Mays v. Sprinkle et al

Filing 44

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Glen E. Conrad on 11/16/2018. (aab)

I THE UNI
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CLERK' OFFI U.S.DI .COURT
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BY:

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Ci lAci n No. 1
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M EM ORANDUM OPI ON
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Pl i if
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By:
Hon. e E.Corr d
Gln
la
Se o Unie Stt sDiti tJ
ni r t d a e slc udge
RON A LD N .SPRI LE,e al,
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t .
D e e nt .
f nda s

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983 nd
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t f l ngr a ons t pli ifscamsunde j 1 wilbedimisd ptrua t Fe r l
he olowi e s ,he antf' li
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The f l ng f c a a lga i ,t ke fom t pl i ifs a nde c
olowi a m l le tons a n '
r
he antf' me d ompli , a e
ant r
a e ed a t e f pur e o t pe ng m oto Se Erc on v.Pa dus 551 U. 8 94
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ProceduralH i orv
st

The pl i if fl d t s a ton a ns Sprzkl Fa lne , G o l H onake , Pr la a
antf ie hi c i gai t il e, ulc r
la,
r il m n,

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Co . 9.
mpl!
4 Pak rEsa dwa a al ee a t i sh ri . .h Che Corcina Ofie . Am. mp. 9
re s n s t 1rlv n tme een . te if re to l fc r'
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t rt Ei h a / Fo e nt Am e
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aes

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e ee d n s v ve o imis h me d d o an md r e 2 b ( ) e
co thel ahe rng on t moton vi c e e e c l on Augu t7,201 Them o i n ha be n
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5

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tt l i o lbe a e ndif r nc , nd ha he f ndant nn e i Cot 1 ar entte t
s m d n mt 1 e ild o
quai d i muniy. Fort f l ng r as ,t c tag ee .
lfe m
t
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1.

De i r eI fe nc
lbe at ndif re e

The Ei ht Am e
g h
ndme pr bis c r c i lof i sfom i lc i c te a t ua
nt ohi t ore tona ûcal r nfitng rl l nd mus l
punihme by aci wih dei r t i if r nc t a i ae' s i m e c ne ds. Esel
s nt
tng t lbe ae nd fe e e o n nm t s erous dial e
t le

v. mb e 4 9U.. 7 1 4( 9 6 . Thi p icpl as a le t p era d tie s lk Da i ,
Gn l, 2 S 9 , 0 1 7 )
s rn i e lo ppis o rtil ean e , ie v d
t o h t Foure nt Am e
hr ug he
te h
ndme ' DuePr s Cl us . SeeM ari v.Ge ie 849 F. 863,
nts
oce s a e
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2d

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7 4h r 1 8 ) c u e t q e u r c s ih s f rtil ean e r te s a r a s
g
t eght n ndm e pr e tonsa ia et t c c e prs r't Unied St t Cour o
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tf

Ap e l f rheFo rhCic iç g) edt tap era d ti e ma e o t d p o e svo ain
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f
hows Q lbe ae i fe e e t s ro m e c lne ds wihi t mea ng o Ese l v.
de i r t ndif r nc o e i us di a e ' t n he
ni f t le

Gn l . 1 .s eas Br wnv Ha s 2 0F.d3 3 3 8( t Ci. 01 )($ a yc s , ne d
mb e' d; e lo o . ni , 4 3 8 , 8 4h r 2 1 ;n n a e we e
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I
notr ol whe he Br
es ve t r own wa apr ra de aneeorac cedprs rbe us t sa r i
s eti l t i
onvi t
ione ca e he t nda d n
et rc ei t s me-t ti, t agove nm e tofi a ha be n S i r t l i fe e t
ihe as s he a -ha s wheher
r n fcil s e delbe ae y ndif r nt o

a y gfhs sro sme ia n e s')(uoigBec e v. ie , 9 F.d3 , 4( t Ci. 9 0)
n o il eiu d c l e d .' q tn lh r Ol r 8 8 2 2 3 4h r 1 9 )
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v
(leaini o i ia)
atrto n rgn l.
A c am f de i r t i fe e eha t co
l i or lbe ae ndif r nc s wo mpone s J c on v.Li s y,775 F.
nt . a ks
ghte
3d

1 0 1 ( t Ci.2 4 . Th frt C be t e' o o e ti s ts d b a t eius' d c l
7 , 78 4h r 01 ) e is,ç j ci 'c mp n n s aife y ' ro 'me ia
o
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6

ma tng te t e ori s obvi t te n a1 y pe s woul e iy r c zet nec s iy
nda i r am nt s o
ous ha ve a r on
d asl e ogni he e st

f ra d co ' atn in. Scn o v Sa s e r ,8 F.d 21 ,2 5 ( t Ci.201 ) (n ena
o o trs te to ' it . tn b ry 41 3 9 2 4h r 6 itr l
'
q o ainmak o te ) Thes c n c mp n n rq ie panif t s o ta o fcasa td
u tto r s mitd .
e o d o o e t e u rs litfs o h w h t f il ce
wihaçs f ce l c l besaeo mid.' I ( u t Fa rv Br z n 51 U. 8 5 8 4
t i u t int upa l tt f n '' d.q o i nne . ema , 1 S. 2 , 3
t ï y
ng

be
( 9 4 ) Un e e itn p e e e t Gan o fca i d l rtl idfe e tt a Eeane ')
1 9 ). d r x si g rc d n , ç q fiil s ei aey n ifr n o d ti es
l
s ro sme ia ne d o l wh nh o s es be tv l çn wso a ddse ad a e c siers
eiu dc l e s n y e e r h u j ciey l o f n ir g r s n x e sv ik
c
t imae h at o s ft .' J c s n,7 5 F.d a 1 8 ( u t Fa me,51 U. a 8 7 .
o n t e l r aey' a k o 7 3 t 7 q oi
h
'
ng r r 1 S. t 3 )
çst td s m e tdif r nty,de i r t i f e e e r quie as
ç ae o wha fe e l lbe a e ndif r nc e r s howi t t de e
ng hat he f ndr t ...
s
a u ly knew ofa i ed a deai e' s rousnee f m e c lca e. Pa rs v.Cl veand,
ct a l
nd anor
t ne s e i
d or di a z ' rih
'
e l

