Cooper v. Duncan et al

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief United States District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 5/23/2017. (tvt)

Download PDF
ctEnu A cE u.sx s . m i oFFl olT : T noANou , . . vA (Io( .k ) 7 I THE I NI N J TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI OF VI NI CT RGI A ROANOKE DI SI W ON I SRAEL R AY COOPER, Pl ntf , ai if AI EE DUNCM , K , M c De e a t) f nd nts. ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) MAt 23 2 1 27 uttlp ;J.2k . ' QY' . CASE NO.7: 16CV00578 M EM ORANDUM OPI ON M By: GlnE. nr d e Co a ChifUnie St e DititJudge e td at s src I r e Ray Coope ,a Vig ni i a e pr e ng pr K ,fl d t s c vi zght a ton sa l r r i a nm t oce di o e hi i l i s c i p ru n t 4 U. C. 1 8 , le i ta p io o fcasrtlae a an thm a dv oae h s u s a t o 2 S. j 9 3 algng h t rs n fiil eaitd g i s i n i ltd i duepr s rg s Afe r vi w oft c oce s iht . tr e e he ompl i ,t c t ncude t tt co pl ntm us be ant he our co l s ha he m ai t s mma i d s se wih u p eu iea t epe dn moinsd s se a mo t u rl imis d to t rj d c nd h n ig to imis d s o . y Bac ound kar Coope i a i a e a Re Oni S ae Prs n (1 d Ono ' . On M a 1 ,2 6 r s n nm t t d on tt io : Re in' ) y 8 01 , ' e bus lnel o e t ha s da e e Coope us d t I r e he TREA' s xuala e hoti t r por t t dudng hi 90- y r viw , Lt . Gibe tr le on f s e de e t r omm e t tCoope r m an i s r ga i On M a 24, l r e id ale vi nc o ec nd ha r e i n eg e ton. y 201 Dunc n wr t a dici i r c r agans Coo rf t ut i d us ora e o t 6, a oe s plna y ha ge i t pe or pa horze e bus f he t lpho . The dicplna y r por sa e t t Dunca wr t t c r bas o an e l ee ne s i i r e t t t s ha n o e he ha ge ed n mai r eve fo t sae- de PREA c di t t tda a vii he t t Coopers M a 18 ec i d r m he t t wi oor naor ha y, d sng r ha ' y rpo twa G o e r s t n PREA. ( .sEx.C,a 7 ECF No 1 1) Co pe alg st a i wrtngt e n ' P1' ' t, . - . o r le e h t n ii h c ge Dunc n c hr , a omm itd vi a i ofPREA pr dur sa r t it d ag ns hi . te oltons oce e nd eala e ai t m On J une 23,201 De enda M uli c 6, f nt lns onduc e t di cplna y hea i on Coope ' t d he s i i r rng rs c gef runa ho ied us o t phone. Cooperalege t tt c r e is fwa notpr ry hm' o ut rz e f he l s ha he ha g tel s ope l 1Th PREA s x la us h ln i o f c tofVigi aDe a t ntofCore ton (VDOC' e e ua b e otie s ne a e r ni p rme rci s K ' I Opeai Pr c du eCr P' 0 3, s to Prs n Ra Elmlai Ac (TREAD p oc du e a p e i r tng o e r ' 38. a e f io pe i ' ton t G ) n r e r s do td n rs o s t afd rla b ta t l, 2U.. j 1 6 11 6 9 ep n e o e ea lw y h t ie 4 SC. j 5 0 -5 0 . t S eh /e lp: / .a c. r na.ov a vpr e ur s(a tviie M a l ,201 ) v do vigli g /bou oc d e ls std y 6 7 . . ivetg td o a t rz d b VDOC poiis He as c n e d t a Mulis lale q t n siae r uho ie y lce . lo o tn s h t ln t igd o f p o el alw f cs(rwin se l obep e e td' n wa n ti a t lwhe h f u Co pe r p ry lo a t o t e s s t rs n e 'a d s o mp ri a n e o nd o r guit oft sofe e ba e on t emai Dt c n ha r c ve fom t PREA c r na o . The ly hi f ns s d he l m a d e ei d r he oo di t r p n l Mul n i s d wa l so tlp nep iie e f r3 d y (r m J n 1 t J l 1 , e at y l s mpo e s os f ee ho rv lg s o 0 a s fo u e 3 o uy 2 i 2 6. 