Hoffman v. Breckon

Filing 31

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 02/26/2020. (Opinion mailed to Pro Se Party via US Mail)(aab)

CL RK' OF IEU.. S . RT
E S FC S DIJ CGI
AT ROANOKE,
VA
FIED
L

FEB 2 6 22
22
(
JUL C.
DUDLEM

I TH E U N I
N
TED STATES D ISTRI CO U RT
CT
FO R T H E W ESTE RN D ISTRI O F W R GI I
CT
N A
ROAN O R D I SI N
W O
M ARCELIA S H O FFM AN ,
Pettoner
ii
,

ERK

BY:
c

Ci lActon N o.7:8- 00
vi
i
1 cv- 265
M EM O R AN D U M O PI I N
N O

W ARDEN BRECKON

By:M i
chae F.U r
l
bansd
l

Res
pondent
.

Chi fUnie St t sDit tJ
e
t d a e sdc udge

M a c lasH ofm a a f t li a e pr e ng r s ,fld tlspe i lf wdtof
r el
f n, ede a nm t oc edi
o e te li dtor or

ha a c
be s omus p s nt t 2 U.. j 22 1 algn t t l sc ntn d d tn i i
urua o 8 SC.
4 , l ig ha z o iue ee ton s
e
i
unconsi tona.Thi m a t ri bef et cour on r ponde ' m oton t dit s oz i t
tm i l s te s or he
t es
nts i o snis , n he

atr t ,fr sl r jd me t Afe rviwig te rc r ,te c lr c ncu s t t
lenai o lmmay u g n. tr e e n h e o d h ozt o lde ha
ve
r ponde ' m odon m us begr nt d.
es
nts
t
a e

Hofma i i t c t yo t W ade ofUnie SttsPe tntay(US 'Le .
f n s n he usod f he r n
td ae nie ir ' P' e
' )
H ei s r
s e dng a t a of65 ye t ofi ar r ton on m tli e2010 convitons
ot l
a s nc ce a i
ztpl
ci .

H ofm a a aed li convi tonsa org na s nt nc . O n Sept be 1 2005,t
f n ppe l ls
ci
nd ii l e e es
em t 3,
he
Cout ofAppe l f t Thid Cicui afim e H ofm a s c c i ,but r m a d f
t
a s or hé r t t ft d
f n' onvi tons
e nde or

rsntncng i l hto Urie Sae v.Bo e,5 3 U..2 0 ( 0 ) Unie Sae v.
ee e i n i f l d tts
g
t
ok r 4 S 2 20 5. td yts
Hofma ,1 Fe .Appx 1 2 (d Ci.2 5 ( pu ihe ) Th S r me Cou' d nid
f n 48 d
' 2 3 r 00 ) un bl d . e up e
s
t ee
t
c rir r.Hofma v. ie S ae , 4 U.. 0 0( 0 ) Fol wi gr s ntncng Hofma
e to ai f n Unt d tt s 5 6 S 1 5 20 5 . l n e e e i , f n
o
a i a a e The Thid Cic zta fr e Unied St t v.H ofm a ' Fe App' 227
gan ppe l d.
r r ti fs m d.
t
a es
f n,271 d.
x

( d Ci. 00 )( pu ih d .Hofma a pa e l di nots e f t rrv e
3 t 2 8 un bl e )
s
f n p r nt d
y
e k urhe e iw.
1

Hofma t e fld amo i t va aes ntnc pu s ntt 2 U. C.j2 5 i t e
f n hn t
e
ton o c t e e e tua o 8 S. 2 5 n h
s e i c . The diti tcot de e t m oton. Unie St e v.H ofm a Cùm i l
ent ncng ourt
s rc ut nid he
i
t d at s
f n,
na

No 011 90 ,2 0 WL 3 4 7 0 ( D. .Oc 3 ,2 0 ) ltrmoin frrle fo
. - 6 -2 0 9
5 0 7 E. Pa t 0 0 9.A ae to o eif r m
jd me ywa as d ne .Unie S ae v, fma ,2 1W L 49 36 ( D. .Oc.1 ,
u g n s lo e id
t d tts Ho f n 01
01 6 E. Pa t 4
20 1 .
1)
Hofm a s e ntys
f n ubs que l oughtl vet fl a s cond ors es i m pton t va t li
ea o le e
ucc sve
i o ca e ls
'
.

sntnc bg e o t S r meCou t de ii i J hns v. ie S ae ,1 5 S. . 5
e e e s d n he up e
r' cson n o on Unt d tt s 3 Ct 25 1
s

( 1 ) pus ntt 2 U. C. 2 5 . Rep.t Am . . oDiris Ex.1 TheThid
20 5, t ua o 8 S. j 2 5$)1 ' o
s
Mott sns,
.
r
Cicui dele la . 1 .Hofma r ur d t t diti c q fl t pl a ngse ild
r t rid e ve .
L
f n et ne o he srct our ti wo e di ntte
ng
.

' e r ndn i S ppo tofHi Acu lI oc nc Cli o 2 5 ofMa c la Ho f n'
' mo a lm n u r
M
s t a nn e e nm f 25 /)
r els fma '
a ' t a lmoc nc i pu s n t 2 U. C. j2 41a 2 5 Rep.oAme e M o .o
nd ' u l r e e' rua t o 8 S. j 2 nd 25 . s t
Ac
'
nd d t t

Dimis Ex. The c lr cimis d t pla i sf rlc o j idc in a ' a h i e
s s, 2.
ozt ls s e he e dng o a k f uts ito s ' ut olz d
un
s ce svemotonsf h escsu r lef' 1
uc si
i or aba o s ei .' d.

Hofma fld t peiin onJ ne 1 ,2 8. Repon ntfld amot t dimis
f n l he tto
e
u 1 01
s de t
e
i o s s
on

bae on lc ofs bjc mattjrs cin a fiue t saeacpm,o ,atr t l a
sd ak u e t te uidito nd al o tt li r lenai y
t
ve

moto fr s
in o ummay jd me t wih sppo t me rnd m. Ho f n t n fld a
r u g n, t u ri
ng mo a u
fma he t
e
r pons t t m oton t dim is
es
e o he
i o s s.
Re ponde t r a trs
s
nt he e fe oughta r eved as a fom tlscour penci t Supr e
nd ec i
ty r
li
t
lng he
em

Coutsdeiina t whehe t ga t peiknfrc rirri Unie Sae v. he lr
t' cso s o t r o rnt he t o eto ain td tts W ee,
t
8 F.d 4 5 (t Ci. 1 ) W hl t esa wa pe i , dto rfldamoto t a nd
86 3 1 4 h r 20 8 . i h ty s ndng pe i ne l
e
e
i n o me
1 Thi a e l wasnotH ofma sSr tat mptt fl a s cond ors cc svemodon t vac ehi
s ppar nty
f n' s te
o te e
u
' esi
o at s

s ntnc .Se Se Rep.oAm. .oDimis Ex. (tt t tHofma ha fe t op e o smo ns
ee e e e s t
Mott s s, 2 sai ha f n d i d ' rviu do
ng
l w
t vaaep sa t j2 5.
o ct urunt o 25)

t orgi lpe ii whih t cour g a e A fe t sa wa lfe r ponde fld a
he i na tton, c he
t r nt d. tr he ty s it d, es
nt le n

a nd dmoin t ds as o ,n t atr t ,fzsl r jdg nt Hofma Elda
me e to o inis r i he lenai o 'mmay u me . f n e
ve
r pons t t a e d m oton t dinls ,f l d by adcii l flngs a m otons
es
e o he m nde
i o s is olowe
ltona li
nd
i

(n l l as c d moto t a nd, c t c ur de id a f tl)
i cucng e on
i
in o me whih he o t ne s u i .
e
H ofm an r ie t ee cnm si t i t nta e
f
as s hr li n he nsa m nded pedton. Fis,he c ze
i
rt
ha ngest
he
o

