Robinson v. Mawyer et al

Filing 52

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 2/21/2019. (ck)

P1G eaAT- u.s.ul.
oyncE
s,
Rx oc ,vA
FI
LED

I THE UNI
N
TED S
TATESDI TRI COUFT
S CT
FO R TH E W E STERN D I
STR I O F W RG I I
CT
N A
R OAN O U D I SION
W
W I AM R O BI SON ,
LLI
N
Pettone ,
ii r

FEB 2 12 1
28
JUUA .
D
BK
D

CASE N O .7: CV18- 00D 8

V.

D AW D W .M AW YER,etaly
.
Res
pondent
s.

By:H on.M i
chaelF.U r
bansd
l

Chi fUnie S a e Di t t ud
e
t d t t s s dc J ge

M E M O R AN D U M O RD E R
W ila Robi on,c r nty beng hed a t Prnc W iln -M a s a Re ona Ad t
lim
ns
ure l i
l t he i e li m
na s s gi l ul
De e i Ce e ,c
t nton nt r ompl nst thi co tt tona rg sa rght unde Vigi asa e1w we e
ai ha s nsiu i l i ht nd i s
r r ni tt a
r

v oae wh l hewa ap te t t etm SaeHo ptlnS amt n Vigëa( S .Pr c e ig
i ltd ie
s ain a W se tt s ia i tt o , r i W H) o e dn
p os ,Ro i o fldt i lws ts e i rle v a4 U. C.j 1 8 . Dee a t M ayClr
r e bns n ie hs a ui e kng eif i 2 S.
9 3 fnd n s r ae
Sm ih, . .Da d W . a r Eug neSi o l us M . , i nK ir njSgtKali h Biho
t M D , vi
M wye , e
m po o , D.Bra e na
. e g s p,
Sgt M a t w M e c r Sgt And e W ihel Sgt Br Ca tr a Tr nt Humphde , a1
. the
re , .
rw
l m, . ad re , nd e
s l

e oye ofW SH,ha fl d a m o i t d s is ECF No.33.Def nda sDo a Br
mpl es
ve ie
ton o im s .
e nt ugls ydge a
,
Vigi a Stt Tr r a Li Ga ve a a t pr e tve s r c N or r e z oye by
r ni ae oope , nd z r y, n dul ot c i e vies v ke n pl d
Shena
ndoa Val y SocalSe v c , ie s pa a em otonst dimis ECF Nos 36, Ro ns n
h lç
i r i es fld e r t
i o s s.
. 41. bi o

rs
e ponde t t m o i nst dim is m n ngt sma trrpef diposton.
d o he to o s s , ki hi te i or s ii
Alo pe ng i Ro ns n' moton t n e M sc
s ndi s bi o s i o m nd
ompli tt alege t ta 1de e n s
a n o l ha 1 f nda t
a t d unde c or of sa e 1 w i t i i vi la of i lc pa ii .He a s s e t add
ce
r ol
t t a n her ndi dua nd fc a a c tes
lo e ks o
l
mknom zsa fm e be swho hea l swe edie ty i c r ofs c y i hi l t ECF N o.
tf m r
m
lege r r c l n ha ge e udt n s mi.
45. Fort r as s tf t beow,t m o i n t ame i GR ANTED ; he motonst dimis
he e ons e orh l
he to o
nd s
t
i o s s
a eGRANTED a Robi on' lws ti DI I
r
nd
ns s a ui s SM SSED i ise iey f f l et sa eac am .
n t ntr t or aiur o t t l i

/
,

CL RK

BACK GROUND
1. Fact Alegatons
ual l i

The f l ng f t ,wb c at t ken fom Robi on' c pli ,t m oéons t
olowi ac s i h e a
t
ns s om ant he
o
dinas ,li r s
s is ls e pons t t m odonst dimi s a alt a t c d e bis at a e e as
e o he
o s s , nd l he ta he xhi t , e cc pt d

t' f pt e oft def nda s m odonsl O n Aprl21 2017 Robi on wasadnnte t
t or upos s he e nt '
ue
.
i ,
ns
it d o
W SH vi a oz f aps hol ca e l
a n det or yc ogi l vauadon by t Prnc W ila Count Cicui Cot .
he i e lim
y t t ut
ECF N o.3 1 at1.H e w a f i c r ofa
4s acng ha ges
bduc
don,a t m pt r
te ed obbe y,cons z y t
r
piac o
com m i r
t obbe y f l e t a a , and l r ny,pos e son ofa ft a m by ac c e f l
r , ai
ur o ppe t gr
a ce
s si
le t
onvi t d e on,
a us ofa fr nt i com m ison ofa f l
nd e
le m n
'
si
eony. ECF N o.3 3 a 1.
4- t
I t e ng ofM a 5,2017,
n he veni
y
Robi on wasl ng iali r
ns
yi t ls oom t yng t se p when 1
r i o le

f m aepate e e e hi r
e l int nt r d s oom a clm be i o li bed.H egotup a t d he t l a but
nd i d nt ls
nd ol r o e ve

s woud no .H ecd no kn w wh tt do a dd not ntt g ti to l s helf hi
he l t
t t o
i
a o nd i
wa o e n r ub e o et s
r .W he hez ur
oom
n et ned,s w a siln hi bed.H et d he t l a a s t
he s tli s
ol r o e ve nd na ched t cove s
he
r

of t be She r a
f he d.
e ched up a gr bbed hi s a s t and pule hi down on t ofhe ,
nd a
s we t hit
ld m
op
r
l ke he lgsa ound hi , nd t d li t ti t yw oul ha s x,s woul la .Be us
oc d t e r
m a ol nm ha f he
d ve e he
d e ve ca e
hewa e he t l vea ci notwantt ge i toubl t yha s x.Thewom a s il zd
nt d t o ea nd ld
o t n t e, he d e
n tlwoll
notl a li r
e ve ls oom ,s he l f a i and whe he r t ned t tn r
o
e t gan
n
eur
o le oom ,s Snal l tt
he
l ef he
y
t
oom a he l ke t door She r u ne and be n knoc ng on t l ked door a
nd
oc d he
.
et r d
ga
ki
he oc
nd
t li li t l he i buther us d.A tt tpoi t saf s w he a r m oved he fom
elng nm o et r n,
ef e
ha
nt he t f a
r nd e
rz

1S eCa d v. d e , 71 CV0 4 4 2 8WL 3 4 79 ( . Va 201 )(o t ig
e na Ho s No. :7 0 6 , 01
1 6 2 W D. . 8 c nsox
n
a dt l a t il r s r s ons a a n nt t c ant a d S ae v. , 61 d ibna f cs r o e e p e s me dme s o ompli ) n c ts Doe No. :5
29 4 MFS l M,2 6 W L 8 7 9 3 O . C.20 6 ( ng t a i e l e g a mo t
0 - -U
01
626
S. 1 ) nod h t n vaua
don o
dim i s c t e l t t c pli i is e i e y i l lng doc e st ta ei e alt
s s , ours vaua e he om ant n t ntr t , ncuci
um nt ha r nt gr o

a d r l d o i t c mpli whe t r i no q sin a t t i a t ndct)
n ei n n he o ant n he e s ue to s o het u he iy.
e

i fontofli t .ECF N o.1a 5.Thene da t s m ef aepa intpi
n t
ts oom
t
xt y, he a em l te nned Robi on
ns
wih he bodyi t phoneboot a e a s a fhad t t m ovehe .
t r
.
n he
h r a nd t f
o e
r
O n M a 7, 2017,Robi on t d t m em be s of hi tea e t a wha ha
y
ns
ol wo
t
s r % nt e m
t d

ha ne a t d t entr t a t ne da
ppe d nd ol he ie e m he xt y.ECF N o.1 a 3,5,6. 'i t am w a a r of
t
IIs e
s wa e

wha ha ha ne a t d hi t tm e be soft s c iy sa fwe egoi t t l t hi .
t d ppe d nd ol m ha m r
he e utt t f t
ng o ak o m
O n M a 9,
y 2017 het d s cutt sa fm e be swha had ha ne a t tt f m a epa
ol e ' y t f m r
i
t
ppe d nd ha he e l dent
cone ue t har s bi ,i l ng an e s e ri. t tda whe s ha t a d bi i
d o a s m ncudi
piode a le ha y
r
n he d r ppe m n
t t lvii r
he ee son oom a s a f had t r m o he .ECF N o.1 at3.O n M a 1 201 saf
nd t f
o e ve r
y 2, 7 t f

m ove Robi on t a he a e oft hos t , lc he des rbe a fha s r' I W he
d
ns o not z r a he pialwlih
c i d s f r he . d.
'
n
hewa m oved t t ne uni he f
s
o he w t oughtwih t adm i st
t he
nitadon ove e
r duca
don,f
ood, e ,
wat r

a s f t a wa f c d t do t i st tT o g mja s ut d' He as alg st a li
nd ae y nd s or e o hng ha f t hi sa le .
g
' lo l e h t ls
e
teame ta sopped s i hi a pz di hi wih a t oft r py.J
r t nt e m t
eeng m nd ovi ng m t ny ype he a .
i
An i s i bn was sa t d bas on an or t by def nda D r S m opol . ECF
nve tgat
tre
ed
de
e nt . i
ous
N o.40- at 1- A c or ng t a i s don z por,def nda H umphtes t f clt
1
2. c di o n nve dga
e t e nt
i , he a iiy
i éga or die t de enda W ihem t i e v e Robi on a a s t z viw vi o of
nves t , r c ed f
nt l l o nt r i w
ns nd lo o e e de

t e t nce ofRobi on' r
he nta
ns s oom on t e ni ofM a 5,2017. Vi fl w e e m a of
he ve ng
y
deo tes t
de
f a t ken fom 9: t 9: p. . 1 22 t 1 39 p. . a 1 38 am .t 12: a. .Vi
ootge a
r
24 o 26 m , 0: o 0: m , nd 2: . o 42 m deo
s
howe t f m a epa
d he e l dente e i Robi on' r ,a s e Robi on l a ng li z
nt zng
ns s oom nd how d
ns e vi ls oom
s ve a ém es wlie s z m ane i i .The ls vi
e rl
al he e i d nsde
a t deo fl s e t saf m e be s
le how d wo t f m r

