Howard v. Stidham et al

Filing 40

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 2/26/2019. (slt)

CL
ERKS OFFI U. , ST X URI
CE : DI ,
ATROANOC ,
VA

FL
I#D

I TH E UN I
N
TED STATES DI
STRI CO URT
CT
FOR TI W ESTER N D I
IE
STRICT O F W R G I I
N A
R OA NO K E D IW SIO N

FEB 2' 2 1
: 28
JUL
BY I
:

DUD

o

é K
L

RO BER T PH V O AH H O W A RD ,A . . .
KA,

ABDULHAM ZA W ALIM UHAM M AD,

CASE NO. 18CV000
7:
68

Pl ntf ,
ai if
V.

M EM O RAN DUM O PINION

D.STI
DHAV c & ,

.

By: H on.G l E.Conrad
en
Seni U nied St es Di ri Judge
or t
at
st ct

D ef
endant .
s

Ro r Ph r h Ho a d, a s kno n as A bd - a a W al M u m m ad, a V igi a
be t a oa
w r lo
w
ulH mz
i ha
r'ni

i t pr e ng pr K,fldt scvi rghsa tonpurua t 42 U. C.j1 3 Ho r s
nmae oc edi o le hi i l i t ci
s nt o
S.
98 wad'
c m pl nt a l s t a va i prs n o fci l f ie t pr t c hi f om bei a t c d by
o ai lege h t rous i o f i a s a l d o o e t m r
ng ta ke
a ot e i a e or us d e e sve f c a i t hi . A fe r vi w of t r c d,t c t
n h r nm t
e xc s i or e ga ns m
tr e e
he e or he our
c l st a t d f nda s dipostve m o i m u tbe g a e i pa ta de e i pa t
onc ude h t he e e nt ' s ii
tons s
r nt d n r nd ni d n r.
1.BACKGROUND.

A . Pl ntf Evi nce and Cl m s.
ai ifs de
ai

I 201 Ho r wa c ûne a Re Oni Sae Prs n (t d Onin' hou e i a
n 7, wad s on d t d on tt io (
Re
o ), s d n
si e cel.1 O n A pr110,2017,he and i at Tannert d Couns or St l d and Uni M anager
ngl l
i
nm e
ol
el alar
t

Swi y t tt y we e no c mpa i ec 1pa t r,andt a Ta rwa a k
ne ha he r t o tbl 81 rne s
h t nne s nown mur r rwho
de e
w as s ed t be i a cel w ih a bl prs
car o
n
l t
ack ioner who w as vul abl t s
ner e o exual as aul, lke
s t i

Ho r Se M o .
Wa d. e t Am. ECF N o.10;D ecl Ex.2- 5- ECF N o.1
2,
.
3, 6,
9-1. N everhel ,St l d
t ess alar
.

<sgne of on H o a d a d Ta r oc u ng a do e c lt t er cel D- i t ge r
'i d f'
w r n
nne c pyi
ubl el oge h -- l 3 n he ne al

po a in a e Howa d pr e t c e o ofen rr q s f r he fld on Aprl1 201
pulto r a.
r es n s opis f f de e ue t o ms ie
i 0, 7,
addr sed t A sss ant W ar A rrp, Sw i
es
o
it
den ti
ney, and St l d. Thes f m s com pl ned t
alar
e or
ai
hat
1 Thi s ay ofHowar se de e i tke fom hi veiid c pl nt moton t a e verfed
s umm r
d' vi nc s a n r
s rfe om ai ,
i o m nd, i
de lrtonandrs et t moto t dimis andt d ume t atc d t hi pla n a i or r td b
caai
e pons o he in o s s,
he oc n s ta he o s e digs nd nc po ae y
rf rnc ECF Nos 1,1 a 1
e ee e,
. 0, nd 9.
5

RK
z x
'' x

w

Howa d a Ta ne ha be t l t t i t y di nota e t be c l pa t r ,t y w oul be
r nd n r d en o d ha f he d
gr e o
e l rne s he
d
r t ned t l ng-e m s g e to t a t y ha a ke no t be pl c d i a c l t e he ;t t
e ur
o o t r e r ga i n; h t he d s d t o
a e n e l og t r ha
t y ha ha ve ba diput s a t tH o a d f a ed Ta rw oul ty t ha m hi . How a d
he d d r l s e ; nd ha w r e r
nne
dr o r m
r
a s pr s nt an of e de r q tf nu w a ni t e t r e of i e s t the ne de t be m o d
lo e e s
f n r e ues o
r ng hes h e fc r ha
e d o
ve
outèft ce lw ih Ta ne orTa rm i tkilhi i hi see
he l t n r
nne gh l m n s l p.
On June 4,2017,How ar w as dow nl ng som e m usi ont hi m usi devi when
d
oadi
c o s
c
ce,

Tan rj do hi ba kfom 'e nd, a hi amsa lgsaou Howad,a sab d
ne umpe n s c r b hi wrpped s r nd e r nd
r nd t be
hi t e tm e i t ne k. O fk e D .Std m i t c r b00 h lr a s t fom t $.
m hr e i s n he c
f r
i ha n he ontol t ed ho r he $
40
c i rl unc ras a trfe ' s rki H o a d i t ç i ti e t g c l m us l a e ,c usng
albe a he s ul il ,' t i ng w r n he ç gh nn r hi h/ a f c e r a a i
r
a4h s
t lbbi a t mptby' Ta ne . Com pl 4,ECF N o.1 A foo ofi e h d ale y s a d
ng te
' n r
.
. l r tc r a r ad pr ye
H ow ar t ce i t f w ih Gpepper s ay.' I ;Decl 4,ECF N o. 1 On Ta
d wi n he ace t G
pr ' d.
.
9.
nner' ffh
s it
s abbi atempt hi knie br
t ng t , s f oke. H ow ar t hi t t t and m anaged t hol hi of
d ook m o he loor
o d m f
untloficer cont ned t st i
i t s
ai he iuaton.