3 2 F.d 2 4 3 2 (t Ci.20 4 (n en lq oain mak o te ) (mp a i i oi ia)
7 3 9 , 0 4h r 0 ) itr a u tto r s mitd e h ss n rgn l.
Notbl t si ç hi rsa r f c pa lt t nm e ene i nceo e n cvi r kl s s .
a y,hi s ç ghe t nda d or ul biiy ha
a
r glge
r ve i l ec es ne s'
'

J c on,775F. a 1
a ks
3d t 78. To e tbls ac tt to vi ai n,t i no e
sa ih onsiu i nal olto Gi s t nough t ta ofii l
t
ha n fc a

s o l h v k o o ars h o s mu th v h d a t a s b e tv k o e g o boh te
h ud a e n wn f ik; e r he s a e a cu l u j cie n wld e f t h
g ean es szo me ia c n iin a d t e e c si rs p s d b t o fca' a to o
d ti e ') ei us dc l o dto n h x e sve ik o e y he f ils cin r

ia to ' I . e ha i i o ii l.
n cin.5 d (mp ss n rgna)
'
Appl ng t s prncpl s t c ti t a e t c ude t t t n e d c
yi he e i i e , he our s m bl o oncl
ha he m nde ompli
ant
saesaplusbl cai ofde i r t i f e e eagans a oft def nda snn e i Cot I.
tt
a i e lm
lbe a e ndif r nc
i t ny he e nt m d n mt I
W hieDa d' de t i unde a yta c, sal ge s pt sa esmia t t ei anlmbe of
l vi s ah s
nibl r gi hi le d ym om r i lr o hos n l r
5 Theco tnot t tneihersdes sst t Supr meCou tsdecson i Ki ly v. H e iks
ur es ha t i ugge t hat he
e
r' ii n ncse
ndrc on,

U.
S. ,l 5 S Ct24 6( 5 ei n td tes betv c mp n n o acam f rd l eaei ifrn e
3 . . 6 201 ) l ae h u jcie o o e t f li o ei rt ndfee c
mi
b
br
oughtby a pr ra deahe l Khmse t Supr Cour hed Sha t a oprae sa d f a pr ti
etil t le. n
lv, he
eme
t l ' t he ppr it tndar or eral
t

d tie ' e esv frecam i s ll a o jcieo . 1 5S. . t 4 3. Ho v r Ki se ddn tn ov
ean es xcsie oc li s oey n betv ne' 3 Cta 2 7
'
we e, ng lv i o iv le
acam ofdei rt i fer et as rousmedia nee andneihe t Supr meCou tnort Fourh Cicui ha
li
lbeae ndif enc o e i
c l d,
t r he
e
r
he
t r t s

e tn e i h dn t oh r cams Ac odigy te c utwi a pl te s be t e sa d r o d l rt
xe d d t olig o te li . c r n l, h o r l p y h u j ci tn ad f ei ae
s
l
v
be
i feenc s tf t a
ndif r e e orh bove. Se e. , ohns v. s e e , o.1 1 22,201 U . App.
e. a.J on Be s m r N 7- 31
8 S.
LEX I 1
S 8660, *9, 5
at n.

( 1hCi.J y 1 , 8 (oigt tKic lv iv v da e c siefrecam a d dd n tu d r n e sig
1 t r ul 0 201 ) n tn ha n se n ole n x esv oc li n i o n emie xitn
cruip e e e t p l a l t camso d l eaeidfee c t asro sme ia n e ) seas W isnv Jc b ,
ic t rc d n a pi be o li f ei rt n ifrn e o eiu dcl e d ; e lo lo . a o s
c
b
No 0 1 4 0 , 01 U. DitLEXI 21 4 , t* n. ( S. Jn. 2 20 6,e ot n rc mme aina o td,
. :4-0 6 2 6 S. s. S 2 3 a 7 4 D. C. a 2 , 1 ) rp r a d e o ndto d pe
2 6U..DitLEXI 2 81 ( S. Fe 22 2 6 (Be a s ted cso i Kig lva de sdo l camso
01 S s. S 0 3 D. C. b, , 01 ) K c u e h e iin n n se d rse ny li f
t
e s i f ce t scour c i st a deby pr ce nte tbls d by t Unied Stt Cour ofAppeasf t
xce sve or , hi
t ontnue o bi
e de sa ihe
he t aes
t
l or he