z die i t w om a a y fom Robi on' bedr
e r ctng he
n wa r
ns s
oom door The e wasno vi r or d
. t
deo ec de
i i t r
nsde he oom .ECF N o.40- a 3.W ihem not d t d'tng t e tm e pe i saf
1 t
l l
e hat Ai hes i
rods t f

a ard t beconduc t i ' - nut c c .J
ppe e o
dng her
mi e he ks .
Z

Robi on des zbed t W ihem t s m e i i nt he de c i he e I addi
ns
ci
o l l he a
nc de
s rbes t . n
don,
Robi on t d W ihe t tt f m ae pa ntwast li ot rpa nt t Robi on wa
ns ol
l hn ha he e l ée
elng he de s hai
ns
s
t f he ofhe t e c l e a t ts f l
he at r
r hr e hidt n nd ha he olowed hi t oug
m ht houtt uni,t
he t ouchi hi ,
ng m

r a ng hi and pi ng hi a i tt pa ntphone .L a 2.H eFlf rt dW ihem
bbi m,
nni m gans he de
s i t
zrhe ol l l

t thewasi f ta t smadonwa afe dngli anxit a de e son.L
ha
n ea nd he i
s fc ls e y nd pt si i
W ihem not d t tRobi on ha r t t i i ntt s de swho pas e i on
l l
e ha
ns
d epored he ncde o m nt
sd t
t D z Si opoul ,who ol r d t i s ton.The f clt die t ,de e ntM a r
o . m
os
de e he nve dga i
a iiy r c or f nda
wye ,
a ke def nda M e c r t conduc a iw e dga i w hi ld t W ihem conduc i t
s d e nt t e o
t n t s ton, ch e o l l
tng he
i e v e a puli t vi f a . I a 2nt r iw nd lng he deo oot ge d. t 3.
Anot rm em be oft s c ' ysaf, e ntCa t r i e de e t f m a epa nt
he
r he e utt t f def nda
i
ze ,nt r w d he e l ée .
He t
z hought we e diot n z butwhe a ke die l i s we i o s ç
s r s ga i ed,
n s d r cty f he nt nt om one es '
les
bedr
oom on t ri ofM a 5,2017,s s i t t s di She i néfed t pa nta
he lght
y
he ad ha he d.
de i he de s

f iln ' a s i heha ke t li he t go t hi r ,s s di She s i hepule hi
V lim ' nd a d
d pt elng r o
o s oom o he d.
ad
ld s
Pant dow n a s d,<ldon' ha alda ?H e a ke he t t t a ound a whe s woul
s
nd ai <
t ve l p'
s d t o an r
nd
n he
d
not t y 10t1l tt t ,butl t rt t ned. W he as d i a hi physc lha
, he 3 1 ef he oom
a e e uz
n ke f nyt ng
i a ppened i
n
t be oom ,s s i t y had i e c s and s kne i w a wt
he dr
he ad he
nt r our e
he w t s ong. W hen as i bot
ked f h
parkswe e a rea e t t i e c s ,s s i f ea i was' ECF N o.40- a 3t
z gz bl o he ntz out e he ad, Y , t .
'
1 t 4.
At s e poi ,a he m e be oft s c iy saf,de enda Bihop,s
om
nt not t m r he e utt t f f nt s
poke wih
t
Robi on,who t d he t li sa e enthad notc nge butt tt f m a e pade wa
ns
ol r hat ls t t m
ha d,
ha he e l
nt s

silbot rng Ai . Bihop a s not t t s s
tl he i
m
s
lo ed ha he poke t D r Si opoul aboutt f m ae
o . m
os
he e l
pa ' c pe e y t c e t s xua i e c s buthe s i t pa nthad notbee a
éents om t nc o ons nt o e l nt r our e,
ad he ée
n t
t hos t ll e
he pia ong nough f li t pz dean a opra e a we . I a 4.
or nm o ovi
ppr it ns r d. t

Bas on t i e de wih Robi on a t f ae pa i ; diec or M a t
ed
he nt r ws t
ns
nd he em l tent t t
wye
de i d t calt s a e polc t fit ri tga e D e e ntsat toope Br dgew e t
c de o l he t t
ie o l he nvesi t . f nda t e r
t
z y
nt o
t hos t lwhe e he s
he pia
r
poke wih D r Si opoul a t d hi a
t
. m
os nd ol m boutRobi on' penci
ns s
lng
crm i char s O t rde e nts a fm e be s i l lngM a e , umphre , r I e nan,
i nal ge . he f nda t f m t ,ncuci
wy t H
i s D .q r

a a tpzot cdve s rvce e pl
nd dul
e
e i s m oyeeLi G a ve ,w e e t d aboutt c z . z I e nan
z z y r ol
he ha ges D . o z

advied t tW SH wa a r oft c t ,a tktt hos t woul moveRobi on t
s ha
s wa e he hages nd la he pial
d
ns o
a he uni be us ofr ce e nt a a s be aus oft vi e na ur oft c z
not r t ca e
e nt ve s nd lo c e
he olnt t e
he hages

a i thi .
gn ns m ECF N o.40- a 5.
1 t
Tr
ooperBr dgeadvied t tt alga i ofs xua as a twe e afhe s i s s i '
y
s ha he le tons e l s ul r f ad he ad'
stz ton and t t he w a not goi t i tga e f t t be us t pa des ha be
iaa i
ha
s
ng o nvesi t urhe
ca e he r
d en

i e vewe byhos tlsaf A1pn tesa r edwih l sconcuson. daHumpH i z pozed
ntr i d
pia t f 1 ti g e
t a
i
li L
es e t
t t he a G a ve c l d t t Robi on' al ga
ha
nd r y oncude ha
ns s le éons a i t t f m ae pa intwe e
gans he e l te
r
unf
ounde L z He a
d. d.
dded a f
n f
Admi sr
nitaéve l s ' t ts r a sW ihem,M e ce,a
sue' ha ege nt l l
r r nd
.

Ca t r ne
re eded t r m e be t al ys f l H os t ll t cdon #4040 when c r e
o e m r o wa olow
pia ns m
onfont d

wih a alga ofs xua mic
t n le éon e l s onduct Jdaa 5 6.
.- t Ats epoi afe t i i nt t D ia lt La Ce e ofVigi am al aH um a
om
nt t r he ncde , he s biiy w nt t
t ni ied
n

Rkht Co antt d fnd n MayClr S at,t c ze ' cv e drcora W S 2The
s mpli o ee a t z ae nih he urntf i s ie t t H.
a
com pli alge t Robi on w a pur li r leftuough t H lm a Ri s Com pli
ant le d hat
ns
s sang ei l
he x n ght
ant
pr es bec us he w a de e due pr es whe t hos t l f ied t c
oc s
a e
s nid
oc s
n he
pia al o onduc a
t n
i s
nve dgadon i o hi ale d s xua a s ul.
nt s lge e l s a t ECF N o. 1 a 7.
40- t The c pbi alge t tt
om
nt le d ha he

2The c pli w a fl pur ua t 1 VAC 35- 1 ,wlih de c
om a nt s ted s nt o 2
115- 75 lc s dbest pr es by
he oc s
wli h a i vi lc n fl ac pli a i the lh ca ept vi r t ta eEce e f nde
nc n ndi dua a te om ant gans at r o de s ha t
ns d, u d,
orope at by t Vigi i D e t m e ofBe vi a H e lh a D e opm e a Se v c .
r ed
he t t a pa t nt
a
ha or l at nd vel
nt l r i es

hos t l s
pia was uppos d t ilta ea i pa da i es don i o, r ol
e o riit n m r l t dga
w
nt or es uéon of t com pli
, he
ant
a s aspos i e butno l t rt t ne busne sda I t a t hos t lwat t
s oon
sbl ,
a e han he xt i s y. ns e d, he pia ied wo

d y t be i teivet do a dddnotriit a< 01'n s a na al 1
a s o gn h n ska n n i il ae : 'ivedg do t l d.
t
2
.
A sr le ,Robi on as d f a apol f W SH ' f iur t pt ec hi a pr de
e if
ns
ke or n
ogy or
S al e o ot t m nd ovi

hi wih as e e r e ,f notha ng f l d W SH ' polcesa pt dur , nd f
m t af nvionm nt ot
vi olowe
S ii nd oce es a or
notha ng c
vi onduct a i e na i dga
ed n nt z l nves don ofhi c pli . H e a s a ke t tsaf be
s om ant
lo s d ha t f
#

r tnne on t nnig t i posg a f lo n p oc due whe i i nt a et po td.
er i d r
ma n her ts nd o lwi g r e t s n ncde s t e re '
j
'
Fi l,stc heha be r cm it d t W SH ,heas nott be as i
naly il e
d en eal te o
ked
o
sgned t gr
o oupswi. or'
t
h
i cl e pz m iy t t f m al pa nt I at8.
n os oxi t o he e e de . d.
Smi. r s
f e ponded t tn l te on D e m be 7,2017.She s i t t hos t lt
h
o le e tr
ce r
ad hat he pia ook

a éon t s m e da Robi on t po t d t i i nt by i e v e tg hi and pl cng t
c
he a
y
ns e t e he ncde
nt r i wil m
a i he
f m al pa nton i r s d m oriorng.She a knowl d t tW SH di nott ke s e t
e e ée
nc ea e
lt i
c
edge ha
d
a t ps o
a e sli dic f a t t ycoul ha dones byta f r i hi t adif r ntuni
ddr s ls s om ort nd hat he
d ve
o
r ns e rng m o fe e
t

i amor tmeyma r L.a 9.Smih as r pore t tt hos tlc
n
e i l nne . da t
t lo e td ha he pia ompltd a i ena
ee n nt r l
r vi w of li com pbi ,i l ng a t viw of sa f pe or ance of asi
e e
as
nt ncudi
e e
t f rf m
sgned dutes a
i , nd
det m i d t tt yw e eca re outa r quied. i r s pr ec ofalc nt a W SH ,
er ne ha he r ri d
s e t To nc ea e ot éon l he s t
se w e et ke t ens et tbe oom doorswe ec os d whiecint we ese pi a ri
t ps t a n o ur ha dr
t l e
l le s r l e ng t lght
a t door we e t l ked by saf s t tt r
nd he
s r hen oc
t f o ha he oom sc zd notbe ac es ed by a
oll
c s
nyone
ot r t n s a f Fi l Sm ih not t twhen Robi on wasz adnate t W SH ,he wa
he ha t f. nal
y, t
ed ha
ns
e itd o
s

hou e i as p tt a e a d foo fo t fmaepa nt J
s z n e a ae r a n l r r m he e l de . A
TheDi a lt w Ce e ofVigni r s
s biiyLa
nt r
r i a e pondedt Snnt and as e t d t t hos t
o ih
s t e hat he pial

wa o o c la c wih t e hu n r srgua sbe a e i dt noti s g t t
s ut f ompin e t h ma kht e ldon c us t d
t é ae he
we
6

a s ul a z pond t Robi on v't n t y f hour of hi c pl i a ne r
s a t nd es
o
ns
ihi went - ouz
s
s om ant nd ve

c du td a < I 2 : i ska . I a dion,Robns n c dnu d t a k f r a
on ce
O 01: t t don n d d
we
i o on e o s o n
a knowl dgm e ofW SH' alge wr
c
e
nt
S le d ong- ng a a a ogp Fi l heas t ha li
doi nd n pol
nal
y,
ked o ve ns

hlm a rght c pl i tea e i ac or nc wih 1
x n i s om ant r t d n c da e t 2VAC35- 175.I a 10.The e i no
115d. t
r s

r pons fom W SH t t s cond l te i t fl.
es
et
o he e
e tt n he le
I CausesofActon
I.
i