Afe t si d ntHowadrc i dme c te t ntf hi ij isa waspl edi
tr hi ncie ,
r e eve dialrame or s nure nd
ac n
a dici i y s egaton cel. H e was char w ih a di ci i y i r i f lghtng. The
s plnar egr i
l
ged t
s plnar nf acton or
i

ne t da a t r o fc r vi we t e s ve la e vi e f a of Ta r s a t c S i y
x y, fe f i e s e d h ur il nc d o oot ge
nne ' ta k, w nç
di m is d t fg i c r a i tH o a d,w ho r t r d t hi ho i u t a hi prs
s s e he i htng ha ge ga ns w r
e u ne o s usng ni . nd s ion

j b. Ta rrc ved a dici i r c r e o atmptd mure . Ta nert d Howar t t
o
nne e ei
s plnay ha g f te e
d r n ol
d ha
S he ha or r d hi t Gkilt td i rM u mma he an' not ng bu a c l mol tng
wi y d de e m o s l ha N gge
ha
d
i t hi
t hid esi
ba y r pe .' Com pl 5,
b a r''
. ECF N o.1
.

Ho r ha $ 4i hd e hol i ( s ne kwhihwa ble ngas tede p lceai
wad d ( nc e p e n hil c
à
c s e di lo h e a rton

t (ilrg tin rtihc l ae . I . Th ij r o Ho r s1g b c meifce . Hewa
o hs ih n e hg /af ra' d e nu y n wad' e e a n etd
'
s

2

I
l
1
'

;j
'

t

.

l
;
'

:1
I
1
(

m o ld t t e med c luni a te t w ih a i otc . The w o l heal but H ow ar has a
ke o h
ia
t nd r a ed t ntbi i s
uid
ed,
d

j'J
.'
!
'

jsm tj jwj ut.u.aty.
. w y de
j

C p a ntkeoi frlf
s
pe ne l d o ie
! I

Ho r fldagiv n ec mpann ta Sih m h dviltdp i yb so tn hm
wad ie re ac o liig h t td a a oae oi y h oig i
c
i t 1g w he he was no t a gr s or i t a t r a i n. A rrp f nd t gr e nce t be
n he e
n
t he g e s n he le c to
ti ou he i va
o
unf unde a d i t s c l ve a pea , i lAdm i s r t El m u l t tfndi
ö
d, n n he e ond e l p l Reg ona
nit a or a phe d ha i ng.

Li rly c tui Ho r s j1 3 c mpl n asa n d,ECF Nos 1a 1 he
beal onsr ng wad' 98 o ait me de
. nd 0,

camst t ( )S ne a Stladasine hi t beTa e ' c l t a trbeng if me
li ha: 1 wi y nd alr sg d m o
nn rs elmae fe i nor d
t tTa ne posd a d nge t Howad,a Arrp a Elm fie t fx t spr e (
ha n r e
a fo
r nd ti nd a ald o i hi oblm; 2)
Stdh m us d e e s ve f r e ag ns How a d, a Sw i y, Fa ni Arrp, a El m
i a
e xc s i o c
ai t
r nd
ne
n n, ti nd a

ç ons re t i efr wih' Howad' cvi rg str ugh t i us o f c polce a
E pild) o ntree t '
c
r s i l iht h o
her e f ore iis nd
i de t tani a s pe vson;a ()Fa n f ld t co tapr pe i si ton.
na quae ri ng nd u r ii nd 3 nni aie o nduc
o r nvetgai
Com pl 8-1 ECF N o.1;M ot A m .1,ECF N o.l0.
. 0,
.

B. D e e a s Evi e e.
f nd nt ' d nc
I Aprl 201 H o a d a Ta ne we e r a t a nc f om l g-e m s g e t d
n
i
7, w r nd n r r e dy o dva e r
on t r e r ga e
confnem entt phas 1 oft segr i s e dow n pr am atRed Oni See M em .Supp.
i
ou e 1 he
egaton t p
ogr
on.

Mo .Su J Ex. S ne Af !4, No.2 3.l Phas 1,e c ofnde i a sg dt
t mm. . 3, wi y f ECF
4- n e I a h fe r s sine o
lve i a doubl cel w ih anot of ender. I
i n
e l t
her f
d.

( o fcltt t prc s on ac s bycaeba i,( n y)a ot ra lbl
T) a iiae he o es,
ae
s ss Swie nd he vaia e
saf ,such ast assgned couns or ...bri each elgi e ofender i o t pod
tf
he i
el
ng
i bl f
nt he
a è t di c s t ta ii t a dou e c l At t s tm e,t ofe r m a
r a o s us he r nston o
bl el.
hi i
he f nde
y

s es ac l t ( ne c ie l)teofe e ' i a a s si a
ugg t elmae. Swi y) onsd rs h fnd rs de s nd uggetons nd
c kl)t c mpai lt o poe ilc lmaesi l i f t ss h ast i
hec s he o tbiiy f tnta el t ncudng acor uc
her
age,hei ,wei ,crm i of e
ght
ght i nal f nsesand gang afii i .
flatons

