Hill v. Clarke

Filing 19

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 10/19/2017. (tvt)

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Pe ii r
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M EM O R AN D U M O PI I N
N O

H AROLD W .CLARKE,

By:Hon. ks L.Kier
Jac on
s
Seni U ni ed St
or
t
atesD i ri Judge
st ct

R espondent
.

K e t La ont Hil a V igi a i a e pr e ng pr K ,tmel fld apeii f a wrt
ih m e l, r ni nm t oc edi
o
i y ie
tton or
i
.

o h be sc pu , u s n t 2 U. C. 2 5 , h l ngngtevai i o Hi ' c ni e n o
f a a o s p rua t o 8 S. j 2 4 c al i h ldt f l s o fn me t n
e
y
l

aj d me ti Ca b l Co ny Cic i Co r. Re po e ttld amoin t ds s,a d Hil
u g n n mp el u t r ut u t s nd n qe
to o imis n l
f ie t r pond,ma ng t m a trrpe f d s ii Afe r vi oft r co d,Igr ntt
al d o es
ki he te i or iposton. tr e ew
he e r
a he
m otont dimisa dimi st peii n.
i o s s nd s s he tto
B ackground

A Ca b l Co n y j r c n ce Hi o b r lr g a d lre y, c n pia y
mp el u t u y o vitd l f u gay, rn ac n o s rc ,
l
de tuc i ofpr ry,a pos e son ofbur l r t s The cr ui c ts nt nc d hi t a
sr ton
ope t nd s s i
g a y ool .
ic t our e e e m o
s xt one yea prs t l .
ip
r i on e '
m

I Hilsr l t Fr nkln Co yha aspe ii n,Ie t bls dt f l ng f c s
n l' e aed a i unt be
tto
sa ihe he olowi a t :
On t m ol ng of J y 5,201 Roc M ount Food Li e oye s
he
mi
ul
0,
ky
on mpl e
a rved a wor t dic rt tabr ak-n had oc red ove ni . A bu glrha
ri
t k o s ove ha
e i
cu r
r ght
z a d

c a e r hol i o t ba k wal,a t t e had soln $5, ofc ga e ts
ut n nty- e nt he c
l nd he hi f
te
692 i r te .

The sor s r ilnc ca r sc ptr amae wio ftHilsdesrpton i i
t e u vela e me a a ued
l
i l' ci i nsde
t sor ,hol ng a bag,a g ng t va i cga ete dipe i l to .
he t e
di
nd oi o rous i r ' s nsng ocai ns
t
Em pl e c l d t l a polce who bega i tga i
oye s ale he oc l i ,
n nvesi tng.
Ont m or ng ofAug t1 201 t owne oft Luc 2 M a t l t d
he
ni
us , 0, he
r he ky
r, ocae
i t s he n par of Fr rkln Cot t di c r d t t s e
n he out r
t
al i
m y, s oke e ha om one ha c a
d ut n

e r hol it t ba k wal of hi sor a a c d wih $1 000 of
nty- e n o he c
l
s t e nd bs onde
t
8,
c ga e t s U nf t e y,t s v il e cn e a a m o i de e or w e e not
i r te .
orunat l he ur e lanc m r s nd ton t ct s r
n oc
ie
n nve tga i
functoni 1 A gai ,l alpolc bega i s i tng.
i ng.
1Ther co d i u e ro whehe t m oton dee o sw eedia e , orbr n.
e r s ncla n
t r he i
tctr r s bld
oke

1

On Augus 8, 201 Lt M a vil o t Bo e our Count She ifs
t
0, . nde le f he t t t
y
rf
De rm e r s nde t a c l fom 60 M i e M a ke r a d ng a br a i
pa t nt e po d o a l r
4 nut
r t eg r i
e k-n
a tmpt Pr i i r i si ton di notr vea a s pe t , b tar und t s
te . elm na y nve tgai
hi
d
e l ny us c s2 u o
tm e,Bot t tCo y of e sdic r d t tsmia bur a i ,wih t s me
i
eour unt ic r s ove e ha i lr glres t he a
l
y ankln unt
modu o r 3 ha oc ur ed i Ca pbe l Count , Fr i Co y,and t
s pe andi d c r n m
he

Ciyo Ly c b r A mut-t id ci n lc o rt iv siainb g n.
t f n h u g.
li l s ito a, o peai n e tg to e a
jr
ve
O n Se e ber 4, 2010, Bot t t Count D e y Bnl s o d a
pt m
e our
y
put
ce t ppe
s pii usve c e i t Gr e y M a ke par ng l ,l ng a trt sor ha
us c o
hil n he e nwa
r t ki ot o fe he t e d
cl e H o s l t r Gr nw a M a ke e pl s r por e a s pi i m a t t
os d. ur a e , ee y r t m oyee e t d us c ous n ha
c am e t be fo t sor s s urt pr de ,butt i vi l lf be or
li d o
' m he t e' ec iy ovi r
r
he ndi dua e t f e
G r e a M a ke e pl e phone polc .4
e nw y r t m oye s
d ie
On Se e r9,201 Lt M a
pt mbe
0, . ndevil obt i s ve la e f t ge fom
le aned ur ilnc oo a r
e nw y
r t n he e
t 604 M i e M a ke 5 a d G r e a M a ke . l t Gr enw a M a ke
he
nut
r t n
y
r t
s r ilncet pe, he s pi ousm a who cli e t bef o t sor ss u iy
u vela
a t us ci
n,
am d o r m he t e' ec rt
pr d ,pl e t pe ove s cziy moton s ns r . Lt M a vil sr y
ovi er ac d a
r e lrt
i e os
. nde le tongl
s pe t t tt vi osfo t t sor ss
us ced ha he de r m he wo t e howe t s m e i vi l ablc
d he a ndi dua : a k
m aem a c ng Hilsde c i i
l t hi
l' s rpton.
O n Se e be 1 201 D e y Bnz i o m e Lt M a vil a
pt m r 0, 0, put
ce nf r d . nde le boutt
he
s pi i
us c ous ve cl i t Gr e y M ar pa ki l , a t r afe Lt
hi e n he e nwa
ket r ng ot nd he e tr .
M a vil obt i t lce e a DM V i or ai n on t t bl k m a e
nde le aned he i ns nd
nf m to
he wo ac
ls
t t De y Br e ha sopped o t mor ng of Se e r 4, 2010. Lt
ha put uc d t
n he
ni
pt mbe
.
M a vil t n c
nde le he ompar d t DM V pho os wih t s v il e f a Lt
e he
t
t he ur e lanc oot ge; .