Ro ns ma e teflo n c ms 1 Thesx lasuli hsz m,heasut
bi on k s l olwig bi :()
a
e ua sa tn i oo t sa l
by t pade t l
he
nt eephone ,a t f ctt the w a f c t sa a ound t f m ae pa nt
s nd he a ha
s or ed o t y t
he e l de
fom M a 7,t M a 12,2017 cons u ed ne i ncea m e a and em odona a a e on
t
y o y
dt t
glge
nd nt l
l nd bus

tep t ofteW S d fnd nt;2 Thei siain, t ee b dee da Hump isa
h at h H ee a s () t tg to o d r d y fn nt
we
hte nd
conduct d by de enda sW ihem ,Ca t r M e c r a Bihop,wa donepoory,whih as
e
f nt l l
r e , t e , nd s
s
l
c lo

wa ne l e ;()Thefiuet rmo et fmaepa nti ditl wa n gie ta
s gi nt 3
g
al o e v he e l de mme aey s e l n nd
t
g
a ie ()Afe h wa mo dt a le unthi n w te % e ta so dalrame ,
busv ;4 tr e s ve o notzr i, s e ra ntem tppe lte t nt
whc healg swa ne l e a drtl tr;()Dee a sHlmp isa d Gav yfi d
ih l e s gi nt n eai oy 5 fnd nt l hre n re al
e
g
a
e
t tl t hm o ofe hm c l ei whihwa ne l nt()Thesc iyof e dee nt
o ak o i r ft i omsl
ng c s gke ;6
eutt fc r fnda s
weene l ntfrfingt pr e thm whl hewa a W S ()Dee n Hlmphde wa
t gi o al o otc i ie
ge
i
s t H; 7 fnda t l
s s
ne h e f t fin t f lo i e ég dv pol is r s tn i n ge t a a e ()
g g nt o nl g o o lw nv s a e i e eulig n e lc nd bus ; 8
i
c
D ef nda sSm ih a M a y twe ene i ntf al ng saf t m a poorde ii whi
e nt
t nd w e t glge oz lowi t f o ke
c sons ch
r lle i Robi on be ng ne e ed,a e and a s ule fom M a 5,2017 t ough M a
eszt d n
ns
i
glct bus d,
sa td r
y
ht
y

3 ,20 7 ()De e nt S t a Hlmpl ist tl td a nns Ro ns b h v n lm
1 1 9 9 fnda s mih nd x l e eai e g i t bi on y a i g n
r
a
i
d ca e c
e lr d ompee a ds hag donMa 31 20 7 (0 De e a S t wa ne l e f r
tnt nd ic t e
y , 1 ; 1 ) f nd nt mih s gi nt o
g
no a c ptn r s nsbit f rt ea donso W S e o e s ( 1 Stf t a wa o d yo
t c e ig e po i l y o h c
i
f H mply e ; 1 ) a f h t s n ut n

t nihtofMa 7 2 7 fie t p otc hi fo a sul;(2 Safon d yatrM a 9
he g
y , 01 ald o r e t m r m sa t 1 ) tf
ut fe y ,
20 7fi dt pr ethi fo t fmaepa n fo t td t unt Ma 1 , 01 ; n (3
1 al o otc m r m he e l de t r m ha ae i y 2 2 7 a d 1 )
e
l
D ef nda s Br dge, H lm phtes I e na G a v y, a Si opoul cons t d t de
e nt
y
l
i , i z n, r e nd m
os
pie o ny
Robi on duepr es by notalowi hi t pr sc ge a ha hi a lga i he t by
ns
oc s
l ng m o es hat s nd ve s le tons a d
t c ts t m . I a m odon t a e fl on O c obe 5,2018,Robi on al d t tal
he our yse
n
o m nd ted
t r
ns lege ha l
def nda sa e unde col ofs a elw a a ed i t i i vi la ofkilc pa i s
e nt ct d
r or t t a nd ct n he. ndi dua nd f a a c de .
t

H e as a ke t na e a de e nt t unknown saf pe s ilhi uni who we eon dut
lo s d o m s f nda s he
t f t ons t s t
r
y

a t tm e heasa s ule a hra s d.Robi on s ks$5, 000i da ges
t he i s
s a td nd s e
ns ee
000, n ma .
I t i m odonst dimi s t W SH def nda sa de enda Br dgea guet tt s
n her
o s s , he
e nt nd f nt y
t ha hi

c ut lc sbjc matrjts c o zRo ns n'c mst t bi o ha fi dt sae
o taks u et te I idiéon ve bi o s bi ,ha Ro ns n s al o tt
l
e
ac m f r le ,a t tt y a ee l t qua ed i muniy. e enda G a v y a guesi
bi or ei f nd ha he r ndted o
v
m
t D f
nt r e t
n
he m oton t dimi st tRobi on ha f ied t s a ea cnm a i the .
t
i o s s ha
ns
s al o t t li gans r
DI
SCU SSIO N

M oi t DimisPurua t Rul 1 ( ()
ton o s s s nt o e 2b)1
TheW SH def nda sand def ndantBr
e nt
e
ydgem ovet dimi spur ua t Fe R. V.
o s s
s nt o d. Ci P.

1 q 1,algn ta t sc t lc s bjc matrj dc The agu ta be a e
2 $() l ig h t hi out aks u e t te uds idon. y r e h t cus
e
Ro ns n c msta ma yoft d fnda t'a do weene l nto a i ,ta h i
bi o bi h t n
he ee ns c ns r gke t busve h t e s
algi onl s a e lw c us s ofac
le ng y t t a a e
dqn a ha f ie t alge vi a
nd s ald o le
ol don of a cons u
dt dona
l
rg .I addi
iht n
don, he a guet tt t e entRobi on i btngi aduepr s c nm bas
t yr
ha o he xt
ns s i ng
oce s l i
ed
on any of li algadons he i a t m pdng t i l e sa e lw t t c us s of a don i o
ls le
,
s te
o nfat t t a ot a e
c
nt
c dt
ons udona cnm svi mi us oft Foutee h Am endm e . The c t Paulv. a s 424
l li
a s e he
t nt
nt
y ie
D vi ,

U..6 3 7 ( 9 6 ,f rishodng t tt Fo te h Ame me doe no by iso
S 9 , 01 1 7 ) o t li ha he ute nt
nd nt s t t wn

free e t pli f arg t befe fo alnu ywheet Saema bec rce e
o c xtnd o sndfs iht o re r m lijr r he tt y haa tdz d
a at tea or
s or f s .

l i w elesa ihe t tadoc l e fl r s i t belbe al c tue a a pm
t s l t bls d ha
lm nt led o e s o i t ly onst d nd
-

î c pl i ,r ga dl s ofhow i r fll pl ded,m us be hed t ls s Hnge sa ds
. om ant e r es
q
na tll ea
y
t
l o es t
nt t ndar

.

t n fz l la igsd atdbylwyz. ikonv Pad s 5 1U. 89 9 (00 ) Han s
ha oma pe dn zfe
a es Erc s . z u , 5 S. , 4 2 79 ie
v. t e , 4U.. 1 , 20 5 ( 9 2 .A l r l e dn of b ns n' c li t c mbi d
Ke n r 40 S 5 9 5 - 21 1 7 ) i a r a ig Ro i o s ompan , o ne
be
wih hi r s
t s e pons t t 'm odonst dimi s i c t t ta t ve yl a thei a tm pe g t
es o he
o s s , ndi a e ha t he r e s
s te
o

pla s tnd d p ocs cnmsa ans teW S dee a sb sd o ()tealg d
e d ubsa ve ue r es li g i t h
H fnd nt a e n 1 h le e
sx la s ut a c iue haa s nt b t fmae p de ;() t alge fiue t
e ua s a l nd ontn d t sme y he e l a nt 2 he l d al o
e
t
pr ty i dga e hi s xua a s ul alga i cnm sa i tt e de enda si ved i
ope l nves t s e l s a t le tons li gans hos f nt nvol n

t i edg do ()t deii nott pus eci na c ag sa ()t alg drtl d
he nv s a n 3 he cson o ru zmi l h re; nd 4 he l e eai on
e
a
t tf lwe l stpo dn . c r igy t c lr ûndst ttha s jc matrj idc n
ha ol d n e r g Ac o dn l,he ozt
o
i
ha i s ubet te uts iéo
ove t e f de a cli s
r hes e r l nm .