01 ) O n Aug t1 2016,Coo rwr e aPR EA gre nc co pl i ng t tI a e Cas e l us 4, pe ot i va e, m a ni ha nm t hw l ha t e t ne f s ve a da t t l ot r i aest tCoope wasc c e ofs x ofe e d hr a e d or e r l ys o e l he nm t ha r onvi t d e f ns s wih c l e a t a r nge t c l wih hi s t y co d ha s x. Coo ra s c am e t t t hidr n nd o r a o el t m o he ul ve e pe lo l i d ha Cas l hadpe s na i or ai n a hwe l r o l nf m to bouthi ,pur tdl pr vi d b prs ofki s Dt n m pore y o de y ion l al. mca is a Le I r pons t Coopers PREA gre nc on Se e be 1 201 sai t t s ued vel es e o ' iva e ptm r 3, 6, t tng ha Dunc n had r vi we t s alegai ns and f a e e d he e l to ound i uf i n e de t s t nta e t m . ns fc e t vi nce o ubsa it he Dunc n' fndi was a fr e on a al by de e nt El m . Coo r alege t t t s a s ng f m d ppe f nda n pe l s ha he e pr ee ngs di not compor wih PREA pr dtr s. He c oc di d t t oce le ompl i t t Dunc n f l d t ans ha a aie o i e ve hi ,Ca hwel,o a he wine s a r e t g i va unf t d,a t t a a ' nt r iw m s l r not r t s , nd uld he re nce o mde nd ha s r ul,Ca hwelc tnue t s xual har s Coo r es t s l on i d o e ly a s pe . On Se e r 1 201 Coo r c le t PREA ho lne t r po tDt c n' PREA pt mbe 4, 6, pe a ld he ti o e r m a s vi a i a Cas l' ha as me . I si t Be ly t oltons nd hwels r s nt nve tgaor nte ook Coope ' sae e on rs t tm nt Se e pt mber 23,201 and t k a not Ca hwel ha alege y wrte de l rng hi l ve f 6, oo e s l d l dl itn, c a i s o or Coope . I a l te da e Se e r 27,201 I tga o Fn n no i d Coo r t t t r n e tr t d pt mbe 6, nvesi t r nni tfe pe ha he i s i ton i o hi PREA c pl i a nve tga i nt s om a nt bout Cas e l ha pr d t be t s t nta e hw l d ove o m ubs a i t d. N e t rFa n no Bente i e v ewed t o he w ine s Coope ha i ntf e f t m . ihe nni r l y nt r i he t r t s es r d de ii d or he Li r l c tu Coope ' j 1 c ai algest f lwi camsf r i : bealy onsr ed, rs 983 ompl nt le he olo ng li or elef ( ) l M a 2 6 Du c n vilt d PREA p o e trs a d br u h a rtlao y ds iln r 1 n y 01 , n a oae r c dle n o g t eaitr icpi ay c r ea ans Co p rt a k p lm i s g e ain; 2 i S p e e 201 , nc n, a nn a hag g i t o e h t e t l n e rg to ( ) n e tmb r 6 Du a F n i, nd i Be ly di notconduc pr pe PREA i tga i a f iedt pr ec Coo rfom Ca hwel, nte d t o r nvesi tons nd a l o ot t pe r s l i vilto o t e Eih h Ame d n ;a d ()M uln vo ae Co pe' d p o e s rg t n o ain f h g t n me t n 3 lis iltd o rs ue r c s ih s durng t dicplna y pr e ngsi Se e be 201 Asr i ,Coope s ksa i e l ut y i he s i i r oc edi n ptm r 6. elef r ee n nt roc or ijmdin dr ci t a Ca h l b ke ta yfo hm , neayd ma e , t e p mg me t nt o ie tng h t s wel e p wa 'r m i mo tr a g s az x t e n d oft dicplna yco c i . he s i i r nvitons Dic son s us i The c t i r quie t dim is a a i or cli fl d by a pzs ne agans a our s e r d o s s ny cton am ie io r i t gove n nt e iy orof e i t c tdetr nest a ton o cli i fi ous malci , r me al ntt sc r f he our e mi he c i r am s rvol , i ous o fist saea cam o whc r le ma beg a td 28U. . 