Fitz v. Warden, Nottoway Correctional Center

Filing 25

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 10/31/2018. (slt)

CL S OFFI U.S. ST COURI
ERK'
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DI .
AT ROANOKE,
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I THE UM TED STATES DI
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M EM OM NDUM OPI ON
M
By:H on.Gl n E.Co
e
nrad
Se or U nie St e D it i tJudge
ni
t d at s s r c

De a Dont e Fiz,aVigni i a epr e i pr K ,fl d tls peii n f a m i of
lno
a t
r i a nm t oc edng o
ie li tto or
t
.

h be s c r us p ru n t 2 U. C. j 2 4,c aln i te v ldt o h s c n it ns
a a op ! u s a t o 8 S.
25 h le gng h aiiy f i o vci .
o
Re p n e tfldamoint d s s, n Fizr s o d d ma i t ematrrpef rd s o iin.
s o d n ie
to o imis a d t e p n q , kng h te i o ip sto
Afe r viw oft r c d,hec tc l
tr e e
he e or t our oncudest tt pe ii m us bedim is
ha he tton
t
s s ed.
1.

Background1
Q

The Cour of Appe l of Vig ni sl
t
as
r i a lmmarz t e de e of Fiz' c ci ns a
ied he vi nc
t s onvi to s

f lw s
olo :
On Dec m be 24,201 Tr ma Tlr ra rve a Edas W iln s ho et pi k
e r
3, a n lne ri d t
ha lim ' us o c
up hi c l e W ilams t mot roft c l r n,wa i ve i a r a i
s hidr n. li , he
he
he hid e
s nvol d n om ntc
r l to hi wih Fiz a t tme a Fiz was as a t r i e e. W iln
e ai ns p t t t he i nd t
lo t he esd nc
li ms
e ane t tFiz we outi whie s wa getng t c l e r a
xpl i d ha t nt sde l he s ti he hidr n e dy. She
s Fiz a Tum e s a ng t e c ot r a he r Tur r s y:G n you
aw t nd
r pe ki o a h he nd a d
ne a ç
whe
c e brng yol bi t .' Fiz t n pr uc d a gun a s Tur r Fiz
om
i
tr g oys' t he od e
nd hot ne . t
t e t ned W ila swih t gt a s tTur rt e m or tm e i t ba k a
hr a e
lim
t he m nd ho
ne hr e
e i s n he c s
D ln rti t e c pe Fiz t n fe t s e
r e red o s a . t he l d he c ne. Tur rdi d a a r s t o t
ne e s e ul f he
g ms wot . W ila si caed t tTlr e wa no a med a t ts di
t hot mds
lim ndi t ha ln r s t r
nd ha he d
no he rhi t ea e Fiz o m a a a e svem o me s
t a m hr t n t r ke ny ggr s i
ve nt .
Two neghbor s w t s otng a t sii d t tFiz s tt vitm a
i
s a he ho i nd e tfe ha t ho he ci t
c os r nge - Er t i t c s and t n i t bac A not r ne g r s w t
l e a
s n he he t
he n he k.
he i hbo a he
t me outi a he r Fizac us D lne ofha ng f se pe t d'hi . She
wo n sde nd a d t c e r r
vi l r s c e ' m
di
alo he r t vi tm m a a sa e e ta
s a d he ci
ke t t m n boutçbi t ' a t tt r woul be
i g oys' nd ha he e
d
:70 r undsne tme. She we i i a mom e slt rs hea d
1 o
xt i '
'
nt nsde nd
nt a e he r
le
r.
Donta Ha on,Fiz' find,t sii d t tFi; a ve a hi r s de e
r y ught
t s re e tfe ha t ni d t s e i nc
a a ked Ha on t r tive li gun f hi . Ha t e aned t tFiz
nd s
ught o e re ls
or m
ugh on xpl i
ha t
'Thi opi onomisit r quotto ma ks ctto ,a atrtonsunl sot r s no e
s ni
t n enal ain r , iains nd lea i
es he wie t d.

a p ae sa e Ha g tnrtive teg n fo atmhcna drtln di t
g erd h k n. u ho ere d h u rm rs a n el e t o
r
Flz.Fizt d Ha ht t thes tt vitm G ornor a on.'
t
t ol ug on ha
ho he c i ç
f
es '
J m i Chac t sii d t t he viie hi ne w, one of W iln s
n e
on e tfe ha
st d s phe
lim '
c l r i De e be 201 Fiz wasa t r i nc ,s wed Cha on hi gu
hid en, n c m r 3. t
t he esde e ho
c
s n,
m a ga sgns a sa e hi i e i t kilTur e .
de ng i , nd t t d s ntnton o l
nr

S a y Ta lrs a e aj i c l wi Fiz Fiza mitd t Ta l rta h
tc yo h r d al el t t . t d te o yo h t e
h
kild Tur ra ofe ed Ta ordr gsi Ta orwoul l lW iln a t e e
le
ne nd f r
yl
u f yl
d dl li ms nd hr atn

o o te oh r win s e . Se ea oh rme wh h d b e j i d wi Fiz
ne f h te te s s v rl te n o a e n al
e t t
h
t sii d Fiz a itd kilng Tmme ,ha pr vi l sa e hi i e i t kil
e tfe t dm te li
r d e ousy tt d s ntnton o l
Tur r a pl nne t ha t wine s sa i thi kil d ort eae d.
ne , nd n d o ve he t s e ga ns m le
hr tne

Fizv. mmo we l No. 7 0 1 - , l o a 4 5( . . p. c 4, 01 ) ECF No. 7
t Co n at
h, 0 7 - 5 3 si p. t - Va Ct Ap De . 2 5 ,
p
12.

Thecic tc ti ta l a nt d Aa on Gr ve asFiz' c ns lbu lt rdiqualfe
r ui our niily ppoi e
r
a s
t s ou e t a e s ii d
hi f ra c lc ofi e es. The c tt a nt d Loui Na a gr nt d Nagy' moton
m o onfit nt r t
our hen ppoi e
s gy nd a e
s i

f a co i nc N a a ke f rt m o e c i nc ,ctng vol i
or ntnua e. gy s d o wo r ontnua es ii
um nous e denc a t
vi e nd he
Comm onwe lh' f iur t dic os e pa or wine ssa e nt . The tilc tg a e t
at s a l e o s l e xcul t y t s t t me s
ra our r ntd he

m o i a f md t tFiz ha wavedli s edy ti lrg sea h tme.
tons nd ot ha t d i ls pe
ra i ht c i

A j y c n itd Fi o s c n - e r emu d ra d u e o afra m i c mmiso o
ur o v ce t f e o d d ge r e n s f ie r n o sin f
z
mtr r a he plade guit t pos e son of a fr n m a tr a c c i of a no vi e t
lde , nd
e d ly o
ssi
ie r fe
onviton
n- ol n
fo
elny. The Roc ngha Coun y Cic t Cour s ntnc d Fiz t f t eghtye r i pts
ki m
t r ui
t e e e t o orp i
a s n i on.
Afe t til t ti l c tde e Fiz' m oto t s tasde t ve dit a t Cour of
tr he ra , he ra our ni d t s
i n o e i he r c , nd he
t
Appe l a t Supr me Cour ofVig ni de ed hi diec a a s Fiz di no fl a sa e
a s nd he
e
t
r i a ni
s r t ppe l . t d t ie t t
ha aspe ii Ther s
be
tton.
e ponde a knowldgest tFiz' petton i tmey.
nt c
e
ha t s ii s i l
I.
I

Fizbrngssx cli s1
t i
i am . !
.