M a d vi eb le e t a o e o t eb b k mae fo t pakng 1tso Hil
n e l eiv d h t n f h lc ls r m he r i o tp, l,
l
w ast s m e bl k m a e w ho a a e i t 604 M i e M a ke a G r e y
he n
ac
l
ppe r d n he
nut
r t nd e nwa
M a ke s ve la vi .
r t ur il nce deos
Aferadd to lDM V s a c s Lt M a vil dico r d HilsBedf r
t
ii na
e r he , . nde le s ve e l'
od
a e s a hi owne s p ofa 2003 Che olt Lt M a vil c ule wih
ddr s nd s
rhi
vr e . . nde le ons t d t
t Com m onw e lh' A to ne a
he
a t s t r y bout a t hi a GPS de c t Hil s ve c e
tac ng
vi e o l' hi l ,
a t Co monwe t s Ator y a s t t a s a c wa r nt wa
nd he
m
alh'
t ne dvied ha
e rh
ra
s
ur e e s r The c r lng pr ce nta t tm e Folz v.Com m o alh,698
m c s a y.
ont oli
e de t he i , t
nwe t

S. 2 2 1 ( .Ct Ap 2 0 ,sae ta te p a e n o a GPS u i o a
E.d 8 Va . p. 01 ) ttd h t h lc me t f
nt n
ve cedi no c tm t as a c ors i e.Lt M a vil die t d Bott t
hi l d t onsi e e r h ezur
. nde le r c e
e our

2Thec e i Fr nkln Co t we c d d i t s m e of201 .
as s n a i uny nt ol urng he um r
0
3The bur a a r d t i s 'hi br k-ns cu a e rp hol i t r a ofsor si t e ry hotr of
glr ppea e o û e' s ea i , t n nt
ca
e n he e r t e n he a l ls
t mor ng, ndexcl i l sol ci r te .
he ni a
usvey t e ga ets
4Empl sfl ar por wih Bot ou tpolc ahert m a lf t sor .
oyee ied e t t
et r ie
he n e the t e
5The 604 M i e M a ke s v lanc f a wa 9om Augus 1 2010. The vi o was obti d by
nut
r t ur eil e ootge s
t ,
de
ane
Bott tofi r a trM i e M ake e o
eour fce s fe nut r t mplyeeshea d a tt s pi o eve sa Grenwa M a ke,a t n
r bou he us cius nt t e
y r t nd he
r me r d a smia l s pii e
e mbe e i lry us cous venta t rsor i ea l Augus. Thes velanc vi otpe s
t hei t e n ry
t
ur il e de a howe a ma
d
n

whoCa p ae t b c sn Eh MiueMakel . .mesn ao n 'b teb c wal ftesoenertep r o
s p e rd o e a ig te n t r t' . S sig ru d y h a k lo h tr a h at f
l
t wal whe et atm ptd br k-n oc redaw e k ltr' Hilv.Co m onw e lh,201 W L 4773583,201 V a
he l r he te e ea i cu r
e ae . l
'
m
at
2
2 .

Ap LEXI 31 a *1 ( . . p. 01 )
p. S 8,t 2 Va CtAp 2 2 .
2

pt m r 6
De y Dil t plce a GPS on Hils ve ce. On Se e be 1 , 201
put low o a
l' hi l 6
0,
De y Dil ta l d t t ciy o Be or l a e t Che oltouti of
put low r ve e o he t f df d, oc t d he
vr e
sde
Hilsho e,a at c d t GPS l i on o t unde c ri ge o Hilsve ce a
l' m nd ta he he
m t t he
r a ra f l' hi l t
a oxi a ey 4: A. . The GPS de ce r mai d a tc d t Hils ve ce
ppr m t l 30 M
vi e ne ta he o l' hi l
untlSe embe 27,
i pt
r 2010.
On or a
bout Se e be 21 201 Lt M a e le m e wih Ca
pt m r , 0, . nd vil
t t
mpbel
l
Count I s i t Tr y Em e s n t r vi Bo e o ut Coun y s v la e
y nve tga or ac
r o o e ew
ttt'
t ur eil nc
vi os be aus Em e s s pe t d t tH ilw m t c prtf r s m ia Cn pbe l
de , c e
r on us c e ha l s he ul i o i l r m l
Cot y br a i . I tga o s i ta l c d notco e ta ge a y ve ces
mt e k-ns nvesi t r niily oul
ml c ny t wa hi l
t Hil howe , Em e s dic r d t t Hil ha r nt d a sl r o gr y
o l;
ver
r on s ove e ha l d e e
ive r a
Che ol tHHR fom a ca r nt lc m pa s ver ltm e i m on hs pror a a
vr e
r
r e a o ny e a i s n
t
i , nd
s m ia ve c e a
i l r hi l ppea e i s e oft s we la t pe .
r d n om
he ul il nce a s
On t mor ng of Se t m be 27,201 a Ca
he
ni
pe r
0,
mpbel Count Food Li
l
y
on
r po d a br a i w he e a e r hol ha be n c i o t ba k w a l of t
e de
e k-n
r n nty- e d e ut nt he c
l
he
1 Em e s n c le Lt M a vil , ho s r d
a l d . nde le w
s or ,a c ga e t sha be n s ol n.
t e nd i r t e d e t e
ro
ha e
GPS da a s
t howi t tHils ve ce ha be n i t Food Li n pa ki 1 f r
ng ha l' hi l d e n he
o r ng ot o
ove a hour e r i r t t m or ng. I ve t g t s w or d on obt i ng s a c
r n
a le ha
ni
n s i a or
ke
a ni e r h
wa r nt f Hils ve ce a home. La e t tda Ca pbel Co y ofi r
ra s or l' hi l nd
t r ha y, m
l unt fce s
c a t d t Be or Polc De rm e t s tup s v ilnc o Hils ve ce
ont c e he df d i e pa t nt o e
ur e la e f l' hi l
a coo di t a a r s . Be or of e st n f l d Hila as oc ae Tr
nd r na e n re t df d fc r he olowe l nd s i t oy
Bl ke whe t y l f H ils hous Polc f gnd s ol n c ga e t s w he t y
a
n he e t l '
e.
ie o
t e i r te
n he
soppe t ve cl i l ng ca t i t bac s a of t ve cl poory
t d he hi e, ncudi
rons n he
k et
he hi e
l
co e e by be ng,a ofi e s t Hil a Blke i o c t y. Afe
nc ald
ddi
nd fc r ook l nd a nt us od
tr
ofi e s a s t m o t i M ia
fc r dvied he f her r nda rght, Blke ga a f l sae e
i s a
ve ' t tm nt
ul
i i a i bot Hila hi s fi t Fr nkln Count bur a is a Hilalo
mplc tng h l nd m el n he a i
y glre , nd l s
admitd i ve e i t Fr nkln Coun y c i e .
te nvol m nt n he a i
t rm s
Hilv.Clr No.7: 5
l
a ke,
1 CV00201 201 W L 7031
, 6
803,201 U . Dit LEXI 1
6 S. s .
S 65655,a *1 6
t -

( . Va De .1 2 6 .
W D. . c , 01 )
Afe t Ca
tr he mpbel Count Cic tCo tss nt i Hilnot d a a alt t Cour
l
y r ui ur ' e encng, l e n ppe o he
t
ofAppe l ofVigi a Howe r be o eflnghi a la e b i f Hilfl apr î pe ii n f
as
r ni ,
ve , f r i
s ppelt re , l ied
o . tto or
q
.

a wrto ha asc pusi t cic tc t as e tng t tevi nce de i d fom t GPS s d
i f be or n he r ui our, s ri ha de
rke r he
houl
ha be n e l d. The c r ui c tde e t ha a pe ii a Hildi nota alt
ve e xc ude
ic t our ni d he be s tton, nd l d
ppe he
di m i s l
s sa.

