s gr to , t de alofprvie s- matr whih e r prs rc n
dmi sr tve e egain) and he ni
i lge
tes c ve y ione a
a i pa ea e c e pl e by hi o i nals n e t prs n - a ene s a y fmc i of
ntci t r ontm atd
s rgi e t nce o i o
r ce s dl t tons
pr s m a ge e t tm us be l f t t br d di c e i ofpr s a i sr t st e e
i on na m nt ha
t e t o he oa s r ton
i on dm ni t a or o nabl
22

t e t ma g teprs n s fl a defce ty'.Thedzai na ddec ie c ndto o
h m o na e h io s a ey n fiin l'
)
l to n s rb d o i ns f
r
i
Pl i i sc i m e a Red Oni do noti i a et c nc r dic s d i W iki on v.
antY onfne nt t
on
mplc t he o e ns s us e n l ns
A us i , 5 5U. 2 9 21 ( 0 5 , ndI l av S iln , 91F.d51 , 9(t Ci. 01 )1
tn 4 S. 0 , 3 2 0 ) a ncl
8
ma . trig 7 3 7 51 4h r 2 5 .

Le lS i t se inc m o er srci c tonst n Le 5 i aesi ge r
ve nma e xpere e r e ti tve ondii ha vel nm t n ne al
po a i butt tf c doe no r nde s h c i m e a ypi a or s g fca ty ha s A l o,
pul ton,
ha a t s t e r uc onfne nt t c l i nii n l r h. s

i t do notha apr e t lbe t i er s i en ni a s ii r t ofgood- onduc tm e
nma es
ve otc ed i ry nt e t n r ng pecfc a e
c
ti ,
a c t havehe d t tt e f tofa cas ii ton c ng o t abiiy t e r good- onduc
nd ours
l ha he fec
l sfcai ha e n he lt o n n
c
t
tm ei t s ultvet co tt eade i ton ofapr e t d lbe t i e es. Se ee. ,
i s oo pec a i o nsi
m
prva i
ot c e i ry nt r t e a.

Gr e h lzv.n tso Ne Pe l Co . mpe 4 2U. 1 7( 9 9 ; ke v Sc t 71
e n ot l mae f b. na & n'Co lx, 4 S. , 1 7 ) Lu n . ot
F.d 1 2,1 3 9 (t Ci.1 9 )(iigM e c um v. n , 2 U. 21 , 2 n. ( 9 );
3 9 9 -4 5h r 9 5 ctn a h
Fa o 4 7 S. 5 2 9 8 1 76)
De a i v. o n o 1 F. pp 2 31 , 2 - 0( D. . 0 0 , f ,1 F. p' 9 (t
Blso J h s n, 28 Su . d 5 3 9 3 E. Va 2 0 ) apd 3 Ap x 6 4 h
Ci. 0 ) s eas W o f, 8U. a 5 7 5 (e o nzn teCo ttto d e n tg a a te
r 20 1 ; e lo lf 41 S. t 5 - 8 r c g iig h nsiuin o s o u rne
g o - o uc tmef rs tsa tr b ha o whl i p io )
o d c nd t i o aif co y e vir ie n rs n .
Alo,t r c d doe no esa ih t Pli ife use a ia e a nita i
s he e or
s t tbls hat antf xha t d val bl dmi sr tve
r m e e aboutt i rilt ofTa orsorM ahe si ve e wih Pli ifs
e di s
he mpa ta iy
yl '
t na' nvol m nt t antf
c a sfcai n a tans e t Re Oni n.Acc di y, antf f ist e t bls t tli
l s ii to nd r f r o d o
or ngl Pl i if al o sa ih ha ls

1 Thes tdur to a c tonsofPl ntf sc
8
hor ain nd ondii
ai if onsne ta RedOni donoti ia et c ens
men t
on
mplc t he onc r

dsu s di Wi n o v Au t 5 U. 20 , 3( 05, n lcl av. t l , 1F.d51 , 9(t Ci.
ic se n l s n . si 45 S. 9 21 20 ) a d n t
ki
n,
ma Si i 79 3 7 51 4h r
r nc
2 5.I W i i o ,heS p e Co r fu dta imae h dapoe tdl et itrs i a odn asg me t
01 ) n l ns n t u rme u to n h tn ts a rtce i ry nee tn v iig sin n
k
b
t asa eSs pema ' ion. W iho l r ng apoitby- n co rs n oft c to be wee
o tt tu r x'prs
t ut mdegoi
n- poit mpa io
he ondiins t n
s egai a ge alpopulton,t Supr meCo tditnguihe t s r x c tonsfom nor
egr ton nd ner
ai he
e
ur si s d he upema ondii r
mal
s egai f tu'eprmay r a ons.Fis,i e i t s pema prs weeSde i o al tan
egr ton or l e i r e s
rt nmats n he u r x ion r ç prved f mos y
ac.'' l ns
e ionm e a o se or si ul a ofam os a lhu ancont t'l W iki on, 545U. a 21 Sec ,t
nvr
nt1 r ns y tm i nd l t 1 m
S. t 4. ond he