1 Bef e H ow ar and Tannerwer celed t her Sw i y and St l d m etwih each oft
d. or
d
e l oget , ne
alar
t
he

i a e i ki ua l o Apr l20, 7. Sw i y s a e ,$ h Ta ra Howar i c t d t t
nm t s ndi d ly n
i
201
ne t t s $
80t nne nd
d ndi a e ha
t y h n pr e s w ih t o he a t a t y c d lve t e he i t s m e c l Bot
he ad o obl m
t he t r nd h t he oul i og t r n he a
el.
h

ofe r sg d(1c la sgnme ta e me t ...Atn tme di Howado Ta ne saet t
fndes ine a el si n gre n.
oi , d
r r n r tt ha
t ydi no wa t beasi e t t smec l. 1 a !5.Stladsae t thec
he d t nt o
sgn d o he a el' d. t
'
alr tts ha onduce a
td
c m pa i lt c ec on t t o i a e a f
o tbiiy h k
he w nm t s nd ound no c l c s The c l as i nm e a e m e
onti t .
e l s g nt gr e nt

tatHo r sgne sae df si a a knowldge ntt t1 Ofe r( wadq fel1c n
h
wad i d ttd: shi s n c
e me ha , fnde Ho r , e a

lve' t Ofen r( nneja DO NOT fa f my lf beng ho e i t sme c l wih
i wih f de Ta r nd
e r or ie i us d n he a el t
hi i Gener Popul i ' I at Encl A . Tanner si
m n
al
aton.' d.
.
gned a si iar agr ent Bot t
ml
eem .
h he

a e me swe e as sgne by S alr a Swi y aswine s s who de t tt y pr s ur d
gr e nt r lo i d
t la d nd ne
t se,
ny ha he e s e
orcoerced t i at t s e a cel.
he nm es o har
l

Boh Swi y a St lr ha o fc se sl a c s i et Ho d a Ta rdu i t
t
ne nd ala d d fi e a iy c e sbl o war nd nne rng he
t hou s t y s nd o sde t i ge r l po a i ce l e c da f r r c e ton a
wo
r he pe
ut i he r ne a pul ton l a h y o e r a i
nd
pr gr m m i Bo h ofi e ss a e t tne t rH o d norTa rc m pl i d t t m a
o a ng. t fc r t t ha ihe war
nne o a ne o he boutt
he
c lm a e a s g e o i c t t t t t i a es d d no wa t lve t e her Sw i y
e l t s i nm nt r ndi a ed ha he wo nm t i t nt o i og t .
ne
de e t the t d Ta rt a s ul H o a d orr f re t Howa d i a de oga or m a e .
ni s ha
ol pne o s a t w r
e er d o
r n
r t y nn r
On J 4,2017,at appr m a el 8: a. . Ofi Stdha was w or ng i t 1 2
une
oxi t y 54 m , fcer i m
ki n he 7

r ly r d
gu
npos whe s w in s d ,t a t r a i n be wee Ta ra H o a d. She ve ba l w a ne
t n he t is e he le c to t n nne nd w r
t o f nde s t s o fg i g. W he t y f l d t do s Stdha a tva e a wa ni b z r
he f e r .o t p i htn
n he aie o
o, i m c i t d
r ng uz e .
The i at contnued fghtng, Stdham di s one OC r
nm es
i
i i
r
he
i e
i
sper ed
ound2 fom t 40M M sngl

l unc r a t i a es l e e r m ii s Stl,t i m a e c tnu d s r gglng w ih e c
a he t he nm t ' ow r xte te . il he n t s on i e t u i
t ah
ot y . Std m g ve a he ve ba w a ni , w ih no r s e fom t e i a e , a t n
hr
i ha a not r r l r ng t
e pons r
h nm t s nd he
d s r e a s c nd OC r d fom t 40 M sngl l unc r ( r c e a t o f nde s l w e
i pe s d e o
oun r he M
i e a he , C e t d t he f e r ' o r
di

e rmiis' M e Su MotSu J Ex. Stdha Af. 4,ECFNo.242.A K- ofie
xte te . m. pp. . mm. . 2, i m f !
'
9 fc r
2 Thesl tmc rf re t heea G 'sac m iala ntsm ia t wha i c monl knowna pe r
tbse e e erd o r s K i he c ge i lr o t s om
OC'
y
s ppe

s ryo ma ea diiae. p ro se e,hot a dn s.S e ec, àkv S ilt. 5 F.d2 3 8 9(t Ci,
pa r c n n ttsa esn' y s tr a, n o e e , ..P r . hfet2 0 3 4 , 4 4h r
2 01 (eciigtep ysoo ia efcso OC s ry .
0 )d srbn h h ilgc l fet f pa )
4

al ent ed t pod a t spoi and a oached t t i i at .3 Tannerand H ow ar t
so er he
t hi nt
ppr
he ightng nm es
d hen

s pa a ed a c m ple w ih o f c r 'or r by l n do n o t too .
e r t nd o i d t f i e s de s yi g w n he l r
A fe t e at r a i n be wee H o a d a Ta eron J 4, 7, nur e who e m i d
t r h le c to t n w r nd nn
une 201 a s
xa ne
H ow ar obs ved a s al scr ch on t back of hi neck w ih no bl ng and an ar on hi
d er
m l at
he
s
t
eedi
ea
s

r g c l w he e t s n w a b oke Th n s cl a d bo h a e s a a i d t i e a i o i
i ht a f
r he ki s r n. e ur e e ne t r a nd pple rpl ntbi tc
i
oi m ent A doct checked Howar s w ounds on J 7, 2017, and not t bot w er
nt
.
or
d'
une
ed hat h
e
.