F u t Cic t whc h sstfrhasbe tv sa d r wh na desn apera d ti escamso d l rt
o rh rui ih a e ot u j cie tn ad e d r sig rtil eane ' li f ei ae
,
be
idifrn et as ro sme ia n e .)
n fee c o eiu dc l e d'.
'

ohe c s si whc c u t,i ld n te Fo rh Cic i,h v rj ce cams o d l e ae
t r a e n ih o rs ncu i g h u t rut a e ee td li f ei rt
b
i fe e e. Fori t c ,i Gr on v.Pee a c t y polce o fc ra rve a t s e ofa
ndif r nc
nsml e n ays
d, o mt
i f ie r i d t he c ne
s ppi mal whe e t de de ,Ge a d Coli ,wa S tng c a ' 1 F. a 69 He
ho ng
l r he ce nt r l
lns s t i r zy.' 95 3d t 4.
ac

r sse bengha ufe andt of erhad t us as cali mobii to t c quet r tai
e itd i
ndc f d
he fc
o e pe i m
lzai n e hni o esr n

hi L- Afe s a c ng Coli ' bac c t ofc r f
m. p. tr e r hi
lns
kpa k, he fie ound fl c nitr c ai ng
im a ses ont ni

mai a aa d as b tn eb le e t b PCP. L. Th o f rp a e Coln l e ar s a d
r u n n u sa c eiv d o e
j
4
a e fke lc d lis md r re t n
ta s o td hm t a d tn in f cll. I Du ig t e b ocng pr c s,Co l s S cld
r n p re i o ee to a i
i
d. rn h o l
i
o e s li ç te q
n a
ir i l hi s e h wassure az heke r pe tng i ani oxi aedm a n' I Coli
ratonaly, s pe c
l r d, ld
pt e a i n nt c t
nne ' d.
lns
t n pr e d t ac S lg r nty'a ç olnty' o s ve alocc sons a he wa ç mc
he oce de o t G i e e l ' nd i e l ' n e r
bel
vi
a i , nd
s d hed
pt
s ve t ni tmes'i t pr es ofs ui hi . 1 Afe bei r taned i a c la t
e n o ne i ' n he oc s ubd ng m d. tr ng esr i
n el t he
dee i f ciiy,Coli bec m eunc c o a e nmaly di d. I
tnton a lt
lns a
ons i us nd ve
l e
d.

I as e ntj1 acinag ns t m e tngofi r Coli ' he cl medt tt
n ubs que
983 to ai t he si fce, lns mot r ai ha he
ofi e ' de ii t tans t m t adee i f clt i t adofahos t c tt e de i r t
fc rs c son o r por hi o t nton a iiy nse
pial onsi d lbe a e
m

idfee e I .a 6 5. Th Fo rh Cic td sg e d c n l dn ta te ewa n o j ci
n ifrnc . d t 9
e u t rui ia r e , o cu ig h t h r s o be t
ve
e de e a ia e t t ofi ra t tm e oft i i tt tColi ha a s rous ne f
vi nc val bl o he fce t he i
he ncden ha
lns d e i
ed or
m e c lc e. 1 The c te
di a ar d.
our mpha i d t t a t tme oft i e ountr Coli e bie
sze ha , t he i
her nc e , lns xhi t d

ç o vsb ee tr a ij re . 1 . E- dd n th v to be b e t ig. Hewa n tble ig
ç iil x en l nu is' d çl i o a e r u l rahn
n
'
le
s o e dn ,
wasno vo ii o c ng, ndwa notha nga s i e. I I co l ngt tt evi nce
t m tng r hoki a
s
vi
ezur ' d. n ncudi ha he de
'
d d not s ppor a cli of dei r t i fe e e t Fo t Cic t r a one t t Coli
i
u
t
am
lbe a e ndif r nc , he urh r ui e s d ha
lns'
s
ympt m so dr gus di no ç si uih hi fo t muliudeofd ug a ac
o
f u e d t t tng s m r m he tt
di
r nd lohola e st
bus r he
po iede wihe yda 'a t tt o ûc rc d l r y bef ule t rEse l f be ivi
lc al t ver yy' nd ha he f e oul & dl
ha
a t d mde t le or le ng

t tColi ne dnot ngs muc ast se p i oE ' J a 696. TheCou e
ha lns ede hi o h o le t ' Z t
rt mpha iedt t
sz ha

Cto a c p a p l n ' cam wo l bet ma d t a amatro c nsiuin l a ta o fc r
ç l c e t p el ts li ud o n ae s te f o ttto a 1w h t fies
r
a

8

t ke a1 c i na s pe t unde t i l nce ofdr gs ora c
a
l rmi l us c s
r he nfue
u
l oholt hos t le e ge y r
o pia m r nc ooms
r t rt n de e i n ce e s'whi h i deer ned S ul bea sa ti se t t .' I
ahe ha t nto ntr ,
' c t t mi l d
wo
t rlng t p o ake' d.

S mial,i Bur tev.Ta lr 5 3 F.d 1 2 ( 1h Ci.20 8 ,t Elve t Cic t
i lry n net
yo , 3 3 3 5 1 t r 0 ) he e nh rui
f md no c tt tona vi a i unde cr lm sa es sm ia t t e i t i t n ca e 5
ot
onsiui l olton
r icl t nc i l r o hos n he nsa t s . 33

F. a 1 2-33. I Bur te,adeaneedi ofadr g o r ewhiei c t
3d t 33
n net
ti
ed
u vedos l n usody. J a 1
Z t 327.
The de anee wa a r t d afe hi se a he r po td t the had br n i o t se ahe '
ti
s rese tr s t pf t r e re ha
oke nt he t pf t rs
hous and soln pr s rpton Dur gescpa c sus d t te tc oni pa n.6 I . Thede ane s
e
t e e ci i
a i t he e o r a hr c i
d
t i e'
se ahe as a s ade y t tt dea ne wasç srmg out on pil and ot rt gs'and
tpf t r lo dvied
put ha he ti e
ç tt
ç
'
ls
he l ,'
nl
t thet be n i deox o drl te t nti t pa ta t ti ha no wo ke ' I a 1
ha
t
had e n t r tg r a me n he s nd ha t d t r d.' d. t 328.
Att tm e o hi a r s ,t deti e E d gl s y e s a diae pupis' hi l e po e t
he i
f s re t he a ne ç
ha a s ye nd l td
l,' s i s ns s o
r
que tons we e sow,'a he Gwas i pos e son ofa bo te ofpr c i i pil. 1 I was
si
r l ' nd
t
n
ss i
tl
es rpton ls' d. t
'
r ad l a r ntt o oft de te t tt de aneeK t rt i l nc ofs m ehi '
e iy ppa e o ne he pu i s ha he t i i
was mde he nfue e o t ng.'