imae weeasg e t tes p r xpio frt ni eii p ro ofi ,i tdo l b ( limaes
n ts r sin d o h u ema rsn o ç nd fnt eid tme l e ny y t n t'
a
e
mi
he
s nt e.'I Thid,i tsot wieelgi ef pa ol l tt tei biiy whiei ione a t s pema
e enc ' d. r nmae her s i bl or r e os ha lgi lt
l mprs d t he u r x

p io 1 a 21 .çAl yofh s c n iin sa dn ao emih n t es fkin t cet alb ryitrs,b t
rs n. d. t 5 s n tee o dt s tn ig ln g t o b u t e t o rae iet neet(uq
l
o
tke tg t el te i sl)a ay ia a dsg iia th r s pwi i tec reto a c ne t' I a 2 4.
a n o eh rj h y mpoed n tpc l n infcn adhi t n h orcin l o tx . d. t 2
)
h
'
Si ia l i l um aa t Fourh Cic tfl dapr t ce lbe t i e e ti a di asi e t Sout
m lry n nc
, he
t r ui om
o e td i ry ntr s n voi ng sgnm nt o
h
Ca olna' s ma bas d o t prs rst p ye c me tt r a isioltngandr srci lvi
r i s uper x e n he ione ' went ar onf men he e nd t s ai
e titve i ng
condii ,i l ng ahi y i r i srp s r heve ytmehel hi celf rt nt yea s 791F. a 5 32.
tons ncudi
ghl ntusve ti ea c
r i
eû s l o we y r .
3d t 31-

23

c
onsne nta Re Oni co tmt d a a y c a sgnii n ha ds p i r lto t t
me t d on nsi e n t pial nd i fca t r hi n e ai n o he
or na y i i n sofprs lf ,a Ta o , a he W a de Kie ,a Syke a ee ild t
di r nc de t
ion ie nd yl r M t na, r n s r nd
s r ntte o

q ai di liya dsl r u g n f rt s cams Id s s Thecamsa an t
u l mml t n l
se
n
mmayj d me t o he e li . imis
li g is
W a higo a eds se wih u p eu ief rfiigt saeacam u n wh c rle ma b
s n tn r imis d t o t rj dc o al o tt li po ih eif y e
n
gr nt d, p ru n t 28U. C. 1 5 b ()a 4 U.. j1 9 ec .9
a e us a to
S. j 91 A()1 nd 2 SC. 9 7 ( )1
THE RE
TALI ON CLAI S
ATI
M

Pl i ifa l st tde e nt 'r t iton i be us oft gre nc a lws t t t
antf lege ha f nda s eala i s ca e he iva es nd a uis ha
heha fld.TheCour ofAppea sf t Fourh Cic the d i Aprl201 t ti wa ce l
d ie
t
l or he
t r ui l n
i
7 ha t s lary
e t bls d t a r as bl pr s o f c alt t asof201 r t la i n a i ta i a e be a e
s a ihe o e ona e i on f i i ha ,
0, e a i to ga ns n nm t c us

oft ti e' a i sr tvegre nc woul vi a et Fis Am e e .Boo r 855 a
ha nmat s dm nitai
iva e
d olt he rt
ndm nt
ke ,
t
5 44. Alo, thasl be n cea l e tbls d t tprs o fcal ma no r t laeagnns
43s i
ong e l ry s a ihe ha ion f i s y t e ai t
i t

a imaefra c s igc u t.S e e:.Hu s ehv. g is 5 4F.d 1 4 ,1 4 ( t Ci.
n n t o c e sn o rs e . . , d p t Fign , 8 2 3 5 3 8 4h r
1 .
978)

Fo acam o r tlaint s r ies mmayj d me t ap an ifmus p o uc
r li f eaito o u vv u r u g n , litf t r d e
s fce t vie et t()t es e hwa p o e td ( )tealg dr tlao ya to a v rey
ufiin e d nc ha 1 h pe c s r tce , 2 h le e eait r cin d e s l

af ce t ep o e tds e c , nd()ac u a rlto lp e itdbewe nt ep oe tds e c
fe td h r tce p e h a 3 a s l eainsl xse t e h r tce p e h
i
a dt rtlai n Ra bv. mp el78 F.d8 6 8 5( t Ci. 5 , ie ) Ho ev
n he eaito . u Cn b l, 5 3 7 , 8 4h r 201 ) ctd . y .
y
Gi r, . :5 v2 3 2 7U. Ap .
l e No 7 1 c 0 , 01 S. p LEXI 1 6 9 a * 20 7W L 2 5 4 , t*1(t Ci.
mo
S 0 9 , t 2, 1
61 4 9 a 4h r
Jme1 , 7 .Ba ea s rin o rt l to d no etb ih acam o c n tmto a
t 6 201 ) r se t s f eai in o t sa ls li f o si in l
o
a
di e i A dn ,40 F. a 7 75.
m ns on.
m
3d t 4I pl i ifs f r a
ç a ntf uf e s dver e a ton i t de e nt s a l ged y r t la or c uctw o d
A
s c i f he f nda ' le l e a i t y ond
ul

lkeydee apes ofor nayfr s fom t e rieo Ehepr e td)rght.
i l tr ron
di r mne s r he xecs f t otce i s'
'
. Serviehasnotye bee a compls onW a hi o .
9
c
t n c
ihed
s ngtn