'

25- tc ec i s nt nc i pos d f usng a c z g a ft a m dv ng and i r lton
yea ons utve e e e m e ot i nd a cm
te t ui
n ea i

t aci ofvoe e( un 5, cus c ns iayt c mmi Ho Ac r bb r i n a
o rme ilnc Co t ) be a e o prc o o t bbs t o ey s ot
c ofv oe e S c nd,Hofma a g e t a hei ' c u l i c nt' ft 1 U.. j
Hme i lnc . e o
f n r u s h t s ' t al nno e 'o he 8 SC.
a y

9 4()voldo frusn a cryn afram dziga di rlto t aHngtaf i
2 c i a n o ig nd arig ter lrn n n eain o t' rfkkng
ci ( un 3, c r s tdi tel -e tc nsc i sne ebe a et Go r nt
tme Co t )whih eule n h oy a o eut e tnc , cus he venme
ve
s c fe onepz c eof e ei t i c e a t c c i wa bas d on adif e
pe iid
ediat f ns n he ndi% nt nd he onvi tpn s e
fpr nt
pr di a e ofe e Thid,he c e t t s nt i e nc m ent unde t Ar e
e c t f ns .
r
ont nds'hat he e enc ng nha e
t he m d

Ca e rCrmi l t(
k e i na Ac ACCA) 1 U. C. 9 4 ( nt6 , si ope .
, 8 S. j 2 /) Cou ) wa mpr r
II.

Typi al a pettone c lengi t vai t of li c cton or s nt
c ly,
ii r hal ng he ldiy
ls onvi i
e ence m us
t

pr c e u r2 U. C. 2 5i t editit r hewa c v ce Ho ve ,hef a i g
o e d nde 8 S. j 25 n h src whe e
s on itd. we r t f v n s
s
ca e'i j 2 5 alwsa pzs t t c l ng t vaiiy ofl sc n ci a d/ hi
lus ' n 25 l
o
ione o hal e he l t l o viton n or s
e
d
i
s ntnc b f ig aj2 41p tt f rwrtofha a c r s i hed mo tae t a j2 5
e e e y ln
l
2 eii o i
on
be s o pu ,f e nsrt s h t 2 5
i fn d qu t o i e f ci t ts t lg l yofli dee in. 8 U.. j22 5 (An
s d a e ae t n fe t o e t hç e ai
i
ve
t ls tnto '
'2 SC. 5 /) '
'
a i ton f a wrtofha scom usi be l ofaprs rwho i aut i ed t a y f
pplca i or
i
bea
n haf
ione
s holz o ppl or
t le bym odonpm s ntt t ss ton,s l notbeent z nne i i a a st tt a i nt
e if
ua o hi ec i hal
e t i d f t ppe t ha he pplca
ha f ie t a y f r i ,by m oton,t t c twhih s nt nc hi ,ott ts h c t
s a ld o ppl or elef
i o he our
c e e ed m
ha uc our
3

has de e hi r lef unl s i as a ar t t t r m edy by m oton i i qua e or
nid m ei , es t lo ppe s ha he e
i s nade t

i e fcie t ts t e lg l y ofhi d tn i '. ' her me y a f r d b j2 5i no
n fe tv o e t h e ai
t
s ee ton.) '
' m
e d fo de y 25 s t
r nde e i de t or i f ctve m er l bec us an i vi lha bee una e t obt i
t r d na qua e
nefe i
ey
a e
ndi dua s n
bl o
an

r l f de t tp o ii , rbe a ea i diiua i pt c d al ba r d fo fl gaj2 5
ei un t ha r v son o c us n n vd ls o e utl te r m li
e
y
n
25

moi ' I r Vil1 5F.d1 9 ,1 9 n. (t Ci. 9 7.
ton. n e a, 1 3 1 2 1 4 5 4h r 1 9 )2
'
l W heee ,t Fourh Cic t e nne t twhe e a pe ii r i c le i t
n
lr he
t r ui xpli d ha
r
ttone s halng ng he

lg lt o l ss n e c (sop e t l sc vci n , 2 55wil de me fna e aeor
e aiy f l e t n e a pos d o l on ito ) j 2
i
i
lbe e d f d qu t
i

i fe tv ' onywhe aloft fl wi furc iinsaesdsid ()a t t o
nefcie? l
n l he ol ng o . ondto r a fe : 1 t he i f
o
me
s nt ncng,s tl lW of t s cz t or t Supr m e Cour esa ihed t lgaiy oft
e e i e ted a
hi icui
he
e
t t bls
he e lt
he

s ntnc ; () s bs q nt t t p io rs Hie t a a a frt j 2 5 moto t
e e e 2 u e ue o he rs ne ' t c ppe l nd ts
2 5 i n, he
af e e
or m ndoned s te s t i 1w c nge a wa dee e t a y t toa i l on
etl d ubsantve a ha d nd s m d o ppl e r ctvey

c l t rl e e ()t p o ri u b et me t heg tk e i gp o so o j2 551 2 3
pl ea rviw;3 ' ds ne s na l o e t ae e p n r vii ns f 2 ( )
a
he
$(
f s c d o s c si moto ; n ()d t t sr toa t c a e t s n e c no
or e on r uc e sve i ns a d 4 ue o hi er ci h ng , he e t n e w
ve
pr ent an er ors f e l gr vet bede e a fm da ent ldef ct W heee ,886 F. a
es s
r ufki nty a o
em d t m a e .
lt
3d t

2 Thec u t sei n tdi ena q tdo mak , leains f t e,a o ctd heea
o r ha l ae ntr l uoa n t s atrto , oonots nd/ r ia ons r nd
mi
tloughoutt sm e or l opi on,unl sot rwi not
lr
hi m andlm ni
es he se ed.

3Set 22 5 po d st t
ci 5 $) rvie ha:
on
A s cond ors esi moton m us bece t ed a pr de i s cdon 2244 by apa lof
e
ucc sve i
t
rm
s ovi d n e
ne
t a oprat c tofa l t cont nhe ppr i e our
ppeas o
ai

()ne ydic vee ei nc t tip o e a dve di l toft e ie ea awhoe
1 wl so rd vde e ha,f r v n n iwe n kh he vd nc s
l,

woul be s fce t e t ih by ce and c i i e de t tno r as
d ufiint o sabls
lar
onv ncng vi nce ha
e onabl
e

f tmde woul ha f
acf r
d ve ound tz mova /11 oft ofe e;or
le
nt 11 he f ns

'()ane rl ofc nsiuina lw, derto cvet cssonc l trleiw b t
2 w ue o ttt la ma erad o ae ol eatve y he
o
a
Supre eCour,t twa pr vi l una iabl
m
t ha s e ousy val e.