Th tilc u t re wh ni d ne Fizsmoi nt srket j r r f rc us '
e ra o r er d e t e id t ' to o ti wo u o s o a e
,

2Fiz nlmbe e s cl ms a i e s red ot r t o ghouthi Elngs. SeeECF Nos 1 2,7. The
t l r d ome ai nd ntr pe s he s hr'
u
s i
.,
c t sr or z d a rnumbeedhi camsi ana tmptt f ly add e shi mg l nt.
our ha e ganie nd e
r s li n te
o ' l r s s me s
u

2

I.
I

Thetilco ta ed isdic eton whe i r moved Fiz' cot elofc c Aa on
ra ur bus t s r i
n te
t s ms
hoie, r
Gr ve ,a r plce hi wih Loui Na
a s nd e a d m t
s gy;

11
1.

Theti lc te r d i fndi t e de e s fce f bot s co de e mtr r
ra our re n i ng he vi nc uf lnt or h e nd- gr e lde
a us o a fr a m i mtr ;
nd e f ie r n lder

1 .
V

The ti l c t e r d i gi ng a i o plt de i ton of m ai e whih di no
ra our re n vi n nc m ee fnii
lc , c d t
i udet r quie e a to ofhe tofpa so
ncl hç e r d xplnai n
a
s i n;

V.

Couns lwa i feci f :
e s ne f tve or
A. f ii t calr que td wine s s
alng o l e se t s e ;

B. fiig t p e r j r isnlto si a v n eo tila rq ie t e Vigni
aln o rpae u y n t cin n d a c f ra s e ur d md r r i a
m ls
e;

C. f ii t ade t l hw e tga e, ovi a r a i lr pr e ai n,a c le
alng o qua ey
si t pr de dve s ra e es nt to nd ha lnge

teCo n at'wi h ligo Brd maeiladueo k o n l fle
h mmowel s t odn f a/ tr n s f n wigy as
h h
a
sa e e s t si o es a e de e, a f r ue tng c i nce t t
tt m nt, e tm ni , nd vi nc nd or eq si
ontnua s ha
wave Fiz' s e 'i rght ;
i d t s pe dy t al i s
r
D .l borng unde di de l yali s t tpr ve ed c ms lfom pr di z l
a i
r vi d o te ha e nt ot e r
ovi ng eaous
r pr entton;
e es a i

E. f ii t pr s f dico r
a lng o e s or s ve y;
F. f ii t c lnge l si at Spi e' t tmony t Fiz t d hi t tt
a lng o hale
nve tg or ggl s esi
hat t ol m ha he
vitm ha dir s c e hi ;
c i d s e pe t d m
G. f ii t i si t t vitm ' ba kg ound,i e vew wine s s a pa ta
a lng o nve tga e he c i s c r
nt r i
t s e , nd y r vel
e ns f po e ildef ns wines Aa o Stode t t siy on Fiz' be l a
xpe es or t nta
e e t s rn r
o e tf
t s haf t
ti l
ra -

3Br dvv. Ma a d 3 3U.. 3(9 3 .
a
aln , 7 S 8 1 6 )

H. r / sng t m o t dim is a vi ci fve a tona c r br ug by t
e i o ve o s s s ndi tve i ddii l ha ges o ht
he
Comm onwe lh'
at ,

rf sn t s p r s ga d ln us o j i us if r to a d sae wi e s s
e u ig o u p es u ue t e f al e n omai n n tt t se
ho
n
pr d ng f let si on i e ha f f vorfom t sa e;
ovi i a s e tm y n xc nge or a
r he tt

J c edi hi m oto t c
. onc ng s i n o ompelBr v i or to fom t sa e r ga di t
ad nf ma i n '
r
he tt e r ng he
vitm ' c i i ba kg o a ga a lla i
c i s rm nal c r und nd ng fiiton;

K.fiig t o j c t t ej r isr cin d fnn maie o te g o n t ti d d
aln o b e t o h u y n tu to ei ig lc n h r u d ha t i
no a qua ey de i Ihe tofpa son';a
t de t l fne l a
s i ' nd
VI
.

Fiz' duepr es rg swe evi a e bec us
t s
oc s i ht r olt d a e:

A .t Comm onwe lh f ie t tme y dicos Br dv ma e i lwhi h ca e de a
he
at al d o i l s l e a
t ra
c us d l y
a de i dhi ofhi rghtt as e ti ,a t ti lcour f ld t hol t
nd prve m
s i o pe dy ral nd he ra
t aie o d he
Comm onwe lh r s nsbl f islt dic os e;
at e po i e or t a e s l m

B. t Comm o a1h f ce Fiz t c
he
nwe t or d t o hoos bewee hi rghtt a s e tila
e t n s i o pe dy ra nd
hi rg t e f ci co el
s iht o f e tve uns '
,
C. t ti c twa b a e a ns Fiz a e e whe i ac e e Gve a to l
he ral our s i s d gai t t nd n'd
n t c pt d
ddii na

i c me swhih we e motvaedby vi c i ne s
ndit nt
c
r
i t
nditve s ;
D. t ti c t e r d whe i al wed c
he ral our re
n t lo
ouns l t co i nc s a i t Fiz'
e wo ntnua e gans t s
w i he
s s;

E. t j r wm bis dd et me i c vea e
he u y s a e u o d a o r g ;
t t i l c tf ce Fiz t c
he ra our or d t o hoos be we n hi r g t e f c i as i t e of
e t e s i ht o f e tve s sanc

c ms la hi rghtt af i a i
ot e nd s i o a r nd mpm i ltil
a ra '
,
G. t ti lc ur e e i a n i Nagy a def ns co e bec us Na ha a
he ra o t n'd n ppoi tng
s e e uns l a e gy d
he vy wor oad a wa no pr pa e t go f wa d i atm ey m n r
a
kl
nd s t e r d o
or r n i l nne ;

4

H .t Comm on 1h s iie f s t tmony;
he
weat olct d ale esi
1 t pr e uton pr e t d t si o fom i a e i exc nge f r uci n or
. he os c i
es n e e tm ny r nm t s n
ha
or ed to
dim is lofl ngt s n e e ;
s sa
e hy e t nc s
J. l tga o Spi etm pe edwih t gu hotr i t ke 9om t vitm ;a
nvesi t r ggl n r
t he ns esdue a n
he ci nd
K .Fiz wasr l a e a f tmeswihi Roc nghn Cot y J i f unnec s a y
t
eoc t d ew i
t n
ki m
mt al or
esr
r as i or rt pl ehi ne rori apod wih sa eage t .
e ons n de o ac m a
n
t tt
ns
11
1.

