Gladden v. Charlottesville VA Police Dept et al

Filing 41

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 6/9/2017. (slt)

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M EM O R AN DU M O PI I N
N O
By:

H on.Jackson L .K i
ser
Se or U nie St e D it i tJudge
ni
t d at s s r c

J m a Ant t Gl dde aVigi a i t pr e ngpr K ,c
a r wa m a n, r ni nma e oce di
o
omm e ed acvi rg s
nc
i l i ht
.

a to p ru n t 42U. C. 1 3.Plitf n me a d f n a t:h Ch ro ts le Vign a
cin u s a t b
S. j 98 anif n s s ee d n s t e al tevi , r ii,
l
Po ieDe rme tC e a t n '; sc rR. Ob r o z r. fc rJ S iz Dee tv T.
lc pa t n r p rme f) Of e A. eh le i e . et ; tcie A.
of
Luc ;a t J
as nd he ADE Ta k Fo ce Pli ifal st tt ofi e sus d e s i f c d i
s r . a ntf lege ha he fc r e xce sve or e urng

a r s i vi a i oft Fourh Ame
r e t n olton he
t
ndme oft Unied St t sCo tt i De e nt fl
nt he t
a e nsiuton. f nda s ed
m oto t dimi sa amoton f am o ede i t sae e ,a Pl i ifr s
i ns o s s nd
i or
r fnie tt m nt nd antf e ponde wih
d t
a tonalf c s Tli m a t ri nQw rpe f di pos ton. A fe r vi w i t c pl i t 1de
ddii
a t . zs te s
i or s ii 1 t r e e ng he om a n ,
ny

a moott m oto f ramor de i t sa e
s
he i n o
e fnie tt ment de Obe ho z r smoton t dim is a
, ny
r le '
i o s s , nd
gr ntt ot rde e nt 'm o i t d s is
a he he f nda s tons o im s .
1.

Thecompl i al gest f l wi
ant le he olo ng:

Iwa wih my 3 c lrn whe . .g t rObeh le)ake met se
s t
hi e
d
n . ofke
r oz r s d
o tp
o to my ve ce 1 se p d o t, we t t ( e ba k o r q c r a
u f
hil. tp e u l n o t ) c f t a s
q
h
he
isr ce gnd wa i daey g a b d fo bel d i a c o e h l,
n tu td a ) s mme itl r b e rm ln n h k od
i
take t t gr mdg) ml co d not brat J
fj n o he ot , d ul
e h. ADE Tas Fo c ...
k re
1A Dr K co pl nt how e ri rf ly plade , m us behed t ls srngentsa dst n f m al
o
m ai ,
ve na tul e d
t
l o e s ti
tndar ha or

pla n sd atdb lwy r.Esel v Ga l, 29U. 9 ,1 6(9 6 ; e Fe R. v P. ( C$ l la igs
edig rfe y a es tle . mbe 4
S. 7 0 1 7 ) se d. Ci. 89 Alpe dn
s lb s c n tu da t d s sa taj sie'.Co sq e ty Ite t anifsrs n et temoinfra
hal e o o sr e s o o ubtnilu tc .) n e u nl, ra Plitf' epo s o h to o
'

m or de i t sae en a as e e t t c plita de a m oo t m oton fram or dei t sa e e .
e fnie ttm t s upplm nt o he om an nd ny s
t he i o
e fnie tt m nt
De e nt Seiz,Luc ,a Obe hole ha r po dt t algai i t ts e e ,ECF Nos 3840,a
f nda s t
as nd
r z r ve es nde o he le tons n ha upplm nt
. - nd

t s e ntdoesnotaddr st c pa te oft J
he upplme
es he a ciis he ADE Tak Fo ceo Cha l t vleVA Polc bept Thus no
s r r rotes il
ie
.
,

u fi peu iers t 9o aj dctn d fn a t' ipoii moin .
n ar rj dc eul m du iaig ee d ns ds st
s
ve to s

g fie sJ Set a d T. Lu a )a sse . Iwa kik d k e d a d wa a
o fc r . i n A. c s sit d
z
s ce , n e, n s
vitm ofunne s a y f ce ... Is f r d a c ppe fon t t 3 sic
ci
ce s r or .
ufe e
hi d ' t 00h, tt hes
r