I.Rul 1 b)6 M oto t Dimis
I
e 2( () in o s s

To s vv amo t dinisun tFe ea Rul ofCi lPt e r 1 $() a
urie
don o sas de d rl e
vi ocdu e 2q 6,
c pli m us c an s f entf t la lga
om ant t ont i ufki ac ua le éons whih,i ac e ed astue Tft t acn m
, c f c pt
t , fsa e li

t zle t tspa i eonisfc .' hcofv I ba, 5 U.. 6 , 78(0 )(uo igBel
o eif ha i lusbl t a e'As z t . l5 6 S 6 2 6 2 09 q tn l
'

At. . Two , 5 U. 5 4 5 7( 00 ).Und rt plu iit sa ad ac mplit
lCo v. mbl 5 0 S. 4 , 5 2 7) e he a sbly tnd r, o an
i
m us cont ç or t lbe sand c usons'ora ff muli r c t don oft elm ent
t
zn f e han a l
m
oncl i '
rot ac e ia
he e
s
ofaca eofac
us
don.'Tw om bl ,550 U. a 555.Tli plusbiiysanda d r qliesapli f
'
S. t
ns a i lt t r e lt
sndf

t de onsr t m ot t n fa s e pos i lt t ta de enda hasac e lnlw fll 'Jqb 1
o m ta e
e ha < he r sbiiy ha
f nt
t d a a ilp' --x ,
556 U . at678.
S.
9

W hen nli on am odon t dim i ,t c tac e sft wel- ed a lga bnsoft
lng
o s ss he our c pt fhe lpl le t
he

c mp nnta tu 'a f onst gjt ef csa r a o b ei ee c sd dve t e ez m i
o li s r e' nd T tues h a t nd e s na l nfr n e e d h t fo n
c

t l htmo tfvo a et tepli f'I rav. tdStts 1 0F.d47 , 7 (t Ci.
he i
g
s a rbl o h anéf. bar Unie ae , 2 3 2 4 4 4h t
'
1 9 ) W hi t c t mus a c pta tu al l pla e f c l l g do , hes mei no
9 7 . l he out t c e s t e lwel e d d a ma al a ns t a s t
e
'
e
,

'

t' f lga c l i .f lea r t iasoft e e e sofac us ofa
t or e l oncusons f r dba e ect l he l m nt
ue
Tl
a e cdon,s
uppor e
td

bym e ec l or s a e e s do nots fc 'Jq- -,556U . a 678. c tnee notac ept
t oncus y t t m nt,
ufi e. b 1
' p.
S. t
A out d
c
-

astne fT ga c l i ,e e e sofaca eofac
tl Te l oncusons l m nt
l
us
don,...bat a s tonsde d off t r
e s eri
voi
urhe
f t le nc m e ,...unwa t nt d i e ence ,unz as bl concusons otar e s'
ac ua nha e nt
t a e nf t s
e ona e
l i ,
gum nt .'
'

m c r onv. ha io,
hads S r

Fe App
d. x. , 01 W .45 3 2(t Ci. 1 )(uo gNe t
2 8 L 20 7 4. t20 8 q dn me
h'

Che r e,Lt v.Co ïmeafisc m,I . 5 F.d 2 0 2 (t Ci.2 0 ) ( ena
v olt d.
nsl rfar.o nc, 91 3 5 , 55 4h r 0 9) i z l
nt
qu a n ma k o te ) Th ,a c mpli mus pz s n s hce tnonc ncus r fc l
otdo r s mit d . us o ant t e e t uf in
o l o y a ma
ale éons t s
l ga
o uppor a r as bl i er nce t t pli fi e l d t z le a t
t e ona e nf e
hat he sndf s ndte o ei f nd he
def nda i Ja e f t lnlwfz a tor omi son alged. Se Fz nc sv.Gi com el,588
e nt s i bl or he l a t c
l
s i le
e a i
a
li

F.d 1 6 1 61 7 (t Ci.20 9 (f f n dsasa o clm ta smpl sae alg l
3 8 , 9 - 9 4h t 0 ) ai- g in isl f li h t i y ttd e a
mi
c ncuso wihnof css ppo d t ealg ton a Ii gv. be ti 8 5F.d20 , 4
o l in t
a t u r ng h l ai ) nd f n Ru nsen, 2 3 6 21
e
(t Ci.2 6 ( , lg lc ncusonsTr no e te t t a sl n oftu h' nd a e
4 h r 01 ) f r e a o l i a e t nd ld o he sl
%ae
mpdo
rt a t

i ufiintt saeacsm.)(uo gJ - 15 6U. a 6 9.
ns f e o tt li ' q dn -b , 5 S. t 7 )
c
p 7
qx
1 1 Libiiyunde 4 U.. j1 8
1 . a lt
r 2 SC. 9 3
To p e i o ac m f tacvl iht vi a n u e 4 U. C. 1 8 , pli f t
zval n bi o iirg s oldo nd r 2 S. j 9 3 a andf mus
e tbl h () t t h ha b e d prv d of a rg ,p ii ge o i
sa i 1 ha e s e n e ie
s
iht rvl t mmuni s c r d b t e
e
t eue y h
y

Cons ad o lwso t Unie Sae a ()t tt c du ta utwbc hec mpli
étzon t a f he td tts nd 2 ha he on c bo
ih o ans
wa com m it by a pe s ac i unde col ofsat lw.D ow e v.Tot lA c
s
ted
t on tng
r oz
tea
a don A ans
i t
10

Po r i Roa keVal ,1 F.d 6 3 6 8 (t Ci.1 9 ) Cli fr voa n of
ve n no
l 45 3 5 , 5 4h r 9 8. lms o ildo
e
s bsa év du pr c s a ea éon bl und rj 1 8 .Zi r v. c 4 4 U. 11 ,1 5
u t n e e o e s r c a e e 9 3 nemon Buth, 9 S. 3 2

(9 0.
1 9)
Chi b o g a sns d fn nt i t i of ilc p cde aenotc g ia ei j
ms r u ht g i t ee da s n her fca a a i s t
o nz bl n
1 3 lws t bec us net z a sa e noz is ofk il cdng i t i of i lc i s a e
98 a uis a e ihe
tt
t i a sa
n he r hc a apacde z

pes sfrpupossofj1 3 Wi v. c a De 'o SaePoie 4 U. 5 , 1(9 9.
zon o t e
98 . I Mihi n
I
t f tt l , 91 S. 8 7 1 8 )
c
Thus a cqm br
, li oughta i tan of ili hi orhe of i lc pa iyi notc i r a s t
gnns
hca n s
r hca a ct s
onsde ed ui
a i t t of a, but r he a s t a i t t ofki ls ofk e Bec us t Elve h
gans he hcil
at r ui gnns he f a' f .
a e he e nt

Am e e pr bisc 'sfom e e t ni a a don a i tt sa e Al bam av.Pu h,
ndm nt ohi t out r
t
nt rni ng n c
gans he t t , a

4 U. 7 1 7 2(9 8,tas pz hiisc ursfo c nsdeigcqmsa nns dee da s
38 S. 8 , 8 1 7 )i lo o bt o t r m o i rn li g i t fn nt
i t e.ofiil a cde . o rv. o 8 F.d 1 1 ,1 3 (t Ci.1 96.
n h i fca c pa i s Cr me Br wn, 8 3 3 5 3 2 4 h t.9 )
t
Robi on ha s d t def nda s i 10t t i i vi l a of i l c pa i .
ns
s ue he e nt n 3 h het ndi dua nd hc a a cdes

Acc di y,a csm s Robi on brngs a i t def nda s i t i of i c pa ii ar
or ngl ny li
ns
i
r ns
e nt n he. ûcal a ctes e
r
d snis d.
ir s e

A. Quaii d I uniy
lle mm t
The doc rne ofquai d i m lniy a f ds pr e don a i ti vi lla lt f
ti
lhe m a t for
ot c
gans ndi dua ibiiy or
cvi da age t ofkil i of rast i c
i l m s o f a s ns a
her onductdoe notvi a e cea l e t bls s a ut y
s
olt l ty s a ihed t t or

otc dt
ons uéona tght ofwlih ar s bl pe s woul ha known.Pe t on v. la
li s
nc ea ona e r on
d ve
as
Ca lhan,

5 U. 2 3 23 (0 9 (uoé Ha lw v.Fi e ad,45 U. 8 0 8 8 (98 ). S ae
55 S. 2 , 1 2 0 ) q ng ro
t tl 7 S. 0 , 1 1 2 ) ttd
z
a t rwa ,Tgj lfe i niy p o e t of il T c
no he y r uaiid mmu t r t cs fcas who ommi c ns u na v o a ns
q
t o dt do l i ldo
butw ho,i l ofclary esa ihe lw ,c d r s bl beive t tt i a
n i
ght
e l t bls d a oul ea ona y le ha he. cdonswe e
t
r

lwfl.' Bo e v.S t Ca o ia De t o Co r cbns 8 5 F.d 5 3,5 7 5 8 (t Ci.
a tl' ok r ou h r ln
'
. f ret , 5 3 3 3 - 3 4h r

21 7 (ii He
0 ) ct
ng

v.Pur l 65 F.d 5 4 5 (t Ci.20 1 (n ba l. Thed ti
nel 2 3 2 , 31 4h r 1 ) e nc)
,
ocrne

weghst nee t hol publcofki l ac ount bl f ir ponsbl e r ieofpowera i t
i he d o d
i f as c
a e or res
i e xe cs
gnns
t ne t sle d ofki l f om ha as m ent cita i a labiiywhe t y pe f m t i
he ed o lil f as t
r s
, lsr cton, nd i lt
n he r or he.
r

du srs nsbl.Boo e,8 5F.da 5 (iigPeron, 5 U. a 2 )
de epo i y
k r 5 3 t 38 ctn as 5 5 S t 31.
l pe f m i a quaii d i m uniy a l i,a c tm us fr tde e m i t s c f
n r or ng
lfe m
t nayss out
t ts t t ne he pe ik

dg t tt pli falg swa i ln e byt c l n e c du t J. (i ngWi il v.
ht ha he andf l e s nf g d he hal g d on c . - cd
e
i
e
I
L
nfed