6Ther or s
ec d howst tnow ar ntw a obt nedf rt GPS a tchm e , a t tno e ge crum sa s
ha
ra
s ai o he
ta
nt nd ha
xi nt ic tnce
exitd a t tm e
se t he i .
1Be or t br k-n r por, dla e fre n a to ie fo sxj rs ito ssh due ame t gfr
f e he ea i e t tjw n oc me t uh rt s r m i u idcin c e ld
g
i
ei o
n
Se tmb r2 2 l t dsu sterltdc ss' Hil . mmo we l No 1411 - , t ( . r CtOc. 9,
pe e 7, 0 0,o ic s h eae ae - lv Co n at . 5 -2 3 a 2 Va Ci. . t2
'
h,
2 3.
01 )

3

Ne ,Hil pm s d diec ap a s but b0 h t Coul of Appe l o Vig ni a t
xt l
ue r t pe l,
t he
'
t
a s f r i a nd he
Supr m e Cour ofV igi a de ed hi pe ii ns8 Hil s
e
t
r ni ni
s tto .
l oughtf rhe r viw,butt Unie
ut r e e
he
td
St t Supr m e C o tde e hi pe ii n f a wr tofc r i a i La ty,H ilfl d a s a e ha s
a es
e
ur ni d s tt o or
i
e tor r . s l
l ie
t t bea

pe ii n i t Supr m eCour ofVigi a r ii f ure n cli s t c tde e hi pe ii
tto n he
e
t
r ni , a sng o te am ; he oui nid s tton.
I.
I

Cur ntCl i s
re
am

I hi c r ntpeii Hila s rst f l ng f t n cai s
n s ure
tton, l s e t he olowi ouree l m .
Subs antv Cl ms
t i e ai

Hilsd tn in i u lwf 1 n e teFout Ame d n a Aril 1 j 1 9
l' ee to s n a u u d r h t'
h
n me t nd t e , 0
c
o t e Co siuin i l h o Untd S ae v.J ne ,5 U. 4 0 (01 )
f h n ttto n i t f ie tts o s 65 S. 0 2 2 ,
g
gi n t wa r nte s i t lato ofa OPS de c on hi prvae ve c e by
ve he ra ls nsal i n
vie
s i t hi l
1w e or me t gaheri or ton. The Bott ur of er we e r quie
a nf ce nt o t nf ma i
e o t fc s r e r d

t s m e a wa r ntorco tor r bu di ne t r The go r ntca
o ec
ra
ur de , t d ihe .
ve nme
nnot
r l on t good f t e e i t t wa r nt r uie e be a e t
ey
he
aih xc pton o he r a eq r m nt c us he
of r we e note
fce s r
ngage i t lwf lpe f ma e oft i ofii ldute .
d n he a u ror nc
her fc a
is

The wee a tng t a ul,o tie t i sau o y jlid cin. Alo te
y r ci mlwf ly usd her ttt r t s ito
r
s, h
Cour ofAppe s of Vig ni di no r l on t good f ih e e i i is
t
al
r i a d t ey
he
at xc pton n t
opi on;
ni

The Bo e o tCot y ofi r ' c uc i pl cng t GPS on t c r wa
t t ur
mt fce s ond t n a i he
he a
s
unl wf a vi a e Hils due pr es rght unde t Fourh a
a ul nd olt d l'
oc s i s
r he
t nd

Foure ni Ame
te h
ndme t. The of r 'cond twa o rgeo whe t y
ns
fces
uc s uta us n he
8W hiehi die ta a w a pe ng, Hi as su h p ei naya dj nna e tnu cin i tecrut
l s r c ppe l s ndi
l lo o g t rl r n e nn ijnto sn h ici
l
mi
c ' bohw e ede e i M achandM a of2013.TheSupr Cour ofV igl altrdim is Hilsappe of
our; t r nid n r
t
y
eme
t
r ni ae s sed l'
al

teijncind nil nAu ut1 , 01 .
h n u to e a o g s 9 2 3

'

9Ari e 1 j 1 o t e Co si to p o i ist sae fo e e csn c ran p we s icudn b lso
tcl , 0 f h
n t u in r h b t he tt s r m x r ii g e ti o r , n l i g il f
t
a t nde a e po tf t lw s
tai r nd x s aco a .

4

t mpe e wih hi ve ce, e ge i c i i l c pia y,a c
n r d t s hi l nga d n rm na ons r c nd omput r
e
cri es;
m

3. Hils de e i i unlwf unde t Fourh a Foure nt Ame e t
l' t nton s a ul
r he
t nd
te h
ndm n s
bec us t Bott tCount s rf s de i s aced outi t i saut y
a e he e our
y he if
pute t
sde her t t or

j rs ito a t rf r v oae t et oo o ofc d ti . P ru n t
u idcin nd heeo e i ltd h i lr f fie ocrne' u s a t o
c
'
t a d crne p lc a t g o ti eterj rs ito b tn ti fe hp rut
h t o ti , oie ci u sd h i u id cin, u o n ' s u s i,
n
r
m a no u ii t powe o t i ofi e t ga he e de e or f re o
y t tlze he
r f her fc o t r vi nc
e r t ut
c i i la tviy no ot r s obs r a e;
rm na c i t t he wi e e v bl