i ( jrg te e a d d so ae s ule . . No we po s o nac tc
n t ih y , n il c td ho d r . .
he
p n r ro is
iv l d d rng arsl Ha p e o srm i wgh s me oliej...7t
n ove u i ret. d rviu t n i ) n ffc r
)
t
wasg eid g heacedt wa hedi !
wl r howj
t he y
d!!
Pl i ifs e apublc a ogy a $2. milo
antf e ks
i pol
nd 5 li n.
Def nda sfl motonst dimi sa a moto f ramor de t sa e e .I
e nt ied
i o s s nd
in o
e snie tt m nt n
r po et t m oton f am or de i t sa e nt Pli iff rhe de c i t pe tne
es ns o he i or
e fnie t t me , antf u t r s rbed he ri nt
e nt asf l s
ve s olow :
Of e Obe hol r pu m e i a c ke hol w ih hi a m a ot m y
fc r
r ze
t
n
ho
d t s r r md

ne k/hr t neve r c ng f my ha oramsma ng .( atmptt
c t oa, r ea hi or
nds r
ki >nq te
o
ar s o d ti me J s an)i d ae isic r a to t p tl s am
re t r ean . u t g mme it n t t e cin o u l r
n
i
a ound my t oa a t t o hi bod w eght agans me a we
r
hr t nd o hr w s
y
i
i t
nd

i d aey we tca h n t t eg omd t sso c t myb c ) Of e
mme itl n r s i g o h r t hi tma h o
a k . fc r
Obe hol r lyed on t of m e whie sil c i ng t s ez hi n m
r ze a
op
l tl ontnui o que e s r
tg e a o m y t oa ,i whih a t stm e i wa e r m ey ha d f m e
i ht r r und
hr t n
c t hi i t s xte l r or
t br a he. 1 w a begi i t l e c c ous s w he a num be of ç on
o et
s
l ng o os ons i ne s
m
p
r s
l
Doe'de eci s o J
' t tve f ADE Tas For e as a
k c lo ppea e on t s ne a be
rd
he ce nd gun
t phys c l a m a i i l pl ntkne s a f ton m y bod whie s ilon
o
i aly nd lc ous y a
e nd ee
y
l tl
my som a h wih Ofi e Obe hol rs n ' a ound my t oé . Al wih.
t c
t fc r
r ze ' r r
m
hr t
ong t
s i ç ohn Doe' de e tves ofJ
ad û
l
' tci
ADE Tâ k For e,De eci s M ccal Set ,
s
c
t tve
l, iz
and Luca be t be
s gun o come o ry agg e svewhe C
ve l
r si
n vohn DoeDe e tve'pf
tci '

J
ADE Ta k Fo c satd t holr tf f,k ie l' Ag i Iwa o my
s r e tre o l i nie nf gq' an, s n
e l
so c Eqbeiv dlblc e o tsih l a s mep it)s I s ta l t
tma h. l le e a k d u l ty t o on g o wa n' be o
g
set a
e he bovenn
med J
ADE Ta k For e me be sort J l Doe De e tves
s
c
m r
he om
tci '

f e a t tme whe af t kneeorwhae rf r t tc
ac s t he i
n oo ,
t ve o ce ha ame down on t
he
bac ofm yhe d t ma my f cema c a twih t g o md....
k
a o ke
a
ke ont c t he r t
Bef r bei s tup,Of ie Obe hol rki ke m e a trlwa ar a bei
o e ng a
fc r
r ze c d
fe
s le dy ng
ha e by J
ndld
ADE Ta k For De e tves J l Does a c f ... Atno
s
ce t c i
om
nd ufed.
tm e di Iof e a r as n f rt s i
i
d f r e o o hi nhum a a tck on m e....
ne ta
I
I.
A.
'
'

,

Dee nt tldmoi t dimispurua t Rul 1 b)2)a ( ( .Onc a
fnda s ie tons o s s s nt o e 2( ( nd b)6)
e

d fnd n r ie apes na j rs ito c alng t e Ru e1 ( )2 ,h pli tf be r t e
ee a t as s ro l u idcin h l e md r l 2 b ( ) te anif as h
e
b r e o d mo tai pes na j s ito Co v. k e , 8 F. 6 3 6 6(t Ci.
u d n f e nsrtng ro l mi dcin. mbs Ba k r 8 6 2d 7 , 7 4h r