5 1 5 b () I o d rt r al o tt li n ih eif y r ne . SC. 91 A()1 . n r e o saeacam i a y fd rlcvla to t p an ifsçta ta alg to mus b e ug t tt li n n e e a ii cin,he litf il c- l le ains t e no h o g u r ie a rg t r le a a s i ht o e if bove t s ultve l ve , t one t ti G a i e on is f e' r t r he pec a i e l' o ' ha s t usbl pl t ac ,' ahe t a meeyt o eva l. Bel l Co . Two l 55 U. 5 4 5 0( 0 7 . h n rl G nc i be' l At. m v. mbv, 0 S. 4 , 7 2 0 ) c ' To sae a ca e of a ton t r j1 tt us ci mde 983,a pli if mus esa ih t the ha be n antf t tbls ha s e de i d of dght gu a ee by t Co tt ton o lws of t Unie St t a t t t s prve s ar nt d he nsiu i r a he t d aes nd ha hi de i to r ule fom c prvai p es t d r onduc c mitd by ape s a tng underc orofsa e lw. W e t t om te r on c i ol tt a s v Ati s 4 7U. 4 ( 9 8 .Cli o rtlainb p io imae aeg n r l te td wih . k n , 8 S. 2 1 8 ) ams f eaito y rs n n ts r e eal rae t y s piim b c u e çev r a to d si ie b p io o fcasi b d fniin Geaitr 'i ke tcs e a s l j e y c f icpl y rs n f il s y ei to rtlao y n l n t s ns t ti rs he e e ha t e pondst prs rmic o ione s onduc ' Coc a v.Moni ,73 F. 1 0,1 7 ( h t' hrn s 3d 31 31 4t Ci.996 . To sae a col a e cai ofr tlai Coope mus alge f t s r1 ) tt orbl l m eaiton, r t le acs uppori a tng r as bl ile e t tt de e ntt t a lged r t laor aci n bec us ofpl i irs e ona e zf r nce ha he f nda ook he le e ai t y to a e antf e e cs o s mec nsi to al p o e tdrg t Ad msv Rie 4 F.d7 ,7 (t Ci.1 9 ) x rie f o o tt in ly r tce ih . n . c , 0 3 2 5 4h r 9 4 . u Ba e m s ri ofr t ito wiho s r s e tons ealai n, t ut uppori f c s do no e t bls a c am ofc tt i l tng a t , t sa ih l i onsi ona m di e i n. I a 74m ns o d. t 75. Coope ' s itd e bis i c t t tDunca fl d t dic plna y c r i M a rs ubm te xhi t ndi a e ha n ie he s i i r ha ge n y 201 i r s e t t PREA c di ors e al sa i t t Coope ha c mit t 6 n e pons o he oor nat ' m i t tng ha r d om ted he c r d miconduc ' l ut i d us oft t lphone. Specf aly,t c r saed t ti ha ge s t ma hotze e he ee . ik l he ha ge t t ha t wasbas d on t coo di t r sde e mi to t tCoo rha pl ce a PREA c la uta none he r na o ' t r nai n ha pe d a d al bo PREA i s Coope dia ee wih t coo di t ' fndi be iveshi calwasc r d by s ue. r s gr s t he r na ors i ng, le s l ove e PREA,a c r de i sDunc n' aci nsa r t it y. Thi ba e a c l o y as e ton of nd ha a rze a s to s ealaor s r nd onc us r s ri r t iton i nots ce t s ppor a j1 cam,howe r Adn ,40 F. a 74. Coope ealai s uo int o u t 983 li ve . ms 3d t r m e el aleg w ihouta f t als ppor t tDunc n w a m otva e t brng t c r no t r y l es t ny ac u u t ha a s i t d o i he ha ge, t o dicplne hi f hi desgna e mius oft PREA cals t m , t r t it a i tli f s i i m or s i t d s e he l yse but o eala e gans lm or t e p riu a sae n s he ma e i hi n nh a t lr ttme t c d n