4. Hils de e i i unlwf unde t Foulh a Foure nt Ame e s
l' t nton s a ul
r he
' nd
t
te h
ndm nt
be a e hi s o and a r t i t Ciy of Bedf r r l t d bac t
c us
s tp
r es n he t
o d eae
k o

c tt i na vi a i i ta e o Se e r 1 2010,t da e t t t
onsi o l oltons niit d n pt mbe 6,
m
he t ha he
Bo e o tof r at c t GPS de c t Hils c r Hi are t wa a
t t ur fce s ta hed he
vie o l' a . s r s s

c i to of t c tm to lvi a i s t i m o i on Se e r 1
ontnuai n
he ons i i na oltons è n ton
pt mbe 6,
201 Al o,t Comm onweat d d no a gue t tt of e s ha pr bl
0. s he
lh i t r
ha he sc r d oba e

c u et ars Hil i se d t Couto Ap asij ce ta c n lso i
a s o re t l; n ta , he t' f pe l n e td h t o cu in n
isnon- ndi pe c i m or r
t
bi ng, r ura de ;
5. Hils de e to i unl u unde t Si h Ame e be us t ti l
l' t n i n s awf l
r he xt
ndm nt ca e he ra
c tde e hi t rghtt c l f e de e fom a m ae i lwine s J l
our ni d m he i o al or vi nc r
tra t s , oe
Br ns om ,t Com m on ea t s Ator y f Bot t tCot y. H il s
a c
he
w lh' t ne or e our
mt
l ought
t tm ony f om Br ns om ,a ç ine s' t t c i i l a t c tt i l
es i
r
a c
l t s ' o he rm na nd m ons iutona
w
a t of t de i s H ilt r uie a e de i r he rng t r ol t
c s he pute . l hus eq r s n vi nta y a i o es ve he
c am '
li ,

5

Hils dee i i unl wf unde t Fo te h Am e
l' tnton s a ul
r he ure nt
ndme bec us t
nt a e he
Aug t22,2011 Ca
us
mpbel Co y Cic t Co to de wa voi s h t t
l unt r ui ur r r s d, uc ha
t r w a no nee t pr e ve t is on a a . Voi o d s ca be
he e s
d o es r he s ue
ppe l
d r er n

c alng d a a y tme Th til u g k e o t evo ai n c mmitdb
h le e t n i . e ra j d e n w f h ilto s o te y
t Bot t t of e s Bec us t ör r i voi by vi
he
eouf fc r .
a e he de s d,
due of t J nes
he o
opi on, he t i lc ts r lng i i ohs s e w ih d pr es 'a
ni t ra our ' u i s nc it nt t ue oc s nd
,

Hils deen i i unl wf t r t Fourh a Fo e nt Am e
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To obt n f r ha s r i ,a peii r mus de
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Tnz, 3F.S p 2 6 7 6 ( . Va 2 0 )(iigFih rv. meo e 1 3 F.d8 5 8 4
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co pus 733 S. 2d 237 240. W he t epe ii rl tr a tmpt d t fl a ha aspe ii , t
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c a a trz to c n tc t a a ga a p tto )f rp r o e o te te o d o s c e sv '
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r v so i d 016 4 B)2 ) eh r h r K i g n o s r o s o, a e n
t
a al' 733 S. 2d a 242. The Cn
ppe .
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mpbe lCo y Cic tCo tne rr c r c e i dl Hils
l unt r ui ur ve e ha a t rze S l'
i ta sa eha speii Don' nd Ca to dono a y;a no wa ni wasne s a y.
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Lasl Hilne rofe sa o he i o to r ga di hi f iur t pr ve de a ta
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t r e r l src urs y
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h y tt io , 2 2 0 4 3 d r 9 4 ; e lo r wel . y o , 61 S. 71
572 (98 ;Folz v.Clr No.3:3CV627,201 W L 4202482,201 U. Dit LEXI
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4
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1 7 5 a + - 0 ( D. .Au . 2, 01 ) l g nea,i j ie c o ti e b p lc o fc r
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vi ai wilde r as ' St ,428 U. a 492 (mphass a
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13

z

' onti i n,i a of t c i r ton of s a c a s iur cli s o sae prs r on
s rbuto f ny, he onsde a i
c
e r h- nd- ez e am f t t ione s
c l t r lr vi w i s a li r a i t t c t .,1 I . a 493.
ola e a e e s m l n el ton o he os s ,4 d t

W he a yi t pr ed a ba i St ne a f la f i tilocc s e n whe Ghe
n ppl ng he oc ur l r n o , ' nd ar ra
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has no b e d cd d' Fot, 01 U. Dit LEXI 1 7 5 a .1 .Fo e mp e $ c a e
g) t e n e i e . lz 2 4 S. s.
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S 1 51 , t* 1 r xa l,1 h ng
a
i t erlv n p e e e td rngte c t s o gei o e ')l iain o t eFo rh Ame d n
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am n t t our
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frpu o e o S o e' 1 .a *1 -2;s e as Bo c v.Bar 8 2 F.d 1 9 ,1 9 -20 (t
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r 989)
Hilwa a f de a f 1a f i ltgai n o hi Fourh Am e m e is i t sae
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l Cl i s2 t o h 4 a 6 t ough 7,Hilalo aleg t thi Foure nt Am e
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nt

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78, 3

U. pit LEXI 1
S. s.
S 42908,a * (da Se . 201 )
t 7 l ho pt28, 3 .

: (Ifa pl didsrmiaey, E ee cuso ayrljma welh veteo o i efc o g neaig
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14

.

l Herr v. lv 6 7 F.S p 9 3( D. . 1 8 ) t epeiin rtid t e c p te
n re a Kel , 6
u p. 6 E. N Y. 9 7 , h t o e re o s a e h
t

St pr du a ba by c am i t thi d pr es rg swe e vi ae t pe ii ralege
one oce r l r
l i ng ha s ue oc s iht r ol td; he ttone l d

t a t e sae c u t u g wh sg e h ss ac warn wa b a e ,a t ej g ' lc o
h t h tt o r j d e o i n d i e rh ra t s is d nd h ud e s a k f
ne r iy w a Ss eg e ousast ls t t l ve ofad pr es oreq lpr t c i vi l to ,''
utalt s io r gi
o ' e o he e l
i
ue oc s
ua o e ton o ai n
i add to t a Fo t Am e e vi a in.s I . a 970. The dit i c ti H e r r he d:
n ii n o ny urh
ndm nt olto l d t
s rd our n r e a l

( ep tto e)h da o p ru iyt p eshsFo rhAme me t. . r u ns
Th ei n r a n p o tnt o r s i u t
i
nd n . a g me t
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n tt o r.
tt o rs ee td ho e r u n s nd t eiin r
h
dia r e wih t i c l i n. Bute n sr ng dia e m e wih a sae c ts
s g e s t her onc uso
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s gr e nt t t t our'
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ndme wilno s fc t cr umve St ne Thegit
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s

o tematri ta g eiine')Fo rh Ame d n cam i j tt a:aF u t
f h te s h t p t o rs u t
t
n me t li s us h t o rh
Ame e ca m .Ate st tnd ot rna e f rt tcai wilno m a i
ndp nt li
tmpt o i
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a m o e c ni a e i t c e o a f de a ha aspe ii
ny r og z bl n he ont xt f e r l be
tton.
1
d.