1 8 ) Un e Rul 1 ( )6 , mu tds s a a to o cam fldb azimaei 1d tr n
9 9 . d r e 2 b () I s imis n cin r li e y l n t f ee mie
t tt aci n o c am i fi o orf l t sa ea ca m on whih r le m a begr nt d e n
ha he to r l i s rvol us ais o tt li
c ei f y
a e ve

atra c pi ap an ifsfc lalg to sa tu .S e28U. C.j 1 5 e( )
fe c e t
ng litf' a ma le ain s r e e
S. j 91 ()2 ,
1 5 b)1 .A co ai ne dsç s tal pli sae ntoft cai s ngt tt
91 A( ( )
mpl nt e 1 hor rd an ttme
a
he l m howi ha he

pe d ri e tte t rle ' n s fce tçfa t a alg to . .oriearg t orle a o
la e s n ild o eif a d ufiin G jcu l le ains . t as ih t eif b ve
g

tes e uai lve . .' BelAt. m . Two y 5 0U. 5 4 5 ( 0 7 (n en l
h p c ltve e l . . l lCo v. mbl, 5 S. 4 , 55 2 0 ) itr a
'
quot inmaksomitd) A pli ifsba i f rle C e r mor t lbel a
ato r
te . antf ss or eif G quies e han a s nd
r
c usons.... l The ef r ,apl i ifmus çal gef t s fc e t sae alt elm e s
oncl i
' d. r o e
'
antf
t lle acs ufi i nt o t t 1 he e nt

o gh qcam. Ba sv E.. p n d Ne u s& Co.3 4F.d7 , 6 ( t Ci. 0 3 .
f t e li ' s . lDu o t e mo r
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, 2 3 61 7 5 4h r 2 0 )
Tosaeacli underj 1 apl ntf mus algethevi ai ofarghts c e by
tt am
983, ai if t le s olton
t
i e ur d
t Consiuto a l wsoft Unie Stt , nd m us s
he
tt i n nd a
he td aes a
t how t tt a lged de i ton wa
ha he le
prva i
s

c mmitdb ap r o a tn t e c lro saelw. W e t At i , 7U. 4 , 8( 9 8 .
o te y e s n cig md r oo f tt a ' s v. kns 48 S. 2 4 1 8 )
'
Alhough Ilbe a l cons nz pr K c mplit, ie v. me, 0 U. 51 , 2 - ( 9 2 ,
t
i r ly
t e o
o an s Han s Ke r 4 4 S. 9 5 0 21 1 7 )
.

1do no a ta a i t sa
t c s n nma e' dvoc t ,s s nt de opi sa u o' and c tm tona cam s
a e ua po e vel ng tt t l
y
onsi i l li

no ce ryrie i ac mp an .S eBr c v. ro l 1 7F.d2 , 4 (t Ci.1 9 )
t lal as d n o lit e o k Car l, 0 3 41 2 3 4h r 9 7
( ti, .c n u n ) Be u et Civo Hn tn, 75F.d 1 7 ,1 78( t Ci. 9 5 ; e
Lu t J, o c ni g ; a d t v. t f mp o 7 2 2 4 2 4h r 1 8 ) s e
g
as Go d nv Le k , 7 F.d 1 4 1 5 ( t Ci.1 7 )(e og zngt a adsrc c t ts
lo r o . e e 5 4 2 1 7, 1 1 4h r 9 8 rc nii h t itit ot i
r

no e pe tdt a sl ter l o a vo aef rap oK p ani .
t x ce o st h oe f d c t o r lit/
me
1 J D E Ta k Fo ce
. A
s r

TheJ
ADE TakFor a g t ti i notaQ ron's j tt j 1
s ce r ues ha t s
l s ' ubec o 983.A gr of
pe
oup

pes n ,ieats f r eo o fc r fo v ro s urs ito ,sn tat e s n' u j c t 42
ro s l a k o c f fies r m a iu j idcins i o t ro 's b e t o
k
p
U. C. 1 3.S e eg, i v Mih c nDe ' o S aePoie 4 U. 5 , 0( 9 9 ;
S. j 98 e s ..W l . c ia pt f tt l , 91 S. 8 7 1 8 )
l
c
Fer on v. or an, o.1 90c
cus
M g N
: v06318,1991 U . Di t LEX I 8295,a *3- 1 W L 11
S. s .
S
t 4, 991
5759,

a * ( D. Y. un 2 1 91 (o ldngt a ag o p o p ro n l l eû dc l tf, i no
t 1 S. N. J e 0, 9 ) c ncu i h t ru f es n e,i i ia saf' s t
k me
'
aG ron'f rpum os sofj 1 .Acc di y,Pli ifcamotpr e a i tt J
' s 'o
pe
e
983)
or ngl antf r
oce d gans he ADE
Ta kFo c vi j1 a ismoint ds s i g a t
s r e a 983, nd t to o imis s r ned.
TheDe t e
parm ht