he i
alng. Se r l da l t r a i e ton d vel pe i t e c f w o
ve a ys a e , n nf c i e o d n h al und, f w hi h H owa d
or
c
r
r c ve a i o i m e c to wound c r i t m e c u tf rt e d ys a f l w u ca e
e ei d ntbi tc di a i n,
a e n he di al ni o hr e a , nd olo p r
f t m or w eeks.
or wo
e
C. Pendi M otons
ng
i

D e e n sA rrp, nni a El m ha fl d a m oton t dim is Def nda s Sw i y
f nda t ti Fa n, nd a
ve ie
i o s s . e nt
ne

a Stlad h ve fld a moto f s
nd alr a ie
in or ummay j me . Ho r ha rs nde t t
r udg nt4 wad s epo d o he
de e nt 'm o i ns m a ng t m rpef rdiposton.
f nda s to , ki he i o s ii
1 DI
1. SCUSSI
ON

A . St
andar ofRe ew
ds
vi
A m oton t di is t t t l s fci
i o sm s ess he egal ufi ency of a com pl nt See,e. ,Bel At.Com .
ai .
g. l l

v.Two y,553U. 54 55363 ( ) d-j c antmus bedimisd i i doe not
mbl
S. 4, - 2007 . Glhe ompli
lt s se f t s
a lge e ugh f c st sa e a cl i t r i ft ti pl usbl on isf e ' G i r a a v.J on.
le no
a t o tt
a m o ele ha s a i e t ac . a r t no ohns
'

5 ' 3d298 302( hCi. 08)(nenalq ain maksa ciai omit ) I c uci
21F.
, 4t r20 itr uotto r nd tton ted . n ond tng
is r vi w ,a c r m us vi w t f c s i t lgh m os f vor bl t t pl i tf ,butS e no
t e e
ou t t e he a t n he i t t a a e o he a n if
t d t
ne
3 TheK- o fc rsa r c a a si tevie f t es bm itdi s por oft dee nt'm oin.
9 fie ' pp oa h ppe r n h d o ooag u te n up t he fnda s to

4 Ho r ' s-aldmoinfrsmmayj d me tmo e fraj d me th tHo r wa n t hig
wads oc l
e to o u r u g n v s o u g n ta wad s o Gg t
n
vol trl wih Ta rwhe Std m fr d te OC r ndsa hi . Se P1' M o .Sum m.J,ECF N o.27. Thi
una iy t nne
n iha ie h
ou
t m
e .s t
.
s

is i n tasp rt cam o whc Ho r c udb e t ldt s mmayjd me tn ri iamaeil lme to
sue s o e aae li n ih wad o l e nie o u r u g n, o st tra ee n f
t
hi Eiht . m e
s g h A ndme cl m s M or o ,t pa te do notdia e o t spoi . Ac di y,t c ur w il
nt ai .
e ver he ris
sgr e n hi nt cor ngl he o t l

d n t i moi n b t l c sd r h p e dn ' c n e t a d atc e e h bt a p r o Ho r ' rs o et t e
e y t s to , u wi on i e t e la ig s o tn s n t h d x i i s a t f wa d s e p ns o h
z
l
a
s
dee nt'motons
fnda s
i .

'

a c pta tueun ra td i ee e ,une ona ec l i ,oragu nt.' 1 (nena
c e s r warne nfrnc s ras bl oncusons r me s' d. itr l
q ai maksa cttonomitd) Elée lc ncuso ,elme so aca eofa to a
uoston r nd iai
te . El ga o l ins e nt f us
cin, nd

b r as rin d v i o f rh rfcu l n a c me t aloc nttt wel ldf cs' o v r
ae set s e oé f u te a ta e h n e n fit o siue l- e a t'h we e,
o
p
and t need not be t
hus,
aken as t ue. Nem e chevr et Lt V .Conw m er f rscom .l .591
r
t
ol . d.
af ai .
nc.

F. 250, 5( hCi. 09 .
3d 25 4t r 20 )
Ar a r ofsmmayj
ï wad u r udgme i a oprae (f4 mo nts
nt s ppr it d he va howst tt r i no
i
ha hee s
g nui dipuea t a y maeilfc a te mova ti e ild t j gme a amatrof
e ne s t s o n tra a t nd h
n s ntte o ud nt s
te
lw- Fe R.Ci P.56() Fora pat se d cet riea ge uie is o mae ilfc
a ' d.
'
v.
a.
ry' vien o as
n n sue f tra a t

sfiin t a od s mmayj d me t i mu tb E u h ta ara o a l j r c ud rtr a
u f e t o v i u r u g n, t s e E c h t e s n b e u y o l eun
c
s
veditfrt no movi pat ' Andes n v.Li ryLobby.I ,47 U. 242,248( 98 .
r c o he n- ng ry.
'
ro
bet
nc. 7 S.
1 6)
l m aki t s det m i i St cour i r r t vi t f s and dr r onabl
n
ng hi
er naton, she
t s eqùied o ew he act
aw eas
e

i e e e i a lg m os f vor bl t t e no ovi pa t ' Sha v.Stoud,1 F. d 791 798
nf r nc s n i ht t a a e o h nm ng r y.
' w
r
3 3
,

(t Ci.1 4)
4h r 99 .
B. Faiur t Pr ect
l e o ot .
The Ei h A m e ents pr bii agai t cr and unusualpuni ent i poses on
ght
ndm ' ohi ton
ns uel
shm
m

prs n of as a ço i ti t tke ras bl me s rs t gu rnte i t s ft '
io fkil n çblgalon) o a e ona e a ue o aa e nmae aey,
'
s ci a l t o pr t c pr s r f o vi e e a t ha of o he pr s r . M a s iv.
pe ic ly, d o e t i one s r m olnc t he nds
t
t r ione s'
' kde s