24

Co tni v. co s& Vii r o Ge m eM a o Uni.41 F.d47 5 0(t Ci. 0 5 .
nsa t
ne Re t r
st s f o
o
s n v, 1 3 4, 0 4h r 2 0 )
Thepl ntf mus a lge s fc e tf ct t wa r ntc e nt tt al ge r t la in mi ht
ai if t le ufi i n a s o r a onc r ha he le d e a ito
g

ha aclli ef tont e rieoft rg a s t thes frdmo et nX milmi
ve lilng fec he xecs he iht nd how ha ufee r ha
ri s
i onve e e. A m e i n Ci Li r i U ni v. i om i o Cnt ,999 F. 780,785- 6 n.
nc
ni nc
rca v. be tes on W c c
v.
2d
8 6

(t ci. 9 j.
4h r 1 9 )
G lti n te o g ta t p oe td e p e so pa e ar l o wa amoi ai gf co
ç q s o n u h h t he r tce x rsin ly d oe r s tv tn a tr
g
i t er tlain; li n mus s o t tçu f r t p oe td e p e so te(tt a tr
n h eaito cama t t h w ha b t o 'he rt ce x rs in h sae coq
wo l n th v tke tealg drtlao ya to . J.( u tn Hua v Bd o Go r r o
u d o a e a n h le e eaitr ci n' . q oi g nc . . f veno s f
'I
J
t eUnv. fN. , 0 F.d 1 3 1 4 ( t Ci.1 9 ).Th s Gin o d rt e tbih gqc u a
h i o C.9 2 2 1 4, 1 0 4h r 9 0) u ,t q r e o sa ls a a s l
g
c
onne i apli tf i ar t iton c e mus s w,a t ve y l s,t tt de e ntwa
cton, a n if n e ala i as
t ho t he r ea t ha he f nda
s
a r o here
wa e f
ngagi i pr t c e aci t ' Consa tne 411F. a 501 Alho h i ha be n
ng n o e t d tviy.
'
tni ,
3d t . t ug t s e
ofe r pe t d t tali ae' c am ofr t lai n s dber ga ded wih s ptc s ,he
tn e a e ha r nm t s l i
e aito houl
e r
t ke i im t

rc r a da1n e e c st eer m mu t ed a i ap anifsf v rwh na j iaiga
e o d n 1 if rn e h r fo
s b r wn n litf' a o e dudc tn

prs no fca' moin frsl r ud me t Co aeAd ms 40F.da 7 , t An es n,
io fiils to o l
mmayj g n . mp r n , 3 t 4 wi d ro
h
477 U. a 248.
S. t
The c ai t tTa o r t i t d
l m ha yl r e ala e

Pli if sfr tr t iton cli i t tTa o r t l t agans Pl i ifbe aus o li
antf is eala i am s ha yl r ealaed i t antf c e f ls
tr e ng he l to , he e or nd 1 nf r nc s n i
gre nc a lws t .0 Afe viwi t alegai ns t r c d,a a1i e e e i a lght
iva es nd a uis2
mos f vo a et hi ,Pli ifhassa e avi a i n ofclary e t bls d lw.Pl i ifha
t a r bl o m antf
tt d olto
e l sa ihe a
antf s
r pea edl fl d gr e nce a l w s t a utTa o , om ptng Ta or st e ta
e t y ie i va s nd a uis bo
yl r pr
i
yl ' hr a boutt l i
t uow ng
t
s one .' Soon t r a t r Ta or o de e Pl i ifi o s gr ga i ke hi i s gr ga i f
t s'
he e f e , yl r r d a ntf nt e e ton, pt m n e e ton or
t a l ge Si l m m a or s a e e s ' orw hi h he w a ne rc r d,c e t d a eroneous
he le d çnfn
t y t t m nt ' f
c
s ve ha ge r a e n r
2 se compl!9
9 e
.
7.

25

cl sfcai r por t c us ata f rt Re Ori a f sfed a I r por t e lr
as i ton e t o a e r ns e o d lon, nd alii n CA e t o nsze
Pl ntf c dnotc le t ta f r Cons que l Pli ifwastans e r d fom a Le 4
ai if oul
ha lnge he r ns e .
e nty, antf
r f re r
vel
f iiy t R e Oni a Le S f c lt w he e he w a pr es e tl o h t V D O C' St p
ac lt o d
on,
vel a iiy, r
s oc s d lr ug he
S e

Down Pr n a e r l sgood- onduc tm e Se se. , ve av. De tofCor.No.
ogr m nd a ned es
c
t i . e z.m r Va. p'
r,