I . Afe h wa tk n t t e lc l al a p e ci in pl b tl wa f t i t e d ti e '
d tr e s a e o h o a j i, r srpto il o t s omd n h ean e s
e
t e we ra h wa o s r e sa g rn b o o tej ie s I . An t r alrn tc dt t
md r a nd e s b e v d tg eig y ne f h alr . d
ohe j ie oie ha
t deai e' s c wassu r d. l a 1
he t ne s pee h
l r e d. t 329. The ewasas evi ncet tt de aneet
r
lo de
ha he t i i
was

n t bet wako hso y a dta o eo t e alr ake h sc l t t ma eslet t ewa
o a l o l n i m&' n h t n f h j ie s s d i el e o k t ha h s
'
ma
r
a et ge t abe wiho fli J , deane wa f
bl o t o d t ut alng. . The ti e s ound de d t f lwi monlng.
Z
a he olo ng
i
L. S-hec us ofde t wa pol r y:difr ntdr i c nai The( ugsi ve
I t- a e
J l
.
ah s yphnmac fe e ugs n ombi ton.
l nvol d
r
weeAl a olm,Hydr odone,Be olc ne a Fe t .' J , t11 -31
r prz a
oc
nz e goni , nd nanyl' /-a 30 .

Th d tie ' ft e fld s ta an ts v rld p te a dj ie su d r j 1 8 . On
e ean es ah r ie ui g is e ea e uis n alr n e 9 3
a al ' t di ti tc tsde i i de ng qua ii i m uniy, heEl ve h Cic the d t t
ppe f om he sr c our ' c s on nyi
r
lfed m
t t
e nt r ui l ha

t pli ifEaiedt e tbls avi ai ofghedeanees Fo te hAme me dg s l
he antf t l o sa ih olton t ti 'j ure nt
f
nd nt ht. d.
6 d ur ge i i abr ndname f afntnyls n pac . . . . I i n t a tt beig se o al n rij ce
r a sc s a
or e a ki th
ts o me n o n etd rl o ne td
y

u e tes n b smei si b to ewh aea u igt d u ' Kre e v UntdSae , 4 F.d4 0, 9 (t
nd rh ki, uto tme s y h s o r b sn he rp' ic r . i tts 8 2 3 9 4 2 7h
e
Ci. 1 ) seas Bunet, 3 F.da 1 31n..
r20 6; e lo r te 5 3 3 t 3 3
9

a 1 27 Ciigs v r l a e fo o h rcrut,h Co r e a ie t tGgj Co si in
t 3 . tn e ea c s s rm t e ic is te u t mph sz d ha t the n tmto
G
d e n tr q ie a ar sig poie o fc ro ji o fca t s e me ia atn in fre r
o s o e ur n re tn l fie r al fiil o e k dc l te to o vey
c
ar teo i t who a r t bea fcedby dr gsorac . J. a 1
rese r nmae
ppeas o fe t
u
lohol' . t 333. Basd ont
' I
L
e
he
r co d be or i, heCour c l dno oft de e nt a t dwih dei r t i fe e et a
e r f e tt
t onc ude ne he f nda s c e t lbe a e ndif r nc o

s rousmedia ne dt twasobvi orknownt hi L.a 1
ei
c l e ha
ous
o m. d t 332.
a
Upo r viw oft a e d compl nt t cou's e ve y ltl dif r nc i t a lge
n e e
he m nde
ai , he l e s r ite fe e e n he le d
t
i e aci bewe n Da dandt de e nt na e i Cot I, t e ol e sde c i d i
ntr tons t e
vi
he f nda s m d n mt 1 and he nc mt r s rbe n

Gry o a dBu n te Th pli tf d e no alg t a Da i h da ye tm a ij re ,ha h
a s n n r et. e anif o s t le e h t vd a n xe ln u is t t e
wa br a hi a r al be or bei pl e i ac l ort thewa vomii orc ki
s e t ng bno m ly f e ng ac d n el, ha
s
tng ho ng. Se
e
Gr ys 1 F. a 695. Alhoug Da d e bie sg o i o c ton by ci ng i t
a on, 95 3d t
t h vi xhi t d i ns f nt xia i
lmbi n he
bac ofhi we tuc sagge i a su ng hi wor ,s h s
k
s t r k, t rng, nd l ni
s ds uc ympt do no G si ih hi
oms
t t tngus m
di

fom t muliude of d u a ac
r he tt
r g nd lohola es t poi de wih e r y. J a 696
bus r he lce al t veyda ' . t
' Z