Exhaus i n and Pr edur D e aul
to
oc
al f t

& f de a c tm a notgr nta wrtof ha as c pus t a peii r i sa e cusod
G e r l our y
A
a
i
be or
o
ttone n t t
t y
t e st pe ii rhasfr te use hi saer medi by pr e i li c am st t hi he t
ml s he ttone
s xha t d s t t e
es
es ntng ls l i o he g s

saec ut' Ba e v.Co c r n 2 0 F.d 27 ,28 ( t Ci. 0 ) To me tt ee h u t n
tt o l ' k r
ro a , 2 3 6 8 4h r 20 0 .
e h x a si
o
r quie e ,a pe ii ne l us ha pr s n ed t t sa eco tbot t o r tve f c sa t
e r m nt
tto r s t ve e e t o he t t ur h he pe a i a t nd he
m

c nr li lg l rn ils' Ka i An eo , 0F.d48 , 0 -2 (t Ci. 0 2 .G cam
o to l e a p icpe . s v. g lne 30 3 7 5 1 0 4h r 2 0 ) ç li
ng
'
A
t thasno bee pr e t d t t hi s sa ec tne rhe e sma be te t d ase use i
ha
t n es n e o he ghe t t t our ve t l s y
rae
xha td f
i i ce rt tt c am wo d be pr ed lal ba e unde sa e 1w i t peii ra tm ptd
t s la ha he l i
ul
oc tr ly n'd
r t t a f he ttone te e
t pr e i t t sa eco t' Ba r 220 F.d a 288.
o es nt t o he tt ur.' ke ,
3 t
Cli t ta epr e aly ba r t rsa e1 w a eba r d fom f de alha sr vi w
a ms ha r oc dur l red mde tt a r r e r e r bea e e

u l s t p tto rc n d mo taec us f rtedea l ai p eu iefo t ec nsiui n l
zl s he eiine a e nsrt a e o h fut r rj dc r m h o ttto a
e
d
er r o amic rig o j sie Ba e, 2 F.da 2 8 Gr v 51 U. a 1 2 To s o c us ,
ro , r s ara e f u tc . k r 2 0 3 t 8 ; a , 8 S. t 6 . h w a e
apeiine mu td mo srt ta t eeweeG b e tv fco s'e tr lt h sd fns , zc
t o r s e n tae h t h r r G j cie a t r, xena o i ee e wl h
t
o
'
i
i ped hi f om r i i li c a m a a e e s a
m ed m r
a s ng ls l i t n adi r t ge. M ur a v.Ca rer 477 U . 478,488
ry
ri ,
S.

( 9 6 . To s o prj ie ap tto e mu te tbls t tt alg d c nsi in lvo ain
18)
h w eudc , eiin r s sa ih ha he le e o tm o a ilto
t
wor d t hi a mal a s t nta di a va age i e i hi e ie ti w ih e or of a
ke o s c
nd ubsa i l s d nt , nf ctng s ntr ral t n'
c tm to lm agniu I
ons i i na
t de. d.

Un e M a t e v Rya ,5 6 U. 1( 01 ) af d r lh be sp tto e ma s tsy t e
d r ri z . n 6 S. 2 2 , e ea a m eiin r y aif h
n
t a s 'rq ie n o a oh r s p o e u al d futdcam o i fe tv a ssa c i: 1
ç u e' e urme t f n t e wie r c d rly e a le li f nefcie sitn e f ( )
c
t e iefcie a ssa c cam ' a G u tn il o e ()te < a s ' f rd ful G o it o
h n fe tv sitn e li i t bsa ta' n ; 2 h t u e' o ea t ç nsss f
s s
'
c
c
t r bei no c uns loro yi fe tvec ms ldli t saec ltrlrviw pr ee nf'
hee ng o e nl nefci ot e trng he tt olaea e e oc di ;

( )lhe sae c l tr lrve p o e dn wa t e iiilrve p o e dng i r s e tt t e
3 l tt ol ea e iw r c e ig s h nta e iw r c e i n e p c o h
t
a
i Fe tv - sit c - fkilc r s lcam' a d ( ) sae 1w le ur s t a a i fk tve
ne ciea ssu eo - a-o e li ' n 4 tt a l q ie h t n nelci 5
'
r
a ssa - -z a- ms lca m ber ie i a i ta-e e c lt r pr e ng. Fo e v.
s itnce ofti lcot e li
a s d n n nii lr vi w ola e al oc edi ' wl r
'

J v r 7 3F.d4 6, 61(t Ci. 01 ) A i u sa ta'cam i o et a ha mei.M a t e ,
o ne, 5 3 4 4 4 h r 2 4 . G b tnil li s n h t s rt ri z
s
'
n
566 U . a 1
S. t 4.
I .
V

St
andar ofR e e
d
vi w

To obt i f de a ha asr le ,a pe iine mus de onsr t t the i G n c t y i
an e r l be ei f
tto r
t m tae ha
s < usod n
i

vilto o t e Co si in o lwso te te o t e Untd S ae . 2 U. C.j 2 4 $.
oain f h n t o r a r r ais f h ie tts' 8 S.
mt
'
25 (

Un e 2 U.. j2 5 ( h we e, fd rl o r ma n tgatam i o h b a c pu b sd
d r 8 SC. 2 4*, o v ra e ea c u t y o rn
t f a e s o s ae
o a ycam t a asaec u t e ie o t emeisl ls t ta j dc t n:
n n li h t tt o r d cd d n h rt l e s ha d u iai
n
o
()Eoeule i a d cso ta wa c n rr t ,o iv l e a u a o a e
1 l s td n e iin h t s o tay o r n o v d n me s n bl
a i a i of c e ry esa ihed Fe r lw,asde e mi d by t Supr m e
pplc ton , l a l t bls
de al a
t r ne
he
e
Co toft Unie Stt s
ur he t d a e ;
0r

( )( eul d i a d cso t a wa b s d o a l ra o a l d tr n to o
2 Rls t n e ii n h t s a e n n l e s n b e ee mi ain f
e
n
t f t i lg oft e denc pr e e i t St t c t oc edi
he acs n iht he vi e es nt d n he a e our pr e ng.

28U.. j2 4( . d h r ,a h r , h saec u tsa p iain o g v m ig fd r llw i
SC. 25 * G ee s e e t e tt o r' p lc to f o e n e e a a s
W
c alng d i mu t be s o t be no o l er n o s b t o j ciey u r a o a l .
h le e , t s
h wn o
t n y ro e u , u b e tv l n e s n b e'
'
Yabo o h v. Ge tv, 5 U. 1 5 ( 0 ) Und r t i sa ad ç a sae c u ts
r r uc
nr 40 S. , 20 3 .
e h s tnd r , i j tt o r'
l
de e mi ton t t a cai l ks m e i pr l
t r na i ha
l m ac
rt ecudes f de a ha s r i s l a tai- nde
e r l bea elef o ong s f rmi d

6

j dss c ud ds g e o te c re te so te saec u tsd cso ' Ha ngo v. c tr
u t' o l ia re n h o rcn s f h tt o r' e iin. ni tn Rih e,
'
5 2U. 6 , 0 (01 )( u tn Yab r ug v. v rd , 41U. 6 2, 6 ( 0 :.
6 S. 6 1 1 2 1 q o ig r o o h Al aa o 5
S. 5 6 4 20 4
Di cussi
s
on