Th De a t n as ag e ta i i n taç ro ' u j c t j1 3.l f d rlc u t,
e p rme t lo r u s h tt s o s s n's b e t o 98 n e ea o rs
pe
t ca ciy of a gove n e a body t be s d i gove ne by t l o t s a e i w li h t
he pa t
r m nt l
o
ue s
r d
he aw f he t t n lc he

dsrc c u t is Fe R. v. 1 b ; e yv. zk Cn y.6 0F.d 1 1 1 3 1 ( t Ci.
itit o r st. d. Ci P; 7() Av r Bl e t , 6 2 1 , 1 - 4 4h r
r
1 81.çnVigni, no eai dviino ag v r me tl n iyc n o bes e t e ste
9 ) t r i a a p rtng i so f o e n n a e tt n n t u d mls h
l
lgil t r ha ve t d t ope ai di so wiht ca iyt bes d. M lni v. if
e sa u e s se he r tng vii n t he pact o
ue ' l z Faru
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Cny PoieDe tNo 10 CV4 6(CC) 20 5U. Dit LEXI 4 7 , t* 20 5W L
t. lc p', . :5 6 J , 0 S. s.
S 81 6 a 4, 0
1 3 3 6 a * ( D. . . , 0 5 (iigDa i V. t o Po tmo t , 7 F. u p.1 5
8 8 2 , t 2 E. Va Aug 2 2 0 ) ctn vs Ci f rs uh 5 9 S p 20 ,
v
1 0( D. .1 8 ) a fd 7 2F.d 1 48(t Ci.1 8 ).P an iff ist e tbiht t
21 E. Va 9 3 , f' , 4 2 4 4h r 9 4 ) litf al o sa ls ha
et rt Comm onwe 1h ofVigi aort Ciy ofCha l ts lehasvesedt De rme
ihe he
at
r ni
he t
rote vil
t he pa t nt
wih t c pa iy t bes d.2 A ccordi y,Pl n ifcn
t he a c t o
ue
ngl aitf nnotpr e d a i tt De rme vi
oc e gans he pa t nt a

j1 andismoi t dimisi grnt
983, t ton o s s s a ed.
B.

Thec am st tObe hol r Set a Luca us e es i f r edtrng a a r t
l i ha
r ze , iz, nd
s ed kc sve o c li n res

i i ae t Fourh Am e e rg a ns u le ona es i e . Gr hn v.Co r 490
mplc t he
t
ndm nt i ht gai t ir as bl ezur s a m
nno ,

U. 386,388( 989) l de di whehe aFourhAme me vi ai oc = e c ursmus
S.
1 . n ci ng t r
t
nd nt olton c d, o t t
2Ftrher e, t c
lt mor he ompli f l t saeacl m i vi ahn m pu s ntt e uton ofgovenme
ant ais o tt ai nvol ng r r ua o xec i
r nt

p lc o c t m, ndr s o d a s p ro i n t n p ia evi j 1 8 . S e eM , o e l . p' o S c a S r s,
o iy r uso a e p n e t u e i r s o i a pl bl a 9 3 e . - .M n l v De t f o il e v .
c
.

4 6U.. 5 , 9 (9 8 ; e as Do v Br d rc , 2 F.d4 0 4 6( t Ci. 0 0 (oigp lc ot r
3 S 6 8 6 4 1 7 ) se lo e . o eik 2 5 3 4 , 4 4h r 2 0 ) n t oie fkes
n

vi ato oft Fourh Ame
ol in he
t
ndmentdoesnotgi rs t munii la lt whe et r c dco ansno e de e
ve ie o
cpalibiiy r he e or nt i
vi nc

ta tealg dd p iaino c re be a s o ac so .rpa tc) Catrv M ors 1 4F.d21 , 2 (t Ci.
h th l e e rv t c urd c u e f u tm o rcie; re . ri, 6 3 5 2 0 4h r
e
o
1 9 )(oligta ai a e hitr 'o ioae icd nsd e n t sa l hamt cpa c so .Ac o dn l,
9 9 h dn h t t g r yoy' f s ltd n ie t o s o etbi
me
s
mii l utm) c r igy
tecamsa ah th De rme taeds se wi o t rj diepzs n t 42U. C. 1 3
h li g is te pat n r imisd t u p eu c l ua to
h
r
S. j 98 .

baa ethena u ea quaiy oft i r i o t i vi ' Fourh Am e e i e e t
lnc t
t
t r nd lt
he ntuson n he ndi duals
t
ndm nt nt r ss

a is t i ra eo t eg v r me tln ee t alg dt j siyt itu in. Uni d
gan the mpo tnc f h o e n n a itr ss l e o u tf he nr so ' t
e
' e

