Gwyn v. Booker et al
Filing
28
MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 5/7/2018. (slt)
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nd he ed o hil t a s r
r s m nt ita ton, nd ibiiy
n he
fr
t erd te r a o a l ' mihv. v 7 F.d9 ,1 0(t Ci. 01 )(u tn Pe ro v.
h i uis e s n by.' t Ra , 81 3 5 0 4h r 2 5 q o ig a s n
'S
Calh n, 5 U.. 2 , 31( 0 9 ) Th ç u lfe i ni a ay i t p c lyiv l st
la a 5 5 S 2 3 2 2 0 ). e ç aiid mmu t n lss y ial n ove wo
q
y
iq re : 1 wh t rt panif getb ih dtev oaiho ac nsi to a rg ta ( )
n uiis () ehe he litf ha sa ls e h i lto f o tt in l ih , nd 2
u
whehe t trghtwasc e ry e t bls d a t tme oft alege vi a i n. Ra v.
t r ha i
l a l sa ihe t he i
he l d olto ' ub
'
Cn bel 7 5F.d 8 6 8 (t Ci. 01 ) s el r Al n, 0 F.d 5 2, 9 (t Ci. 9 7
mp l, 8 3 7 , 81 4h r 2 5 ; e n e l 1 6 3 8 5 3 4h r 1 9 )
e
(< no fca ma cam q aiidi mi a l n a h sa to a en tce rye tbih dt
dAj fiil y li u l e mmt t s o g s i cins r o lal sa ls e o
g
f
y
b b y ndt eb u d re o h sd srto a ya to iy' .A d o r ma a d e st e et
e e o h o n a is f i icein r uh rt.) ç u t y d rs h s wo
'
c
'
que to i t o de ...t twilbe tf c lt t t f ra e fc e diposton ofe h c e.
si ns n he r r
ha l s a iiae he ai nd fi int s ii
ac as '
'
Esaeo Ar to v. l. fPie ts, 1 F.d 8 2 8 ( t Ci. 6 (nena q o ain
tt f msr ng Vilo n ht t 8 0 3 9 , 98 4h r201 ) itr l u tto
r
mak o te ) A panifscam S u vv ss mma yj d me t h we r o l i ( c u t
r s mitd . lit li t r ie u r u g n , b ve , ny f t o r)
f
s
he
a we gjbot quesi i t afr tve' 1
ns rs h tons n he fimai .' d.
11
1.
A.
An i pa e srghtt r lgi e r s unde t Fis Am e
nr t ' i o ei ous xe cie
r he r t
ndme mus bebaa e wih
nt t
lnc d t
aprs n' i tt i ne dsofs c iy,dicplne,a ge r la i sr to Cute v.
i o s nsiutonal e
e urt s i i nd ne a dm nitai n. tr
W ilns n, 4 U. 7 9 7 2( 0 5 ; Lo ev. tt o S a a z 48 U. 3 2 3 - 9
li o 5 4 S. 0 , 2 2 0 ) O' n Esae f h b z , 2 S. 4 , 484
c
( 9 7 .A G u tn il t d n' nrlg o e r ieo c r t e teFrtAme d n i i
1 8 ) t bsa ta bz e 'o eiius xecs c u s md r h is
s
r
n me t f t
S u l)s b tn il rsu eo a a h r n t mo iyh sb ha ira dt vo aehsb les
t ts u sa ta p e s r n n d e e t o df i e vo n o ilt i eif,
p
or... or esa pe s t c
f c
r on o hoos be w e n f l i t pr e s o he r lgi a f r eii
e t e olow ng he ec pt f r e i on nd o f tng
( r me al be is ont oneha a a ndoni oneoft pr e so he r lgi . .
gove n nt j neft, he
nd, nd ba
ng
he ec pt f r ei on .
'
ace
o teoh rh nd'4 Lovel v Le , 7 F.d 1 4,1 7(t Ci. 0 6 ; e - . , tl
n h te a .
e 4 2 3 7 8 4 h t 2 0 ) s e e2.Pae v.
.
4Thec 'asume f pur esoft sopi ont Pli ifsde ief ragr up Aposolcs viei a
oul s s or pos
t
hi ni hat antf ' sr o
o
t i br c s
6
Bu e uo Prs n , 5F.d8 7 8 4 (t Ci. 0 8 (l he tesg tc n eo arlgo
r a f io s 51 3 0 , 1 8h r 2 0 ) s n h ini a c f eiius
W
i
belefi no a is , he s me dei ton ofSubsa i lbur n'a i sunde t Fr Exer ie
i s t t sue t a
fnii
s t nta de pple
r he ee
cs
Clu e RFRA, n RLUI ' .
as,
ad
PA.)