Ba s 1 6 F.d 5 5 5 0 (t Ci.1 7 (n ba l.The c ur t n mus ak whehe a
s, 0 3 2 , 3 4h r 99 ) e nc)
o t he
ts
tr
c dt
ons udona vi adon occ r d and w het r t dghtvi a e w a c e ty e tbls d a t
l ol
ur e
he he
ol t d s l a l s a ihe t he

t t of il i ae i.Th q s nsn e no beake i apad ua ot r L-(i
i he ûca voltd t e uedo e d t s d n r c lr de. d céng
me
s
Me a e rlM e a v. ene 5 3F. 3 8 3 3(t Ci. 01 )a dPeto 5 5U..a
l t x e. l r Gre , 9 3d 4 , 5 4h r 2 0 n as n, 5 S t
23 ) Thepli fbe r t b d nofs wi t tac ns t dona vilto o c z d whl
6.
andf a s he ut e
ho ng ha o d u l o ain c ure , i
e
t def ndantbea s t bt n ofs
he e
t he ude
howi e ilm e t qua e i m uniy Puz l,501
ng ntte nt o u d m
t . nel
F. a 377.
3d t
B. Supe vi or Li lt
r s y abiiy

Th do ti eofr s e ts pe tdo snota pl t j1 3 cnms Monel De '
e crn e pond a u do e
p y o 98 li .
lv. t
of Soc Se vs of Ciy of N e Yor 436 U. 658,691 (9 ) Lib l y ofs pe vs r i
. t .
t
w
k,
S.
1 78. a ii
t
u rio s s

Pr nas d upon <a t cogni
e ie
f e
don t t s r ior i fe e e oz t ct a horza
ha upe v s y ndif r nc
a i ut i don of

sbot n ts mic nd tma beacusévefco i t c nsi ona i ute t yi lc
u diae' so uc y
a a a tz n he o t
mé lt is he nfit
j
o t s c mmitd t t i c r . Sa n v.Po tr 7 7 F. 36 ,3 2 7 ( h Ci.1 8 )
n ho e o te o het a e' lke
'
te , 3 2d 8 7 - 3 4t r 9 4 .
The Four h Ciczthas s t f t t e ee ent ne es a y t esa ih s r s y la lt
t r ti
e oz h hr e lm s c s r o t bls upe vior ibiiy

un tj1 8
de 9 3:

()t tt s r iorha a tzlo c sr c vek wld et tli s bo cnaewa
1 ha he upe vs d caa r on tu é no e g ha ls u zl t s
i
e ge i conduc t tpos d <a pe v i a unr as bl ts 'of c tt
nga d n
t ha
e ç r asve nd e ona e ik'
ons iudona
l

91 1,oce e l t pli if ()t tt spedstsr s et t tk wld
j - t i nsi he lntf;2 ha he u r o ' epons o ha no q ge
u)
ke
wa s i
s o nadequat ast s
e o how fdei r e i fe e e t or t cta horza i oft
f lbe at ndif t nc o
a i ut i ton
he

alg dofe i p adc s' a ()t theewa a f fi n dv c usli 'bewen
l e fnsve rc e,;nd 3 ha t r s n f ft a e a a l ' t e
e
'
a v
nk
t e s pe vs zs i c a d t e patc a c nsit i li jr s ft d b t e
h u r io ' na don n h riulr o t z ona nu y ufe e y h
tt
pl i j f ...
nnff .
To s f t t quie ent oft ft tee ent a pli fm us s
aés y he e r m s he ts lm , andf
t how t f l ng:
he olowi

()t s peds rsk wld eo ()c u te a di b asbot n t ()whee
1 he u r o ' no e g f 2 ond c ngge n y u diae 3
z
tec ndu tpossapew svea u es na ers ofc dmt na ijr t t
h o c e
z i nd nrao bl ik ons i l nu y o he
o
pl néf . Slke 737 F. a 373. Esa ihi a f r i 'a f le ona e'rs
ai f a n,
2d t.
t bls ng f vasve' nd f r as bl ' ik
pe
ur
ofhnt r quiese denc t tt c
' e t vi e ha he onduc i wi s e ota l as ha be n us on
m
t s de pr ad, t e t s e ed
s ve aldif entoc asonsa t tt conduc e ge i by t s
e t fez
c i
nd ha he
t nga d n
he ubor na e pos
di t
es

a unraona l zs ofhnm o c ns t na i u y I a 3 337
n e s be ik
t r o dtdo lnjr. d. t 7 - 4.
z
S w v. to ,1 F.d 79 , 9 (t Ci. 9 4 (t ri e na ctdo o te ) A pbi f
ha S t ud 3 3 1 7 9 4 h r 1 9 ) o he ntz l ia ns mit d .
ndf
m a esa ih delbe a ei fe e eby s
y t bls i r t ndif z nc
howi as r iorsffontnued i doni t f c
ng upe v s ' fc i
nac
n he a e

o do ume e wi s r a a us s' d (i g Sa e 7 F. a 3 3 . o o c us éo
f c ntd de p e d b e .'i a ce lk n, 37 2d t 7 ) Pr of f a a n
'
m a be diec ori m a be s i by t t tprnci e t thol a pe s la e f t
y
t t t y
uppled
he ot i pl ha
ds
r on ibl or he

n t a c e ue e o t i a d .d.ct Sa e 7 7F.da 3 6.
autl onsq nc s f het c onsl (ii lk n, 3 2 t 7 )
ng
I Foureent Am endm entSubs antve D ue Pt
V.
t
h
t i
oces
s

Tl unt rl c m i pa nt i sa e m ent heat hos t l ha a Foltee h
Tnvol a iy om ted de s n t t
al lh pias ve
xt nt
A m e entdue pz es tghtt bept ded s e c donsby t hos t la ni qz t s'
ndm
oc s i o
ovi
af ondi
he pia dr nita or .
'

Ammo v. ahi t De t ofS ila d HelhSedc s 6 8F. 1 2 1 27(t Ci.
ns W s n on
. oca n at r e, 4 3d 0 0, 0 9h r
201 )dfii ct l ndunu u l nih ntt hodc n itdci n l i u aec ndi ns
1.f ts rz a
l
e
s a pu s me o l o vce rmiasn nsf o éo ,
i m us beuncons M dona o c i t i ol aiy c m i
t t
t
lt onfne he t unt ll om aed- who m a notbepunihed
w
y
s

a al i u a ec ndions'Yo be v. me , 7U. 3 7 31 - 6 (9 2 .
t l n ns f o t . un r Ro o 45 S. 0 , 5 31 1 8 )
i '
The r dona e f t s ptncpl i sm pl e
a
l or hi i i e s i e nough:whe t St t by t a ftna
n he a e
he flv dve
e r ie ofispowe s t tlns a i vi ls lbe t t ti r
xe c s
t
r o est i n ndi dua' i ry ha t ende shi una e t
z m
bl o
c e f hi s l, nd a t s m etm e f ist pr de f hi baschum a nee --e.
ar or m e f a t he a i al o ovi ot s i
n ds - p,
f
ood, c ot ng, s le , m edi l ca e, a r s bl s f y i ta gr s e t
l hi
het r
ca r nd ea ona e a et- t r ns e s s he
s t ndve lm ison s a e a éon s tby t Ei h Am e
ubsa
i t
tt c
e
he ght
ndm enta t D uePr es
nd he
oc s
Clus .
a e

De ha v Wi ba oCou De tofSo il evc s 4 9U. 1 9 2 0(9 9.
s ne . nne
n
. ca S rie, 8 S. 8 , 0 1 8 )
Th Cons u i r q r st t c u t ma e c ran t tpr e so lj g n i
e
dt ton e uie ha o zs k e ti ha of si na ud me t s
e e csd.You be , 7U. a 3 .A de ii i m a eb apr e son l i pt sA vey
x r ie
n r 45 S. t 21
cson,f d y of si a/ s e lmpd l

vai fg a it ma be i s d o y wh n t d cso b t pr e son li s h a
l f jibl y y mpo e nl e he e ii n y he of si a s uc
d. f t

sbsa ld panr fo a cptd p ofsina jd me ,prc e ot sa dads a t
u tnda e r le r m c e e r eso l u g nt adc , tn t s o
de ons t t t t t pe s r s
m
ta e ha he r on e ponsbl a ual di not bas t de ii on s h a
i e ct l d
y
e he c son
uc

jd me . i za 3 3. I Pa tn v. c l,2 4 F. 8 ,8 3 (t Ci. 00 ) t Fou t
u g nt' d. t 2 n te Niho s 7 3d 29 4 4 h t 2 1, he rh
'
Cic tnot d t f l ng:
t ui e he olowi
Be
yond r ogni ng t t sanda d r quies pr ofm oz t n m e e ne lgence
ec zi hat he t r e r
oof
e ha
r gi
,
c t ha had s e dif t de e l ni pt cs l how f r t pr e sona
our s ve
om
fkuly t rni ng e iey
a he of s i l

jdg ntsa ad fl fo ne l e e o t c l bly c nt um. Co ae
u me tnd r al rm gi nc n he upa ii o i
s
g
t
nu ' m r
?
Yvo L. Ne Me ioDe 'ofHuma S r s, 5 F.d88 ,8 4(0 Ci.1 9 )
nne v. w xc
t
n ev .9 9 2 3 9 1 + r 9 2
(ou g whehe dheei muc difrnc ' bewe n t d l zt i ifrn e
d bdn
t t f t s h fee e' t e he ei ae ndfee c
t
be
sa a d a t You be sa r ) wih Do v.Ne Yo k Ciy De tofSo .
tnd t nd he n r tndad , t e
w r t p'
c
Sev.7 9F.d78 , 0(dCi. 9 3 (tdn t tnYo n be ,fa Cozta ptd
rs, 0 2 2 79 2 t1 8 ) sa g ha i u r dle t do e
t
r
wha i e s nd l ag os n gie c sa r ' ; e as S wv. ta kh e 9 0F.d
t s s e al r s e l n e tndad ) s e lo ha S r c ous, 2 2
y
g
1 3 , 11 6 (d Ci. 1 9 ) r of si a jd me t lk r c e s s a d g os
1 5 4 3 r 9 0 Tr e son l u g n , i e e klsne s n r s
ne l e e g n zl fls s me r bewe n smpe n gke e a d itnéo l
gi nc , e eal al o whee t e i l e l nc n ne na
g
y
mic uc.
sond t'
).
N e rhees ,i i cea t te de s
ve t l s t s l r ha vi nce howi a m e e depa t ef om t ta i a e sa t
ng
r
r' r
ur
ha pplc bl t nda d
ofc z i i uf i ntt s v a c dtz
a e s ns ûc e o hoi ons tdona vi adon. Pal n,274 F. a 845. The c zt
l ol
te
3d t
ott

wile nne Robi on' c m si lghtoftassa r
l xan i
ns s bi n i
li t nda d.