(mp a ii t a t ed c d n ç sf u d i p se so o d u swhl a tn ir to l a d
e h szng h t h e e e t ç o n n o s sin f r g ie cig rainal n
wa
y
su rngh ss e c ' . No d e tef c t a Da i se e we eb o d ho o t t wa u a l t
lri i p e h'
)
r o s h a t h t vd' y s r l o s t r ha he s n b e o
e t h par l a o hso . S eBu net, 3 F.da 1 3 ( oigt to o t d fnd ns
xit e to c r n i wn e r te 5 3 3 t 3 2 n tn ha ne f he ee a t
wasa r t tt dec de wa i pos e son o abo te o pil whe hewasr e t d,t thi
wa e ha he e nt s n s s i f
tl f ls
n
s e ha s
s ec wa sured, ha hene ded a ssa ewhe hem ove a t thi e swe er lng ba k
pe h s l r t t
e
s it nc
n
d, nd ha s ye r oli
c

i hsh a a ta tme; e as Les nv. ic elNo. :3 c - 01 8 20 5U. Dit LEXI
n i e d t h t i ) s e lo to M th l, 3 1 -v 0 6 , 1 S. s.
S
3 8 5 a * 0 ( D.Al . a . 0 2 5 ( c o dngt t en n e c mp an ,whe De u y
9 8 , t 2 N. a M r 3 , 01 ) C c r i o h me d d o lit n p t
W
Fr a r t Da Le s on Oc obe 11 2011 Da Le s n wa s i oxi a e t the ha t be
ye resed n ton
t r ,
, n to
s o nt c t d ha
d o
c e t t ofi r 've cl Alhough t ealegai pr vi de alr ga di t deg e t
ani d o he fce s hi e. t
hes l tons o de t i e r ng he r e o
wlih Da Les wa i oxi a e whe he wa a r sed ...,t y f l s r ofde o tai
lc
n ton s nt c t d
n
s re t
he a l ho t
m nsr tng
De y Fr or De y Fl nna n kne Da Le s had a s rousm e c lne t tr q r d
put ye
put n gi
w n t on
ei
di a ed ha e uie

me c latnton a t etme .)
dia te i t hos i s' .
'
10

I rs
n e pons t t de e n s moton,t pl i ife
e o he f nda t ' i he antf mpha i est tFa kne notc d ç
sz ha ul r i e E
a
bagf l ofm uli epr s rpton na co i 'i Da d' t c andt tDa d' m o he ha r pored
ul
tpl e c i i
r tcs'n vi s nlk,
ha vi s t r d e t

t a ac h la d p e cito n ro is wee i ov d. Am.Co l ! 20 2 Ho v r te
h t lo o n r s rp in ac tc r nv le
mp . , 3. we e, h
pli ifdoe notal ge t tFa kne ora oft ot rde e nt we e a r o t s ii
antf
s
le ha ul r ny he he f nda s r wa e f he pecfc
na u eoft dr gsf und i Davi st c ort thehadco um e a a oun lr e
tr
he u o
n
d' nlk ha
ns d n m t a ge nough t put
o
hi a s rousrs ofha m . The e i noi c i t tan o t de enda sac l s w Da d
m t e i ik
r
r s ndiaton ha y f he f nt maly a
vi
s l a dr gs a t pli ifa knowl st tDa d di no ç ela oft ofi r wha
walow ny u , nd he antf c
edge ha vi d t ç l ny he fce s t
t

a how muc m e c ton he had t ke o sae whet rhe ha mi d t e media i wih
nd
h di ai
a n r tt
he
d xe hos
c tons t

ac h l' J-!3 , Co e ue t t alg to si t ec mpan d n t u p r tec n l in
lo o . #. 7
'
ns q nl he le ain n h o lit o o s p o th o cuso
y,
t tDa d' nee f rm e ca a tnton wass sce l obvi ,ort tt de e nt a t aly
ha vi s d o
di l te i
uf inty
ous
ha he f nda s c u l
kne ofa dir ga ded a e e svers ofs ro hnr See e. , hns n v.Be s m e ,No.
w
nd s e r
n xc s i ik
e i us m.
. M.Jo o
se r

1 - 31 2 2 8U. Ap .
7 1 2 , 01 S. p LEXI 1 6 0 a * 0 ( 1h Ci. ul 1 , 01 )(l hn o ag e t a
S 8 6 , t 1 1t r J y 0 2 8 so sn ru s h t
G
Pr t s f r d f o as rousm e c ne be a e aly pe s n woul r coglz t ts m e
ocor ufe e r m e i
dial ed c us a r o
d e rie ha o one
whoi no r s
s n-e ponsveafe c umi a lnkno qua iyofdr gsr quiesm e ca team e .
i tr ons ng n l wn ntt
u e r
di l r t nt

Th tagl n fis Go d n dds p c t a Pr co ha tk nd u sb f r c mi t t ej i,
a r l t al. o wi i us e t h t o t r d a e r g e oe o ng o h al
me
a a s poi s lam e t tPr t ha t d ot ri t st ts ha t ke Xa x. But
nd t ome nt he e d ha ocor d ol he nma e ha he d a n na
t r i no e de et tGood n kne t tPr t rha as t ke m eha
he e s
vi nc ha
wi
w ha oc o d lo a n t done a coc i a
nd ane, nd
s t sii d t ts ha no m e c ltani and doesnotknow t sde e f t ofXa . And
he e tfe ha he s
di a r i ng
he i fecs
nu

t Q n tmto d e no r q ie. .a j io fca t s e me ia atni nf re r arse o
he co si in o s t e ur . (1 al fiil o e k dc l te to o vey re te r
imaewh a p a st b af ce b d g o ac h l')( u tn Bu et,5 3 F.d a 1 3 ;
n t o p e r o e fe td y nz s r lo o .' q oig m te 3 3 t 3 )
'
S nd r v. t o Doha , 9F. p' 28 , 9( 1hCi. 01 )(Ev ni E arsi o fc r
a e s Civ f t n 40 Ap x 5 28 1 t r 2 1 E e f t retng f e)
G
he
wa a et tSa r had s l d s
s war ha nde s
walowe ome a
mounto c ai t r i no e de t thewas
f oc ne, he e s
vi nce ha