2 U.. j2 51 2.
8 SC. 25 ( )
$(
4

'

4 9seas Letrv. o no ,9 9F.d7 ,71 (t Ci. 01 )(ppyn Whe lr;I r
29 e lo se Flur
0 3 08 2 4. r 2 8 a lig ee) n e
h
J ne,2 F.d 3 8 3 33 (t Ci.20 0 ra hi sme c ncui wih rs c t
o s 26 3 2 , 3 -4 4h r 0 )(e c ng a o lson t epet o
c l ng st c n ci a stigf rh smia fco s. eW helrc u tas ast d
hal e o o vitons nd etn o t i lr a tt) Th
e
ee o z lo f me
t a t r q rme soft s vng ca ea ej idci a.8 6F. a 4 .Th , j22 1
h t he e uie nt he a i s lus r uts iton l 8 3d t 23 us a 4
pettone r yi on t s vi ca e t chale hi s e e m us m ee t W heee t t
ii r el ng. he a ngs lus o
lnge s ent nc
t
t he
lr es

ftt dstc c r t h ves jc matrv s it t e auaetemeisoft p ti ts
o he itit out o a ube t te j dci o v l t h tt he eione'
ui on
t
c nm s I a 426-29. A lhough t c utm us a y t pr edur lsa t i W he lr
l i . d. t
t
he ot
t ppl he oc a t nda d n
ee,

'ine l tn t s tnt 1w i aj2 5/)svng ca ea ayss t c ur mus lok
'q vauaig he ubsa i a n 25 a i s lus n l i,he o t to
l
ve
t t s t ntve lw oft c r ui whe e a def
o he ubsa i a
he ic t r
enda w a convi t ' Lede a l
nt s
c ed.'
zm -kodd ez

v.Bzc n,No.71 -v-0 68(LI) 2 9W L 4 4 5 ,a * ( D. .S p.2 2 9
eke
:8c 0 2 J C , 01
6 45 6 t 2 W. Va e t 4, 01 )
( uo g Ha n v. ee , 31F.d29 , 0 - 1( hCi, 0 9)
q dn h Mos l 9 3 5 3 0 0 4t r 2 1 ).
Hofma c n me t he lrsr q ie nt f rus ofj2 5 ' sv n bca s .
f n a not e W ee' e uz me s o e
2 5s a i g lu e
H ofm a fr tc le s hi c cton a s nt nc ,a cons c i t r of25 ye r
f n ts halnge s onvi i nd e e e
e utve e m
as

i prs e ,f usng a ca z ' g a fr a' dutng a i r l i t a c i e ofvi ence
m ionm nt or i nd tym
te l
m
i nd n eaton o rm
ol ,

i vilto of1 U. C. 9 4() Am. ta 4 Theci of ilnc a is i c ptc
n oain 8 S. j 2 c.
Pe. t .
rme voe e t sue s onsiay
tc
o ommi Ho Ac r be y 1 U.. j1 1 I . t2.
t bbs t ob r , 8 SC. 95 . d a
S ci 9 /)pr vie i r lva p r:
e ton 24 o d s n ee nt a t
Exc ptt t e e t tag ea e t ni um s nt
e o he xt nt ha r t r ni m
e encei ot r s pr ded by
s he wie ovi
t ss e i orby a ot rpr son oflw,a pe s who,dltng and i
hi ubs cton
ny he ovii
a ny r on
li
n
r lton t a c i e ofvi e e or ctl ta fc ng c i e ...f whi t
ea i o ny rm
olnc
l g r fi ki rm
n
or ch he
pe s m a be pr e ut d i a cour of t Unie St t s us s or c r i a
r on y
os c e n
t
he
td ae , e
a res
ft n' ,orwho,i hzt r nce ofa s h c i e pos es esa fz s' ,s l,i
te t
m
n rhe a
ny uc tm , s s
le l hal n
m
addii t t punihm e pr de f s h c i e of vi e e ot ctz
ton o he
s nt ovi d or uc tm
ol nc
lng
t a ic ng crm e t f ki
i -

( bes n e c d t atr of mp o me ofno ls t n 5y a s
i e t n e o em i ds n nt
)
t e s ha e r;
5

$)i t fr n' i b a ihe b s ntnc dt att of
f he te t s r nd s d, e e e e o em
m
i pds e ofnotl st n 7 ye r ;a
m
onm nt
es ha
a s nd

(i i t frq m i d sha g d, s n e e t at t of
ii f he te t s ic r e be e t nc d o e'
)
m
i prs e ofnotl s t n 1 ye s
m lonm nt
e s ha 0 ar .

1 U.. j9 4()1( .Attet ofHofma j sntncn '9 /)dei dt ph ae
8 SC. 2 c()A)
h i
me
f ns e e ig, 24
j
f he rs
ne
' i e ofxi e e'as
' m
cr
zol nc ' :

Forpul esoftzss e don t t m ci eofvi e me a ofens
pos
ti ubs è
he er rm
olnde ans n f e
t ti a f l à ha s eony nd-

( h sa a ee ntte us,atmptd us,o t e tne u e of
A) a s n lme h e te e e r brae d s
physc lf c a i tt per on orpr ry ofa he ,or
i a or e gans he s
ope t
not r

( t a b is naa e ivove a s bsa ilrs t tphy ia f r e
B) h t y t t r , n l s u tnta ik ha
sc l o c
a ns t pe s orpr ry ofa he m a be us d i t cour e of
gni t he r on
ope t
not r y
e n he
s
com m itng t ofe e.
ti he f ns

1 U.. j 9 4c() S bscin ' 'i c
8 SC. 2 ()3. u e to ' s ommo y k o a t 'o c ' ca e a
A'
nl n wn s he ' re' lus nd
f
s bsci B a t 'eiua'ca e Unie Sae v.Smms 91 F.d 2 ,2 3 (t Ci.
u et
on s he ' sd l lus. td tts i , 4 3 29 3 4. t
r
'
h
20 9 .
1)
Pe ii r a gtest ' ons r y t com m i H obbsA c Robbe y c nnot s ts y t
ttone r z hat ' piac o
c
t
t
r a
a if he
t e hol cHm e ofvi e e unde j 4c. Am.Pe.a 4 se as iaa 8 (tdn t t
bt s d
ol nc
r 92 ()'
'
t t ; e lo d t sa g ha
.

' ons r y f ist quaiyc e i l asac i eofvi encewili t m ea ng of18U . C.
' piac a l o lf atgorcal
c
y
rm
ol
tln he
ni
S.

j 2 c()A)a i do jno ha a a ee ntt us, te e us,ort e tne us of
9 4()3 ( s t e t ve s n lme he e atmptd e hrae d e
phyia fte).Hofma b sshi agu nto teS prmeCou t d cso i S si v
sc lo c '
f n ae s r me n h u e
t' e iin n esons .
s
Di a 1 8S. . 2 4 (01 ) I a 8 9
ma , 3 Ct 1 0 2 8. d. t - .
I Di a a t Cour f
n m , he
t ound asm ia l wor d r sdua clus i t I m ir ton and
i lry
de e i l a e n he m g a i

Nai aiy Ac (1 ' unc tt do l ya e 1 8 SCt a 1 0 Th I 'e e s
ton l
t t 'NA' onsiu nal gu . 3 . . t 21 . e NA ' nd r
' )
y
r
de t bl a ai convi t ofa a r vat d f ony a t r e e i t Unie Stt s' Lda
pora ç ny len
c ed n gg a e el
fe nt rng he t d a e .
'
6

'' sam t ' i s a a t d f l by lsi nlm e ous ofe es a t s of of e es
The t e ' ne ggr va e eony
def
itng l t
f ns nd ype
f ns ,

ofe wih cr sr e ence t fdea c na saut ,'i a 1
tn t os-efr s o e rl Hmi l tt es' da t 211,i l ng ' ci of
ncudi ' tme
a

v oe e(sd f d i s ci 1 oftt 1 )f twl h t t = ofi rs nme i a la t
i lnc a e me n e ton 6 ie 8 o ùc he e
l
mp io nt s t e s
oney r'i. Seci 1 def c i eofvi e ei t 'pa s as knownast f cea
eay'd
a ton 6 med tm
olnc n wo rt, lo
he ot nd
r i lc a es as
esdua l us , :

()a ofe et tha a a ee n t eus , te e us , t e tne us
a n fns ha s s n lme t l e atmptd e ot hta e d e
a
ofphysc f cea i tt pe s orpr r yofanot r or
ial or gnns he r on
ope t
he ,

()a yote o fns t tsaflnya ta, yisnau ei ol sasbsa l
b n h r fe e ha i eo nd h tb t tr,nv ve u tnda
rs t tphysc f c a i tt pe s orpr ry ofa he m a be us d
i k ha
ial or e gnns he r on
ope t
not r y
e
i t c s ofc m itng t ofens
n he our e
om ti he f e.