'
A co r c i lpolc orpr c iet ts tntaly blr nsa i t sFis Am e e
r e tona i y
a tc ha ubsa i l zde n nma e' rt
hdm nt
rg i vald i i i r a ona y r lt d t l gii aepe ogi li e ess Lo l e s aa
iht s i f t s e s bl ea e o e tm t nol ca nt r t . veac , upr t
1 W hehe ar ulton i r as bl r lt depe o
99.
t r eg a i s e ona y e aed
nds n:
() g j eh r te e i a ç l , rto a c n e to ' b t e te p io
1 W h t e h r s l i ain l o n cin' ewe n h rs n
va d
r ulton or a ton a t i e es as e td by t gove n e ,or whehe
eg a i
c i nd he nt r t s re
he
r m nt
t r
t si tr s i G o r mo e a t rn e t p lc abtay o irto l;( )
hi ne et s d e t s o e d r he oiy r irr r raina' 2
s
'
whehe l t r tve m e ns of e r sng t rg ..r m an ope t prs n
t r : e na i
al
a
xe cii he i ht . e i
n o io
i t s' a i r t tas br dl whehe i aes we e de i d of a1
nma e ,' n nquiy ha ks oa y
t r nm t
r prve
1
f m s of r lgi e r ie orwhehe t y we e a e t pa tcpae i ot r
or
e i ous xe cs
t r he
r bl o ri i t n he
obsr nc oft i f t ()wha i c t desr d a ommodai wo d
e va es her aih; 3
t mpa t he ie cc
ton ul
ha eo s c rt saf imae ,a d tealc to o p io r s u c s a d ( )
v n e u iy tf, n t s n h l ain f rs n e o re ; n 4
o
whe he t r e s an C ous e y at r tves' t t c le
t r he e xit y t
obvi , as le na i ' o he ha lnged
r ultoh o a ton, whih ma s
eg a i r c i
c
y ugge t t t i i G r a ona e but i
s ha t s ç
not e s bl ,
s
(n ta qa e g eae rs o s t p io c nc r s
ise d n xa g rtd e p n e o rs n o en .
1 . t 0(i n Tu n r 'Saly 48 U. 7 , 9 9 ( 9 7 ) s eOve tnv. z et, 3 U..
d a 20 ct g r e v. fe , 2 S. 8 8 -2 1 8 ); e
i
ro Ba z ta 5 9 S
1 6 1 2( 0 3 (e o nzn t p io rha t eb l e t ds r v t v l iyo ap io
2 , 3 2 0 ) r c g i' g he rs ne s h t d n o ip o e he ai t f rs n
i
r
d
rgulto purua t t Tt ra l i)
e ain s nt o he ume nayss.
A cam unde t Vis Ame
li
r he rt hdme rquie s ngade e ntsco cousor
nt e r s howi
fnda ' ns i
i e i li e f r nc wih t pl n if sr lgi rght .W al 741F. a 500 n. 1.
nt ntona ntr e e e t he aitf e i ous i s
l,
3d t
1
C lwi gne lg n es ist p o e du d r( Fis Ame d n )wo l t e mie. .
û o n gi e c u t o r c e n e t rt n me t ud md r n .
Al
he
d frnc got e p re c a de pet eo p io a dj i a mi srt rqb e po i gp io
ee e e t he x ein e n x ri f rs n n al d nitao s y x sn rs n
s
o fcast a u d l h g lv lo j d ca sr tn ' Lo ea e 47 F.d a 1 4; e S h e v.
fiil o n n uy ih e e f u iil cuiy. v lc , 2 3 t 9 s e ha e d
'
Wi tn, 8 F. u p. 61 8 ( D. . 9 5, f ,1 F.d3(t Ci.1 9 )
nso 8 5 S p 8 , 68 E. Va 1 9 )a/d 61 3 4h r 9 8.