3TheYoun be c tde m e f of sona decsonm a r'a aper on com pe e , t
r our f d f es i l ii
pr
ke ' s
s
t nt whe her
by e adon,tai ng,or e re e,t m ake t pa dc a decson a is
duc
t ni
xpe inc o
he r ulz ii t s ue. D a -o- y
y t da
de ii r ga di ca e i l ng decsonst tm us bem adewihoutde a nec s a iyw11
c sons e r ng r , ncudi
ii
ha
t
t
l y, e s rl 1

bema i ma y i tnc sbye l e swil f ma tani bu wh ae s bjc t t
de t n nsa e
l
mpoy e t
wut ot l r i ng t o r u e t o he
s r ii ofquai pe s .Youn be ,457 U. at323 n.30.
upe v son
lhed r ons
t
S.
1
4

A . I talAss t
nii
aul

Robi on doe not alge t t any of t na ed def nda s N e e pr e on t
ns
s
le ha
he nA
e nt e r es nt
he
e ng oft al ge a s ul.N ordoe he a s r t t y had knowldget t as a twas
veni
he le d s a t
s s e t hat he
e
hat he s ul
goi t happe a f ied t pr ve i.Thus i i cea t thehasf ied t sa eacsi t t
ng o
n nd al o e nt t
,t s l r ha
a l o t t l m ha
a oft na ed def nda svi a e hi rght by f ii t s op t a s ul.
ny he m
e nt olt d s i s alng o t he s a t
Robi on a s na e asde e nt t unknown saf m e be swho w e ediecl i
ns l o m s
f nda s he
tf m r
t z ty n
c r ofs t ng li uri and i i a sl e f pur esoft sm oéon t tRobi on w oul
ha ge ecui zs lt
t s s lm d or pos
hi
ha
ns
d

be a e t l r t na es of t saf m e be s who we e pt s nt A s dic s a
bl o ea n he m
he t f m t
t ee .
s us ed bove
,
c
onduc whi a ount t no m ot t n smpl ne i nc doe notc dt ea ki a of
t ch m
so
e ha i e glge e s
ons ut
oldon

t tghtt s t ntve due pr es . Robi on al ge t whe he dic r d t f m al
he i o ubs a i
oc s
ns le s hat n
s ove e he e e
pa inti li r
te n as oom ,he l tbe us hew a afad ofget g i toubl ,butt n r ar a
ef ca e
s ri
e n r e
he et ned nd

ha s x w1. he s t ts w oul l ve.Atno poi di he ae tsaf t tt f m a epade
d e :1 r o ha he
1
d ea
nt d
lr t f ha he e l
nt
wa i hi t
s n s oom ort hewasha tg a s toft oubl wih he a not ngi hi algadons
hat
vil ny or
t e t r nd hi n s le
.

i ca e t ta saf m embe wasa r ofwha w asha ni i li r .
ndi t s ha ny t f
z
wa e
t
ppe ng n ls oom
W hiei i posi e t tsa fcoul ha be m or a t ndvet t whe ea soft
l t s sbl ha t f
d ve en
e te
o he
r bout
he

pa nt,Robi on' alga
ée s
ns s le donssm pl do notde c i a cons tdona vi a
i y
s rbe
étz
l ol don on t pa t
he r

oftesafme es S eBe kv Wis , 77F.d8 4, 9 -91(t Ci. 0 4 (i ln ta
h tf mb r. e c . lon 3 3 8 8 08 8h r2 0 ) fnc g h t
i
net rf iur t conduc Tf cec c ' ofpa sdlrng t nt t t ty- i eHm epe
ihe al e o
t fa he ks'
dent ai we y o hit m nut
dod
norbengabs fom t nur e' s a t fl m edi donsa tm epaée
i
ent r he s s t don o il
ca
ti
ntwasbengas a t d
i
s ule

a ntd t mor t n me ene l nc )a S w b S ri v. ta k us , 20F.d 1 3 ,
mou e o e ha t gi e nd ha
ge
tan S r c ho e 9 2 1 5
11 ( r Ci. 9 0 (i l gt t i l i cd n of nl t k e wac o e me a yds b e
43 3 d t 1 9 ) fncn ha snge n ie t fing o e p th v r ntE ia ld
i
i
pe s wlih r s t d i li l a ng orbeng t ke t a he a e a s xual a s uled was
r on lc e ule n ls e vi
i a n o not t t a nd e l s a t
y
15

fs ltdmiha ' ndddnota un t mo eta meene l nc)Ac o dn l, i o
f oae s p'a i
i
mo t o z h n t gke e. c t igy Robns n
ha fie t al a cons udonalca e ofac
s ald o lege
dt
us
don bas d on t i ta a s t a i t a
e
he niil s aul gnns ny

na ed orunna e def ndantand t e cnm sar cim i s
m
m d e
hos li
e ls s ed.
B. Adi tonalA s tve Beha or
i
sauli
vi

Robi on cli st t f m ae pade as a t d li a i t ne da M a 6,
ns
pm hat he e l
nt s ule nm gan he xt y, y 2017,
whe s pi d hi t t walwih he body.W he t s a f s w wha s w a doi
n he nne m o he l t r
n he t f a
t he s ng,

s eone ca e a r m oved he . A tt poi ,Robi on ha notye r portd t s xual
om
m nd e
z
hat nt
ns
d
t e e he e
as a tt li te m e t a a t r or none oft de enda sw e e a r oft f m ae
s ul o as r at nt e m nd he ef e
he f
nt t wa e he e l

paéents be vi . The ef e f t s m e r as t tRobi on di notsat a c us of
' ha or
r or , or he q
e onb ha
ns
d
t e a e
a don ba e on t ilda a s ul,he c
c
sd
he ri l s a t
annotba e a c us ofac
s
a e
don on t s ond a s ul
he ec
sa t

be us he ca
ca e
nnots
how t as a tocc r bec us a pr es i le pl e s tndal
he s ul ured a e
of sona m oye ubsa ly

d patdfom a c ptdj g ntp a dc, sa r .
e re r ce e ud me , rc e ot tndads
Robi on r por e t i i ntt s de wor r on M a 7,
ns e t d he ncde o m nt ke s
y 2017 a on M a 8,
nd
y 2017

he t d hi e ie tea m e t am whatha ha ne H e c nm s t ton M a 9,201 t
ol s ntt r t nt e
d ppe d.
l i ha
y
7 he

f m ae pa
e l dent t a
r pped li i t t lvii r
nm n he ee son oom g saf once a i r m ove he .I
nd t f
gan e
d t n
addi
don,hew a f ce t c i t be a ound he undlM a 1 2017 when hewasm oved.
s or d o ontnue o
r
r
y 2,
W hiei undoubt dl wasunc f tbl t bea ound t pa nt t sa fz ponded t t
l t
e y
om ora e o
r
he de , he t f es
o he

f âe pa ints a donsby r m ovi he fom Robi on' pr ence a he doesnotalge
em l te ' c
e
ng r z
ns s es
nd
le

t ts t c d hm a trMa 6 2 7 Con tung t fcu lalg don i t el mo t
ha he ou he i fe y , 01 . sr i he a t a le a s t l kht s
aa
fvor bl t Robi on,t a
a a e o
ns
he cdons of t f m ae pa nt de c
he e l de , s dbed a ta ng hi i t
s r ppi
m n he
t lvii r
ee son oom a beng i li pr e
nd i n zs es nce f t ee orf da ,do notrs t t lve of
or hr
ouz ys
ie o he e l

vi a
ol éonsofhi zghtt z s bl s f t . A c oêlngl c m s a i talde e nt ba e
s i o ea ona e a e y
c ci y, hi r ns l f nda s s d
on t as a t a ha a sng be vi a e dinas ed f f ttr t s a e acli .
he s uls nd r s i
ha or r s is or a'le o t t
l
nm
C. I
nves i i
tgaton

Ro ns nc ntndst tdee nsiv l di t i ska on o tesx lasul
bi o o e ha fnda t n ove n he t t d f h e ua sa t
we
c m ddapoo j Co t iglspedn l rl a gvighm t be ft tedo t
bi i
rob. nsml a la igsi al nd i n i he ne of h ub,
n i
be y
t cour r a t al ga
he
t e ds he le don a a c m t t i s don wa s def e t ti vi a ed
s bi hat he nve éga
s o kint ha t olt

hsrg tt sbsa i d p oc s. bns asrsta t i skao scdap rj of
i ih o u tnt ue r e sRo i on set h t he t t tr l oo ob
ve
we
i
i e r dng t f ae pa intbec us i t r pol oft iw es don,i doesnota a
nt r oga
he em l te
a e n he e ' he t éga
t
t
ppe r
t tt iw es t s a ke he a
ha he t dga or s d r bouts i ale donsRobi on m ade s h a hi as ng
pecûc l ga
ns
, uc s s ki
he t l ve s ve a tm e and he p llng hi down on t ofhe .H e sngl soutdef nda
r o ea é r l i s
r li
m
op
r
i e
e nt
Hlmphre f f ii t f l i dgadon polcesa pr e ue .H e a s a r t t
l
i s or alng o olow nves
i i nd oc dt s
lo ve s hat he

iw e dgat s te t d t f m ae pa intlke t vitm i t as a t a t li te ent
t s ot r a e he e l te i he c i n he s ul nd hat as t a%
t n be n t te hi a i hehad a s tled he .
e m ga o r at m s f
s azt
r
TheKcons itton c ea esno e lm e t g iva epr edlr sorac es t a s h
f
ttzi r t
ndte nt o re nc oc z e
c s o ny uc

p o e t vountrl etbihe b t sae' msv.tc , F.d7 7 ( hCi. 9 4 .
t c due l ai sa ls d y he tt.
y
'Ada
lie 40 3 2, 5 4t t 1 9 )
l t cont xtofa Ei h Am e
n he
e
n ght
ndm e dei r ei f e e cli ,çf ilr t i dga e'
nt lbe at ndif r nce nm ralze o nves t '

m a bec e a tona e whe a pl néf i t i t s
y om c i bl
n
ai f s c ng o how t a s r s wa a r of a
hat upe vior s wa e

pr vi pa t r ofc
e ous te n
onducta f ie t i tga ei,l a ng t fxt ri dent .La nde
nd ald o nvesi t t e di o lthe nci s ve r

v.C# o Ro n e 8 6F.u z 9 ,9 59 6 ( . Va 20 1. bi o i no ma ig
f a ok , 2 s pp.d 28 3 -3 W D. . 1 ) Ro ns n s t kn
s h a c nm her a li ff iut t iw es t ' al ga
uc
li
e nd ls çal e o t dga e' le don,s a lng aone doe notsat a
t nci l , s
te
cnm f vi a
li or oldon ofa cons u
ét dona rght
li .