I HilsFr nkln Cot y ha aspe iin,Ihed t f l wi
n l' a i
mt be
tto
l he olo ng:
The gitofHilsa gume i t tt sa e c rss d ha e l d evi nce
s
l' r
nt s ha he t t ou t houl ve xcude
de
be a e i si tng of r vi a e t Fo t Am e
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vi nce
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Li t pe ii r i H e r r H ils c a m sr m a n fr l g ounde i t Fourh
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Am e
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nt nd l a
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c s o uc. s ein e n s h ce n rn 'al urs ito a su s
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i
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t n n al ar rame t
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gr i us s o ie o he e
ue oce s olto ' d. t
'
tt
c t a f de Hila f 1 a f rtilt pur ue a ltgae whihe ris he
ours for d l ' 1 nd ai ra o s nd ii t
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de ie The e or ,t r ei St sila ple ,a ba sHilfom ha a r le
sr d. r f e he ul n one tl p i s nd r l r
be s ei f
on hi Fo t a Fouree h A m e m e c a m s
s ur h nd
t nt
nd nt l i .
Hilv.Clr No.7: CV00201 201 U . Dit LEXI 1
l
a ke,
15
, 6 S. s.
S 65655,a +1 1 Hils c r e
t 6- 7. l' u r nt
pe ii i es e ily i ntc t hi Fr ln Count peii n. Onc agan, he has not
tton s s nta l de ial o s nnk i
y tto
e
i
de onsr td t the i e il d t r ifunde t Foure nt Am e e .
m tae ha
s ntte o ele
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The e or ,al ofHilss t tve cai a eba r d fom f der lhabe r viw.
rf e 1
l' ubsan i l ms r r e r e a
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1 Thesu e Cou tdei egrgi c
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C. M e is
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hr h nd ai
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e l
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1
201,201 U . D i t
6 S. s .

LEXI 1
S 65655. Se ond,Cl i 5 i wihoutm e i be a et ti lc ta l d Hilt que ton
c
am s t
rt c us he ra our lowe l o si
J l Br ns om a a he rng,but f
oe a c
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ai
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e i e c . Hilv Clr e No.1 5 5 si o .a 5 6 ( . u .1 2 6,ECF No.1 ,Ata h 4
v d n e l . ak ,
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rt
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e s ne f tve or a lng o ha l nge he

s a c on die ta a ba ed on t S ea o bl e c ai ofprva y' t ti Ka z v.Unie
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tts 3 9 S. 4 1 6 )1
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A di nots ts y et rpr ofStiklnd:
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Ther or i udi t Co tofAppe l 'o de de ng pe ii rsa
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ttone ' tton or ppe o hi
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hi
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t or uppor t o t t e c s s peii ri n ii s ...Any a tonal
t wo f he hr e a e ttone de tfe
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r or n he
r
a s c son ha, s lm ng tto r s

s b e tt a ilg ls ac o s iu e a y s c c nsi in lvilto dd no
u j é o n le a e rh r ez r , n u h o tmto a oain i t
wa r n t s e s o ofe de ebe a e ox c r ha pr bl qa et a r s
r a t he uppr s i n
vi nc c us
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pe ii r i pe nt of t G PS i onna i
ttone nde nde
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nf
ton. Thus pe ii r ha f ie t
, ttone s a l d o
de
monsr t t tc
ta e ha ouns lspe f r a e wa de i intort tt r i a r a ona e
e ' r o m nc
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ha he e s e s bl
pr ba lt t t but f co e ' alege e r r , t r ul of t pr e ng
o biiy ha ,
or uns ls l d r o s he es t
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w oul ha bee dif r nt
d ve n f e e .
1 Kaz i a t pr t t t t deer ne wha Fourh Ame
6 t s wo- ong es ha t mi s
t
t
ndme pr t ci e ss i a pa tc a
nt o e ton xit n
riulr

stain:()ap ro mu tha eas betv e p caino p ia y a d ()t te pett n mus b oj ciey
iuto 1 es n s v u jcie x e tto f rv c n 2 ha x cai
o
t e b etv l
r s bl 389 U. a 353, Howe r Fot t Amendmentvi ai do notmandae evi e excuson. Se
ea ona e.
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Da sv UntdSae, 6 U.. 2 , 3 -0(01 )
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ak N

S p e Co r o Vign asa j iainwa n tc nrr t o a u r a o a l a p iain o ,
u rme u t f r ii ' dudc to s o o ta y o, r n n e s n b e p lc to f
Stiklnd,a w a notbas d on a unr a ona ede e mi ton oft f t . The e or Ig a
rc a
nd s
e
n e s bl t r na i
he ac s
r f e, r nt
t m oton t di m i s a t Cl i A .
he i o s s s o a m

I Cl m B,Hil c e t ta la e c
n ai
l ontnds ha ppelt ouns l f ie t a gue t t1 w e or e e
e al d o r
ha a nf c m nt
of i l ha vi a e hi Fouree t Am e m e rght unde t docdne o f ndn nt l
fe a s d ol t d s
t nh
nd nt i s
r he
t
f u me a
f r s . On ha as r vi t Supr me Cour ofVigi a hed t t Cl i B di no s ts y
aine s
be e ew, he
e
t
r ni l ha am
d t ai f
e t rpr of Sti kl nd:
ihe ong
rc a

The r c d,i l ng ta c i s o t he rngs he d i r lton t pe ii rs
e or nc udi r ns rpt f he a i
l n ea i o ttone '
m o i t s es ,de onsr t s of r beg n ta ki pe ii r wih a GPS
ton o uppr s m ta e ûce s a r c ng ttone t
.

d v c o S p e e 1 ,2 0 Da se rir t eCo r o Ap e l ( fVignil
e ie n e tmb r 6 01 . y ale , h u t f p as o r i a
ha hel s h s we la e was c tt i lwiho a wa r nt Se Folz v.
d d uc ul il nc
onsiutona t ut
ra . e t

Co n at ,5 Va Ap 6 ,7 ,6 8 S. 2 28 ,2 6 ( 01 )(Nete te
mmo we lh 7 . p. 8 7 9 E.d 1 8 2 0 s ih r h
t
Unie St t Supr m eCour nort Supr m eCot tofVigi aha a e s d t
t d aes
e
t he
e
u'
r ni s ddr s e he
is of whehe i t li a ta ki de c diecl on a c r vi aes a
s ue
t r nsalng
r c ng vie r ty
a ol t n

e p cain o p ia yg ' Ac o dn l , c u s l c u d h ve ra o a l
x e tto f rv c .).
l
c r ig y o n e o l a e s n by
c ude t o fc r 'a tonswe e nots eg e ous ast wa r tdimi s lof
oncl d he fi e s ci
r
o r gi
o rmz s s a
pe ii r s i c m e s a t t s h a l a gum e w o d not ha pr vaied o
ttone ' ndi t nt nd ha uc t r
nt ul
ve e l n

a l Se Unie Stts v.Ha a 718 F. 338 3 45 ( h Ci.201
ppea. e td ae
s n,
3d , 43- 4t r
3)
(xpli ngt r r cr umsa si whih go r me c nduc i o rgeo or
e ani he ae ic tnce n c ve n nt o t s uta us
s o knge o g t vo aed ep o e sa db rp osc to )
h c i n u h o ilt u r c s n a r e u in .
H ilv.Cl r N o. 1 545,s i o a 3. 1 agr e w ih t s a e c ur ' a ys s H il ha not
l
a ke,
51
lp p. t
e t he t t o ts nal i . l s

d mo srtdta 1w e f re n ' c nd c wa s o ta e usa t j siye i e ee cu in;
e n tae h t a n o c me ts o u t s o u rg o s o u tf v d nc x lso
t r f e, gr ntt m otont dimi sast Cl i B.8
he e or I a he i b s s
o am 1