Cons que l l s t n i e t o lco uc i nots t i ntt f ett f ul r qui e e sunde
e nty, es ha nt n i na nd t s
ufk e o ne he a t e r m nt
r
t Fi s A m e e .
he r t
ndm nt
pe s lpr ci t ti bot snceel hel a r e i r i ousbei .See e. ,Cute ,5 U. a 725.
rona a tce ha s h i r y d nd ootd n elgi
lef
, g. tr 44 S. t
7
Pl i iff ist esa ih açs tntalbur n't hi r lgi e r ie a a Aposo i
antf a l o t bls dubsa i
de ' o s e i ous xe cs s n
t lc.
Heate t gr Pr e t nts r i evol t zl a he f l t e t bls t he c nnot
tnds he oup ot sa e v c
un a iy, nd ais o sa ih he
n
S p a i tn u sa dp as d nce'o hi o o wi a oh ri hi c l o i t ep d.
ç e ku n o g e n r ie a gl' n s wn r t n t e n s el r n h o
s
h
Pl i iff ist s
a ntf a l o uppor hi co l i t the i çf r e t e ge i w o s p a cor ng t t
t s nc us on ha
s so c d o nga n r hi c di o he
e utonitt ne s'ofo he pr t sa de
vol i s e t ' t r o e t nt nomi to .Besdesbei vol t r Pli tf f ist
nai ns
i
ng un a y, a n if al o
e ai how lseni t Bi epa s gesorot r 'r feci nsoh t pa s ge f c hi t
xpl n
it ng o bl s a
he s e l to
he s a s or ed m o
f f i be tt ora ndon apr ce ofli r lgi W hie Pl i ift l ge r l a utt
or e t ne i s ba
e pt ls e i on.
l a ntf a ks ne aly bo he
dif r ntpr c i sa o Pr e t ntde
fe e
a tce m ng ot sa
nomi to ,he d notal t tt pr c i sa e
nai ns
oes
lege ha he a tce r
be ng f ce on hi . For e m pl ,Pl n i fcom pl nst tot rPr t t n f t do notba i
i or d
m
xa e ai tf
ai ha he o es a t aihs
ptze
by i ri lkeAs t is bu hefist s w t thei s how fr dt beba ied
mmeson i poofc , t al o ho ha s ome
oce o
ptz
l de adif r ntf ih' rt al. l a t rexn e Pli ifme ey sat ,ç
m r fe e at s iu s n no he
mpl , antf r l t es ç
Aposolc tac
t is e h
t ene df rc n ito o sn rp n a c , e t uin, n c n e so f rs lainlb r (q
h e o o v cin f i, e e tn e rsi to a d o fs in o av to , ut in
t
)
o he Pr e t ntc eg to a smpl sl r spr ye i a1t ti r r d. Thes dipa iis
t r ot sa ongr a i ns i e ime ' a r s 1 ha j equie '
'
e s rte
a avol a iy ate d r lg o s r c a enots gr a a t puts t ntalpr s ur (
t
unt rl ' nde ei i us e vi e r
t
o et s o
ubsa i e s e j
n
Pl i ift m odiy hi be i f ,e pe i l i lghtofPl i if sac
a ntf o
f s le s s c aly n i
a ntf
know l dge e t thi f ih
e m nt ha s a t
c or i lr pa t t ot rChzsin' be if a GRCC.M or ove ,Pl i ifs
onf ms n a ge r wih he
ita s le s t
e r antf
a p e n ina o toh rPr tsa t j gnghm b b iga Apo t lci n t s bsa ta
p rhe so b u t e o etn s ud i i y en n soi s o a u tnil
bur n ora ti a et a de e nt Ac or ng y,Pl i iff ist esa ih a s tntal
de
trbut bl o
f nda . c di l antf a l o tbls ubsa i
blr n t r i i e r s
zde o elg ous xe cie.
B.
The Equa Pr e ton Cl us oft Foure h A m e m e pr de t tC St t
l ot c i
a e he
tent
nd nt ovi s ha E
no a e
s al. . e yt a ypes nwihn i jlidcint e u lp oe to o t elws' U. Co s.
h l . d n o n ro t i t t s ito he q a rt cin f h a . S. n t
s r
'
n nd.XI j1.ûlos c dona e lpr eci cam, pli ifmus frtde nsrt
me
V,
ç- uc ee
'
n qua ot ton li a antf t is mo tae
t theha be n te t d dif r nty fom o he swih whom hei sm ia l st t a t tt
ha
s e r a e fe e l r
t r t
s i l ry iuaed nd ha he
.