7:5 v1 6 2 6U. Dit LEXI 1 9 0 , t* - 0 201 W L 71 5 9 , t* - ( . Va De .
1 c 5 , 01 S. s.
S 6 6 9 a 11, 6
6 9 7 a 14 W D. . c
8 2 6 ( e c ii t emo ersrci c n iin o c n e n a Le e Sr ltv t
, 01 ) d srbng h r e tit o dto s f o fn me t t v l eaie o
ve
c ndto si g n r l o ulto ) e ec ns q e c swo l lk l d trap ro o o dn r
o i n n e e a p p ain .Th s o e u n e ud iey ee e s n f r ia y
i
f r nes f o f lng gr e nc s orl w s t .
i m s r m ii
i va e
a uis

l i notcla whehe Pl i ife use a lbl ad i sr tver m e esa ut
ts
er
t r antf xha t d vaia e m nitai e di bo
Ta or sa l d r t i to ofor rngPl i ifi o s gr ton ba e on W ike ' a us ton o
yl ' 'lege ealai n
de i
antf nt e egai
sd
c r s cc ai f

a Gnta a o y sa e e .'Pl n ifs itd agre ncea utwhy hewaspl c d i
n c l mm t r t tm nt' aitf ubm te
i
iva
bo
ae n

s g e ai nbe a s o Ta lr ( No 3 - , a ed 4 6) Alh u hti g v nc d e n t
e r g to c u e f yo . ECF . 6 8 p g i# 8 . to g h s de a e o s o
i ntf Ta orby na e,i doesdes rbeTayl ' al ge r t la o y a tofo de i Pl ntf
de iy yl
m t
ci
ors le d e a it r c
r rng ai if

it s g e ain.Se . ..J ne , 49U. a 21 - 8(ic siga ie tfcto rq ie n)
no e r g to
e eg, o s 5
S. t 7 1 d s u sn n d n iiain e urme t.
Thi s c g i va ewasnots ce s u ,a Pli ifa a e t diposto t t Reg ona
s e ond re nc
uc s f l nd antf ppe l d he s ii n o he i l

Omb d ma ( No. 6 8 p g i/48 . Therc r , we e , o sn t e c iet
u s n. ECF 3 - , a ed/ 8)
e o d ho v r d e o d srb he
diposto oft r gulrg iva eort Reg o lOmbuds n' r viw. Ac or ngl t
s iin he e a re nc
he i na
ma s e e
c di y, he

lc o e i e c i t c re tr c r p e e typ e e t a j dc to o t scam va4 U. C.
a k f v d n e n he u rn e o d r s nl r v n s du iain f hi li i 2 S.
j1 9 ea .
9 7 ()
The r c d s st tPl i ife us e r m e e a
e or how ha a ntf xha t d e di s boutt e r ous c as ii a i
he r one
l s f c ton
r por a l ge y pr pa ed by Ta or whi h c us d t t a f rt Red Oni n. H o e r t r i
e t le dl e r
yl , c a e he r ns e o
o
w ve , he e s

no diput ofama e i lf c a
s e
t ra a t boutt l k ofgre nc sc
he ac
iva e once ni a o he al ge r t laor
r ng ny t r le d e ai t y

26

a tb Ta o .I a c r wi 4 U. C. 1 9 ea, yo i e tte t s mmayj g n f r
c y ylr n c o d t 2 S. j 9 7 () Ta lr s n ild o u r ud me t o
h
a ot rc am ofr ala i t tha notbee e used.
ny he l i
et iton ha d
n xha t
2. The ca mst tM ahe sW ar n Kie sSyke sa W a hi
li ha
t na
de s r
s nd s ndon r t laed a i t
e ai t cans
Pli ifbv notci ncPl i ifnotc oft I hea i o M a c 24.notalowi
antf
vi
antf i e he CA
rng n r h
l ng
Pl i ift bepr e d li t the i a ta f ni Pl i ift Red Oni n
antf o
es nt trn: ha arng. nd r nse nc antf o
o
Pli ifa g st tM ahe ,W a de Kie ,Syke ,a W as ngt r t laed a i t
antf r ue ha t na r n s r
s nd
hi on e ai t gans
hi byno gi nghi a ncenotc oft 1 he dng o M a c 24,notalowi hi t be
m
t vi
m dva
i e he CA a
n rh
l ng m o
pr s ntd li t tI he rng, a ta f ri hi t Re Oni 2 Pli ifalô a gue t t
e e trng ha CA a i nd r ns e rng m o d on.1 antf s r s ha