Fi ds 789F. 1 1 2 ( hCi. 5 .A p ione algi t tprs nof il ha fie t
el ,
3d 26, 3 4t r201 ) rs r le ng ha io fcas ve ald o

k e hm ra o a f sf fo a oh r imae mu t s o ta () o j ciey,h wa
e p i e s n bl ae r m n t e n t s h w h t i b etv l e s
ic reae u d rc n io sp sn as b tnil iko sro sh l a d (i s b etv l,h
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6

(nfito o punihme - Fame v.Brnna 51 U. 8 838 (994 . Spe ii ly,Ehe
s lcin f s nt' r r
i
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e n, 1 S. 25,
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ctcal t
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rs ofs rousha m e ss a d he m us a s dr w t i e e ek l a 8
ik e i
r xit , n
t l o a he nf r nc ' d. t 37.
'

The c tfndsmae ilfcsi dipuet tprcl s
our
tra a t n s t ha e ude ummayj dgme . Ho r s
r u nt wad'
evi
dence i t he and '
s hat
rannert d Swi and St l d on A prl10,2017,t t y di notwant
ol
ney
alar
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t b c l m a es Howa d fl r que tf ' sa r s t t s de e nt a d A s it tW a de
o e el t .
r led e s ol dd es ed o he e f nda s n
m
s san
r n
A rrp,gi ng r ons t he and Tanner wer not compatbl and as ng t
ti vi eas
hat
e
ie
ki hem t m ove hi
o
m

a a f om Ta r Howa d a s s ys he s f e a de p w ou t hi ne k f om Ta r s
w y t
nne .
r lo a
ufer d
e
nd o s c r
nne '
a t c Ta ng t e de e i t lg m os f vo a e t H owa d,t c tc ncl es t t a
ta k. ki he vi nc n he i ht t a r bl o
r he our o ud ha
r a o bl f c fnde c d be pe s de t a t s de e a s ln w b or J 4,201 t t
e s na e a t
r oul
r ua d h t he e f nd nt c e ef e une
7, ha
housng H ow ar i t s e cel wih Tanner posed an exces ve rik of s ous har t
i
d n he am
l t
si
s
eri
m o

Howa d, nd f l d t r s nd r a ona y t t tr s
r a aie o e po e s bl o ha i k.
The d f nda t ' e de e die ty dipu e H o a d' ac o . St la d a Sw i y
e e n s vi nc r c l s t s w r s c unt
a l r nd
ne
pr s ntt f nus t i a e s gn d a e i t b c lm a e a de y t tt y w e e c r e
e e he o
he nm t s i e gr e ng o e el t s nd n ha he
r oe c d
i o doi s The o ûc s alo sa e t tt y ne r r c i d a c m pl i t f om Ta r or
nt
ng o.
f er s t t ha he ve e e ve ny o a n s r
nne
H o a d a out be ng c l m a e , an t y pr s nt m e c l r c ds i c tng t t H o a d
w r b
i e l t s d he
ee
di a e or ndi a i ha
w r
s f r d onl a s a c t hi n k f o Ta r s a t m p o hi lf . Fr t s e de e a
uf e e
y cr t h o s ec r m nnç ' te t n s ie
om hi vi nc ,
r s bl f c snde c d de e m i t t t d f nda t di no know of or r s
ea ona e a t
r oul t r ne ha he e e n s d t
,
e pond
un e ona y t a e es i r s ofha m Ta ne pos d t H owa d a hi c l m a e.
r as bl o, ny xc sve ik
r
n r e o
r s s el t

Ba e ont maei diputsbewe nt pa te 'e d nce( tt dee nt kne
s d he tral s e t e he ris vie wha he' fnda s w

a d whe a t e e oft ij yTa rsatc c usd) t c twild y t pa te '
n
n nd he xtnt he nur nne ' ta k a e , he our l en he ris
moi f s
ton or ummayj
r udgme a t Ho r sEiht Ame ntcli a i tStlad a
nt s o wad' g h
ndme ams gans alr nd
Sw i y i t r i vi ca tes f f l e t pr ec hi f om Tanner The courtwilal
ne n hei ndi dual pacii or aiur o ot t m r
.
l so

d ny Arrp' m o i t dim is a t t c ai t t be or t e a s ul, Arrp kn w fom
e
ti s ton o s s s o he l m ha f e h s a t ti e r
HoFa d' i a e r que tt be move t tTa rpr s n e a rs ofha m a f ie t a l vi t
r s nm t e s o
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i.5
t
The court wil gr t m oton t dim i s as t Howar s cl m s t any of t
l ant he
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o
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s' i es
n' l
nves i i horcom ngs, or t ai ng or s vii
r ni
uper son

pr c i e by hi , ti orEl m pl ye a r e i c usnc t a l ge f iur t pr e tH o a d
a tc s
m Ar rp,
a a d ny ol n a i he le d a l e o ot c w r
f om Ta r N o o fc alc n be he d vi a i l la e f r a tons ofhi or he s or na e
r
nhe .
fii a
l c rousy i bl o c i
s
r ub di t s

und rt t oy o r oo a s ror l 'Thepl nifmus saefcss wi ta:()te
i he he r f es nde t upei . d.
aitf t tt a t ho ng h t 1 h
s
upervi kne t hi subor na es w er engaged i conduct t t pos a çpervasi ahd
sor w hat s
di t
e
n
ha
ed ç
ve

uneaona ers o c tt inalij /' ( t s r s ' rs et t skno e wa
r s bl ik f onsiuto nur ; 2) he upeviors epons o hi wldge s
s i ad qua e a t s w ç lbe a e i dif r nc or t ci g t rza i 'oft rs pr c i e ;
o n e t s o ho l i r t n f e e e a t u ho i ton' he iky a tc s
de