I ( u ig 1 U. C j1 ) eCou t eidon isa lssi ise tird cso i
d. q otn 8 S. 6 .Th
r tl
e
t nay i n t ale e ii n n
J hns n,nwlihi ivai ae t r sd à ca s oft ACCA:
o o i lc t n ld t d he ei u l lu e he
4
J hns n tlsu ho t r s l t i c s .Tha d cso hed t tt fat s
o o el s w o e ove l s a e
a
t e ii n l ha wo e tue
of A CCA' r i l c a e cons r t m ake i unconsiutonal va .
S esdua l us
pied o
t
tt i ly gue
Be a e t ckus ha b0t an or nap c e r quie e a an ilde i d
c us he l e d .
h
di t as e r m nt nd
l- fne
rs t es d,i ne s a iy de ve i o gue s k a i tii i t d
i k hr hol t ce s rl vol d nt
s wor nd ntzton, nvie

abitr e oze nta fi dt pz vd fi n ie S cin1 posess
r tay nf c me , nd al o o ie az otc . e to 6$) sse
e
t e ct s m et f aur s A nd noneoft nanorlngu si dipa iisi t
he xa a wo e t e .
he i i itc s rte n he

saatsma e a ra dfee e S j tl ACCA'r sd lca e j1 $)
tt e k s ny e l ifrnc . o us i
z
ke
S eiua lus, 6
pr
oduce m or unpr dit biiy a a bit tnes t n t D ue Pr es Clus
s
e
e c a lt nd r ta i s ha he
oc s a e
t e a es
olr t .
I a1
d. t 223;s e as i a 1
e lo d. t 212.

Hofma ag st tt smec ncz aep e e twihrs c t j9 4()37) S e
f n rue ha he a o ens r r sn t epe t o 2 c() . e
.

Am. t a 9 1 I Hofma sviw,j9 4()37)'su o ttton lbe a ei rqlts
Pe. t -2. n f n' e
2.c() ' nc nslui a cus t e lie
i
t s meorl r c s a lsst a Di y a o s f un v o ae DuePr c s. I t t
he n
ci y a e nay i h t ma a ndl hn on o d i lt s
na
o e s' d a
'
4 TheACCA pr s dbe alsye rma t ymi mxm se e i ape s conyit d ofbeng a
e c s - a nda or ni a ntnce f r on
ce
i
f l izpos esi ofa fr nt ha t eeprorconvidonsf avi entfl ors rousrtl ofens ,or
eon t s son
te - s hr i
m
c
or ol eony e i l g f e
a

bot 1 U. C. 9 4e() Thersdulca edeme volntfl ya 'o c t tp ee t asro
h. 8 S. j 2 ()1.
ei a lus f d i e eon s' ndu tha rsns eius
c
rs o ph scltur t a ohe. Di y , 3 S. . t1 2q dn 1 U. C.j9 4()2@);e as
ik f yiaij y o - t r' maa 1 8 Cta 21 uo g 8 S. 2 e() )se lo
n
'
J hns n,1 S. . t2 5 - 6
o o 35 Cta 5 5 5 .
7

99s as i a 11. F'the ,he agt ,t l a a is ' all t lngu ge t
ee lo da t
a- r
t
t z he angu ge t sue ' les he a a he
es
pat

S rmeCoxth sdeme u onsiti a . ., iaa 9 i j1 a j9 4()2 ( ,se
up e
lt a e d nc ttzon l . ' . t ,n 6$) nd 2 e()B) e
'
t
'd
i. Bef et c tma a e st m eisofHofma sagu e ,ho ve,hemus ce r
d
a or he our y ddr s he rt
f n' r m nt we r
t la
W he ltshut Thi hec nnotdo.
ee' dk. s a
W ih r pe t W he l rsf tt quie e ,i i cla t ta t tm e ofH ofm a s
t es ct o
e e ' us e t m nt t s e t ha t he i
f n'
s nt i c r ui orSupr m eCout lw e t bls d t l gaiyofli s nt . SeeW heee ,
e encng ic t
e
' a s a ihe he e lt as e ence
t
lr
886 F. a 429. I a ton,t 1w c nged s e ntt H ofm a sdie a a a fr t
3d t
n ddii he a ha
ubs que o
f n' r ct ppe l nd ls

j2 5moto t va ae ei aa 4 9 ( srbi sc nd r q ie nt.Al ug Di a
25
in o c t.Se d ' 2 de ci ng e o e u rme ) t h ma
t
ho

i ia ia l t Hofma ' c s,i Unie Sae v.Da i,1 9S. .2 9 (01 ) deie
s n ppl be o f ns ae n td tts
c
vs 3 Ct 31 2 9, cd d
a t rH ofm a fld li am e
fe
f n le ls
ndedpetton a r ponde fl hi am e d m oton t dim i s
ii nd es
nt led s nde
i o s s,

teS prmeCo t h l t tj9 4()3 ( wa t o tt inal va u .I a 23 6 seas
h u e
u' ed ha 2 c()B) s mc nsiuto l g e d. t 3 9 e lo
t
y

'Smms 9 4F.d a 2 7(on ldngta ' 9 4()3 7)i un o tuto l va e' The
i , 1 3 t 3 c cu i h t ' 2 c() s c nsi inal gu .
j
t
y
l.
S pr meCo ' f l we isr a onngi ohn on a d Di a Se Da i,1 9S. . t2 2 u e
ut ol d t e s i nl s n ma . e v s 3 Ct a 3 5
t o
26. A tl s t cr uisha hel t tD a si r toa tvel a i bl t ca e on cola e a .
ea t wo ic t ve d ha vi s e r c i y pplca e o s s
lt r l

rv e Se e .Unt d S ae v.Re c ,9 F. 6 0 6 5 (t Ci. pt 3 ,2 9 (t cn
e iw. e . , ie tt s
e e 38 3d 3 , 3 5h r Se . 0 01 ) ft l g
ai
t tDa i a nou e ne r l ofc nsi i la r toa t ey a pl a l o afrtj2 5
ha v s n nc d w ue o tmtona lw er ci l p i b e n ls 2 5
v
c

peii ) I r Ha ud 9 F.d 1 3 ,1 3 (1 Ci.2 9 ( li t tDa i wa
tton; n e mmo , 31 3 0 2 0 9 1 1 r 01 ) hodng ha vs s
r toa tvey a l a l i c tx ofa iai f rla t fl s c nd o s c s j 2 5
et ci l ppi b ç n on e t ppl ton o eve o t e q r uc e s 25
c
c
e
mo i ls
ton .