Sy srt itdbyf liyi t l rpo tos s Pli ifhadatnde byM a c 26,
ke ealae
asf ng he CA e r t ugget antf
te d.
rh
de e nt M ahe and W a de Kierbo h a o d Sykes r por a r c me ton t t
f nda s t na
r n s
t ppr ve
' e t nd e om nda i ha
i e r d Pl n ifw a pr s n f t he rng.
nf re aitf s e e t or he a i
M ahe a W a de Kie a ee il t qua i d i uniy.Neihe M a he nor
t na nd r n s r r ntted o lse mm t
t r t na
W a de Kie we e nn e asa de e nti a oneoft t r eprorcvi a tons a Pl ntf
r n sr r m d
f nda n ny
he h e i i l c i , nd ai if
f l t e ai be
ais o xpl n yondm e ehy r eho M ahe wa a r by M a c 26t tPli ifhad
r pe bol w
t na s wa e
r h ha antf
fld g i va e orlw s t a
ie re nc s a uis boutTa ororW ike .Furhem or Pl i iff ist de c i ho
yl
c r
t r e, antf al o s rbe w
M a he o W a de K i e w a a a e by M a c 26 t tPl i ifw a no pr s ntf rt 1
t na r r n s r s w r
rh
ha a ntf s t e e o he CA

he rng onM a c 24 whe Syke I r por cla s
ai
rh
n
s' CA e t e dy ugge t hewa pr s nt Furhe
ss
s e e . t nnor ,
e
no hi i W a de Kie ' g iva er po e ,oneofwhih f undi Pli tY sf vor sa e a
t ng n r n s rs re nc es ns s
c o
n a n i a , tt s
plusbl c am ofr t la in.
a i e li
e ai to
Ther t la i cli agans W a hi on co it m e ey o pa al lc
ea iton am
i t s ngt
nsss r l f r le onduc ,lbe s a
t a l , nd
c us o . Furhe m o e t r i not ng t s
oncl i ns
t r r , he e s hi o uppo tt i a t tW a hi o sa horza i
r he de ha
s ngt n' ut i ton
f r a t a f rt Red Oni n ha anyt ng t do w ih g i va esorl w s t o t fnd a c us l
o r ns e o
o d
hi o
t ' e nc
r
a uis r o i
a a

2 se complj1 3.
1 e
. g0

27

r l to hi bewe n t gre nce o lws t a t ta f r Acc di y, he ecli sa e
e ai ns p t e he iva s r a uis nd he r nse .
or ngl t s am r

ds se wi u p eudc p zs a tt 28U. C. 1 5 b ( )a 4 U. C. 1 9 ec .
imisd t t rj ie t u n o
ho
r
S. j 91 A( )1 nd 2 S. j 9 7 ()
Ho ver Syke i no e ild t q lfe i muniy o t pr entr co d. Pli if
we ,
s s t ntte o uaii d m
t n he es e r
antf
al ge t tSyke c eaed a e r ouscl sûc ton r por a a e r ousI r po t o
le s ha
s r t n rone
ms i ai e t nd n rone
CA e r t
e lr Pl ntf sta f rt Re Oni whih i ata f rt two d lkey dee ape s n of
nsze ai if r ns e o d on, c s ' ns e ha ul i l t r r o
r
or na y fr
di r imnes fom slng g iva e orl uis Furhe mor Pl ntf al ge t tSyke
sr
i re nc s aws t . t r e, ai if le s ha
s
c mit t s r t la or a t i s
om ted he e e a it y c s n uppor ofhi s r s ,Ta o . Ac or ngl t r t la i
t
s upe vior yl r
c di y, he e a iton
c a m a i tSyke r m ai pe ng w ih t co t
l i ga ns
s e ns ndi
t he ur .

3. Thec am st tLower t laedby c vitng Pli ifa de nghi pr he rng
l i ha
e ait
on c i
a ntf nd nyi
s e- a i
r ue t a t tCl r .Ar s a Lee s m ia l r t la e bv notr vi w i a vi o
eq s s nd ha a y m . nd
i l ry e a i t d
e e n: de
r or ng
ec di
Pl ntf a guest tLo r t it d,ose i y by de ngPl i i sr q sst wa c a
ai if r
ha we eala e
tnsbl
nyi
antY e ue t o th
vi o r cor ng,de ng Pli tf sr ques f rt e i t st t siy;a sndi Pl i if
de e di
nyi
a n if e t o hr e nma e o e tf nd
ng antf
guit ofcode 1 , çpos e son/
ly
32 l s s i consr c i ofaDe c De i
tu ton
vi e sgnedt De ei St f.2 Pli if
o c ve a f' 2 a ntf
'
f rhe a lgest tClr Ar ,a Le sm ia l r t laedby no r vi wi t vi o
' t r le
u
ha a y, ms nd e i l ry e ai t
t e e ng he de
r or ng.2
ec di 3

Lowe,Clr Ar s a Leea e e il t q lse i l t f t s r t lai n
a y, m , nd
r ntted o uai d mmlniy or he e e ai to

cli .Fis,t de aloft dic r ha aéqmilmi ef tbe us t c 13
ams rt he ni he sovey d
ri s fec ca e he ode 2
co c i wa uli t l va a edon a ala t gr y s r waspr s nt d durngt he rng
nviton s tma ey c t
ppe nd he e hit
ee e
i he a i
r r es ofPl ntf sdic r r ue t .Thedico r r que t we eno ma e i lt t
ega dl s
ai if s ove y eq ss
s ve y e s s r t t ra o he
c r tpos e son/ nsnz ton ofaDe ceDe i d t De i St f,'a t r wasno
ha ge t s s i co t ci
vi
sgne o ceve a f' nd he e
d s east t pos e son orde i elm e .Thus Lo wa pe m itd t de Pl i ifs
iput
o he s s i
sgn e nt
, we s r te o ny antf '