a r t a Sa d r h ds l we a a t lr ee o g t p thm a s ro srs o h r ';
wae h t n es a wal d n momt ag n u h o u i t eiu ik f am.)
o
'
W akisv. t o Bat Cre , 3F.d 6 2 6 6 ( t Ci. 01 (-h s i i n te o g f r
t n Ciy f tl e k 27 3 8 , 8 6h r 20 ) il u , t s o n u h o
e
d-

pl i ift de
antf o monsr e aquesi off twhe he t polc ofi r ors rf de i ss d
tat
ton ac
t r he ie fce s he ips pute houl
ha kno t tW aki ha s l d d ugs W efnd t evi nc wasnots c e t l da
ve wn ha
t ns d walowe r .
i he de e
um i nt o ea

r to lre of a toc ncu et theo lc r o j ieskn w W akisn e e me ia atn in
aina tir f c t o ld ha t fie s r alr e
t n e d d dc l te to
he
mt 1 ais o t e
am or i a e
f r s l wig d g .) For t se reasons, Cot 1 f l t sat a cl i f delber t
o wal n n1s' .
o
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i fe e e,
ndif r nc

2.

Oualfe I m univ
ii d m
t

Th d fn a t as ag et a Comt1 i s b e tt d s sa o t b sso q ai d
e e e d n s lo r u h t t 1 s u j c o imis l n he a i f u lfe
i uniy. The de e e of quai d i uniy sleds ç
mm t
f ns
lfe mm t li l ç r nt ofii l pe f r i
gove nme
fc as r o m ng
dic e i r f to ...r la lt f cvi da a si o a a t rc
s r tona y unci ns fom ibiiy or i l m ge ns f r s hei onduc doesno vi a e
t
t olt
c e ry esa ihe sa u or orco tt tonalrg s of whih a r as bl pe s wo d ha
l a l tbls d t t t y
nsiu i
i ht
c
e ona e r on ul ve

1 0 1' Halw v F tg r l, 5 U. 8 0 8 8( 98 ) çn d tr nngwheh ra ofc ri
c1w1. ro . iz ead 4 7 S. 0 , 1 1 2 . s ee mii
'
l
t e n fie s

e t ldt s mmayj dg n o t eba i o q aiidi miy c u t e g g i at - o g d
n i e o u r u me t n h ss f u l e mmt t, o rs n a e n wopr n e
t
f
iq iy. S t v. y 7 1F.d9 , 0 ( t Ci. 1 ) Th frt r nga k wh te tefcs
n ur ' mih Ra , 8 3 5 1 0 4h r 20 5 . e is p o s s eh r h a t
'
a lge whe vi we i t lghtmos f vor bl t t pl i if s
le d, n e d n he i
t a a e o he antf, how t tt ofi e ' c nd t
ha he fc rs o uc

v oae af d rlrg t 1 ( iig Sa ce v. t ,5 3 U. 1 4 2 (0 ). ç -es c n
i ltd e ea ih . d. ctn u ir Kaz 3 S. 9 , 01 2 01) çl e o d
'z
l
pr oft q ii d i m uniy i r as whe he t r g w a c e ry e t bls d a t tm e
ong he ualf e m
t nquiy '
ks
t r he i ht s l a l s a ihe t he i

t vi a i oc ure s h t t a r a ona e pe s n woul ha known t tli co uc wa
he olton c r d uc ha
e s bl r o
d ve
ha ls nd t s
unc tt tonal' I G o be ce l esa ihed,a rg mus be s fc e l c e rt te r
onsiu i .' d. T
lary t bls
i ht
t
ufii nty l a ha ve y
r as bl ofi i lwoul ha t r t t twha he i doi vi a e t trgh . I ot r
e ona e fc a
d ve mde sood ha
t
s ng olt s ha i t n he
wo ds e si pr c nt m us ha pl c t sa ut y or c tt to l q si be
r , xitng e ede
t ve a ed he tt or
onsiu ina ue ton yond

d b t. Rec ev. wad , 6 U. 6 8 6 4 ( 1 )(nena q o ai nmaks ctto s a d
e ae' ihl Ho r s 5 6 S. 5 , 6 20 2 itr l u tto r , i in , n
'
a
b a k t o te )
r c es mitd .
Fort r s nss tf t a
he ea o e orh bove t cour co l
, he
t ncudest tt pl ntf snotal ge f t
ha he ai ifha
le d ac s
s fce t s w t ta oft de e n s na e i Count1 vi a e Da d' c tmto l
uf int o ho ha ny he f nda t m d n
1 olt d vi s onsi i na
12

rgh s Howe r e n i t pl i if c d esa ih a c tt i
i t.
ve , ve f he antf oul t bls
onsiutonalvi a i t co ti
olton, he ur s
c nc t s h vi ai wa notc e ry e t ihe Asi c t d above,c ut havehed
onvi ed hat uc ol ton s
l a l sabls d.
ndi a e
ot'
s
l

ta StheCo si ind e no rq iea arsi poieo fc ro j i o fca t s e me ia
h tçj
l
n tmto o s t e u r n re t
ng lc f e r al fiil o e k dc l
a tnto f re r a r se ori t who a ar t bea f t by dr o ac l' Bur te
te i n o ve y r e t e nma e
ppe s o
feced
ugs r loho .'
ne t,
533 F. a 1
3d t 333. Li wie i doe notmandaeçha of e stkeal c i na s pe t unde t
ke s , t s
t s t fc r a
t
1 rmi l us c s
r he
i l nc of dr gs or alohol t hos t l e ge y r m s r t r t n de e i ce e s.
nfue e
u
c
o
pia mer nc oo
ahe ha
t nton ntr '
'