8
une lte t ntw a t r s tofi e i na orpur e uldic i nai ' Leev. o on,
qua r a me
s he e ul nt nto l
pos f s rmi ton.'
J hns
7 3F. u p 2 7 8 8 2 0 ( . Va 2 1 (iigM o rs nv GarM t , 9F.d6 8 6 4
9 S p . d 9 , 0 - 3 W D. . 01 ) ctn
rio . ra h y 23 3 4 , 5
(t Ci. 01 Th n x se i t d tr n wh t ra ys hd s a yi warn e
4h r 20 $. e e t tp s o ee mie ehe n uc ip dt s ra td.
M orion,s a.Equa pr t c i c am si t co e ofprs n a evi we l rt
rs upr
l o e ton l i n he nt xt
i o r e d mde he
r a ona e s sa r ofTur r I Thus a i a e sequa pr e ton c am mus aleget t
e s bl ne s t nda d
ne . d.
, n nm t '
l ot c i l i
t l ha
sm ia l st td cas e ofi aesa eteae dif r nty,a t tt sdif r nc i te t nt
i l ry iuae l s s nm t r r t d fe e l nd ha hi fe e e n r a me
be r no r tona r lton t a l gii t pe i e e t W i rv. a r 2 F. pp.3d
a s a i l ea i o ny e tma e nal nt r s . nde M vna d, Su
7 9 71 ( M d. afd, 8 F. px 2 6(t Ci. 1 )
0 , 6 D. ) f 5 3 Ap ' 8 4h r 20 4 .
,
Pl i iff ist esa ih t thewa teaeddif r nty fom ot r wih whom hewas
antf a l o t bls ha
sr t
fe e l r
he s t
sm ia l sm ae Pl i ifr le on t f c Se DayAdve iti a e a GRCC we e
i l ry i td. antf e is he a t ven
nts nm t s t
r
gr ntd as c a m e tng whiehe a a Aposolc wa not Howe r Pl i ifasa i vi
a e pe i l e i
l ,s n
t i, s .
ve , antf
n ndi dual
r que t f g o s r i esi nott s m e a t va i Se Da A dve i t w ho pe ii ne
e s or or r up e v c s
he n
s he r ous ven y
nts s
tto d
GRC C s a ff a s pa a e m e tng.5 Onc Pli ifa f l ohe Xposölc peii dGRCC
t f or e r t
ei
e antf nd otr t r
t is ttone
s a ff a s par t m ee i i,t w a gr nt d.Cons que l Pl iaif s a l ga i s w t t
t f or e a e
tng, t oo, s a e
e nty, a ttf le tons ho ha
hi i vi lr que t f agr r i ousmeei we ede e un i t Cha ai r ceved
s ndi dua e ss or oup elgi
tng r ni d tl he pl n e i
e o g rq e t fo oh rimae t j siyc mmit gtes a ea dsa ft a miitrte
n u h e u ss r m te n ts o u tf o ti h p c n tf o d n se h
n
m e tngs Ac or i y,Pl i iff ist e t bls t the wa te t d dif r nty t n sm ia l
e i . c d ngl antf al o sa ih ha
s r a e f e e l ha i l ry
st t d i a e .
iua e nm t s
C.
Eve i Pl i ife t bls d eihe a s tntalbur n l rt Fis Am e
n f antf s a ihe t r ubsa i
de mde he r t
ndme o
nt r
t thewa te t d dif r nty t rt Fo te h Am e e ,Pli iff ist dipr vet t
ha
s r a e fe e l mde he ure nt
ndm nt a ntf al o s o ha
t de a sofhi i vi
he ni l
s ndi dualr ques sf a s pa a e r lgi m e tng be r a r tonalr l t o t a
e
t or e r t e i ous e i
as ai
e ai n o
5And whe t numbe ofSeve Da Adve itpa tcpa sdr pe beow t mi mum n
n he
r
n y
nts rii nt op d l he ni
umber t t
, ha
gr smeei we eca le i c o m iyw ih polcy.
oup'
tngs r nceld n onf r t t
i
9
l ii a epe li e e t GRCC hasha a utt n y dif r ntr lgi g o ar ad a
egtm t na nt r s .