2 se Com pl!9 .
2 e
.
(9
2 seeCom pl !1 0.
3
.
0

28

dico r r que t f good c e. Se se. , olf 418U. a 564s ve y e ss or
aus
e c.W f,
S. t
71.Pli if sc
antf ondus r
oy
a lga i a
le tons boutLowe',Clr s Ar ,a Le sr t lai n a enots fce t sa ea ca m .
s a y', ms' nd e' e aito r
ufi int o tt li
Alhough Pl ntf e use a i sr tver medisa
t
ai if xha t d dm nita i e
e boutLowenotgr ntng Pl ntf s
a i
ai if
r ques s t r co d doe nots
e
t , he e r
s
how t tPl i ifptr ue a i s r tve r m e e a
ha a ntf ls d dm ni ta i e di s boutCl r
a y,

Ar s a Leede lni t r viw avi o r or ng.Ac or ngl Lowe,Clr Ar ,a Lee
m , nd
c i ng o e e
de ec di
c di y,
a y, ms nd

aee t ldt q ai di nt a dsl r j d me tf rt s cams
r ni e o u l mmu iy n l
t
fe
mmay u g n o hee li .
4. Thec am st tAr a HM r t it d by modivi t cr v s r
l i ha ms nd
eala e
f nc he a hit
Pl ntf al gest tHM andAnnsr t la e by at rngt ga s r wlie i wa i
ai if le ha
e a it d
le i he y hit ll t s n
t i pos e son.2 Arm s t ii dt tt l ngs e vesha be n sic o t t bod o t
her s s i 4
d e tt hed n o he y f he
estfe ha he o l e

s r bu Pli ifal ge t tt se vesha pe rbee modi d whiehepos e s d i.Pont
hiq t a ntf le s ha he le
d ve
n
fe
l
sse t
on
r i o Anns t si
eled n
' e tmony t c c Pli ifon a a and r voke e r e good- onduc tm e
o onvit antf
ppe l
e
nnd
c
ti .
Te r lpr miy bewee t pr t c i aci t andt ad r eac m a bes c e t
mpo a oxi t t n he o e tve tviy
he ve s t y
uo i n
t m ake a i ta pr m a f c e s w i ofc us ton. Se J co v. . . dm i Of i oft
o
n nii l i a i ho ng
a ai
e a bs N C A
n. fce he

Co rs 7 0F.d 5 2, 7 (t Ci. 01 ) Ho v r tmi ao eg n rlyc n o d fa
u t, 8 3 6 5 9 4 h r 2 5 . we e, i ng ln e eal n n t e e t

s mmayj g n o ead fnd n o fr ac n icn , o tlao ye p a ain.S e eg,
u r ud me t nc ee a t fe s o vn i g n meaitr x ln to e . ..
Pi k ro v. l. p'o Trn p.5 3F.d1 5 1 6 ( 0h Ci. 0 9 .
n etn Coo De t f a s , 6 3 0 2, 0 6 1 t r 2 0 )
Hu t n Ar aeno p e e tye tte t q aiidi nt o sl r j g n .
r a d ms r t rs n l n i d o u l e mmu iy r l
l
f
mmay ud me t
Ne t rHur norAr sfl e d nc t dic am a r t la o ym otveort ofe ac ncng,
ihe
t
m ied vi e e o s l i ny ea it r
i
o f r onvi i
no eala or e a ton f ale i t s r whie i wa i t i pos e so i c r s t
nr t it y xpl na i or t rng he hit l t s n her s s i n, n onta t o
Pl i ifsal ga i . Fu t r r ,Pli ifc le d t s r' a he iiy d li t
antf' le tons rhe mo e antf hal nge he hits ut ntct trng he

d s i i r a alt rOP 861 1 a t tis wa no greva e t r8 1.Ac or ng y,
i cplna y ppe mde
. , nd ha s ue s t i bl mde 66.
c di l

Annsa HM aeno e tte t sl r j g n v a4 U. C. 1 9 e a.
nd
r t ni d o l
l
mmay ud me t i 2 S. j 9 7 ()
2 se Com pl !1 2.
4 e
.
(0

29

I
V.

De enda Loc tfl d am oto t dimi spur ua t Fede a Rul o Ci lPr ed e
f nt us ie
in o s s
s nt o
r l e f vi oc ur

1 b ()2 Th sa d r f ramo int d s s t e Fe e a Rul o Ci l o e u e 1 ()6
2( )6 .5 e tn ad o
to o imis md r d r l e f viPr c d r 2 b ( )
r quiesm et ac e apli ipsf c ua al ga i a t e.A c
e r
o c pt antf a t l le tons s ru
ompli tnee ç s ta
an
ds G hor nd
a

pli sae n o tecam s o n t ttepla e i e tte t r l f a s o ce tGta t a
an ttme t f h li h wig ha h e d r s n i d o ei ' nd u in çl c t l
l
e
l z
ale tons... o r s arg t r i a
l ga i
t aie iht o elef bovet s c a i lve .... BelAt.
he pe ultve e l
' l l Cop .
'
v.