Ther s nden as e t t tCl i sIt ough IIa epr pe l pr s nt d f f de a r vi w
e po
t s rs ha am hr
I r o ry e e e or e r l e e
butt tCl i sI VIa epr ed aly bar d.
ha am V- r oc ur l r e
1. Cl m 1:Jur I parta iym i
ai
or m
i lt as

I Cli 1 Fiz c e t tt Cour ofAppea sofVigi a e r d whe i de e hi
n am , t ont nds ha he
t
l
r ni re
n t nid s

cam t tt8cruic u t ho dh v sr c t j r r frbis'
li ha h ic t o r s ul a e tu k wo u o s o a .
l
t he Si h Am e e t made a ia e t t sa e t ough t Fo te h
T
xt
ndm n ,
pplc bl o he tt s hr
he ure nt

Ame me t r q ie t a asaep o iea i a t l u' i a1ci n lp o e uins' Po tr
nd n , e ur s h t tt r vd n mp ri j t n 1 rr a r s c to . re
a y
ni
'
v. o 8 8 F.d 4 8 4 5 (t Ci. 8 . Ge rly jlo saep eume t b tthrla d
Zo k, 9 3 0 , 2 4h r 201 ) neal, t r r r s d o e rl f n
r
t
i m il Po trv. tl f 8 4 F.d21 , 21( t Ci.1 8 ) 0n f d rlh be srv e a
mp a. m e Raci , 7 2 9 2 4h r 9 9 .
f
e ea a a e iw,
pe ii r m a o r om e t t pr tmpton by c e r a co ncng e de e o a sr ng
ttone
y ve c
ha esz i
l a nd nvi i vi nc f
to

p s iii o j r rb a . S e28U. C.j2 4 e ( ) W el v. u rv,8 F.d46 , 2 (t
o sblt f u o is e
y
S.
25 ( )1; ls M ra 31 2 8 47 4h
Ci.1 8 )
r 9 7.

Thebiso ajto ma b a ma o i le .Untd Sae v. o d, 9 U. 1 ,1 3
a f t r y e c l r mpid ie tt s W o 2 9 S. 23 3
r
( 9 6 .Acu lba rq ie p o fta G j rr b c u eo h so he pataiy o b a , sno
1 3 ) t a is e ur s r o h t G u o , e a s f i r r ril r is wa t
a
t
c pa e a wilng t dec det c e s ey o t e de ebe o ei. Po tr 898 F.d a 423.
a bl nd li o i he as ol l n he vi nc f r t' re ,
'
3 t
M e nwhie i i bi i c l i l pr s
a
l, mpled as s oncusvey e umed as a ma tr of 1w unde e epto l or
te
a
r xc i na

e rme cicl tnc . Cona v v.Pol 45 F. 567,586 ( h Ci.200 . Fore mpl,
xte
rlmsa es
wa
k, 3 3d
4t r 6)
xn e

c u t h v f u d i idb a wh njl r mildt epa t sr g r ig if r to maeilt
o rs a e o n mpl is e t o s se h ri e adn n o mai n tra o
e
r
e
a i rilt deemi ton. Se e. ,Unie Sttsv.Bynum,63 F. 768,771 (t Ci.
n mpataiy tr nai
e. g. td ae
4 2d
4h r
4Unde Va. S p. . 3 1 ( ) Rf c u to i o moino flo n ac aln efrcus, y
r
u Ct R. A:4 b, ' o r, n t wn t r olwig h le g o a e ma
he
s
o

e c s ap opetv j rri ia per tej r ri no q ai d a a oh rs alb d a o c l da dpa e i
x u e r s cie uo ft p as h u o s t u l , nd n te h l e rwn r al n lc d n
ûe
e
tejr rsse dfrt til fta c s.
h u o ' ta o he ra o h t ae'
'

1 8 )( r ei ne til whe j r ri t sp r t c ssd dn tds ls fmiyme esh d
9 0 o d rng w ras n u o n wo e a ae a e i o ico e n l mb r a
ci n lc n it ns;Po tr 8 F.d a 4 0 31(o cu ig t tt esae c u tl r a o a l
rmia o vci ) re, 98 3 t 3 - c n ldn ha h tt o r l e s n by
o
n
a pid f d rl 1w whe t e c u tf i d t 5n bis atr a jlo n ge td t ds l s
p le e ea a
n h o r al o d a fe t r e lce o ico e
e
r
r lto s i wi 1w e re n o f r) s e as M c no h Po rEg p n .I c v.
eain hps t a eo c me t fke s; e lo Do ug we uime t n .
h

Gr e wo d 4 4U. 5 ,5 4 ( 9 4 (: ene e st o tuh u a wesb p o pe tv j r r
e n o , 6 S. 48 5 1 8 ) G
Th c siy f r tf l ns r y r s cie u o s
i ti p o e si t sr e isp r o e i o vo s' Ho ve,aj rsh n s b tmitk n
f h s r c s s o e v t u p s s b iu .
). we r mo ' o e t u sa e
ans rdoe no ma t t tt co tor ra ne ti . Se M c
we
s t ndae ha he ur de
w ral e Donough Powe Eq pme .
r ui nt

I c,4 4 U. a 5 6 (eu i g n w tili p o ucs la iiy c s wh n jzo h n sl b t
n . 6 S. t 5 r f sn e ra n r d t ib l a e e t r o e ty u
t
r

mitk n y a s rd i t e ne ai t a q eto a o ta y ij r r s li i d sb l y o
sa e l n wee n h g t o u sin b u n nu y e u t n ia ii r
ve
ng
t
p o o g dpan .
r ln e i)
Ge eal,v i dr e mi to s r e t prtc t e rg tt a i a t lj r G
n r l or ie xa nain e v s o oe t h ih o n mp ri u y ç
y
a
by
e po i p si eba e , t l wn a d l no o t epa t fpoe ta j r r . I . t5 4
x sng o sbl is s boh c
no n mk wn, n h r o tn il u o s' d a 5 .
'

S e n tae ba e i te rs o s st q e to s o v i dr ma r s l i aj r rb i g
r mo sr td is s n h e p n e o u sin n or ie y e ut n u o en
e ed f c e;hi sofbi no s fcentt war ntc le f rc us ma a ss pa te i
xcus or aus nt
as t ufi i o ra hal nge o a e y s it ris n

e e csn t i pee tr c aln e . I . G eemii wheh r ajlo i ba e o h s
x r iig her r mp o y h le g s' d r tr nng t e t r s isd r a
'
r
p eud e a c s i d f ut' be a s t Co siuin d e no ma d t a p riua ts t
rj g d a e s isc l ' c u e he n ttto o s t n ae a t lr et o
c
d tr n wheh raj r rha te C p r p it idfee c , t jlo ma h vea itrs i
eemie t e u o s h ç p o rae n if rn e' he t r y a n ne e t n
a
'
r
c n e ln he o bis a dt ej r rma b u a r o t eb a .Po tr 8 8F.da 4 .
o c ai g r wn a , n h u o y e n wae f h is re, 9 3 t 25
TheFourh Cic tha hed:
t r ui s l