d bo we t fe e ei ous r ups le y, nd
s urt sa fa s cewe et lm ie t a omm odae e r i vi ' r que tf a
ec iy t f nd pa
r oo i t d o cc
t ve y ndi duals e s or
s pa a er i o m e tng. Suc a omm odai nswoul havet i
e r t elgi us e i
h cc
to
d
he mpac ofdi ri r s ur e
t
ve tng e o c s
fom m ant i ngt s f y oft publc,
r
i ani he a et
he
i VDOC sa f a i a e .Ti sa f a s ea e
t f, nd nm t s me, t f, nd pac r
lmie i aprs sti W hiePlitf pur tdl mayno ha be nalo t C pe kg i
i td n ion etng. l anif pore y
t ve e lwed o ç a j n
s
t n u sa p as d nce'd rn tego pPr tsa ts r ie , ed e n talg h c udn t
o g e nd r ie a gl' u ig h r u oe tn e vc s h o s o le e e o l o
pe f m t eaci te i hi celo r viw hi r lgi t xt .Furhe
ror hes tviis n s l r e e s e i ous e s
t nnor Pl i ifwa not
e, antf s
pr ve e fom pr t l ng ot sa r uie by hi r lgi n t beSa a te pr t
e nt d r
oseyzi her s eq r d
s e i o o En posl , ophe ,
e ng i t pa t ,ort c r' Pl i tf hasnotdipr ve t ti w asr s bl f rpr s n
va els , s or ea he . a n if
'
s o n ha t
ea ona e o i o
ofi i l t no di r lmie r our esanytm ea i vi i aewa e a s pa ae s c t
fc a s o t ve t i t d es c
i n ndi dual nm t nt d e r t pa e o
e r iehi own uni uer lgi bei f .Pe mitng t di r i oft e lm ie r s r e t
xe cs s
q ei ous le s r ti he ve son hos i t d e ou c s o
whe a s fce numbe o lke- i d i t ss k gr r lgi s r ce i ar as bl
n ufi int
r f i m nde nma e ee oup e i ous e vi s s e ona e
a c mmo ain o b t t VbOC' r s nsb l ist p b i sft a di ts Frt
c o d to f oh he
s epo iii e o u lc aey n nmae ' is
t
Ame m e rghtt t f e e r ie o r lg o Acc di y, f nda sa ee il dt
nd nt i o he r e xe c s f ei i n.
or ngl De e nt r ntte o
q ai di nt a dsl r j d me tf rteFis a F u te t Ame d n cams
u l mmu iy n l
fe
mmay u g n ô h rt nd o re nh
n me t li .
V.
Pl ntf a guesi t t r a f t c am st tDe e nt neglge l f ie t a r
ai if r
n he hid nd ourh l i ha f nda s
i nty a ld o dhe e
t OP 841. A c am t tprs n o fcal ha notf l d t i own i pe ntpolc e or
o
3. l i ha i o fi i s ve
olowe her
nde nde
ii s
pr zdur s doe notsa e a c tt t o c a m . Se e. ,Ri i v. v.ofFaif x,90 F.
oc
e
s
t t ons iu i nal l i
e. :. cc o Ct
ra
7 2d
1 5 ,1 6 ( t Ci.1 9 )( odngt a i sae1w g a t mo epr c d r l i hst a t e
4 9 4 9 4h r 9 0 h li h t f tt a rn s r o e u a rg t h n h
Co siu inrq ie,asaesf ilet a i eb ta 1w i n tafd r l u p o e sis e .
n t to e ur s tt' alr o b d y h t a s o e e a d e r c s su )
t
t
Furhe e al to ofneglge ea enota to bl vi j1
t nnor, legains
i nc r
cina e a 983.Se eR.Da esv.
es . , nil
W ila , 7 U. 3 7 3 0 31( 9 6 ; tl v. mbe 4 U.. 7 1 5 0 ( 9 6 ;
lims 4 4 S. 2 , 3 - 1 8 ) Esel Ga l, 29 S 9 , 0 - 6 1 7 )
e
10
Lovelce 472 F. a 1
a ,
3d t 94.Acc di y, e nt a ee il t qualfe i uniy a
or ngl Defnda s r ntted o
ii d mm t nd
s mma yj d me tf rt s cams
u r u g n o hee li .
VI.
Fo tefr g i r a o s t ec u t r nsDee d n s moinf rjti l j dg n .
r h o e ong e s n ,h o r g a t fn a t' to o i mà' u me t
n y
ri
EN T ER:'hs
N
d yo a , 2018.
a fM y
/
wf
-2v / .
t
:
Chi fUnied St s ' rc J
e
t
i t udge
'
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