s O PREA c l (..t a he dd n tl Gi e ts al ie h t i o i ke l r' b he e a i i e ai i fndi a hi cls i ain rviwl Because t m er lbelng of an acton as r t laton i ngs t s a st to e e . k . c n t s p o t a a to a l j1 8 cam, t e c m' wil s mmmiy ds s Co pe ' a no u p r n cin be 9 3 li 2 h o t l u l imis o rs r tl to cam pus a tt j1 5 b ( ) Se Two y 5 0 U. t 5 5 ( o dn t a eai in li ' u n o 91 A( )1. e a r mbl, 5 S.a 5 h l ig h t pladi pr en i m e e y t a l and c usons' :af muli r cia i n oft eeme sof e ng es tng r l t be s l oncl i 'or û or a c e tto he l nt ac us o a to wil o d 't saea a to a l cvicam) a e f cin l n t o'o tt n ci n b e i l li . Co pe as h ssae no va e j 1 8 cam a ans a y p io o fcasf rvo aig o r lo a ttd ibl 9 3 li g i t n rs n f il o iltn PREA pr e les Thi co ta o he sha f oc dtr . s ur nd t r ve ound no ba i i 1 w f aprva eca eofa ton ss n a or i t us ci unde j 1 t e ore a alege PREA vi ai Cha n v.W ils No.7:2- 00389, r 983 o nf c n l d olton. pma li, 1 CV2 Thi cour not t Coopers c l or r t iton cl m , consr ed entr y ofunsuppored s t es hat ' oncus y eala i ai tuct iel t as ertons and notf ct ,i clary ditnguihabl f om t i e pl ntf ' cl m a i ue i Bookerv. s i a s s e l si s e r he nmat ai ifs ai t ss n S. De tofCo , 1 7 9 F.d , 7 W L 1 31 76 a * ( t Ci. . ,2 7)(idi a C. p' m No. 5- 67 , 3 201 5 5 , t 5 4h r Apr 28 01 fn ng n ac i tonabl r t i i cli sat by i a e' K t l f t alegatons't a mair e e alaton am t ed nm t s de aied ac ual l i ' hat loom s vi uper sor br oughta r alat y dici i y char agai thi f physcaly t ea eni he ,afe he s d hewoul et i or s plnar ge ns m or i l hr t ng r tr ai d tl s i o s e c i na c r e ,i hef ndt ts me ha tmpe e wihhi mala i . ie ut r e k rmi l ha g s f ou ha o one d a r d t s i gan) 4 2 3 W L 2 2 9 7 a * ( . Va Ma 28 2 3 ( sr J)(iig oh rc s s.E t ig i 01 3 2 4 , t 4 W D. . y , 01 ) Kie , . ctn t e a e ) û hn n No t PREA s he ugge t t tCongr s i e ss ha e s ntnded t c e t a prva e rgh ofa to f i t s t s o r ae i t i t c i n or nma e o ue prs ofki l f no ompla whh t Ac . JJ Thus t rj 1 5A( () t c r mus ion t a s or nc ince he t' 1 ' . ,mde 91 b)1 ,he ou t t . sl tl ds s Co p rsj 1 8 cam b s d o o c r'alg d vo ai n o t erd te lmmaiy imis o e ' 9 3 li a e n x es l e ilto f h i u is e undert sae' PREA pr ed e . he tt s oc m s N e t Coope c x, r ompl i t tDt a a t i tga o s f l t pr e thi f o ans ha mc n nd he nvesi t r aied o ot c m r m i t Ca hwe ls ve bals xualha as me a t untng. W hie prs ofi i l mus ttke nma e s l' r e r s ni nd a i l ion fc a s t Ga r a ona e m e s e t g r nt e t s f t oft i t ,'Huds v.Pal r 468 U. 51 e s bl a ur s o ua a e he a e y he nma es' on me , S. 7, 5 - 2 (98 ) Gto t e e tn ta (rs n l ig c ndto ae r srcie a d e e has 26 5 7 1 4 , l l h x e t h t p io i n q o i ns r e titv n v n rh, l v i t y a e pa tof t penat t t c i na ofende s pay f r t i ofe e agans s i t ' he r r he ly ha rmi l f r o her f ns s i t oc ey. ' Rho e v. p n, 2U. 3 7 3 7( 98 ) d s Cha ma 45 S. 3 , 4 1 1 . The Ei ht Am e e tdoesnotpr bi cnz