17

N ozdoe a al ga t as a ea orvi a ed aW SH polc ,wihoutm ot a ount
s n le don hat t t ct olt
iy t
e, m

t ac nsiz na v oa n. Se Iico v. u yofFara , .9 7 F. 1 9 1 6 (t
o o tado l i ldo
t
e tc i Co nt
ifx Va, 0 2d 45 , 4 9 4 h

Ci.1 9 )(tt ta vildo ofsaecetdpr e ursdoe no voaet c dtdo
r 9 0 sai h t oa n tt-rae oc d e s t ilt he ons u n
ng
i t pli ifo hewiet c i dp oc s hewa d )a M o dsv. t of a v l , .7 4
f he ant t r s e eve t e s
f
s ue nd r Ciy D n il Va, 4
e

F.d 1 4 ,1 48n.9(t Ci.1 8 )(otn t tt meefc t tasaea e yvoae is
2 01 0
4h t 9 4 n ig ha he r a t ha tt g nc ilts t
o pr c d e doe no me n i ha c tve d fde a d epr c s r q rme s. us
wn o e ur s s t a t s onta ne e r l u o e s e uie nt) Th ,
t t e e Robi on c pl i t W SH ci notf l isown iw es dve polce ,he
o he xt nt
ns om ans hat
ld
olow t
t dga
ii s
ha f ied t sat a cni f a duepz s vi a 4 Cli s a i tH lm phtes W ihem ,
s al o t e l m or
oce s oléon. om gnns l
i, l l

CatrMec ra dBiho bae ont ivet do aeds se
re, re, n s p sd. he n ska n r imisd.
D . Ret i i and Faiut t M ove Fem al Patent
alaton
l e o
e i

Robi on c nm s t t afe he c pli d a
ns
l i ha t r
om ane bout t s xua a s ul, he s f r
he e l s a t
uf e ed
r t iton whe W SH saf m ove hi t a ha s r e t
eala i
n
tf
d m o
r he nviomne a m ade a pr m at r
nt nd
e ue

f i ta hewa o tn,ts t i hi dshagebak t j..To sae ac m o
mdng h t
sc mpee t eulng n s ic t c o a1
i
1
tt hi f
r tl do ba e o p otce s e h ap antf mus alg t t()t es e h wa pr tc e
eai n s d n t e t d pe c , li if t le e ha 1 h pe c s o e td;
a

()t alg d rtlaov aéon a vesl afce t pr etd s e h a d ()a c usl
2 he l e eait c
e
d rey fe td he otce pe c n 3 a a
r ltons p e s e be we t pr e t s ec a t r t la i Ra v.Ca bel,785
ea i hi xit d t en he ot c ed pe h nd he e aiton. ub
m
l

F. 8 6 8 5( hCi. 01 )A baeasr o of eaid d snot tt a a d bec m.
3d 7 , 8 4t r2 5. r sed n rtl on oe sae n c ona l bi
a
Tw om bl,550 U . a 555. M or ove ,i i notenough t s a e a cnm t t prot c ed
S. t
e t ts
o tt
li hat he
et

4 M or ove , e n i t r we e a c dtz
e r ve f he e r
ons téona rght t a i e égadon under t s
l i
o n t s
w
he e
cr sa es Robi on ha notpl de f t s
icum t nc ,
ns
s
ea d ac s howi t tt W H S i s
ng ha he
nve dgadon i t s
n hi

c s wa i d q t.I et tr i eve dRo i ona dt fmaepa nt ndrve d
ae sna e uae nv skao sntriwe bns n he e l de a e iwe
avi o r orlng oft ha l y outi Robi on' r
de ec ci
he lwa
sde
ns s oom .
The f m a epaéenta it ha ng
e l
dm ted vi
i e c z s wih Robi on buts i i wa cons ns The f c s di notal i t s xua l
nt r olr e t
ns
ad t s
e uz.
a t he d
cm t o e ly
a s uli Robi on i notar l cdon on t adequac oft i dga
s a tng
ns s
efe
he
y he nves don.
18

e es i plyed at e orwa am otva f ct i t z t la
xpr son a
ol
s
i dng a ot n he e ai don. Ra he a pl i fm us
t t andf
t
s
how t tbutf ' t pr ec e s e t de enda w oul notha t ke t alged
hat < or' he ot t d pe ch, he f nt
d
ve a n he le
r t la or ac
e ai t y don.A m .Ci Li o esUni v.W i onnc Cnt 999 F. 780,785- 6 n.6
v. be
on
c io
p,
2d
78

( hCi. 9 3 .
4t r1 9 )
I tas c s , Robi on m a a bar alga
n li a e
ns
kes
e le don t t he wa m oved t a ha s r
ha
s
o
r he
e r e f l ng t i s i
nvionm nt olowi he nve tgadon.Fis,he di notde c i t c donsi t ne
tt
d
s rbe he ondi
n he w
envionm e ,ot r t n t s y he was ge éng i o a gum ent wih saf and t ts eone
r
nt he ha o a
t
nt r
s t t f
.
ha om

f o c d g mlt d t n st tg gi a s ut d'ECF No.1a 3 Se o , heno e fo
f r e hi o o hig ha ot l ml s a le .
f
1
'
t . c nd t ts r m
t i esi ton r fec t tD r l e nan advied t tRobi on wa goi t be m ove t
he t tga i e l t ha
w
. fit
s ha
ns
s ng o
d o

Uni 2 EI '
t
m f t t r c e nt and t vi e c i es' t t he w a a c e of
due o he e ent ve s
he ol nt rm ' ha
s c us d
com m idng pdor t be ng a ted t t hos t l E CF N o.40- a 5.Thus i doe not
t
o i dmit o he pia.
1 t
,t s
a art tRobi on haspl de s hc e f ct t s
ppe ha
ns
ea d uf i nt a s o how t Tbutf ' hi c pbi ,he
hat f or' s om nt
woul notha be n m ove
d
ve e
d.

l a ldon,Robi on ha notpl a d f ct s hcentt ove c e t pr s pdon
n dci
ns
s
e de a s uf i o r om he e um
s touti Youn be t tla lt m a be i pos d on a pr es i lonl i a decson wa
e
n
r ha ibiiy y
m
e
of sona
yf
ii
s

s c as tnta de tt fo a c ptdpt eso lud me tp a t e o sa ad a t
u h ubsa il patue r m c e e ofsina j g n, rci , r tnd r s s o
c
de nst t t a t e p ofsi na a t al dd no ba e t de ii o s c a j g nt
mo tae h t h r e so l c u l i t s he cson n u h ud me .
y
Robi on as t bekepta y fom t f aepa nta whiehem a w elha pr e r d
ns
ked o
wa r he em l de nd l
y l ve ef r e
t s t t r t n he be m o
hat he, a he ha
,
ved,he ha not pla d f t t s
s
e de ac s o how t t Dr I e na s
ha
. q t n'

de ii t mo lm a nothe wa notbae o p of sina j g n .
cson o ve l nd
i
r s
s d n z e so lud me t
Robi on as cnm st taferhe wa ta f r ed t t ne uni,li t e % e t a
ns lo li ha t
s t ns e r o he w
t ls r a nt e m
r f ed t t e t li .H i a lga
e us o t a nm
s le don t t t f iur t tea hi was r t lat y i a lga
ha he al e o r t m
e ai or s e l
19

concuson uns
l i
uppored by f t .Addi ly, Robi on was onl i t ne uti f
t
ac s
donal
ns
y n he w lt or
a oxi a ey t e w e ksuntlhe was dic r
ppt m t l hr e e
i
s ha ged. Eve i t f itr t te thi i t
n f he alze o r a m n hat

pei ween gie tt p oe son lud me tsa t i n amaprciesa ada a
rod t e l n,he r fsi a j g n tndad s ot l atc tnd z nd
g
de tnr fom a c ptd pr e so lj g ntmu tbe s tnda t gvers t l bit .
pntae t c e e of sina ud me
s
ubsa l o i ie o i l y
a i

Patn 27 F. a 8 (iigYo be ,6 4F. a 1 8. bns h sfie t saea
te , 4 3d t 45 ctn un t 4 2d t 7 ) Ro i on a ald o tt
cli ba e on hi al ga t tli wasnottea e a t zhi tansez
nm s d
s le éon ha ls
t t d fe s r f .
Re r ng li dichar ,adocum e s it d byt W SH dè e nt s
ga di as s ge
nt ubm te
he
f nda s howst tt
ha he

or r t t Robi on be e l t d w a e e ed on A pdl 7, 201 a r c i d by t
de ha
ns
va ua e
s ntr
7 nd e eve
he
D e r e of Be vi a H eat a D e i e a Se vces on Aprl 11, 2017. The
pa % nt
ha or l
lh nd ve opm nt l r i
i
e l
vauadon w a dueon M a 26,2017.ECF N o.34- at1.Robi on w a a it d t W SH on
s
y
1
ns
s dm te o
Aprl21 201 ECF N o.34- a 1. lhough t ilda e l don i noti t r cot on M a
i , 7.
3 t At
he ti l vaua
s
n he e d,
y
26,2017 t cr ui c . oz r d t Robi on be te ed i a efoz t r s or hi t
he ic t out de e hat
t
ns
r at n n f t o e t e m o
c pet y. ECF N o.34om enc
2.

Robi on as e t t thew a dic r on M a 31 2017 f l ng a Sndi t the
ns
s z s ha
s s ha ged
y ,
olowi
ng ha
wasr t ed t com pe e y.H e c e t tt f ctt the was f
esot o
t nc
ont nds ha he a ha
ound c pe e a
om t nt nd
eii e f dic r onl hve da a t r he wasor z d t e t d i c e t tt dic r
lgbl or s ha ge y
ys fe
de e t a e ndiat s ha he s ha ge
wa r ait y ba ed on hi ha ng c pl ne ofs xua as a t
s et la ol s
s vi om ai d
e l s ul.