To b sle d ep o e sd e no rq iean w tile r tmeaj r rh sb e
e t , u r c s o s t e ur e ra vey i
r
uo a en
plc d i ap tnil c mp o sn st ai n Rah r d epr c s me n aj r
a e n oe tal o r miig iu to . te , u o e s a s u y
y
c pa e a wilng t de i t c s s ey on t e de bef r i,a a ti l
a bl nd li o c de he a e ol l
he vi nce o e t nd ra

j d ee e wac flt p e e t rj d ca o c re c sa dt d tr net ef c
u g v r th l o r v n p eu iil c u rn e n o eemi he fe t
l
ofs h oc ure e whe t yha n.
uc c r nc s
n he ppe

I a 4 . Ho v r o eaj r rh si iae ba ,atilj d e ma n tsmpy a c p t e
d. t 26
we e, nc u o a ndc td is ra u g y o i l c e t h

8

j r rsp o s t befi a di ril lvnv. wd 3 6U. 71 , 2 ( 9 )
u o ' r mie o ar n mpa t . r i Do , 6 S. 7 7 3 1 61 .
a
W he a c i r eve publct t Su e Co to t Unie St t sha e a ne
n rme ec i s
iiy, he pr me ur f he t d a e s xpli d:
ç
4
unde t co tmtona sa r . ..t r l va que to i not whe he t c
r he nsi i l tnda d,
he e e nt si n s
t r he omm t t
miy

r me ee t c s ,b twh t e t ej r r ...h d s h fx d o n o sta t e c t d n t
e mb r d he a e u eh r h u o s
a uc i e pii n h t h y ol o
l

j d ei rilyteg l o t ed fnd n .
u g mpa t l h ui f h ee a t'Mu' i v. r ii, 0 U. 41 , 0( 9 )
a
t
' M n Vizn a 5 0 S. 5 43 1 91.
A . Fact Background
ual

The r c d e tbls s t f l wig. Fis,te jlo wo kn a t De rme to
e or sa ihe he ol n
o
rt h trr r ig t he pat n f
Co r ci ns sa e a voi die t t e n t
r e to t t d t r r ha , ve hough s ha hea d c
he d r omm e s a
nt boutt c e s
he as , he
co d r ma n f ra i ri . Tra Tr 21 1 J n.5,201 ECF No.17 8. W he t cour
ul e i ai nd mpa tal i l . 4- 5, a
5,
n he
t

b o g tt ej rrb c o tf ra dto a q e to ig tej r rs i t a s eha h ad ta t
r u h h u o a k u o d iin l u si nn , h u o ad h t h d e r h t he
de e ntG e tdir s c e ' TralTr 21 She t d t pa tes G e1 whe e1 wor w11 t
f nda l l s e pe t d. i . 9.
f
'
ol he ri : G l, r
W
k t1 he
De rm e of Core tons you know, yo he t t a l t you lnow, t t s
pa t nt
rci ,
u ar ha
o,
c
ha omeo f l
ne ees
dir s c e a t y s ei eswa t tkem a tri o t i o ha a t tî toft ng.
se pe t d nd he om tm
nt o a
te nt her wn nds nd ha or hi '
'
Tra Tr 21 20. She ac
i l . 9knowldge t tt t ses t'co me r s t d i he ha ng a
e d ha he G r pec' m nt e ule n r vi
di
ne tve c motton i he he t r Fiz. Tra Tr 220. Ho ve ,s s c fc l no e
ga i or a i n r ad owa d t
il .
we r he pe i aly t d:
t a t s m e tme If e t tlco d be f ra i ri ...I' ki oft t yo know,
l
But t he a i
e l ha
ul
ai nd mpa tal
ts nd
ha , u
t e agan 9o whe e Iwor buts tm e ,you know,we m i f eldir s c e butnot
her
i m
r
k,
ome i s
ght e
s e pe t d
wa t r t lae or wha e r' Tra Tr 220- . She a s t d c
nt o e ai t
t ve .' i l .
21
lo ol ouns t ts t ht s
el ha he houg he
c dputhe i ta f lngco plt l a i Tra Tr 222.
oul
r nii l eei
m e ey sde. i l .

Defns c ms l agued e e i y f srki t jzo : t i t c ls o
e e ot e r
xtnsvel or ti ng he lrr G ng he otre f
dur
q sini s a tedt ts he r (ha Fizf l dir s ced)a s wasgesmi t r
ue to ng he dmit ha he a d t t t et sepe t nd he
t ng owad
he m i e ton lkei wasa gu tla ,lke a gu f lng a tt swhe e i i
r ds c i i t
tt l i
r
t ee i bou hi
r t mpaced he sr y
t
r tongl
a i i c e he i e ae y u he rngt s' Tra Tr 223. Theti c tdia e d:
nd t mpa t d r mm di tl pon a i hi.' il .
ral our s gr e

I obs r e he a we l a s wa o ousy snl i t ans r why t t
e v d r s l nd he s bvi l t gglng o we
ha
c
omm e t wa s t ng t t obvi l s t tfe t t s hea d. And I
n
s ome hi ha
ousy he esii d ha he
r
unde sa t ts w o ksi t De rm e ofCo r tons buts i caed on
rt nd ha he r n he pa t nt
reci ,
he ndi t
your c os e m i to s wa a e t so a s y wata s ond es e ily I
r s xn na in he s bl o t p nd a
i ec
s nta l
c n be i ril And Ias d he be or s wa br
a
mpa ta .
ke r f e he s oughtouta a ked t s
nd s
he e
q si a s wa a ke afe wa dswhehe s ço d puta i wha s ha
ue tons nd he s s d tr r
t r he ul
sde
t he d

he r a j d ei pley o t isnzto s p rl o t e1w p e e td. An
ad nd u g t t l n he n t cin , u ey n h a rs n e
r
d
t t pe of sa e nt t ts be ng a ti e agan i wheher i co e i o
he y
t t me ha ' i trbut d
i s
t
t m s nt
e de orno ,whehe i' pr n o not s s i cae t a lt t wei
vi nce
t
t r ts ove r , he' ndi td he biiy o
gh
t t as e s i,lse t i a ma de e mi tons a f l w i tuc i . He
ha, s s t it n o t nd ke t r nai
nd olo nsr tons
r

b d ln ja ebepek teo poieo wh ty u'eidctn t mewhc i h r
o y a gzg s a s h p st f a o r n iaig o
ih s e
desr t m dla e t you t t s c n be i ri t wha s
ie o
ct o
ha he a
mpa tal o
t omeo saed t y
ne t t he
he d i t pa . Fort e r as Ide yo m oto t srke f r ca e o
ar n he per
hos e ons
ny ur i n o ti o us n

E j rr.An Iwo l n t ta t o no t dsu lf aj rri a o iin
t uol d ud oe h the piin o iq aiy uo s n gno
he

oft tfxed c a t rwhih r pel t pr s
ha i
har c e
c e s he e umpton o i enc i a c i l
i f nnoc e n nm na
c e a i whos mi t a us sa co emne ar ady a s hasnot
as nd n
e nd he cc ed t nds nd
d le
nd he
i c t d t t She ha i c t d s ca 1y asde he vi ws r nde a ve dit
ndia e ha .
s ndia e he n a i
r e ,e r
r c
bas s l l on t l w a t e de i t ca e. And agan he de nori
ed o ey
he a nd he vi nce n he s
i r mea
s
quieobvi i t .
t
ous n hat
Tr a Tr 225il .
26.