Gry o 1 5 F.d a 6 6;s eas Esaeo Ab e-! k v. a b r 8 2 F.d 1 23 (t Ci.
a s n, 9 3 t 9 e lo tt f d lla De r on, t 2 0 6h r
1 8 )( u ls e tb eo r o )(ee tn a l rte s'h agu n t tioieh dad t t
9 9 l b ih d a l piin rj cig s ç ils 't e r me tha G lc a uy o
mp
l
me
p
tk al h mial i ar dpes n t t eh s t l Alh u hp era d tie sh veace ry
a e l c e c l mp ie ro s o h o pi '
y
a ). to g rtil ean e a
lal
esa ihe rg t befeefom delber t i fe e t as rousm e c lnee i c nnotbes i
t bls d i ht o r r
i ae ndif r nce o e i
di a
d, t a
ad
t t'e r r as bl ofi i l'woul ha t r t
ha tve y e ona e fc a'
d ve mde sood,unde t cr um sa e alege t tt
r he ic t nc s l d, ha he
def nda s'a tonsvi a e t trght Re c e,566 U. a 664. Acc di y,t de e
e nt c i
olt d ha i . i hl
S. t
or ngl he f ndan s
t
nnm e i Co 1 a e e il d t q lfe i m uriy.
d n unt 1 r ntte o ua ii d m
lt
B.

C ountII
I

I Count11 t pli ifa lgest tSprnkl,Duddi and/ Pa ke ha E i lpolc
n
1, he antf le
ha
i e
ng, or r r d ç na i y
f

ma ig a t o i rg r i gtes re i a dp o ii no me ia c r 'a tej i, n ta te
kn uh rt e a dn h ce nng n r v so f dc l ae' t h al a d h t h y
y
Gc e t d a polc of dei r t i if r nc ' by a l ng i a e a de ane t be a te
sr a e
iy
lbe a e nd fe e e'
lowi nm t s nd t i es o
dmitd

wih u p o e me ia sr e i . Am. mpl ! 81 8 I h sr s o et t d fnd ns
t o t r p r dc l c e nng
Co . ! , 3. n i e p ns o he ee a t '
m oton t dimis t pl i ife
i o s s , he antf mphasze t ta1o t de enda s i l ng Sprnkl Duddi
i s ha 1 f he f nt, ncudi
i e,
ng,
and Pake ,ha bee s d i t i i vi ,r t t n ofi i ,c pa ii .
r r ve n ue n her ndi dual aher ha fcal a ctes
A s a i ta m a tr t c tnot s t tt pl i i fs c e i t tSpr nkl ,Duddi
n nii l te , he our e ha he a ntf ont nton ha
i e
ng,
and Pa ke a epolc a r G
r rr
i ym ke s t
doesnotquie c ptz et r l va i s he e ' D a nsv. t ur
t a lr he e e nt s ue r .' wki
Ar h ,

7 F.Ap x 1 ,1 3 ( t Ci.2 1 ) I e tngwh t e ap b i ( fiil h sa o td a
01
p' 91 9 4h r 0 7 . r bai
eh r u lc o fcaq a d p e n
unc tmtona E usom 'or d i i a q si t be a ke whe e mi ng t ba i f r
onsi i l c t
polcy' s ue ton o
s d
n xa ni he ss o

' nd ts
he i
ton o k
r i
mt cpalla lt lnde j 1983,' a ti not t rght quesi t as when confontng a
mii ibiiy l r
s pe vs ' pot nta la lt i hi i vi ua ca ciy. M i ke s n v.De it 1 F.App'
u r iors e i l ibiiy n s ndi d l pa t '
' l le
c
W t, 41
x

8 , (t Ci. 0 5 (mp ssi o ii l. l ta G e et . . li aea an tap bl
8 91 4h r 2 0 ) e hai n rgna) nse d,ç r he . cams r g is u i
wh
c
o fca i (iji iiu lc p ct , oh l t eo fca la l f r(js b r i t ' c n u t t a
fiil n h s ndvd a a a iy t o d h f il ibe o a u o dnae s o d c, h t
ç nd tmus mee t t tf s pe vior la lt ' e
co uc
t t he es or u r s y i biiy'' nunc aed i Sha v.Stoud,1 F. 791
it n w
r
3 3d

( t Ci. 9 4 . Da i , 01F. p' a 1 3(u tn Mi k le 1 F. p' a 9 ) s eas
4h r 1 9 ) wkns 7
Ap x t 9 q o ig k esn, 41 Ap x t 1 ; e lo
S a 1 F.d a 7 9 (et g f rh th e ee nsn c s ay t etb ih s p r io y la iiy
h w, 3 3 t 9 sti o t t r e lme t e e s r o sa ls u e vs r ib l
n
t
t
t e j1 3'. Ne e tee s i lg to t ec u tsc ncu int a tef csalg dd n tsae
md r 98 '
) v rh ls,n ih f h o r' o lso h t h a t l e o o tt
e
a vibl c am f de i r t i fe e e a i t t o fc r r ponsbl f r e tng a
a e l i or lbe a e ndif r nc gans he fi e s es i e or
si nd
de ani Da d, i f l ws t t t cl m a i t Sprrkl Duddi a Pa ke m us be
t i ng vi t olo
ha he ai gans
il e,
ng, nd r r
t

d s se S e Do v Ro a 6 4 F.Ap x 3 ,3 4 ( t Ci.2 6 (Thee c n b n
imisd. e e . s , 6
p' 01 0 4h r 01 ) t r a e o
s pe vs r l bit wh nt eei n u eli v oaino t eCo siuin.)(i n Te i v.
u r io y i l y e h r s o nd ryng i lto f h n tt to ' ct g mkn
a i
' i
F e eikComt Co r, 4 F.d71 , 2 (t Ci. 9 1) s eas Bec e , 9 F.d a 3
r d rc t y mm's 9 5 2 6 7 4 4 h r 1 9 ); e lo lh r 8 8 2 t 6
(t c us i i ce rt a te ewa noc nsi to lvo ain wene d n tra ht eq e to o
s a e t s la h t h r s o tt ina ilto
Be
u
e o e c h u sin f
wh te amu iia poiywa r s nsbl f r h ofc r ' cins'
eh r n cp l lc s epo i e o t e fie s a to .
).
I.
I