De e a ss n itd a lte fo a ciia ps c olg s t t cr utc lr j g
fnd nt ub ate el r r m l c l y h o it o he ic i ozt ud e
n
da e Augus 1 2017 wli z f r t t dic r ECF N o.34- The ps hol s not
td
t 4,
lch e e s o he s ha ge.
3.
yc ogit es

t tatt dm e ofli dic r Robi on wasdignos d onl w1. opi d us dior ra
ha
he
ls s ha ge,
ns
a
e
y t1 oi e s de nd
1
si ul us dior r H ewasnotpt c i d a s he e m ent lhe lh m ediatonsdlttg
tm ant e s de .
es rbe ny c duld
a at
c i
xi
n
bi sa bec us he s
s ty a e
howed no nee f t m . H ewasa e t r c
d or he
bl o e ountdetisoft alge
al
he le d

20

s xua a s ul a afe he wastanse z t t ne uni,he coul ac ur t l des i t
e l s a t nd t t
t f r ed o he w
t
d c a ey crbe he
dif r
fe encesbet n t ol uni a t ne uni.H owe r he deci d t dic sli lgy
wee he d t nd he w
t
ve ,
lne o s us zs e l

st don w hen gi a oppozaniy t do s H e s
iua
ven n
tz t o
o.
howed no e dence ofha i
vi
zuc nadonsor
deusons I adc on,s a fhe r hi t l ng wih pe r abouthow t a atm e al ili
l i .n H
t f a d m aki
t es
o ppe
nt l l n
y

oz r t s a i t hos t ll t I a 2.
de o ty n he pia onge . d. t
Robi on ha notove c et pr umpdon t tt dichar de ii w a m a by
ns
s
r om he es
ha he s ge c son s de
a pr es i l s a f m e be a i ac da w1. ac pt sa r .Accor ngl hi
of sona t f
m r nd n cor nce t1 ce ed t nda ds
1
di y, s
c m s a i tdef nt Snlt a H um phlesbas on li ta f r t a he uni a
bi gans
enda s ih nd
i
ed
zs t ns e o not r t nd
dic r fom W SH a e dinls e f fiut t sat a cam .
s ha ge r
r s is d or a l e o t e li

E . Faiur t Brng Char
l eo i
ges
Robz s as e t t
on s r s hat def nda s Br dge H lm phtes I e nan, G a ve a
e nt
y , z
i , i t
t y, nd
Si opoul c pie t de hi duepr es by notal ng hi t pr sc r sand ha
m
os ons r d o ny m
oc s
lowi m o es ha ge
ve
hi algadonshe t byt cour s t m .Asaninda m a t r t W SH de enda sa G a v y
s le
a d he
t yse
ti l te , he
f
nt nd r e
a e notlw e or em e of e sand ci notha a hort t m akeade son a
r
a nf c nt hc t
ld
ve ut iy o
cii boutwhe her
t

t pt ee wih c i i lchat s a i tt f m ae pa . The ef e,Robi on hasf ie
o oc d t rm na
ge gans he e l dent
z ot
ns
al d
t sa e acli a i tt m f c piac t de hi duept s .
o tt
nm gans he or ons r y o ny m
oce s

Br d ewa t saetoo rwhowe tt W S t i v skaeRob ns salg éons
y g s he tt r pe
n o H o n et t
i on' l a
e
a s a e t he deci d t pur ue t m ate 6lt r be a e i wa a fhe s i s s '
nd t t d hat
lne o
s he t r the c us t s ç ad he zd'
sm a
i don.Alhough Robi on csm stasde ii vi aed li c étzi lrght ,< pdva e
t
ns li li c son ol t ls ons t ona i s f
t
a
t

céz nlc aj iil c nia ei e e t nt pr e udo o no r e udo ofa t r'
i e a ks ud cal og z bl ntr s i he os c n t np os c n no he .
y
'
Li a R. v.lihad D.41 U..61 61 ( 9 3 .Se as S t v.Mc rh ,3 Fe .
nd S. tc r , 0 S 4, 9 1 7 ) e lo mih
cat 49 d
App 8 ,85 ,20 9W L 3 51 4 (t Ci. 0 )(o ni g t a be a epli f i j
x. 51 9 0
4 71 4 h r 20 9 c mme tn h t c us andfs n

1983 a i ha no tghtt a c i i i dga i otpt e
cton d
i o tm nal nves ton
os cudon ofanot ,t y f ied t
her he al o

alg v oai of ce rye tbihe sa u o yo c lt io l h )a Rie v. tes n,
l e i lt
e
on a lal sa ls d tt t r r onsiu na dg t nd l Patro

No. 072 5 - GCK, 0 7W L 2 7 2 3a *2(3. C. 0 7 (l t t tj1 8 cmm
9: -6 5HFF20
4 1 0 t 1 S. 2 0 ) fncng ha 9 3 li
i
t taprs tscons udona dg sw e evi a e by l c ofc i i lpr e udon ofa he
ha
ione '
dt
l ht r ol t d a k
tm na os c
not r

dd n saeava elg lcsm a d c lc c ss. Th , bi on h sfi d t saea
i ot tt ibl e a li n ol dng ae) us Ro ns a al o tt
e
e
csm f vi a ofli rg t duepr s on t e f c sa t sc nm i dimi s a i t
li ot oldon as i ht o
i
oce s hes a t nd hi l i s s s ed gnns
alde e nt.
l f nda s
F.Faiur t Pr de Couns i
l e o ovi
elng

Robi on a s algest tde enda G a ve a a tpr e
ns lo le ha f nt r y, n dul ot cdves rvce wot r fie
e i s ke , ald
t ad,
o i couns l a as ithi aferhewass xual as a t H ec pl nst ts f and
e , nd ss m t
e ly s uled.
om ai ha he f
was

i at s
s e ponsbl pa t i deny ng pbi ifdue pt es a ne ec t spadentalt he
i e ry n
i
ntf
oc s nd gl dng hi
l oget r

gil' ECF No.4 a 1 Ho ve,a d suse a ve Ro ns n h snots wn t the
sc.
'
4 t . we r s ic s d bo , bi o a
ho ha
s f r d a vi a
ufe e
oléon ofhi due pz es dght r l ed t t s xualas aztort i dga
s
oc s
s eat o he e
s ll
he nves don

t tf lwe .Ad do l ,t ivet do rpor s wst tGavy padcpae i t
ha ol d di nal he n ska n e t ho ha r e t i td n he
o
y
m e tng whe e W SH saf a de enda Br dge dic s Robi on' al dons i ca
ei
t
t f nd f nt y
s us ed
ns s lega
, ndi dng
t tG a ve di notne e hi at he .Fi l a apr e sona,G a ve i endte t t
ha r y d
gl ct m loget t nal s of s i l r 'y s
y,
ld o he
Youn be pr s pùon t s a e i a m a r consse w1. a e e pr e sona
r e um
hat he ct d n
nne
i tnt t7 cc pt d of s i l
1

j g nt ptc e o sa adsa notigi Robns n' cnm tb sta pzs mpdo
ud me o a dc , r tnd r nd hn n i o s li e ut h t eu
n.
Fort ez as ,Robi on' c om sa i tG a ve a e cimi s f f tut t sa e acli .
hes e ons
ns s l i gnns r y r ls s ed or a' e o t t
l
nm

G. Super i y Cl m s
v sor ai
Robi on as c pl i t def nda s Smih a M a y r we e ne i nt f not
ns lo om ans hat e nt
t nd w e
r glge or

a ce
c pdng r s
e ponsbiiy f t a
i lt or he céonsofW SH e pl es H owç r notonl hasRobi on
m oye .
ve ,
y
ns
22

f ied t sa e a cli f a c tt
al o t t
nm or onsiudona vi a
l ol don c
omm it by a ,t fpe s he ha
ted
ny. af t on,
s
s
pl de no f ct t s
ea d
a s o how t Sm ih or M a r e bie s r or i fe e e or t i
hat t
wye vhi t d upe ds y ndif r nc
act
a hodza
ut
don ofany s
uborloa es mi c
fi t ' s onduc . orlngl heca
t Acc ci y,
nnots
how t tt yvi a e
ha he ol t d

li cons tdona rghtt s t ndve due pr es .
ns
dtz
l i o ubsa
oc s
Ba e on t f e ng, t m ot
sd
he or goi
he
bns t dinns , ECF N os
o s is
.33, 36, a 41, a e
nd
t
GRAN TE D . Robi on' m odon t n e ECF N o. ,i GRAN T ED . A1 ofRobi on'
ns s
o m nd,
45 s
1
ns s

j 1 3 c ms a ans al dee a s i t i i dii ua a of il c pa i s ae
98 bi g i t l fnd nt, n he. n v d l nd hca a cde r
r

DI I ED. Pu s n t 28U. C. 1 6 c,hec ut deln st e ecs s ppe ntl
SM SS S tua t o
S. j 3 7()t o t cie o x rie u lme a
jds c o e a saelw cnmsta herie.Ana p op t o d rwi bee tr d
u didon v t ny tt a li h t ass
p z dae r e l nee .
l
The Clz i diec e t s nd c esoft sm e or ndum opi on a a om pa m g
e k s t t d o e opi
hi m a
ni nd cc
ny'
or rt Robi on and t c
de o
ns
o ouns lofz cot f Res ' .
e
e d or pondent
I i s O RD ERED .
ts o

swvsu o: o w -w /. z o t y
'

/
wf

w r .
r z
.

.

& ., .zx
.

Mi
chaelE. r ansd
l

Cli fUmt d S a esDiti t uzge
ze
e t t src J
/

5Alhough al t def
t
l he enda sal ge t tt y w e e e l d t quai i m uniy be us
nt le d ha he
r ndte o
lhed m
t , ca e
Robi on wholy f ie t s a eac us ofac
ns
l ald o t t a e
don f ac dm dona vi a
or ons
l oldon,t ei no nee
her s
d
t conduc t quai d i m utiya l i .
o
t he lhe m
zt nayss
23