la unus pds c tons i g h ndm n ohi t e nd ual on ondii ; t pr li t c t a t ua p l s m e s I aprs rha no s f r d s i or ozbis rz nd mus l nih nt . f ione s t ufe e erous el sg fc n p y ia o me tlij r a a rs l o te c le g d c n iin,h iniia t h sc l r na nu y s e ut f h haln e o d to e smpy h s n t b e s b e td t c e a d u u u l pmih n wi n te i l a o e n u j ce o nll n n s a t s me t t h hi me nn o teAme d n. n ij fh n me t S rc e v. aes 9 9F.d 1 7 ,1 81( t Ci.1 9 ) Th s Co p tmus p o e o j ciey tiklr W tr, 8 2 3 5 3 4h r 9 3 . u , o e t r v , b e tv l , t a h s fee as ro ij r a a rs l o . fkil'f itet p o e thm. Co pe h sn t h t e u fr d eius nu y s e ut fo f as alr o r tc i t o ra o sa e f c sm a ng any s h s t t d a t ki uc howi Att m os,he a lge t tbe us ox ci sf ng. he t le s ha ca e al ound hi s PREA gre nc a iva es boutCas l t be uns t nta e he r m ane i a celnea Cas hwe l o ubsa i t d, e i d n l r hwel f l or s ve a m or we ksa Cas l c i d t unde ia e be vi . Be a e Coo rf ist e r l e e nd hwe l ontnue he sr bl ha or c us pe a l o s t tdeenda s'a tonsoromisonsr uledi a s dousphysca orme a ij y,t how ha f nt ci si es t n ny e il ntl nuz he c u t ls o r wil umma yd s s hi Eihh Ame d n cam t e j1 1 A( )1. dl imis s g t n me t li md r 9 5 b ( ) Fi ly,Coo ra s rs t M uli d d notpr de c tt to ly r tie pr dur l nal pe s e t hat lns i ovi onsiui nal eq lr d oce a pr e tons d ng t Jm e 201 dic plna y pr e di . tlo sae a pr e zalduepr e s otc i mi he t 6 s i i r oc e ngs G' t t ' oc dlr oc s v oain ap anifmus ( )i e tf ap oe td l ryo j o ryitr s a d ()d mo tae i lto , litf t 1 d niy r tce i t r rpe t n ee t n 2 e nsrt be d p iaino t titr s wi o td ep oc s o lw. P it y Clr ç 7 0F.d2 , 4 ( t e rv to f ha n ee t t u u r e s f a ' reo . q k , 8 3 45 2 8 4h h ' Ci. 01 ) Asac n itdp o e , o rd e no h v a ihee t c n tt o l prtce r 2 5. o vce ds n r Co pe o s t a e n n rn , o si nal oe td mi y lbe t it r s i a di pe li f prs d s plna y i r c i . W olfv. cDonnel, 8 i ry n e e t n voi ng nates or ion ici i r nfa tons f M l 41 U. 5 9, 5 - 7 ( 9 4 . A saec e td lb ry itr s ma e ito l i Co p r()pon st S. 3 5 6 5 1 7 ) tt -r ae i e t n ee t y x s ny f o e a it o : bass f an i e es or e c a i i sa e r gul to ' i a di a pa tculr pe ly, û a i or nt r t xpe t ton n tt e ai ns' n voi ng ri a nat Pdeo 78 F.d a 2 0;a d ( ) s ws t tt p nat Gmp ed ay c la d sg f n t , 0 3 t 5 n b ho ha he e ly û os gl tpia n ini t i ka ha dszp ...i r l to t t or na y i i e s ofprs lf ' orwiltne t bl a f tt r li n e ai n o he di r nc d nt ion ie, ' l t via y fec he i d rto ' o hsc v n me t S n i v.Como,51 U..4 2 48 4 7 ( 9 5. Be a s uain' f i o e n. a dn z r 5 S 7 , 4, 8 1 9 ) cu e G la u ic r eain b ig a u t ene e s wih rwa o l tto o ma y prv lg s & qwf l n a c rto rn s bo t h c smy t d a l r i ain f n iie e g mi a d rg t, us o atmpoa y wi h l ig o p iie e a R d icpl e b p io o fcasi n i hs' e f e r r t o dn f rvlg s s l js i i y rs n f il n ' h n rs e pons t a wi r nge of m ic e o de a s onduc f ls wihi t ex c e pe i