5I Re e,t Fit Cic tnot t tt Supr m e Cour di notsat t tD a swasr r tvey
n ec he fh rui ed ha he
e
t d
t e ha vi
etoac i l

a ial t csso claearve 9 F.da 6 5 seas Ha ud 9 F.da 1 39(a )
ppl be o ae n oltrleiw. 38 3 t 3 ; e lo mmo , 31 3 t 0 sme.
c
Sedo 22 5$)2 rq ie t tt ' w rl mus h v benma rto cvet csso claearve
c n 5 () e urs ha he ' ue t a e e de erad o ae n oltrleiw
ne
byt Su rmeCo z 'Hn ud 9 1F. a 1 8(uoig2 U. C. 22 5( 2) Ho v r
he p e
ut' mmo , 3 3d t 03 q tn 8 S. j 5 1 ). wee:
$(
8

Tt ng t t t t W he e r z m e ,t t pedtone be una e t m ee t
uni o he hid
elr equie nt hat he
i r
bl o
t he

g tk e l prviinso j2 5 ()frsc o s c esvemoi ,Hofma sc aln
ae e png o so f 25 $)2 o eond r u c si tons f n' h le ge
fis W he lra J ne bo. ivove sa t o y no c nsi i lde ii . S ei a 4 0
al. ee nd o s t n l d ttz r , t o tmtona, csons e és t 3
h
t

(otn t tpeiine wa ' a l t stsy t rqz e ns ofj 2 5.)2 be a s
n ig ha tto r s ' be o aif he e trme t
un
i
25 $ () c u e

Smmonsl sasauo ydeiin . .)i.a 4 7(una l t fl asc ndors c si j
i
y wa tttr cso .';d t 2 ' be o le e o
'
'
uc esve
2255m odon be a eBalywa asa o y( otac dmto l de ii l ne atmptdt
c us ie
s tmt t n ons ina) cson, o s te e o
- - - - -

fl aj2 1c m f rr l fb u igt s vn ca epo tl' (iigl ne , 26F.da 3 t
e 24 bi o ei y sn he a igs lus ra.) ctn o s 2 3 t 29
e
'

3 ;se as Letr 9 9 F.d a 7 2 (otn t tpeii rc l no me tj 22 5$)s
0 e lo se, 0 3 t 1 n ig ha t one oud t e
t
5 '
ga e e ng pr sons bec us t c e on whih hi cni was ba e was a 'de ii of
t ke pi
ovii
a e he as
c s lm
sd
' c son

sa o yi e t tto no c ns t na 1w'.By c nta tJ ns n,Di a a a d Da i
t mt r ntm eain, t o dt do l a '
z
)
o rs, oh o
m , n vs

we ec nsi i n ldç ii s eJ hns 1 5 S. .a 2 5 ( s rbig r sdu lca e a
r o t o a cson .Se o on, 3 Ct t 5 7 de ci n e i a lus s
mt
'
'

pn o ttt l va el;L.a 25 3 ( ll a t ti i ice sd sn e c u r
c nsitbnal gu f d t 6 hocn ha mposna n rae e tn e nde
z
y
.
i

r sdu lca e ofACCA ' o ae t e Consiti ' gu rnte ofd pr c s ';s e as
e i a lus
' lts h
vi
ttz ons aa e
t
ue o e s' e lo
)

Da i,1 9 SCt a 2 3 ( l g 1 U.. j 9 4()c()B) ' onsiui al va t ';
vs 3 . . t 3 6 hncn 8 SC. 2 c()3( '
i
unc ttton l gz '
y
el
Di a 1 S. . t1 1 (I sm, 1 ha tesmet fau e t tc pie t ma e
ma , 38 Cta 2 5 'n u j 6:) s h a wo etr s ha ons td o k
'
ACCA' r sd l lu eunc nsiu nal va e'.Th r f r , c us Hofma scnm fls
S et ua ca s o tt do l gu .l e e o e be a e f n' li al
y
'
I T lrv.Can,t Supr m eCour hel t tzsr qe e entm e t ,f ane r et
n e
i he
e
t d hat li e m
ans hat or w ul o

berto ciewibnt menigofj22 5$)2,1 t S rmeCo 'islmusha
eratv ti he a n
5 ()()he upe
ut tef t ve
t
e pesyhedt tt ne rl irto c v o c ltrleiw, ()t S rmeCout
x rsl l ha he w ae s eza d e n ol earve or 2 he upe
a
r'
s
hollngsi m tl eca esm us nec s tl di a et r toa t oft ne r e.
ri n zdpl s
t es aiy ctt he e cdviy he w ul

Laa 1 83 .Thecurnotdt tnWec v. ie Sae, 36S. .1 7(01)t S rmeCout
d t 03 -9
o t e ha i lh Untd tts1 Ct 25 2 6,he upe
r
hedt t oh o wa r to c v t c s so c ltrl e e Ha ud, 3 F.da 1 3 .The
l ha l ns n s er a d e o ae n ol ea rviw. mmo 9 1 3 t 0 9
a
Ha udcur c l dt t'o pupoe ofj2 5 ().. ,a ntg f rt S e Co t
mmo o t oncude ha ' r r ss
f
25 $)2 . tke o ehe,he uprme ur'
s

hol ngsi D a sa W ec ne s atl dit t tutDa shasbe madet toa l a i bl t crmi
di n vi nd lh ce s iy c ae l
vi
en
e cdvey pplca e o i nal
c e t tbec m e SIC bef eD a swa a
as' ha
s
a
II or vi s nnounced.' J
'.
Z

6UntdSttsv. i ns6 F.d23 (t Ci. 01)(nba )
ie ae Smmo , 49 3 7 4h r2 1 e nc.
9

wihi te paa tr ofj 2 5 ()a a ' e tx ofc ns uto llw, 28 U.. j
t n h rmees
25 $)2 s ' w nl
n
e o dt ina a '
'
SC.
2 5 () hei u bl t stsyW helrst r rq ie nt Ac o cngy Hofma ma
2 5$)2, s na e o aif
ee' hid e urme . c rl l, f n y
i
n rl o j2 5 e' svn ca s t bigli c m und tj2 41 S eCoo v. ad n
ot ey n 2 5()s a igs lu e o rn ls bi
e 2 .e
k W re ,
US Le Co nt, 71 -v- 0 11GEC, 1 WL 6 2 3 0 a * ( . Va No 21 2 9
P e u y No. :8 c 0 3 20 9
2 1 0 , t 3 W D. . v. , 01 )

( i t talftrW helrrq rme t mus b stsid,a peiine fi d t stsy
not hà l ol
ng
ee e uie n s t e aife nd tto r al o aif
e
o oft f . H- o y r c tei t r t t t t eThid Cic ta s e la t fe a
ne he om) i nl e ou s s o eu n o h
s
r rui pd e k e ve o l
l

sc o s c si moto t va aepu s ntt j2 5 .
e ond r uc esve in o c t rua o 25 $)7
Hofma ne tcnmst thei at al i c ntoft j9 4c c zerltn t t
f n x li ha s cu l nno e
y
he 2 () hag eaig o he
cngtaf i ofe e ( unt3,Am. t a 1 , ihrs tdi tel -e rc nsc i
l x rfkkng fnss Co )
l
Pe. t 2 whc eul n h oy a o eut
e
ve
s e e Thi i s hea gue , c us t G ove nm e r led on adif r ntpê ca eofe e
ent nc . s s o, r s be a e he
r nt ei
fe e
edi t f ns
t n t s c fe i t i c m e . Am . Pet a 1 1 H ofm a sat s t t ' he
ha hat pe ii d n he ndit nt
. t 2- 4.
f n t e ha '
t

g venme ' e i nc l e t e j 2 c c r e und r Cou Two, no t t c r e
o z nt vde e i d h 9 4() hag
;
nk
e
nt
E t o he hag d
%
pr dia e ofe e ofatem ptt pos es wih i e t diti e butt t pr di a e ofe e
e c t f ns
t
o
s s t nt nt o stbut ,
o he e c t f ns

ofcons r y t diti eand pos e swih i e t diti e. I a 1 The ef e
piac o s tbut
s s t nt nt o stbut ' d. t 4. r or :
'
Bec us t gove nm e di i e s iyi t i ct e t ti w a r l ng
a e he
t nt d nde d pecf n he ndi m nt ha t s eyi
on t pr di a e ofens ofa t m ptt pos es wih i e t diti e,i w a
he e c t f e
te
o
s s t nt nt o srbut t s
not al
lowed t ough t pr ent ton ofis e de e a a gum e s a t
hr
he es a i
t vi nc nd r
nt , nd he

cititc r wa no alwe tt g isj yi t xto t b oa nt bae
l rc ou t s t lo d h ou h t ur nstcins o z de he ss
s
n
ofc n itont i l et dfee j 2 c p el aeofe eof o ptc t
o vci o ncud he ifrnt 9 4() rci t fns c nsiay o
c
dit ea pos es wih i e t diti e.
sdbut nd s s t nt nt o stbut

7 ' f tt H ofm a ha pr vi l bee uns ces f li t sre r i ir lvant See-l ,226
Fhe ac hat f n s e ousy n uc s u n hi ga d s r ee .
ones.