Se o d t til u g a t ej r ri v le wi ape dn ci n ls n e i i t e
c n , he ra j d e nd h u o n ov d t
h n ig rmia e tncng n h
Roc ng m Cot y Cic tCou tha tlsexc ng d li voi die:
ki ha
mt r ui
r d li
ha e trng r r
J o :And gi n t ,t ca e i pe ng s nt nci i vi m y f m iy,we
m r
ve he he s s ndi e e ng nvol ng
n l
we eheped by a 1 off ksi Roc ng m Co mt So Idi n' r ogni t m
r l
ot ol n
ki ha
t y.
d t ec ze he
by na e buti' pos i et tImi htr ognie t m by f c onc onc t ti l
m ,
ts sbl ha
g ec z he
a e e, e he ra
s art
t s

Cour: Oka And t ts a cr umsa
t
y.
ha '
ic tnce i c es whe e we ha t s ma
n as
r
ve hi
ny

wi e s s Ur o t tl wec n'j s p r d e e y nei . .
t se . l rt ey a t u t aa e v r o n .
n
f ma
Jlo :Ri .
tr r ght
Cour:...f yo t l ok. Le m e a k yo t s bas d on t ofi r t tma
t
or u o o
t
s u hi, e
he fce s ha y
ha a sse yo f m iy be or ,a e you abl t putasdet tknowldge oft t
ve s it d ur a l f e r
eo
i ha
e
ha

pes n a udg t i t tmonyi ri l
ro ndj e her esi
mpataly?
Jlo :Abs ut l
t r
r
ol ey.
Cour:Al rg . And t m e e f c t tt y m a beapolc ofk e , ha does t
t 1 iht
he r a t ha he
y
ie t r t t
n'
c e t a is swih you d i ng whehe t i t tm o i f le o t e o a
r a e ny s ue t
ecdi
t r her esi ny s as r nz n n
i ri lbass c r t
mpa ta i, orec ?

10

J or Nott tlm a a eof
m :
ha ' w r .
Tra Tr 80.Hea s a knowldge t sgnik a i c o t c
il .
lo c
e d he i t nt mpa t f he dme o t f m iy, a t the
n he a l nd ha
wa i vol d wih t vitm / t spr a a t Comm o
s n ve t he c i wines ogr m t he
nweat sAtom e sofk e. Tra
lh' t y' t
il
Tr 91. Ne rhel s he i or d def ns c ms lt he be ived t the c d puta i a
.
ve t es , nf me
e e ot e hat
le
ha
oul
sde ny

wo k w11t epoiea t Co n at At r y so fc a d j d t c s i a t l
r t h l nd he mmo we 1h t ne ' fi e n u ge he a e mp ri l
1
c
o
ay
b s d o te e i e c . Tra Tr 8 ,91 Lae o ,t ej mrsae ta h h d s mepoe ta
a e n h v d n e il . 6 . tr n h u ttd h t e a o
tn il
difc t wih t s nt nci pha e r ga di t de t pe ly;howe r he r as e t t the
f uly t he e e ng s e r ng he a h nat
ve , e s red ha

h d n is rg r ig g i o ino e c . Tra Tr 1 2 S ct ly t j r rt l t c u t
a o sue e a dn ul r n c n e il . 0 . pe i l, he u o od he o r
t
ka
t the di n' f lt thi be if a utt deah pe ly G
ha
d t ee ha s le s bo he t nat û d a f c a hi a
woul fe t nyt ng bouthow I
woul a oa h a ve diti t c s ,'a i t deah pe ly was notpa to t ca e hi
d ppr c
r c n he a e' nd, f he t na t
r f he s , s
E
d e nswo d beale a e ' Tra Tr 11 1
conc r
ul
lvit d.' i l . 2- 3.

Coms l r u dtej rrb sr c f rc u e
t e a g e h u o e tu k o a s :
The a
ppea a ofi ri lt whe we ha ape s n who hasg a ve y hi ly
r nee mpa taiy
n
ve
ro
ot r gll

e to al c ag d c s stigi u g n o av + hihy e to aie c s .
moin l h r e a e it nj d me t f e g l mo in lz d a e
y
n
The ei a r nty a c l i ve i t tc s The e i a c l i ve i t s
r s ppa e l hid nvol d n ha a e. r s hid nvol d n hi
c e. N o ne s a y a a vi tm . It nk he s i e ug tlngs t 1 d m e t
as
t ce s dl s
ci
hi
ad no h li hat e
o
be ivehe' notgoi t bea et sti t sc e i rily.
le
s
ng o
bl o i n hi as mpa ta l
Tra Tr 11 Thec tdia ee
i l . 8.
our s gr d:
Ive ha t opporu t t obs r M r Hal. He' ve y o n a
'
d he
t niy o e ve . l
s r pe bouthi a wer ,
s ns s

wan' h stn t b igu is swhe hefl s .J tl e(t r urr) An h
s t e ia t o rn p sue
n et o us i ohe j o s. d e
k
i c t d t the c d be f i a i ri l The onl t ng t te nt a l got
ndi a e ha
oul
ar nd mpa ta .
y hi ha ve u ly
c os t i wa whe he t r wasgoi t bet i s o t deah pe ly,whih
l e o t s t r he e
ng o he s ue f he t nat
c
ofc s hewilnotbei tuced,t de t pe t in' on t t bl i t c e,
our e
l
nsr t he a h naly s t he a e n he as
a s t t c er i no one. He s i he c n f l w i tu tons t t we'e
nd o ha onc n s t
ad
a olo nsr c i
ha
r
gé ng t gi li . And he wa ve y ce abou hi abiiy t be i
i o ve zm
s r lar
t s lt o
mpari i t
tal n he

c s . An a an h s d me n rj s bep k o g n ie s i t e wa h
ae
d g i i e a o u t s o e f e un ne s n h y e
r s nde
e po d.

TralTr 11
i . 9.
On die ta alt Cour ofAppeasofVigilac l d:
r c ppe , he
t
l
r ri onc ude

11

Du igvord r,o o t p tnil u o si dc td ta s eh dhe r ap ro
rn i ie ne f he o e ta j r r n iae h t h a ad es n
dic s t ca e a tr ha ng r d a ne pa r a tcl The pe s n sa e t t
s us he s fe vi ea
ws pe ri e.
r o t t d ha

a p l n h dS adta h h df l dse p ce . Th j r re p an ds ewo k d
p el t a t i h t e a et ir s e td' e u o x lie h r e
a
s
'
a t De rme of Core tons a t t s ofe he r pe pl compl i ng
t he pa t nt
rci
nd ha he tn a d o e
ani

a o th vn fldsepetd Th jr ra k o e j dt sae n g v h ra
b u a ig et irs ce . e u o c n wld e he ttme t a e e
G
l tve i es i 'of a la but as e
negai mpr son'
ppe lnt
lo mpha l e t ts E oul be f i
sz d ha he G d
c
ar
a i ri .' She i caed s co d putasde wha s hea d,consde 1
nd mpa tal'
ndi t he ul
i
t he r
i r he
e de epr e e a ti l a f l t i t ci nsoft c t Theti c t
vi nc es nt d t ra, nd olow he nsnz to
he our.
ral our

d ne a p la tsrq s t srk t ejlo frc u e
e id p eln ' e uet o tie h trr o a s .
An t r t o it me t ec u t h tafmi me e wa t evci i
ohe jl r abr d h o r t a n l mb r s h itm n
r
y
a i c ntlbe te ca e i whih s nt nci was silpe ng i Roc ng m
n nde e i ris s n
c e e ng
tl ndi n
ki ha