Sae v. a e 4 2U. 6 6 7 3( 9 3 .Ano fc rsa to aej d e b alo j ci
tt s Plc , 6 S. 9 , 0 1 8 )
fie ' cins r u g d y l b e t
ve
sanda d bas d o t t a iy o t cicl sa es Gr hn ,490 U. a 397. Thepe s c i
t r
e n he otlt f he r lm t nc . a m
S. t
rpe tve
i tofa r as
s'
e onabl ofk e on t s ne, a he t n w ih t 20/ vi i ofhi i 'be aus
e t r he ce r t r ha t he 20 s on
nds ght' c e

t lc o fc r aeo tn fr e t ma es ltsc ndj d me t - i cr l tn e ta ae
l ie fies r fe o c d o k p i e o u g n s n icl a c s h t r
po
ms
t ns ,unc t n a r pi y e vi - a
e e
erai nd a dl vol ng boutt a omtoff c t ti ne es a y i apa tc a
he m l
or e ha s c s r n
riul r
st ton. I a 396- Thus ac t us c i rG hes veiy oft c i a i s ,wheher
iua i ' d. t
'
97.
, our m t onsde s e lt
t
he rme t s ue
t
t s pe tpos a i ed a et ea t t s f t oft ofk e sorot s a whehe hei
he us c
es n mm i t hr t o he a ey he t r
her , nd
t r s
a tve y r s s i a r s - I
c i l e itng r e t' d.
'
Se t & Luca
iz
s

Thepe tne ale ton i vi Set a Luca wer t tt C s it d' Obe hole
ri nt l gai nvol ng iz nd
s e ha hey i sse ' r z r
a

wih r sr ni Pl ntf a trObe hol ra r a ha Pl i ifpim e o t gr
t e tai ng ai if fe
r ze le dy d anif r d n he ound i ac
n hoke
hol Pl ntf ca ii i li s e e t tSet a Luc bec m eG ry a es i 'whe
d. ai if lrfes n ls upplm nt ha iz nd as a ç l ggr sve'
ove
n
a ofi rye l G f ,kniel'Ther la on lbe sa co l i oft ry- r sve'
n tce led,l e f '
Kni
e ince a l nd ncusons t l agg es i '
ove
t de c i Set sa Luc 'a l d c
o s rbe iz' nd
as lege onduc doe nota uael des rbeavi a i ofa
t s
deq t y c i
olton
Fourh A m e
t
ndm e i e es r l tve t gove n e a i e ess A c r i y,Se zts a Luca '
nt nt r t e a i o
r m nt l nt r t . co d ngl
i ' nd
s
m o i nst di m i s m us be gr nt
to o s s
t
a ed.
2. Obe hol er
r z
Obe hol er sm o i n t di m i sm us be de e Ba e on vi w i t alega i a t e a
r z ' to o s s
t
ni d. s d
e ng he l tons s nz nd

i alg m os f vor bl t Pl i if t c
n i ht t a a e o antf ,he ompli ,a s e nt d,saesavi a i oft
ant s uppl me e tt
olton he
Fourh A m e
t
ndm e tby O be hol e . D urng a t a f c s op noti vi ft n m sorna c i s
n
r zr
i
r fi t
nvol ng i e r
r otc ,
Pl i ifpe e u l co ple w ih Obe hol e ' i t u i t e tt ve c e wal t t bac
a ntf ac f ly m i d t
r z r s ns r ctons o xi he hi l , k o he k

oft c r a t n t r hi ba k t Obehol r
he a , nd he ' n s c o
u
r ze .OncePli tf t r d A y fo Obe hol ra
a n if u ne wa r m
r ze s
i t u t d,Obe hol e al ge y be n c ki Pli iffom be ûnd wihou pr a i or
nsr c e
r z r le dl ga ho ng antf '
r
l
t t ovoc ton

wa i ne ra tmpt t r sr n Pli ipsha , he Pli ift t gr
m ng, ve te ed o e tai antf
nds pus d antf o hç ound,
and
c i ue t c
ontn d o hokePl i ift i Pli tf bega t l e, di l e co c ous s . Onc ot r
antf mtl a n if
n o os or d os , ns i ne s
e he
ofie shadr sr ne Pl i ifa s thi uprg ,Obe hol ral gedl l ke Pli if '
fc r
e tai d antf nd a m
i ht
r ze le y dc d antf
lnne es a iy.Asaco eq nc ofObe hole ' f c Pl i ifs f m da c ppe fon t h,
l c s rl
ns ue e
r z r s or e, antf ufe
hi d r t 00t
adil aed s ul r a ac ne hi rghte teaedwih sic s Ac or ngl
soc t ho de , nd ut ar s i ye r t
t tt he . c di y,
Obehol rsm oton t dim isi de ed,al Obe hole s lfl am oton f sl a y
r ze '
i o s s s ni fd
r z r hal ie
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