C l m s unde V i ai a l w
ai
r r ni a

The cour' concuso t tt n nd compl ntf is t sa e a c am f rr lefund
ts
l i n ha he me ed
ai a l o tt l i o ei
er

j1 8 d e n t a t a a1 v n so rd e sa eu a alb e Th pan if sas a s re a
9 3 o s o me n h t 1a e ue f e rs r n v ia l. e litf ha lo se td
wr n f ld ah cam a an talnied fnd nst e Vigni Co e j 80 - 0 ba e o tr
o g u e t li g is l n ee a t md r r i a d
.1 5 , s d n o t
t re s h a neg i ncea g os neg i nce. l m o ngt d s ist sc mt t de e nt
heo is uc s lge
nd r s lge
n vi o im s hi ot ,he f nda s
a g t tt a eGi
r ue ha hey r tmmunet c am sofsmpl neglge e'a t tE
o li
i e
i nc ,' nd ha s
Duddi a Par rdi not
ng nd ke d

o M a sa yd te r ltdt s tigo i e nigpoiis' the al Def . Br.i Supp.of
we y n uis eae o et r mplme tn lce 'a t j i. s ' n
n
M ot t Di m i s4,1 Dkt N o.30.
.o s s
0, .

Afe co i rng t pari 'a gume s t c tbei ve t td he dei ton of lga
tr nsde i he tes r
nt , he our le s ha i
t
fnii
e l
d i t rt 1w oft t sbes l tf t sae c t t r s vey a i t i s ofwhehe t
utes mde he a
or i t ef or he t t ours o e ol ' s s he s ue
'
t r he
doc rne of s r i i t t pr t c s t de e nt fom t pl i ifs c am of sm pl
ti
ove egn mm miy o e t he f nda s r
he antf l i
i e

n gie e S f rv. nge 8 9F.d2 , 51( t Ci. 7 . Ac o d n l,hec t'd ci s
e lg nc . a a Ti l, 5 3 41 2 4h r 201 ) c r i gy t out e l
ne
t e e cs s p lme tl u idcin o e t rmanng camsa d wild s s te wi u
o x r ie u pe n a j rs ito v r he e ii li n l imis h m t t
ho
p eu ie t te panifs rg t t a va c t e i sae c u t 1 . s e as 28 U. C.
rj dc o h li t
f i h o d n e h m n tt o r. d; e lo
S.

j l 6 ()3 (u h rzn adsrc c u t o d ci t e e cs s p e na j rs ito wh n i
3 7 c( ) a t o ii g itit o r t e l o x rie u plme tl u idcin e t
ne
d s ds s e a1camso e whc i h so ii a jlidcinl;Can ceM el n Ur v v
t imis d 1 li v r ih t a rg n l t s ito ' r e i- lo l . .
ha
r
i
Co l. 4U. 3 ,35 ( 9 8 (mp a iigt a G e t fd r llw camsh vedo p d
hi 48 S. 43 0 1 8 ) e h szn h t ç n he e e a-a li a r p e
l
wh
outo t l ws ti is e ry sa s a onl sae-a c am sr m a n,t f de alc ts d
f he a ui n t a l t ge nd y t t lw l i e i he e r our houl

d ciet ee rieo j rs ito b ds sig t c s wi u p eu ie';Ryuv. hte ,
e l h xecs f u idcin y imisn he a e t t rj d c '
n
ho
l
W itn
6 4F. p' 3 8 31 -1 (t Ci. 01 )( e lnn t e ries p lme tlu id cino e t e
8 Ap x 0 , 1 2 4 h r2 7 d ciig o xecs u pe n aj rs ito v r h
pl i ifssa e 1w cai sa trc udi t tt r wasno f r c tt i na vi a i a
antf tt a l m fe oncl ng ha he e
ede al onsiuto l olton, nd

i sr ci t dsrc c u t nrma t ds s t esae1w camswi u p eudc )
n tu t he itit o r o e nd o imis h tt a li t t rj ie ,
ng
ho
Co l in
nc u: o

Fo t r a ons sa e t cou twilgr t t de e nt 'm oton wih r pe t t t
r he e s
tt d, he r l an he f nda s
i
t es c o he

p an i scamsl e 4 U.. j 1 8 . W h l t c u t y ahz swiht ep an ifsls ,
litY li md r 2 SC. 9 3
ie he o r s mp t ie t h litf o s
t co ti t bl t co l t tt n e
he ur s ma e o ncude ha he m nded c
ompli tsaesaplusbl cl m o de i r t
an tt
a i e ai f lbe ae

i if r nc a ns a oft na
nd fe e e gai t ny he med de e n s Ther m ani c am sunde sa el w wilbe
f nda t .
e i ng l i
r tt a
l

d s se wi o t rj d c .
imis d t u p eu ie
h
The Cl r i di e t d t s nd c es oft s m e or ndum opi on and t a c pa ng
e k s r c e o e opi
hi m a
ni
he c om nyi

or rt a1 com s lofr co d.
de o l l e
e r

DATED : s l
Thi k

da ofN o mbe ,
y
ve r 2018.
Se orUnie St t sDititJ
ni
t d a e src udge
15