1 I H ilsr lt Frnkln Count c e, Ids se a ie tc l li d-l Kaza ay i wa n csay
7 n l' eaed a i
y as
imisd n d nia cam:çl o t n lss s e esr ;
l
q

teCor (fAp elo Vigna smjyCsu d taBoeo dCo nyofcr voae teF ut Amed n.
h uto pas f rii) i l asme 'ht ttu u t fies iltd h o rh n met
l t d,t Cour ofAppe l ofVigl a f us on ...e de e uson. H ilv.Clr ,N o.7: 5CV 00
nsea he
t
as
r ni oc ed
vi nce xcl i ' l
'
ake
1
201,
2016 U. Dit LEXI 1
S. s.
S 65655,a #6. l H ilsCa pbel Count diec a
t
n l' m
l
y r t ppeal t Cour ofAppeasofV igi a
, he
t
l
r ni

smi ryfu ta Sh tilc utddn teri dn i temoint sp rs bcueteCo n at h d
i l l o nd h tç e ra or i o r n eyng h to o u pes eas h mmo we l a
a
t
h

de l
veoped i
ndepe nts ce ofevi nc t et bls pr bl c us f r a r t' Hilv.Com m onwe t N o.
nde our s
de e o sa lh oba e a e o res.
' l
alh,
1 40- 2- si op.a 1
5 1 3, lp
t.

1I Hi'Frn l Co nyjeiin 1sae
8n ls a ki u t tt , ttd:
l
n
o
Hil ha not alge s fce f t t s
l s
le d ufilnt acs o uppor a cl m of outage gove n e a c
t ai
r ous
r m ntl onduc .
t

Dtig te iv siain o Hi,lw e fre n ofcr dd n tç n fcuej e ie c y
l n h n etg t f l a no cme t fies i o s u atrl vd n e'
r
o
l
ma
'

I Cl i C,Hila g t ta l t c
n am
l r ues ha ppelae ouns wa i f e tve f f ii t r ie t
el s ne f ci or alng o a s he
Gc o of ofi ' doc r ne i s o a pe l be a e polc of i e s i tga ed o s de t i
s ol r
fce' ti s ue n p a c us
i e f c r nvesi t ut i he r

j iddin.Onha e srviw,h S p e Co r o Vigni hedt tCli C fie t s tsy
urs i o
b a e e te u rme u t f r i a l ha am ald o aif
t pe f
he ronua epr oft Sti a t s :
nc ong he rcklnd e t
Ther c d,i udi t pe ii f a
e or ncl ng he ttons or ppea t t Coul ofAp al a t t s
l o he
'
t
pe s nd o hi
Cour and t Cour ofAppe s or rde ng peii r sa
t
he
t
al' de nyi
ttone ' ppea ,de
l monsr t s
ta e
a lt c ms l c le d t pl e nt of t GPS devie on pe ii ne s
ppela e ot e hal nge he ac me
he
c
tto r'
ve ce o nume o g o
hi l n
r us r unds i l ng t ti vi a e t f r la Vigiza
, ncudi ha t olt d he ede a nd r li

c n t uins Vign asci n lc d ,a d ( , Co e j 1 2-4 Co nsli
o si to , r ii' rmia o e n Va) d
t
9. 2 9. u e s
pr s d t ha c e efe vey t is f a
e ume o ve hos n f di l he s ues or ppea ,a pe ii rha not
l nd ttone s
a s red c
s e t ouns ls c e ca ms we e s ho we ke orl slke y t pr val
e ' hos n li
r ome w a r es i l o e i
t n a a s ri oft û ol ofofi ' dpcrne Se Be lv.Jawi,236 F.
ha n s e ton
he ç or
c
fce' ti . e l
l s
3d

1 9 1 4 (t Ci.2 0 )(ç neal,o l wh n in rd (p lae is e ae
4 , 6 4 h r 0 0 G rly ny e g o e a peltj su s r
Ge
c e ry sr rt n t e pr e e wilt pr s pton ofe f tveas it c
l a l tonge ha hos es nt d, l he e um i
feci
ssml e

o c u s l eo r o .)( tr a q oainmak o te )
f o n e b vec me' i en l u tto r s mitd .
' n
H ilv.Com m o e t N o.1
l
nw alh,
540- 2- s i op.a 3- I a e w ih t s a e c ts a l i .
1 3, lp
t 4. gr e t he t t our ' na ys s
H ilha not s
l s
hown t t c
ha ouns l s pe f
e ' r onuanc w a de i i nt t e or , 1 g a t m o i n t
e s f c e ; her f e
r nt he t o o

dir s a t (lin ( .1
snis s o zar 2 9

l Cli D a d G,Hilalg st a t eCo r o Ap e l o Vigni ilg l ij ce
n ams n
l le e h t h u t f p as f r i a l al ne td
e y
t i
he ndepe nts ur e docrne i o hi c e and t tt docrne doe no a y. On ha s
nde o c
ti nt s as
ha he ti
s t ppl
bea
Sa oa h a r nty i entpe e a pr det m wih a s cii opporuniy t e ge il
ippr c ppa e l nnoc
opl nd ovi he
t pe fc
t t o nga r
crmi co t' or ot r hi y il l cl ry unc tt to l c
i nal nduc '
he ghl lega, ea l
onsiuina, onduc. Er n,520 Fe
t wi
d.
App' at180;Os ne,935 F. at35. Therf r Hilc notpr dei entperor nc o
x
bor
2d
e o e, l an
ove tci
f ma e r

p eu iei a p laec u s lsfi r t rieti meils cam.
rj dc n p elt o n e' al e o as hs rtes ' i
u
l
H ilv. ake No. 1
l Clr , 7:5CV00201 201 U . Dit LEXI 1
, 6 S. s.
S 65655,a * 37.
t 36-