Two l , 5 U. 5 4, 5 ( 0 7 ( ena q o ainmak o te ) A p an ifsb ssf r
mb y 5 0 S. 4 5 5 2 0 ) i r l u tto r s mitd . litf a i o
nt
r le tr quiesm o et n l be sa c l i .... 1 The e or apl ntf
e if Ge r
r ha a l nd oncusons
' d. r f e, ai ifmus çal ge
'
t çle

.a t s fiin t saea1 h ee n so g jcam. 2 Ba sv. .. p n d Nç l s&
fcs u fce t o tt lt e lme t f t li '' 6 s E I Du o t e moz
he
r
Co.3 4F.d7 , 6 ( t Ci. 0 3 .
, 2 3 61 7 5 4h r 2 0 )
Theal ga i agans Loc tse s ey fom Loc tsr s
le tons i t us t m ol l r
us ' e pons s- oral ge l k of
e
le d ac
r pons s- t hi g ivanc s lte s a a al.7 I hi r s ns t t m otont dimi s
es e o s re
e , e tr , nd ppe s2 n s e po e o he i o s s ,
.

Pl ntf a s c
ai if lo ompl nst tLoc ts dhavee r ie gr tro r i overhe
ai ha
us houl
xe cs d eae ve sght
r
s di t s
ubor na e .

S p r io yla l yu d rj 1 8 ma n t ep e iae o tet e r o r s o d a
u e vs r ibit n e 9 3 y o b r d c td n h h o y f e p n e t
i
s p do .Mo el De ' o S c S r s, 3 U. 6 , 6 n., 919 ( 9 ) Ba n r v.
u e r n lv. p t f o . e v .4 6 S. 58 6 3 7 6 - 4 1 78 ; v ad
M ao e 2 F.d2 8 2 5( t Ci. 0 ) Se to 1 8 rq ie as wi o pes n l a l o
ln , 68 3 2 , 3 4h r 2 01. cin 9 3 e ur s ho ng f ro a fut n
2 Thepa tesr ei dr as na ea e ii notc t tt cour ma c
5
ri ec ve e o bl nd xplct ie ha he
t y onver amotont dimist t
t
i o s s ha

rfrn e matr o tiet pe dn sit amoinfrs mmayj d me t e t Clr is e at l
eee c s tes usd he la ig no to o u r u g n wh n he ek su d i y
me
Ro e r noie S eFe . Ci. 1 d ; sboov Gars n 5 F.d3 9 31 (t Ci.1 7 )
sboo tc . e d R. v P. 2()Ro e r . rio - 28 2 0 , 0 4h r 9 5 .
2 Dee ni whehe ac
6 tnni ng t r ompli saesaplusbl cli f r le i R c e -pectcts t t
ant tt
a i e am or eif s a ontxts ii a k ha

rq ie terve n c u tod a o is u iil x ein ea dc rmo sn e' As co v.q l5 6U. 6 2,
e urs h e iwig o r t rw n tj dca e p re c n on n e s . h r R Iba, 5 S. 6
'
6 -9(0 9 .Th s ac u t cenigac mpan u d rRue1 09()cnie tf pla ig ta aen te tt d
787 2 0 ) u , o r sre n o lit n e l 2 6 a d niy edn s h t r o nil
e
t a as
o n s umpton oftut bec et conss ofnomor t n lbesa c usons I Alhoughllbe al
i
r h aus hey
it
e ha a l nd oncl i . d. t
i r ly

c n tu DoK c mpans Han sv. re, 0 U.. 9 5 021(9 2, d n t c a a imaesa v c t, u
o sr e r o lit, ie Ken r4 4 S 51 , 2 - 1 7 )I o o a t s n n t' d o ae s a
'
s nt deveopi sa uor a co tmtonalcai no ceal r iedi acompl nt SeeBr k v.Carol,1
po e
l ng tt t y nd nsi i
l ms t l ry as n
ai .
oc
r l 07

F.d2 , 4 (t Ci. 9 7 ( u t , .c n urng; a d tv. t o Ha tn 7 5F.d1 7 1 8(t Ci.
3 41 2 3 4h r 1 9 ) L ti J, o c ri )Be u et Ciy f mpo , 7 2 2 4, 27 4h r
g
1 8 ) seas God nv. e , 7 F.d1 4 1 51(t Ci.1 7 )(e o nzn t t dsrc c u tsno
9 5; e lo r o Leke 5 4 2 1 7, 1 4h r 9 8 rc g iig ha a itit o ri t
e p ce t a smeter l o a v ct frap oK panit.
x e td o su h oe f d o ae o r litf
)
2 Se Supp Co l!l .
7 e
mp. 6
.