a ()t r wa a Gatr tvec us lnkb t e t spe vs rsi ci a t patc a
nd 3 hee s n tfsmai a ali ewe n he u r io ' naton nd he riulr

c ttton ij r 'hepli ifs frd.S w v. rud,1 F. 791 79 (t Ci.1 4)
onsiui alnuy't antf ufee ha Sto 3 3d , 9 4h r 99 .
H ow ar m akes no s show i A tt m os,he m akesconcl y as ertonsoff l e
d
uch
ng.
he
t
usor s i
aiur

t ta n orf iur t s r ie. To s r i a m oto t dim is t c m pl i tm us pr de m or
o ri
a l e o upe v s
u v ve
i n o s s , he o a n
t ovi
e
t n (l be s a c l i ' or t ke as e to de d of f t r f c ual e nc m e '
ha sa l nd onc usons' d d s r i ns voi
na
urhe a t
nha e nt'

As r tv.I l 556U. 6 678 ( ) Thec ur i ( tboundt a c ptastuealga
hcof gba,
S. 62, 2009 .
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no
o ce
r e l
c ncuson c uc d a a f cua ale ton. l. Ho r saes no f cs a
o l i o he s a t l lgai ' (
' l
a wa d t t
a t boutpror e n s
i ve t
puti t e def
tng hes
endant on notce t tpolci ,tai ng,orsupervi on w er det i r di
s
i ha i es r ni
si
e k ent egar ng

5 H o d c nnotpr va li a cl m a i s t de e a s i t i ofi i l c c te f r mone a y
war a
e i n ny ai ga n t he f nd nt n her fc a apa ii s o
tr

d ma e , e a s s c r l fi n t valb eu d rj 1 8 S eW i v. ih c nDe to SaeP lc , 9 U. 5
a g s b c u e u h ei s o a i l n e 9 3. e l M c i a o' f tt o ie 4 1 S. 8
e
a
l
( 9 9 .Th rfr,h cu t l gatted fn a t'moin a t s c cams Moe v r b cu eHo r i
1 2 ) eeoe te o r wi rn h ee d ns t s s o u h li . ro e, ea s wad s
l
o
n w k nf e a Waln Rig SaePrsn teed fn at hven atoi t ga t i teij n t erl fh
o o i d t l s d e tt io ,h s èe d ns a o uh ry o rn hm h nu ci ei e
n
e
t
v e
su h ata se o to tewetr rgo o Vigna S eRe d l nv. u e 5 9F.d 1 2 1 6(t Ci.
o g t rn fr u f h sen e in f rii. e n ema Ro s, 6 3 8 , 8 4h r
2 0 )(( s a g n rlrl,a p io e' ta se o rlae fo a p riua pio mo t hs cams fr
0 9 6A) e ea ue rs n rs rn fr r ee s rm
g
at lr rsn os i li o
c
ijn t e. .eif t rse tohsic reainteen.Th cu t lds s hscamsfrij n t erl f
nu ci . rl wi epc t i n acrt h r.) e o r wi imis i li o nu ci ei
v
e h
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v e
asmoot
.

8

c lm a e a sgnm e t . A c o di y,t c tw ilg a t e moto t di m is a t Ho a d'
el t si
ns
c r ngl he our l r nt h
in o s s s o w r s
a t mpt d s pe v s r la lt c a m son t s is sa i tA rrp, n n, nd El m .
te e u r i o y ibiiy l i
he e s ue ga ns ti Fa ni a
a
C. Excessve For
i
ce
The Ei h A m endm ent does not pr bi al a i tons of f ce or i lcton of pai
ght
ohi t l pplca i
or
nfi i
n

a i tprs r. Unied Sttsv.Gor 59 F. 48 494 ( h Ci.201 . tol y t
gans iones
t ae
e, 2 3d 9,
4t r 0) i nl he
g
unnecess y and w ant i lc i of pai ' rses t t l
ar
on nfiton
n' i
o he evel of a cons iutonal vi aton.
tt i
ol i

Whte v Ales 47 U. 31 ,31 ( 9 6 . I a ay ig a Eihh Ame d n cam o
ily . b r, 5 S. 2 9 1 8 ) n n lzn n g t
n me t li f
e si f c ,tec tco t a obe tvei r whehe Ghealge wr doi wa
xcé sve ore h our nducs n j ci nquiy- t r i le d ong ng s
t
.

.e

obe tvey hamf e ugh t etbls a c nsiuto lvi ai 'a a s j ci i uiy
jci l r ul no o sa ih o tt ina olton, nd ube tve nq r
'
whe he a s c fc pr s n o ic alS t d w ih a s f c e ty c pa e s a e ofm i ' H uds n v.
t r pe ii i o f i s e t ufi i n l ul bl t t
ac
nd.
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o

M c lin,50 U. 1 8( 99 .
Mila 3 S. , 1 2)

Th o j cie c mp n n f c s s o 'th n tr o te f re' whc mu t b
e be tv o o e t o u e n l e aue f h oc , ih s e
t
'
ç ti ar W iki v. dd 559U. 3 39( 0,a c nbeme b çhepanis l,' ve
E rvil' l ns Ga v,
non
'
S. 4, 201 ) nd a
tys
t i tef'e n
o