F.da 33 (I ibeondq s nt tj22 5inott deuaeo i fed meeybea ea idiiua
3 t 3 'ts y uedo ha 5 s ia q t rnefc ve rl cus n n vd l
'
z
'
iuna et o lnrl fu rta po iin. ; a,1 5F.da 114n..
s bl o bti ei nde h t rvso f Vil 1 3 t 9 5
e
)
8Hof nmis e Thej9 4 c rei c nt e i Co 'hre S eUntdSae v.
fma spok .
2 /) hag s o e d r untI e. e ie tts
l

H 6fm a .1 Fe App' a 1 6n. ssigc age)
f n, 48 d. x t 2 1 t h r s.
n

Am. ta 1 (iigUnie Sae v. nd l, 7 F.d1 5(t Ci.1 9 )9 e as Rep.o
Pe. t 6 ctn
td tts Ra al1 1 3 9 4. r 9 9)se lo s t
h
Am .M ot t Dim i sa 18. A c or ng t H ofm a t s '
. o s s t 9 c di o
f n, hi ' % c i a endm e ' oft
cons tve m
nt' he

i cm e ,by at lng i t c nge t ee e sc r
ndi t nt
lei t o ha
he lm nt ha ged,a c c i t de e ntofa
nd onvi tng he f nda
ctm e ot t n t tc t i t i ct e ,vi a est Fit Am endm ent Am .Pet a
i
het ha ha ha ged n he ndi m nt olt he fh
.
.t
1
3.
H ofm a ss c
f n' e ond cmm as f ist W he e t s . On isf ce Hofm a sa gu e
li lo al he
elr e t
t a , f n' t m nt

i a consi tona,notsat or ,one Eve as lm i H ofm a i e t m a a sam or
s
tm i l
t ut y
.
n sl ng
f n nt nds o ke t t y

agu n ( ih,na ye e two l beuna in i ti c txt, c n me t helrs
r me twhc i n v n, ud
w l g n hs one )he a not e W ee'
i
r qljem e s
e lr ' nt.

A def ntm a notbeconvit ofan ofens dif r f om t tc r d i
enda
y
c ed
f e f e ent r ha ha ge n

t i dit nt An i it nt i c nst ciey a nè d whe e i e e
he n cme .
ndcme s o tu tv l me e
n v d nc ,
ag me t,or t dsrc c r' j y i tu tons efci l a nd te
ru ns
he itit ou t ur nsr ci
s
fe t y me h
ve
i c m e by br de ng t pos i e ba es f c c i fom t twhih
ndi t nt
oa ni he sbl s or onviton r
ha
c
a ar i t i é m e . A c t uc i a e l e vi at s t Fit
ppe ed n he ndi t nt
onsr tve m ncm nt ol e he fh

Ame dme ' g aa e ofi i% e tby g a j y The k y a lssi
n nt u znte ndc n
s
rnd ur.
e nayi s
whe he t de enda wa c
t r he f
nt s onvi t d oft s m e c
ce
he a
onductt w a c ge i
hat s har d n

t i it nt i hei c n it d oft sme ofe e t twa c t e i t
ie nd cme ; f s o v ce
he a
fns ha s ha g d n he
i c m e ,t r i no c tac a e
ndit nt he e s
ons tzéve m ndm e .
nt

Un td S ae v. ih ,9 6 F. up 2 5 ,j 4 ( D. . 1 ) s eas Unt d S ae v
ie t ts Wr t 3 S p. d 38 4 E. Pa 20 3 ; e lo ie tt s .

Daao 4 5F.d25 , 96 (dCi. 0 6 (Thek yi uiyi whehe t dee da wa
ti, 4 3 3 25 -0 3 r 2 0 ) '
' e nq r s t r he fn nt s
c vc e oft e smec nd tf rwhih hewa i itd.) a c r Ra al1 F.d a 1 8
on itd h a o uc o c
s nd ce '; c o d nd l 71 3 t 9 .
'
,
I hei not howe ,t i ct e hasbe n c t tvey a e
f s ,
ver he ndi m nt
e onsruc i l m nded. Se Unie St e v.
e
t d at s

9AsHofma nots Ra al ttsta t go r me wa not è tr dt s cf as c cj
f n e, nd lsae h t he ven nt s t ql e o pe iy peo
i
9 4()p eiaeofn e 1 F.da 20 9e as Ulie Sae v Da elNo. : -r0 0 42 c rdct fes. 31 3 t 8 se lo ztd tts . nzl 705c-0 2 GEC, 0 5
,
20
WL 2 0 09 ,t* ( D. . pt2 20 5 (uot Ra al; Pe. t1 -6 ' wee,le
4 6 3 a 1 W. Va Se . 9, 0) q i ndl Am. ta 51 . ' v rt
ng
)
Ho
l
g ve ntddi fc s cf t j9 4()p eiaeofns onwhc iwa rli',ndti s dfcdo o
o mme i n at peiy he 2 c rdct fe e
ih t s eyng a hs pe ia n f
t j9 4()p eiaeofn eilt i it ntso c sdea ec sq nc.'Ra al1 F.da 20 9
he 2 c rdct fe s r hendcme i f oni rbl on eue e' ndl, 71 3 t 8
s alo Am . t a 16 17.
ee s
Pe . t -

S me 2 6F.d1 ,1 6 (dCi. 0 2 (e rigc n itonwh r, l i i d re l,t
y , 7 3 31 3 3 r 2 0 ) rvesn o vci
ee abetna vetnt he
y
dit tc m it pl i e r by ' ons c i l a e ng t i c m e by i t ctng t
sdc om ted nn r oz ' % tvey m ndi he ndi t nt nsnz i he
c

jr o afa t oyta wa notalg di tec u .)Ra al1 1F.da 1 8(e rig
u y n rud he r h t s l e n h o nt'; nd l, 7 3 t 9 rvesn
e
'
c n ci whe ej9 /)c n ito r se u n pr ofdifr ntpr dc t o fns t a
o vitons r 24 o v cins et d po oof fç e e iae fe e h n
t ones cûe i i cme ) us tl g Hofma salg do a t e t 1w a t e
he ' pe i d n ndit nt.Th , adn
f n' l a ns s ru , he a t h
e
tmeofl ssntncng f tfo ' sa ihl jt lg l yoft sntnc .. , W he lr 8 6
i
l e e i , a r m ' tbls i he e ai he e e e .' ee, 8
i
e
ng
t
'
F. a 429,e t bls d t ilgaiy ofli s nt ,s D a ao,455 F.d a 26 ((
3d t
s a ihe he le lt
ls e encç ee r i j
3 t 0'
'
A
.,

c ut
or

ca
nnotpe i ade enda t be t d on chat t ta enotm a i t i c m e a i t
- t f nt o
de
ges ha r
de n he ndit nt gans

hi '; n l 1 1F.d a 1 . Ac or igy W he lrsfrtr q ie ntha n be n me .
m.) Ra dal 7 3 t 98 c dn l, ee ' ls e u t me s ot e t
'
,
'
Thi i an i s whi h s d ha be n ' ought on die a
ss
s ue
c houl ve e br
r ct ppea,whe H ofm a
l
n
f n
chale d t s f inc oft e de e ast t ' ary ng a us dltng a i r l i
lnge he ufk e y
he vi nc
o he ' r i nd e, zi nd n eaton
c

t ad t tahc ig ci ofe e(o nttle)..., Unie Sae v. f n 1 Fe .
o rz rf kn rme fns c u lre
g
' td tts Hofma , 48 d
'
Appx a 1 71 o illsft t o i t va aeu tj2 5 Unie S ae v. f n, 00 ,
' t 2 ,0 r t li ls m ton o c t ndè 25 , td tt s Hofma 2 9
'
W
' L 3540770,at* 4. The fc t thedi notdo s d sn rnde j2 5 'na e uaeo
a t ha
d
o oe ot e r 25 ' d q t r
i
J

iefc ve'o pt e ofj2 5 $.Se on s2 F.da 3 39 a, 1 F.da 11 4n..
n fe d 'fr uposs
2 5( el e, 26 3 t 3 Vil1 5 3 t 9 5
The e o e hec nn no bdn tl cnm u yj2 41
r f t , a ot w g ls li nde 2 .
i
Fi l H ofm an c engesli s nt nc as a ca ee of e
nql
y,
f
ho
ns e e e
r r f nder pnde t A CCA and
r he