t r of t s ntnc t a l t n he pe t d rme e s he e e e i s d b a c u to lm ' S n i ,5 5 U. a 48 (n en lq tto mak a d ctto s mpo e y o r f a ' a d n 1 S. t 6 itr a uoain r s n iai n o te ) Th ,hetmp rr l s o tlp o ep i lg s t ed s iln p nat ta M uln mitd . us t e o ay o s f ee h n rvi e- h icp imy e ly h t lis e i mpos d on Coo r wa nott t pe o aypialha ds p r quie t c eae a lbe t i e es e pe- s he y f t c r hi e r d o r t i ry nt r t t twoul ti e f de a d pr es pr e tonst rt r brc i Sa n. N orha Coope ha d rgg r e r l ue oc s ot c i mde he u i n ndi s r s hown t t t s pe t i via y a f c e t lngt of hi c i ment s a t ti r a ha hi naly ne tbl fe t d he e h s onfne o s o rgge pr e t d lbe t i e es. 1 a 48 W ihoutsa i f c st e t bls à f de allbe t i e es ot c e i ry nt r t d. t 7. t ttng a t o sa ih , e r i ry nt r t i ve i t c lnge dicplna y pr ee ngs Coo rhasno aci na ecli t the wa nvol d n he hale d s i i r oc di , pe to bl am ha s de i d of a f r l rght t a pari a pr e al pr e tons i t s di c plna y pr ve ede a i o ny tcul r oc dur ot c i n he e s i i z pr e ngs oce di . Coo r a s has no f de al c a m t t Dunca or M uli vi a e VD O C pr e es pe l o e r l i ha n lns ol t d oc dm , s h as f lng a t a ho i ed c ge o f ii t r qui e s c t doc x e a i uc ii n m ut r z har r a lng o e r pe ik lm nt ton. St t ae 6 ofk i s f lzet a deby sa epr e alr ultonsi no af de alduepr e si s a i , t al' ailr o bi tt oc dur eg a i s t e r oc s s ue, nd s t rf e no a tona et rj 1 heeor, t ci bl mde 983. Rico v.Ct ofFara 907F. 1 1 ( h Ci. ci y. ifx, 2d 459, 469 4t r 1 9 )(ûfsae1w g a t mo ep o e u a rg t ta teCo siuin wo dohe wier q ie 9 0 : tt a rn s r r c d r l ih s h n h n t to ul t r s e ur , 1 t a saesfiu et a d b t a lw i n tafdea d ep o e sis e' Th r f r , h c u t tt' alr o bie y h t a s o e rl u r c s su . ). e eo e t e o r wil ' rl d s s Co p rsd ep o e scamsu e j 1 5 b ( ) l sl mma i imis o e ' u r c s li nd r 91 A()1 . y C oncl i us on Fo t ras saed,t c twils r he e ons tt he our l ummaiy dimis Coope ' j1 3 c ai rl s s rs 98 ompl nt wi o tp eu ie pzs a tt j 1 5 b () f r fil e t sae a cam. Sic fln t e t u rj d c , l u n o 91 A( )1, o alr o tt li h r z ne i g h i c ompli t Coo rhasfl d t motonst a nd t a o he c am sa de e nt ;a m o i a n , pe ie wo i o me o dd t r l i nd f nda s ton f rprlmi r ijmci e rle ;moinsa d r q e t r g r ig d so l a d a mo in f r o ei nay n l tv eif to n e u ss e adn ic vey; n to o sl r j g n .No eo t e es b s in c re ttelg lo f cu ld fce ce n tdi l mma y ud me t n f h s u miso s o r c h e a r a t a eiin is oe n t c tsdic son. Ac or ngl t c twilden t e m o i asf ie. Ar a oprat he our' s us i c di y, he our l y hes tons utl l ppr i é or rwilis t sda The Clr i die t d t s c pi oft sm e a lm o ni n a de l s ue hi y. e k s r c e o end o es hi mor ndl pi o nd a ompa ng or rt pl i if cc nyi de o antf. ENTER:Ths J. ud yo M a , 01 i 5 a f y 2 7. Cli nie Stt sDiti tJ lef t d ae src udge 7

Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.


Why Is My Information Online?