'

it prs rha no'nd i ij y. Wila v. qlmi 77F. 75 762( hCi.1 6)
f he ione s e urng nur ' lims Be a n, 3d 6, 4t r 99 .
'
l a esi t s jci c ne ,t c ur mus dee neS t rfr ewa a idi
n ddr sng he ube tve ompo nt he o t t tnui d he o c s pple n
whe
a g f t e f tt m ai a n o r s or dici i , o m a i i l a s s i ly t c us
pod-aih for o
nt i r e t e s plne r lc ousy nd aditca l o a e

ham. Huds n,50 U. a 5. Faco st c ur ma c i r i l ()t ne f
r '
'
o
3 S. t
tr he o t y ' de ncude 1 he ed or
ons

a iain o fr e ( t rlto hi bewe nt ne da t a
pplc to f o c ,2) he eains p t e he e nd he moun o f c t twa us d,
t f ore ha s e

()tee tn o teij r ,()tetra rao a l p rev db ters o sbeo fca b s d
3 h xe t f h n uy 4 h h e t e s n by ec ie y h ep n il fi il a e
o t fcsl
n he at c
nownt he,a ()a ef t ma t tmpe tesveiyofaf c f rs e.
o r nd 5 ny fors de o e r h e rt
öreul epons
W hil v, 475 U . a 321 W hie t e c ur m us a f d de e e t prs n a m i sr t r
te
S. t .
l h o t
t for f r nce o i o d nita o s'
Gdi r i 'r di necess y m eas est m ai ai securt t dicr i çdoes noti ul e
t sc eton' egar ng
ar
ur o nt n
iy, hat s eton t
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f o r vi w a tons t k n i ba f ih a f n l gii a e pur e ' l a 3
r m e e ci
a e n d a t nd or o e tm t
pos - d. t 22. l ( he
'
fs
t

9

e de e vi w e i t lgh m os f vor bl t t pl i if w ils ppor a r la e i e e e of
vi nc , e d n he i t t a a e o he a ntf , l u
t e i bl nf r nc
wan o s i t i l c i n ofpa n, a i pr e t a f t lis a t w he he t f c w a
t nne s n he nti to
i ' nd t es n s ac ua s ue s o
'
t r he or e s
non rvi l t c s m us g t t i l 1
t i a , he a e
t o o ra . d.
Ta ng t e e de e i t e lgh m os f vo ab e t How a d, t c r snds m a e i l
ki h vi nc n h i t
t a r l o
r he ou t
t ra
diput s off c o w hi h How a d m i tc nc a r a ona e f c fnde t tStd m ' a to
s e
at n
c
r gh onvi e e s bl a t i r ha i ha s c i n
w as nota good f t efor t r or or . H ow ar sevi
aih f t o est e der
d' dence i t he w as cl l t i a e
s hat
eary he nm t

b ng a t c d a r s
ei ta ke nd e pond d by tyi t c ntol notha m ,Ta r t tt s a ofOC s a
e
r ng o o r ,
r
nne ; ha wo pr ys
pr y
ha a r a b n a m i se e t t i m a e w he Std m unne e s rl fr d t a tona
d' le dy ee d nit r d o he n t s
n i ha
c s a iy e he ddii l

OC r ds a t tStdha ai d a Ho r te nona grsor wih moe t n nonrvil
oun ; nb ha i m me t wad, h
g e s , t r ha
ti a

fre c u ig asro sij r t hslg S ih m ma b a l t p ru d tefc fn e ta
o c , a sn e iu nu y o i e . td a
y e be o es a e h a t id r h t
w he s s w t i m a e s r gglng,s was n a e t d s i s t a r s f o t
n he a he n t s t u i he
ot bl o i tnguih he gg es or r m he
de e r t ts a t m p e ve ba o de s a a w a ni buz e b or frng,a t ts us d
f nde , ha he te t d r l r r nd
r ng z r ef e ii nd ha he e
he fr a' onl w ih t i e tt r s o e o de a no t ha m H o a d. The e d nc be or
r ie l
m
y t he nt n o e t r r r nd t o r
w r
vi e e f e

t c q h ve ,i l ng t f t ,doe no pr cl a fndi i Ho r s f vo on
he our owe r ncudi he ooage
s t e ude i ng n wa d' a r

e e svefr . Acc r ngl t c r wilde y s
xc si oce
odi y,he ou t l n ummayj
r udgme ta t hi e e svecam
n s o s xc si li
a i tStd m i he i vi ua c pa t .6
ga ns i ha n r ndi d l a ciy

Thec ur c n fndt tHowar ha sae a j1 3 cam a i tot rdee nt
o t a not l ha
d s ttd ny 98 li gans he fnda s
r l t d t Stdha ' us o t OC r unds H e c n buid c ai s t t s r s y ofi e s
e a e o i m s e f he
o
.
a not l l m ha upe vior fc r
i pl m e e f t polc e o us of f c , o po l t a ne or s pe v s d e pl e by
m e nt d auly i i s n e
or e r ory r i d
u r i e m oye s
m e e y sa i t tt y di s l ba .556 U . a 678 H i f c ua a l ga i ns a e bis
r l t tng ha he d o. g l
S. t . s a t l le to nd xhi t
sm pl do no s ppor a pl usbl c a m ofs r ior la l y f r S i m ' ac i . Sha ,l
i y
tu
t a i e li
upe v s y i bii o tdha s tons
t
w 3,

6Th maeil ip tsta p eld s
e tra ds ue h t rcu e ummayj d meto temei o tee c siefrecam aeas
r u g n n h rs f h x esv oc li r lo
t
ftlt ted fn a tsag me tfrsmmayj d me to tego n o q aiidi nt. S eBu n c r v.
aa o h ee d n' ru n o u r u g n n h ru d f u lfe mmu i e o o oe
y
Hars 6 F.d3 7 3 9(t Ci. 9 5 (odn ta wh nrs lto o q aie i nt q et na dc s i ef
ri, 5 3 4 , 5 4h r 1 9 ) h lig h t e eouin f u lid mmu i u si n me t l
f
y
o
s
b t d p n u o ad tr nto o wh t cu l h p e e , u r jd me t ngo n go q aiidi nt
oh e e d p n eemiain f a atal a p n d s mmay u g n o ru d f u l e mmu i
y
f
y
in t rp r.
s o po e)
10