Untd Sae S ntncngGudei s(US G'.Am.Pe. t1 , . Hesae t th d s
ie tts e e i
il ' S '
ne '
)
ta 7 22
tts ha e oe
notha t e volntf lnisbe a eli Vign ar be yc n ci we enot'ctme of
ve hr e i e eo e c us ls ri i ob r o vitons r
' ji s
l
vi e ' bs ntt r sdua clus 1 a 20.The e or ,hea guest li '
ol nqe'a e he e i l a e. d. t
rf e
r
hat ts '
ACCA c cton
onvi i

a s ntnc und r j 2 () mus b va ae a d Peii e mus be s ntnc d wihou
nd e e e e 9 4 e
t e c td n tton r t
e e e t t
'

1 The c tnot t Ra l on whih H ofm a r les wasa diec appea. See171F. a 203.
0
our es hat ndal,
c
f n ei ,
r t
l
3d t

'c i r to oft c r e ofe rgud l jo t ACCA. I . t22 Theis ec r n l
onsde ain he ae r fnde g iei r he
ne
' da .
'
su ure ty
be or t c t howe r i notwhe he H ofm a sVig ni r
f e he our ,
ve , s
t r
f n' r i a obbe y c
r onvi tonsa ecrm es
ci
r i
ofvi e f pur esoft ACCA .Theques i whe he hem a brng t sc qm i a
olnce or pos
he
don s
t t
y i hi l i n

ha a peii u e j2 41 utiig j2, 5ssvn ca e Hema n .
be s tton nd r 2 , izn 25 ' a igs lus .
l
y ot

Asdsu sdprvo l, o o whihi l tdt r sdu lcp eoft ACCA,
ic se e iusy J hnsn, c t i e he ei à lus he
wa da
wa c l n e ,a de i e o c nsi i lg o s S eJ hns 1 SCt a 25 3
s hal g d nd cd d, n o tmt
e
ona r und . e o on, 3! . t 6

(
i i i zae sne c und rrsd a ca e ofACCA ' i ae t Co t ui s
mposng nce sd e tn e e eiu l lus
' olts he nsi ton'
v
t

gu rne o d pr es) seas Am. ta 1 (Be a easntn ei sdu rte
aa te f ue oc s'; e lo
Pe. t 7 ' cus e e c mpo e nde h
'
r sd lca e de isdu pr c s oflw,t S pz me Co ti J hns n ivai td t e
e iua lus n e e o e s a he u e
ur n o o n l e h
da
r sd lca e oft ACCA ....) W he lr a r s e s ntncn c le g sba e on
e iua lus
he
'.
'
ee dd e s s e e ig haln e s d

'

r t oa i c ngesi satzor lw. Se 886 F. at429. Se e i c le
e r ctve ha
n t tt y a
e
3d
nt ncng halngesbas d on
e

c nsi ina rzng flwihi t p rmeesofj2 51 2;heeo e t svn sca e
o tmto l ti s al t n he aa tr
l
25 ( ) t rfr, he a ig lus
$(
i u v ia e Se L- (Th r , t p tto t mus ot r s be u bl t me t t
s na albl. e d ' id he e iine
a '
t he wie
na e o e he

r q ie nt ofj2 5 ()frsc ndo s c si moi . . fma sACCA ag me
e urme s
2 5$)2 o e o r uc esve tons' Ho f n'
)
r u nt
tusfisfttesmer aon hi j9 4c agu ntfie c tt t lagu nt dono
h al o h a e s
s 2 () r me ald: onsiui
ona r me s
t
ftwihi t conM e ofW he lr Seei
i t n he
s
ee . dx

Hofma f rhe agu st t'theS pr meCou t ivai tonoft eACCA r sd l
f n u t r r e ha 'j u e
l
r' n l i
s
da
h
e iua
ca ela t t ec ncuso t tt et sd l lus of heCa e tOfe e g dei , 4 .
lus e ds o h o l i n ha h e iua ca e t t e f nd t ui l j B11
ne
a 4B12,i as iw a i '
nd
. s lo t ld.'Am . t at19.H ofm a sa est t'gq c us peiine ' c r e
Pe .
f n t t ha 'b e a e tto rs ae r
.

ofe r s n e e wa i e un r j B12sun o tt to lr sd lca e t e e i a
fnde e tnc s mpos d de 4 .' c nsiu ina e iua lus , h r s
sg ika rs t a i i no a t rz d by s bsa dv lw,r q x r ves li t sj 2
in f nt ik h t t s t u ho ie
u tn e a e li e ra n hi 2 41
dng
Pr ee np' J a 17.The ef e 'li Cot s d al Pettone t pr ee bywa of
oc di ' . t
d.
r or ,'ls ut houl low ii r o oc d
t
y
.

1
3

s cton 2241,fnd t Pettone m e t t N e 2241 t t Pur uant t Ufied St t s V.
e i
i hat ii r e s he w
es
s
o lt
ae
W heee ,a va at Pe ibne ' c cton and s nt
lr nd c e tt rs onvi i
e ence. 1
' d.
'

Puru ntt j4 . oft US G:
s a o B11 he S

A dee da i acre ofe ri ()t dee n wa a lateg te y as
fn nts aer fnde f 1 he fnda t s te s ih en er
ol a t etmet dee n c
d t h i he fnda t ommitd t i tntofe s ofc v ci ;()
te he nsa f n e on iton 2
t i t ntofe e ofc
he ns a
f ns
onvi ton i a f l t ti et ra c i e ofvi enceor
c i s eony ha s ihe rm
ol

a c ntol d s tnc ofe e a ()t dee a tha a latt pro
o r l ubsa e fns; nd 3 he fnd n s t e s ' ir
e
wo
f ony convi i of et t a c i e of vi e
el
ctons
ihe
rm
olhce or a c r l s t nc
ont oled ubs a e
' f e.
ofens

US G j4 .() Att tmeofHo f n'sntncn ,j4 . d f d'tmeofvoe e'
S
B11a. he i
fma s e e ig 812 ei ' i
ne c
ilnc '
asf l s
olow :

The t t ' rm e ofvi e ' m e ns a ofe e unde f r lor s a e l w,
e' ' i
m c
olnce' a ny f ns
r ede a
tt a
punihabl by i prs entf at r e e ng oneye t ts e m ionm
or e m xc edi
ar ha -

() ha a a ee n t us ,atmptd us ,o t r ae e us of
1 s s n lme t he e te e e r h e t n d e
physc lf c a i tt pe s ofanot r or
i a or e gans he r on
he ,