Co n y Th j rsae ta h c ud rman f i a d ç bs l tl 'j g t e
u t . e mo ttd h t e o l e i ar n G o uey' ud e h
a
wine s s t tm o i
t s e ' esi ny mpm i ly. He alo co i
al
s
nfnned he c d f l t
oul olow he

isnlto so te c ur. Th tilc u tf u d t a tej rrsç me n rj s
n t cin f h o t e ra o r o n h t h u o ' û a o u t
de
be po ofge ne s i t wa he r s
s ke
nui nes n he y
e ponde 'a de e a la ' r que t
d' nd ni d ppe lnts e s

t srk t ej r rf rc u e
o tie h u o o a s .
Boh p o p ciej r r id c tdt e c ud rn e av r itb sd s ll
t r s e tv u o s n iae h y o l e d r ed c a e oey

o telw a d t e d n e i te cs. Th y a e uaey d mo srtd te
n h a n he vie c n h ae e d q tl e ntae h y

coul f il r vi w t e de e a ma a i pa ta de i n. A c or ng y,
d ary e e he vi nc nd ke n m ri l mso
c di l

we fnd no e ori t tilc u tsrf s lt sr e te p os e tv j r f r
i
n n he ra o r' e u a o ti h r p cie mo s o
k
c u e Th til c u t o e v d te jlo s e lae t i r s ns s a d
a s . e ra o r bsr e h t r, vau td her e po e , n
r
de e m i d t t t y c d f il ty t i s s pr e e
t r ne ha he oul ary r he s ue es nt d. Ba e o otr
sd n l
exn nai oft r cor wefnd t tt sde e m i to wasnotpli y m o
mi ton he e d, i ha hi t r na in
anl
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t se t h t 1 h u o mpo e y h p rme t f re to s s a e
z

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e a s f e l aie mprs in' f t e adng h û se pe td ttme t'( ) he u o
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z
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a ys cfca to b tepo e uinta rs l d i u o ba.Th rfr,h c u t ln t d rs tea io a
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de onsr t d i pled bi by c e r a c ncng e de e. Pli i s alegai ns a t
m ta e m i
as
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r c r d n tid c t a e e to a smain wh r t jlo smild t p ris o h d a
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iz s ul.
o he u o mp o e y h p rme t f re to s e pt G se p c'
d
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vi n mm dit ga i onnotton i he m i s a kno e d t tpeo e ofe f el
a i n r nd, he c wl dge ha
pl tn e

dsepe td a dd n tra ti çi n lwa s S eas a sre ta s ewo l j d ete c s
irs ce n o o e c n rmia y . h lo se td h t h ud u g h a e
i a t l b s d o t e e ie e p e e td Fo t ej r rh le i a s p rt ci na
mp ri l a e n h vd nc r s ne . r h u o wov d n e aae rmi l
ay
p o e d n ,h sae t a h c ud rman f i a d G b ouey'j d e te c s i a t ly.
r c e i g e ttd h t e o l e i ar n û s ltl' u g h a e mp ri l
a
a
1 rh r r,Fizs c s i n to el smia o r ltd t t e s n e cng t a te jlo wa
Fu temo e t ' a e s o v ry i lr r eae o h e tn i h t h t r s
r
i v le i- F t mu d rd a a uti go to c id e t ej rrsc s ivov das x a ci
n ov d n iz r ee n d l n n f h lrn;h u o ' a e n le e u l rme
agans a mi vitm .6 La ty at o g t ejlo me to d dfiut wi t d ahpe at,
i t
nor c i
sl, lh u h h t r nine ifc ly t he e t n ly
r
h
t is wa ir l va be a et de t pe t wasnotapos i lt i Fiz' ca e.
he sue s re e nt c us he a h naly
sbiiy n t s s

As f r t t r aleg i r ga di o r l medi s ns tona im, Fiz f is t
o he hid l aton e r ng ve al
a e a i ls
t al o

d mo srt t a t me i c vea e c u e t ej r r t h ve çuc fxe o n o ta t e
e n tae h t he da o rg a s d h u o s o a ç h i d piins h t h y
s
c udno j d ei a t l teg ito t d fn a t' M u' i,5 0U. a 43 . So jlo s
o l t u g mp ri l h ul f he ee d n .
ay
' M n 0 S. t 0 me t r
r
f ly a ted t he
u l dmit o adng orr a ng a
e di boutFiz' c i
t s rme. Ho ve ,t i e
we r her xposze wa r a i y
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lmie a dt eS p e Co r d e n tr q iej r r t bec mp eeyt wreo tefcso a
i td, n h u rme u t o s o e ur u o s o o ltl ma
fh at f
c s . Mu n v v. l rd , 21U. 7 4, 0 - ( 9 5 Ci aiidjlo sne d n tho v r be
a e r h F o ia 4
S. 9 8 0 01 1 7 ) ou lfe t r e o, we e,
r
ttly i r ntoft fcs a is i ve ' Furhemor t pa te a t c t
oal gno a
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6Thejlo as tl tec u th tato g h wo l b p ee ta tesne cn h aig h ddn t a
t r lo od h o r ta, l u h e ud e rsn t h e tn ig ern , e i o pln
r
h
onbei diecl i ve ort tf ng.
ng r ty nvol d esiyi

13

rpe tdy q e t n djlo so wheh rte c u dpu a iea y p ir e tr a k o e g a d
e ae l u si e t r n te h y o l t sd n ro , x en l n wld e n
o
r
r nde af i a i rilve di ba ed on t e de pr e t d i t ti l Th j r sae
e r ar nd mpa ta r ct s
he vi nce es n e n he ra . e mo s tt d

t a te c ud d s Fizh sas n tas re a y s e ik e ie e s o n t tt ej o s
h t h y o l o o. t a lo o se td n p cf vd nc h wig ha h m r
ha t nsi i ly fxe opi ons wli h i f t t hi c am . See Nike s n, 971 F. a
d mco tmtona l i d ni , lc s aal o s l i
c ro
2d t
11
35.