30

t par ofade e ntet rbas d on t de enda ' pe s lc
he t
f nda ihe
e
he f nts r ona onduc ora he ' co uc i
t not rs nd t n

e e uino t d fnd n ' p lce o c t ms Se S a v S r u ,1 F.d7 , 9 (t Ci.
x c to f he ee a ts o iis r uso . e h w . to d 3 3 91 7 9 4h r
1 9 )( ic si t ed l rt id fee c sa d r f ras pevs rsl bii u d rj1 3 .
9 4 ds u sng h ei ae n ifrn e tn a d o u r io ' i lt n e 98 )
be
a y
Pl i ifdoe notal geLoc tspe s na i ve e wih a oft o he alegai o he
antf
s
le
us ' r o l nvol m nt t ny he t r l ton t r
t n hi dis ts a ton wih he de a d r pons st hi lte s
ha s s a if c i
t r l ye es e o s e tr .Howe r Pli ifdoe not
ve , antf
s
ha a c tt to lrg t pa tcpa ei g iva epr ee ng . Se Boo r 855 F. a 541
ve onsiu i na iht o ri i t n re nc oc di s e
ke ,
3d t

(Ad mse tbihe ace rnze i mae ha en c nsi in le t lme to d p o e s
d n sa ls s la l :n ts v o o t o a ni e n r ue r c s
t
mt
t
itrs i a c s t ag iv n ep o e u e Animaetusc nn t rngaj 1 8 cam algn
n ee tn c e s o re a c r c d r . n t h n o b i
9 3 li l ig
e

d n a o as e ii g iv nc p o e s f re mp e' F rh r r , an ifd e n talg ta
e il f p cfc re a e r c s, o xa l. u temo e Plitf o s o le e h t
).
Loc tlne a
us c w bouta ofPli ifsea lerltga i ort tLoc tr t it d a i thi ba e
ny
a ntf
ri ii ton ha
us eala e gans m s d
on hi gre nc o c
s i va es r ompl i s Addii l Pl i iff ist de
ant .
tonaly, antf al o monsr t wha pr e lal
ta e
t oc dtr
r a i hi Loc tha i t e usi pr es de i i OP 866. o OP 861. orwha he
eltons p us s n he xha ton oc s fned n
1 r
1
t r
ofi i dut t Pl i ifwa a
fcal y o antf s bouthi a tmpt t fl gre nc sa a a st o he VDOC
s te s o ie i va e nd ppe l o t r
s af . Eve i t tm i orqua iy o he r s ns svi a e s e V D O C polcy o pr ce e,
t f
n f he i ng
lt f r e po e ol t d om
i r o dur

s c avilto d e n tsaeac nsiuin l li S eUntd Sae v Ca ee , 4 U.
u h o ain o s o tt o ttto a cam. e ie tts . c rs 4 é S.
7 , 2 5 ( 9 ) li cov. t o Fara 9 7F.d 1 5 ,1 6 ( t Ci.1 9 )( odn t t
41 75 - 5 1 79 ;tc i Cny f ifx, 0 2 4 9 4 9 4h r 9 0 h lig ha
i sa e1w gr nt m or pr dlr rght t n t Co tt i r quie ,asa e sf l et a de
f t t a a s e oce zal i s ha he nsiuton e z s t t ' aiur o bi

b t t a i no afd r l u p o e sis e .Ac o dn l,hecamsa ans Lo u tfi t
y ha lw s t e ea d e r c s su ) c r igy t li g i t c s alo
sa e acai , Loc tsm oto t dimi si gr nt d.
tt l m and
us'
in o s s s a e
V.

Fort f eg ng r as ,Igr ntLoc tsmotont dim is and Ig an i pa ta de
he or oi e ons
a
us '
i o s s,
r t n r nd ny
i pa tTa o ,Cl r ' r s Syke ,M a he ,Low e, i e ,
n r yl r a y, m ,
A
s
t na
K s r Lee, e e Hur ,a Pont s
K gl y, t nd
on'

moi nfrs mma yj d me t Th camsa an tW ah n tnaeds s e wi o t rj dc .
to o u r u g n . e li g is s i go r imis d t u p eu ie
h
31

Thec am sr m ani a e a
l i e i ng r boutPont sndi Pli ifguit ofcode 111a t al ge
on
ng antf ly
nd he le d
r t la i by Ta or Syke ,Ar s a Hur.
e a iton
yl ,
s m , nd
t
Ha ngr s l d t quesi ofqua iid i miy,t pa te ma enga i dic r
vi e o ve he
ton
lfe mmt t he ris y
ge n s ove y

wihi t ne sxt da ,a dic r s l bec
t n he xt i y ys nd s ove y hal omplt d wihi t ry da t r fe .The
e e t n hit ys he ea tr
pa te m a fl dipostvem otonsno s rt n wihi t ee da oft c
ri s y ie s ii
i
oone ha t n m n ys he ompl to o
ei n f
dic y.
s over
EN TE R :Thi
s

da ofA ugus , 7.
y
t 201

Z

.

' Unie Stt Diti tJ
td aes src udge

32