: l d rse tesmeag me i Hi' rltdF a ki Co ny52 4
9 a des d h a r u ntn l s eae rn ln u t 25 :
l
El e ç n e c lro ofc ' d crn ( t rhbt a lw e fre n ofc rro u ig t
' h s d r oo f fie' o tie ) ç o iis a noc me t fie r m sn he
T u
p
i ci ofhi orhe ofi alposto t c lc evi nc t taprvae ctze w oul beunabl t
ndi a
s
r fci
iin o ole t de e ha
i t ii n
d
eo

g t r' Saev. te 51 S. 2d28 , 2 ( . 1 9 )( r ii rc g z dted crnei
ahe. tt Gusk , 6 E. 3 29 W V. 9 9 Vigna e o nie h o ti n
'
Hu sn v Co n at,5 5 S..d 5 3 5 6( . 0 3 .. Wh n ofc r atc e t GPS
d o . mmo we 1 8 E 2 8 , 8 Va 2 0 )) e fies ta h d he
h
d vc t Hilsv hil,he n v rrv ae te eve,n v ru e tn ii o ( iqp sto ,
e ie o l' e ce t y e e e e ld h msl s e e s d s dca f t r o i n'
i
he
i '
a dn v rç nlwflya srld ofca a to i t g te e ie c . Gut , 6S..da 2 2;
n e e s a ul set ) fiil uh rt o ah r vd n e' ske 51 E 2 t 9
u
e
y
'
Saev. ho nx 4 8So2 2 2 26 ( a DitCt Ap .1 8 .Boeo r Comt de uiswe t
tt P e i, 2 .d 6 , 6 Fl. s. . p 9 2) ttu t t y p te n
t Hi' rsd n ea datc e teGPSd vc a ng t Th rfrg)teSmd rc lro ofc'
o ls e ie c n t h d h
l
a
e ie t ih. eeo ey h l e oo f fie'
t
docrnedoe no a y.
ti
s t ppl

Hilv Clr , .7:5
l . ake No 1 CV00 1 2 1 U..DitLEXI 1 5 5 ,a * . F rhe,lev n i t ç n e c lro
20 , 0 6 S s.
S 6 6 5 t 25 u t r t l e f he s d r oo f
l
u
om ce'docrne di a y,t e de e woul silno beexcude unde t i pe nts tcedocrne a t
' ti d ppl he vi nc
d tl t
l d
r he nde nde otr
ti nd he
goodf ih e pton.I a * n.7.
at xce i
d. t 25 1

18

r viw,t Supr me Cour o Vigi a c l d t t Cli s D a G f l t s ts y t
e e he
e
t f r ni oncude ha am
nd
aied o a if he

p eudc p o go t Stikln ts:
rj ie r n f he rc a d et
Fis ,t Cour ofA ppea s w a pen te t a fr t t i c
r t he
t
l s lnit d o f im he ral oul' r i on a
s ulng
ny
gr
ound a r nti t r c d. See Pe r v.Comm o alh,280 Va.572,581
ppa e n he e or
ry
nwe t
.

8 ,7 S. 2 4 ,4 7 ( 1 )(x lii t i Co r ma afr a lwe c u t
2 01 E.d 31 3 20 0 e p anng hs u t y fim o r o r
j d me tf ra y r a o s fiin l s p re b te rc r ) Ad iin ly t e
u g n o n e s n u fce ty u po td y h e o d . dto al, h
r c d,i l ng t ti tans dpt a t ta crpt fom he rngsr r ng
e or ncudi he ral r c s nd he r ns i s r
ai
ega di
peii r ss ve a m otonst s es ,de onsr t t tilc tdenid t e
ttone ' e r l i o uppr s m taes he ra our
e hos
motons i pa4 on t dee mi ton t e l i r r l s ul not a pl
i
n l
he tr na i he xc usona y u e ho d
p y
be us of e s a t d i good f t r la e on t n bi i Co tofAppe l '
ca e fc r c e n
aih ei nc
he nd ng ur
as
pr ce nta o ng t wa r n l s us of GPS ta ng. Se Da s v.Unied
e de ppr vi he r a tes e
r cki
e vi
t

Stts l S Ct 241 , 4 2 ( 01 )(o dn ç e rh sc n uce i o j ciey
ae , 31 . . 9 2 3 2 1 h l ig ç ac e o d t d n b e tv l
s
ra o a e r la c o bidn a p l t p e e e t ae n t s b e t t te
e s n bl ein e n n ig p el e r c d n r o u j c o h
a
e l i r nle'. Alho h a lt couns lag d on a lt t sCoul
xcusonay 1'
) t ug ppelae
e rue
ppea o hi
'
t
t t t of r ' a tons we e not e us d by a e e i t t war nt
ha he fce s c i
r
xc e
ny xc pton o he r a
r quieme ,i udi t i good f t r la e on a la e a hort peii r
e r nt ncl ng her
aih e inc
ppe lt ut iy, ttone

h sn tcame V r t a ti Co r mih h v a re wihc u e' a srin o
a o li d e h t hs u t g t a e g e d t o nsls se t r
o
t tc
ha ouns lmi htha bel ra g d t poi . Ac or ngl r r es ofa
e g
ve te r ue he nt
c di y, ega dl s
ny
e r i t Cour of Appe l ' a i a i n of t i pe nt s lr e doc rne
r or n he
t
a s pplc to
he nde nde o z c
ti ,
pe ii r ha f ie t esa ih t s Co tmi ha gr nt d hi pe ii f r
ttone s a ld o t bls hi ur ght ve a e s tton o
a al be aus t ti l c ts a i a i o Da s was a i pe nt a
ppe
c e he ra our' pplc ton f vi
n nde nde nd
a uat bass s
deq e i uppori is de alofs e son. Cf Fe us v.St ke ,287
t t ni
ng
uppr s i
. m on
o s

Va 4 6 4 2 75 S. 2 4 5 45 ( 01 )(ro i t ej d me to alwe c u'
. 4 , 5 , 6 E.d 5 , 8 2 4 er r n h u g n f o r o !
t
wilnotbe c i r d on a a whe e a ç e r t a i pe ntbassf t
l
ons de e
ppe l r s pa ae nd nde nde
s
i or he

j d me t' e i su c aln e )
u g n 'r man n h le g d .
H ilv. Com m onw e lh,N o.15 1 3,s i o a 4- 1 a e w ih t s a e c t ' s a 1 s s2
l
,
at
40- 2- lp p. t 5. gr e t he t t o ut na y i .0

Hilhas f ie t de onsr t t t i notf a lae co e ' aci ns t out m e of t
l
a ld o m ta e ha , f
or ppel t uns ls to , he co
he
pr e ng woul ha be n dif r nt The e or ,Igr ntt moton t dimi sa t Cli sD
oce di
d ve e fe e .
rf e
a he
i o s s s o am
a G.
nd