F. d a 799. A t t m os, he de onsr t t t i r s e t hi gre nc a a s a t
3 t
he
t
m ta es ha n e pons o s i va e ppe l bou
S i m ' a to ,A rrp a d El di no r a h t e out om e he de ie The e a t r t f c
tdha s c i ns ti n am d t e c h
c
sr d.
s fe -he-a t
r i plye no r e ho e r i t ale d c tt to vi a i - stdha ' us of
ulngs a d
ol , w ve , n he l ge ons iu i nal ol ton
i m s e
excessi f ce.
ve or

Howa d' a l g tons ofco pia y m us alo b di m is d. S a i a c pia y c a m
r s le a i
ns r c
t s e s se
t tng ons r c l i
r quie a l a i ns o f c s t t i pr ve r a o y l a t t i e e e t t p o t d
e r s leg to
f a t ha , f o n, e s nabl e d o he nf r nc ha up r e

c n prtr s ae t esme o jciet ty t t c o l h a c mmo a d u lwf lpa 't
o s iao s h rd h a be tv o r o s c mpi
a
s o n n na u ln' o
vi aet pli ifsfd r lrghs Hi ev.Ciy o Clr b 81F. 41 421(t Ci.
olt he antf e e a i t. nkl
t f aksum,
3d 6,
4h r

1 6) dlla s c ain a d c ne t e'orc ncl or lbei oft dee ns a tonsa
99 . dll nk pe ulto n o jcur ' o us y a lng he fnda t' ci s
a ç ons r c 'a How a d ha done he e c nno sa e a a to bl cl i . I a 4
.ç pia y' s
c
r s
r a t t t n c i na e a m d. t 22. Fi l
nal
y,

Howadha nocai atona eund rj1 3rgadighi ale tonsta t dee a sfie
r s l m ci bl e 98 e r n s lgai h t he fnd nt ald

t f lw prs pr e e .Ricov.Ct ofFaifx,9 F. 1 1 ( hCi.1 )(df
o olo ion oc durs c i
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ra 07 2d 459, 469 4t r 990 $
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fiur t a d b t tlw i no afdeald pr es is e.
al e o bie y ha a s t e r ue oc s su '
).

Fo t era o ssae ,h c u t ld n t ed fn a t'moinfrs mmayj d me t
r h e s n ttd t e o r wi e y h e e d ns to o u r u g n
l
a t t e e e sve f r e c ai a i t S i m i h i vi lc pa t The c twilg a
s o h xc s i o c l m ga ns tdha n er ndi dua a ciy.
our l ' nt
r

t i mo i a t a 1 he cai r ltd t t ta lg d us off r e.
her tons s o 1 ot r l ms eae o ha le e e o c
D . I tga i
nves i ton

How a d' s pa a e cl i a i t Fa ni f t e i ve tg ton of t us of f c by
r s e r t a m ga ns n n or h n s i a i
he e
or e
Stdha m us be di m is d. H o a d ha no c tt i l rg t ha Ta ne c i i ly
i m
t
s se
w r s
ons iutona i ht o ve n r rm na l
pr e ut d f r t a s ul or t ha Stdha dic plne f r he ac i . Se Li R . v.
os c e o he s a t o ve i m s i i d o r tons
e nda S.

Rihad D. 41 U. 61 61 ( 9 ( di ta p i t i viuald s n ha a
c r , 0 S. 4, 9 1 73) hol ng h t rvae ndi d
oe ot ve ny

c tt i lrgh t ora j di al c z ei ee ti tepr e tonorn pr ec to
onsiutona i t o, ny u cily ogniabl ntrs n,h oscui
on- os uin

o a o r p mo ) Le k v Ti r n 4 4 U. 8 ,8 - 7 ( 9 1 ( odn ta S uh
f n ie e n ; e e . mme mn . 5 S. 3 68 1 8 ) h lig h t o t
Caols lmse alg dy b ae b p io g ad h d n j d cal c g ia l itrs i
r l n ts l e l e tn y rsn u r s a o u lil o nz be nee t n
n
e
y
h vnglo eg ad cl n l p o eutd .Th c u twi ra tFs nn smoint ds s a
ai
s u rs rmlnl r s c e ) e o r l n n i' to o lM s s
y
l
* t nc nm
hl l i

HI CONCLUSON
.
I

Fo tera o ssac tec u t ld n ted fn a à' to a t tecmm a sn t
r h e sn tt h o r wi e y h ee d n moins s o h l' g iq
l
Swl y,Stla dya Arnp i t ei i vi lc pa iis f r f ll t pr e tHowa d. The
ne
alr nd t' n h r ndl dua a cte o alng o otc
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c u tw1 as d n temo o frs
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J d me ta t t ee c sief rec m a ans
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Std m i he i vi lca ct The C wilgrntt de e nt 'moto a t a1o h r
l ha n r ndi dua pa iy.
OM
l a he f ndn s
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cam Ka d wilas d n Ho r smo o frs
ll n l lo e y wad' u n o
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J d e t An a p o daeod rwil
u n n.
p rp t r e l

is t sda
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EN'ER:n l l
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da o Fe - , 9.
y f br
201
Se orUnie St t sDi M c J
ni
t d a e s t udge

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