The e or Fiz ha notde onsr t d by c e z a co ncng e de t tt Cour of
r f e, t s
m ta e
l a nd nvi i vi nce ha he
t
Appe sofVigi a' decson wascon r r t ora t e ona e i e r tton of f de a lw,
al
r ni s ii
ta y o, n mr as bl ntp ea i
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ora uv ea ona e de e m i ton oft f t. ''e co twilgr ntt m o i n t dimis a t
n
s bl t r na i
he acs Ih ur l a he to o s s s o
Cl m 1
ai .
2. C l m I :Confi tofI er s
ai I
c
nt e t

I Cli 1,Fiz a r t tt Cour ofAppe s ofVigi a e e whe i afimed t
n a m I t ve s ha he
t
al
r ni n'd
n t fr
he
ti lco tsde son t r m o Gr vesasc
ra ur' cii o e ve a
ouns ld t a c lc ofi e e t Fiz a gue t t
e ue o onfit nt r s . t r s ha
a ntng c c
ppoi i
o- ouns l c d ha c e a pot i c lc be us t smula
e oul
ve ur d ny
ental onfit ca e he i t neous
r pr s nt ton o y e se f tu'e days and Gr ves had t r pr e a i of t pot nta
e e e a i nl xit d or l e
,
a
he e es nt ton
he e il
wines Ghnztupo 'M m . The Cour ofAppe sofVigi a f md t tt ti c tdi not
t sû s
t
n'
t
al
r ni ot ha he ral our d

a u eisds rto wh n irj ce Fizswav ro t c n lc a r mo e Grve :
b s t icein e t ee td t ' ie f he o fit nd e v d a s
W he t Commo alh la e t t a lants oi na c e, Aaon
n he
nwe t e nad ha ppel ' rgi l ouns l r
Gr ve , wa smula
a s
s i t neousy r pr e i a i or a t t Co m o a1h
l e es ntng n nf m n he m nwe t
plnned t c l a a wines a i ta la ,t Commonwe t fl d a m o i
a
o al s
t s gans ppel nt he
a1h ie
ton
t de e mi i a c lc e se Afe he rng a gl e of c ms l t ti l
o t r ne f onfi t xit d. tr a i r lm nt
ot e , he ra
c t c l d t confit c d onl be r s ve by r le ng a la '
our oncude he
lc oul
y
e ol d
ei vi ppe lnts
c
ouns la a ntng ne c ms l
e nd ppoi i
w ot e .

f ra c t mus be al d s tnta ltmde i rf sng
' il ours
U
t
lowe ubsa il ai
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onfit ofi e e tno onl i t e r e ca e wher
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ta e f e ral
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ommon c s s whe e : potnta f c M ite ss whi h m a or
ae
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y
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y t r on n o n c ua onfi t
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Thi sa r g ve ti l c t br
s t nda d i s ra ours oad ltt
a iude be a e t
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14

c i i l til . l ne es a iy f l
rm na ra s t c s rl olows t tt til co tha a
ha he ra ur s
lni oblgai t f es pr e s ove rpr e ai n t t
l que i ton o or ee obl m
r e es nt to ha
m i a iea ti a hea t m of be or ha
ght rs t ral nd d he
f f e nd.
Appe lt c t m a r l he viy o a ti lc tsi tnc
la e ours y ey a l n ra our' nsi t

a d j g n b s d o e p re c i mn ig is d cso I
n ud me t a e n x ein e n kn t e iin. t
s dbeno s prs ,t n,t tdif r ntti lc ursf c wih t
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ur ie he ha fe e ra o t a ed t he
sm ia c r lmsa swo d r ac oppost c l i wih e l
i l r icl tnce ul e h
ie oncusons t qua

j siiain b t t a d e n t me n ta o c n l so wa
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G iht'a t o he ç o ' The e l ton of t f c s a
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t

lf p i rl t t e if r dj g n o t tilc u t W he
et rmai o h n o me ud me t f he ra o r.
y
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e s na l u it o d ia re he ra o r' ui ho l
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ohns v.Comm onwe 1h,50 Va App.600,605- 65 S. 2d 1 1 59
on
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I t sc s,t tilc u t r sil rj ce a p la tswav ro te
n hi a e he ra o r pemisb y ee td p eln ' ie f h
ù lc of i e e ta r le d hi c ms l The til c rtdi not a e is
onfit nt r s nd ei ve s ot e .
ra ou
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bus t
dic e i i diquaiy ng Gr ve .
s r ton n s lf i
a s
Fiz v.Comm onwe 1h,No.0770- 5- si op.a 3. The c ta e wih t sae co ts
t
at
1 3, lp
t
our gr es t he t t ur '

de ii n.
c so
l de ng Fiz' a al t Cour ofAppe l o Vigila cos y ta ked t snnda d
n nyi
t s ppe , he
t
a s f r ri l el r c
he t r
t tt Su e e Com' oft Unied Stt s has s toutf a t ne c lc s ofi e es. Se
ha he pr m
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ae
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or tor y onfit
nt r t e

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et
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t e lo d
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u tnil ai e n e u i g ie s f o fit f n ee t). s , h u t rui s
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pr vi l nled t tt diti tc thasG ufk i nty br d dic e i t r e wihoutf rt t
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û t e l oa s r ton o ul t
s
ea ha
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t s e tng tel
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f t s i s he
de e nts c e lwye ,o o i fe tve- s it nc g ounds i i pe mis co c -nf t d
f nda ' hos n a r r n ne f c i a ssa e r
f t r t nqiti ece

r p e e tto o t ed fn a t' Untd S ae v. ila , 1F.d 1 21 1 2 (t Ci. 9 6 .
e rs n ain f h e e d n . ie tts W l ms 8 3 3 , 3 4 4h r 1 9 )
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i
Ast Fiz' frtaleg to e n t
o t s s l a i n, ve hough t smula ousr pr e ai wa lmied, he
he i tne
e es nt ton s i t t

po e i lco lc o i e es wa s ro be us t r pr e e wines was a s t Fiz.
t nta ntit f nt r t s e i us ca e he e es nt d t s
dvere o t

Se L sa 1 2 - 5 (fimi d s uaiiain o d fn a ts atm e be a e h wo l h ve
e d t 3 4 2 a fr ng iq l c to f ee d n ' to y c us e u d a
x
f
be nr q ie t co se a n afr rcin) Th rf r ,hecrui c u t swelwihn is
e e ur d o r s -x mie o me le t. eeo e t ic t o r wa l t i t

sgnik a dic ei whe i diqua ii d Gr ve .
i l nt s r ton
n t s lfe a s
Sec nd,Fiz a s rst tt c lc a is f lswihi a na r e pto t t t
o
t s e t ha he onfit t s ue al t n
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pot t 't e kno a t i hnltupon' docrne. The hotpo a o r e G sba e on t noton
ao' '
ul
wn s he l s
t
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t ta lwye s d notbea l d t pr fom ac lc ofhi own m adng. Fl n: JI v.
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pplc ton , e a a r n
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our l '
a
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he to o s s s o am I
3. Cl i 1 1 Suf i i nc o t Evi
a m 1 : f c e y f he dence

I Cl m 11 Fiz as e t t tt Cour ofAppeas ofVigiaa er d whe i f md t
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17

co mison ofa mtr . Fiz a lges t the ac e i s l- e e be aus he pa c a tr
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Tlr rt e t ne hi .
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c n nain a d s o t e v ci wi u j tfc to Th Co n at s
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c u tsa j d c to wa no c n rr t ,o a u ra o a e a lc to o ,ce ry etb ihe
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19

M sde e e pr ve t d hi 9o pr ry r ii t cam q o t tt alge c nsi i l
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C oncl i
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Fo t r a o sae t c r wilwa t mo i t d s s .Thepe ii i pa tal
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Se orUnie Stt sDikitJ ge
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20