2 M o eo , i H ilsFr nkln Cou y peii , Ico l d:
0 r ver n l' a i
nt tton
ncude

E uh rte h d ara y pn on e Hi a tep i s s e tb S ptmbe 1 2 1 , Atte
Ajto i s a le d ip itd l s h rme u p c y e e r 0, 0 0
i
l
h
poi Boet r ofie sa t hed a GPS t hi ca i Bedfr Count mutpejrs it nsh d
nt t ou t fc r tac
o s rn
od
yy l l uidci a
i
o
.

ar dy amas e a gr tdea ofunt nt e de e agans Hil Alo,ofi r di nots ey
lea
sd
ea
l
ai ed vi nc
i t l. s fces d
oll
utlz GPS e denc f rpr bl c e...i f t r ga dls ofa addii lGPS e de ,t
iie
vi e o oba e aus
n ac e r e s ny tona
vi nce he
i si ton c ntr d on Hilbe us t bu glr f lwe hi hi y s ii modu o r .
nve tga i e e e
l ca e he r ay olo d s ghl pecfc
s pe andi
Ofie s we t Hils home viwed t s pii beddi i hi c r a t n muli e
fc r nt o i'
, e
he us cous
ng n s a , nd he
tpl

j rs ito sc o eae t p o el ars hm. Hilfilqt p o eta a pelt c u s lwa
uidcin o p rtd o r p ry ret i
l als o r v h t p l e o n e s
a
d fce to ta h wa peu c d b a p l t c u slsfi r t ag et tte i e e d n
eiin r h t e s rj die y p el e o n e' al e o ru ha h nd p n e t
a
u
s c docrnewasi pplc bl.
our e ti
na ia e
H ilv. ake N o.7: 5CV 00 ,201 U . D it LEXI 1
l Clr ,
1
201
6 S. s.
S 65655,a * 38.
t 37-

1
9

I Cli E,Hilc e t ta lt c
n am
l ont nds ha ppela e ouns lwasi fe tve f rf ii t c lnge
e
ne f c i o alng o hale
t ti co ts r i whih pr ve e hi fom s
he ral ur ' ulng
c e nt d m r
ubpoe ng t Bot t tComm o alh'
nai he eour
nwe t s
Ator y t t siy a utt de ii n t us t GPS de c , vi a i hi c nsi i lrg t
t ne o e tf bo he c so o e he
vie oltng s o tmtona i ht o
pr e e de e a hi ti l On ha sr viw ,heSupr me Co 'ofVigni hel t tCl i E
es nt vi nc t s ra .
bea e e t
e
u!
t
r i a d ha am
d d no s ts yet rStikl nd pr
i t aif ihe rc a
ong:

Ther c d,i l ng a ta c i ofa J nua y 4,201 he i r a di s ve a
e or ncudi
r ns rpt
a r
2 arng eg r ng e r l
of pe ii rs motons de
ttone '
i , monsr t s t til co t e nt ly pe mitd
ta e he ra
ur ve ual
r te
pe ii rt que to Br ns om r a di hi a sng ofi r on usng t GPS
ttone o si n a c
eg r ng s dvii
fce s
i he
t ta pe ii ne a t tBr ns om ha o y a lm ie r c l ton ofdic sng
o r ck tto r nd ha a c
d nl i t d e oleci
s us i
t is wih ofi e s Pe iine doe not i ntf a i s r lva t
he s ue t fc r .
tto r
s
de iy ny s ue ee nt o
s
uppr s i n o whi h he w asuna e t que to Br ns om .
e so n
c
bl o s i n a c
At t s m e hea i t til c t quas
he a
rng, he ra our
hed peii ne ' s
tto r s ubpoe
na
r ue tng Br ns om ' pr s nce f ti la trpettone c d no pr f wha
eq si
a c s ee
or ra fe
ii r oul t ofer
t
r e nte de e Br ns om woul pr de gi n t tt s e son is wa
elva vi nc a c
d ovi
ve ha he uppr s i s ue s
s tld. He e,t o,pe ii r ha no a lge a r e ntt tmony Br ns om
ete
r o
ttone s t le d ny elva esi
a c
m ihtha s i d à peii rs ti l Acc di l pe ii rhas not s
g
ve upple t ttone ' ra .
or ng y, ttone
hown
t ti c ta e isdi c ei o vi a e hi c tt i lrght i am n r
he ral our bus d t s r ton r olt d s onsiutona i s n
nne
t tm i ha a ou e t r ve sbl e r .
ha ght ve m nt d o e r i e ror
.

H ilv.Co m onw e lh,N o.1
l
m
at
540- 2- s i o a 5- 1 a ee w ih t s a e c ts a ys s
1 3, lp p. t 6. gr
t he t t our ' nal i .

Si Hilhas nots
nce l
hown t tt quas ng of hi s
ha he
hi
s ubpoe vi a e hi c tmtonalrg s
na olt d s onsi i
iht ,
c uns coul notha be n i fe tve f rf ii t r i eam e il scam . Se M oor 93 F.
o el d
ve e ne f c i o a lng o a s
rtes li
e
e, 4
Supp. t731 The e o e Igr ntt m o i t dim isast Cli E.
a
. r f r , a he ton o s s
o am
La ty,i Cl m F,Hilalege t ta lae c
sl n ai
l l s ha ppel t ouns lwa i fe tve f f ii t a gue
e s ne f c i or alng o r
t t t a i s o of t GPS w a not ha m l s e r bec us t o he , nonha he dm s i n
he
s
r es r or a e he t r
Gps e de
vi nce

a i thi waswea On ha asr viw ,t Sup e Cour ofVigi a co l d t tCli
gans m
k.
be e e he r me
t
r ni ncude ha am
F di no s ts y eihe pr o St i kl nd:
d t a i f t r ong f rc a
Onl i a a la e c tha hel t t i l c te r d i r f i t a y t
y f n ppe l t our d d he r a our r e n e us ng o ppl he
e l i r r l i pe ii r s c e w oul i ha t n c i r whe he t
xc us ona y u e n ttone ' as
d t ve he ons de ed
t r he
Com m on e t c d pr a e r ne a i s o of e de e w a ha m l s
w a1h oul ove ny r o ous dm s i n
vi nc
s r es

be
yond ar s bl doubt Se Dec v. is i 5 U. 622,635(
eaona e
. e k M s our, 44 S.
2005)(he
t
sa e be r t bu de of pr vi co tt i l e r i ha e s be
t t a s he r n
o ng nsiutona ror s nnl s yond a

ras bl doubt. Ac r ngl co e c d ha ras bl dee d i
e ona e
)
co di y, unsl oul ve e ona y me t
20

pr de t f us on esa ihi t excusonar r l wa a i bl t
u nt o oc
t bls ng he
l i y ue
s pplca e o
pe ii rs c e. Addii ly, be a e t Cour o Appe s hed t
ttone ' as
tonal
c us he
t f
al
l he
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