() i b gay of a d li , a s , or e t ri ivol s us of
2 s ur lr
wel
ng ron
x o t n ve e
on,
ex osve , or ot r s i ves c
pl i s
he wie nvol
onduct t t pr s nt a s rous
ha e e s
ei

potn il ikofph sc l nur i a t t
e ta zs
y ia i j y o no he .
US G j4 . a.Thepo t ofca ef lo n ' ro hewie' skn a t 'e i a
S
B12()
ri
on lus o lwig ' t r s 'Fa own s he ' sdu l
o
r

ca e' Be ke v. tdSae, 3 SCt8 6 8 ( 1 )
lus. c ls Unie tts 1 7 . . 8 , 91 20 7.
'
I Be l s t S prmç Co r rjce a agt nti ntclt Hofma s t t
n cde, he u e
u t ee td n r z
me de ia o f n', ha,
pu s ntt J hns t r sd l lus ofj4 . wa u on tmto l va u . I a 8 0
tua o o on, he ei ua ca e
812 s nc si inal g e d. t 9 .
y
TheCout hel t tt Unie St t Se e i G ui lne we enota e bl t ava nes
' d ha he t d a es nt ncng dei s r
t
m na e o gue s

c aln eund rt eDuePr c s ca s be a et ymeeygad dtee ecs ofaj g '
h le g
e h
o es lu e c us he rl ie h x rie
ud es
dice ini s n e i .S eiaa 8 2tun1 et ACCA, we r t a v s yGui l s
s r to n e tncng e d t 9 ' i he
' k
ho ve ,he d ior dei
ne
do notfx t pe isbl r
i he v s i e ange ofs e s To t c r t t y m e ey gui t e r ie
ent nce .
he ont ay, he
r l de he xe c s

of a c ts dic e i il c
our' s r ton t hoosng a a opra e s nt nc wihi t sàt or r nge.
i n ppr it e e e t n he t ut y a

Ac o cn l,t Gudei saen s jc t ava e s c le g u e t DuePr c s
c rl gy he i l t ot ube t o gu nes haln e nd r he
i
ne
o es
C1us .) se as iaa 8 4 The Cou thed t t' j rsd a ca e i j 4 .()2
a e'; e lo d t 9 .
'
r l ha ' he eiu l lus n B12a()
F
t rf ei n v i frva e s. I .seas iaa 8 6 8 7(a )
heeot s ot od o gu nes' d; e lo d t 9 , 9 sme.
'
Be ke i csHofma ss n e cn g d l e agu nti t wa s Fis, sdd
c ls mpa t
f n' e t n i j uiei s r me n wo y . rt a i
n
t pe ii ri Becdes H ofm a i a i m aki aconsiu i la gu e ,de pie hi bref
h8 ttone n l , f n s ga n
ng
tt tona r m nt s t s i
z f e e t ' t t ot lm ' Am . t a 17,a Bec e w a a c tt i
e er nc o ' a ut y a '
s
Pe . t
nd
kls s onsiutonaldecson,s 1
ii ee 37

S. .a 8 0 Sodn ta 'hea vsr Gudei sa' n sbjc t va e s c l n s
Ct t 9 lig h t ' d io y i l l ot u e t : gu nes hal ge
t
ne e
e

und rte. ePr e sClu e).W h ee rfr t rto ci c a g si s bsa tvelw
e h Du oc s a s ' e lr ees o eta t h n e n u tni a
ve
s e nt t a def nda ' c c i a s nt ncng. Se W he e ,886 F. a 429ubs que o
e nts onviton nd e e i
e
elr
3d t
30

( srbngrq ie nsa e p nngwh peii e sts dtefttt e)
decii e utme t nd x bii
y tton r aihe h ts hte.
M or
eover Be l s c nge not ng.I di not at r t Urie . a es Se e i
, cde ha d
hi
t d
le he lt d st t
nt ncng

Guieie ;tsmpl hed t a t ywe eno s bjc t ad p oc s c l ng o v gu ne s
d l s i i y l h t he r t u e t o ue r e q hal e n a e s
n
e

g o nds Be ke,1 7 SCt a 8 0 a d t t s chcl ,j 4 . a()wa notvod fz
r u , c ls 3 . . t 9 , n ha, pei al
y B12()2 s
i o
va e e s i a 8 2 Th f c t tt eU.. n e cng Co si n s bs q nt a nd d j
gu n s,dx t 9 . e a t ha h S Se t n i
mmiso u e ue l me e
y
4 . t ei naet r sd lca e s eUSS Ma u l s pp.t a C,n nd. 98 ( S.
812 o l t he ei ua lus , e
mi
G n a, u o pp. me 7 U.
S ntncngComm' 20 8 ,1d sn hep Hofma sW h ee a g me t s eAm . t a 2
e e i
n 1 )1 oe ot l
f n' e lr r u n , e
Pe. t 0

( ig t t 'he U..S ntncn Commison ha ar a y d ltd t r sdua ca e of
notn ha '
t
S e e ig
si
s le d eee he e i l lus

4 .()2 giji o de t ma et gudei sc nsse twihJ on' Tha a nd nt
b11a() sc n r r o k he i l o itn t ohns ). t me me
ne
ha no b e ma er toa tv l a pl a et c s sonc laea rv e Se USS j1 .0d .
s t e n d e r ciey p i bl o a e
c
o ltrl e iw. e G B11 ()

ssi n nd ns t be a pl d rto ci l) Theeo e wih r s c t Hofma '
t me me t o
ng
p i et a t y. tfr, t epe t o f ns
e
ve
1 Ther sdua ca ewasei naed by a endm e e f tveAugus 1,2016,i par asar s tof
1
e i l lus
lmi t
m
nt feci
t
n t
e ul

I ns S eUS Ma uaas p.t a C, me 7 8 c . U. S ntncngComm' 2 8.
oh on. è SG n l up o pp. a nd. 9 , mt( S. e e i
n 01 )
15

s e i gui lnesa gu e , heee ' s cond c ton ha notbee m et Se W he l r
ent ncng de i r m nt W
lrs e
ondii
s
n
. e
ee,
886 F. a 429.2
3d t
1

H ofm a hasnots ts d W heee ' r quie e swih t s t t a ofli csm s
f n
a iûe
lrs e r m nt t e pec o ny as li

a , sar s l, a otp oc e und rt svng ca ea d j2 41 S eRo ai v Br c on,
nd a e ut c nn r e d e he a i s lus n 2 . e s ro e k

No. 1 -v0 25 7:8c= 0 5GEC, 1 W L 4 0 9 2 a * ( D. .S pt 1 , 1 ) Aco cigy
20 9
3 6 8 , t 4 W. Va e . 1 20 9. c rln l,
s jc mat rj ts ito o rt e p d i i lc ig Se W he lr 8 6 F. a 42 . The
ub e t te li dc in ve h e ton s a kn . e ee , 8 3d t 3
l
c tt r or g a s t a e d m oton t dir s a dim i s t a ende pe ii
our he ef e t nt he m ndè
i o snis nd s s es he m
d tton

wih utprj iepurua t Fe . Ci P.1 $()1
to eudc s nt o d R. v. 29 1.3
11 .
1

I a i n t hi j 2 41 peiin,Hofma ha fld sve a mo ins a moto f
n ddéo o s 2
tto
f n s l e r l to :
e
i n or
pe ison t s e entt pe ii t add an ac ta i e c m bas on t Supr m e '
= si o uppl m
he tton o
tzl nnoc nce bi
ed
he
e

Colts deii i Re i v.Untd Stts 1 S. .2 9 (0 9;a lte moi t
A' cson n haf
q
ie ae, 39 Ct 1 1 2 1 ) etr ton o
s e e hi pe i wih a a gu e unde D a sv.U nied St t and f ahe i on
uppl m nt s tdon t n t m nt
r vi
t
a es
or
arng
t D a si s ;a a m oéon t plc t petton i a y
he vi s ue nd
o a e he ii n be ance.The cotr wiladdt s e ch
zt l
es a
m oton s pa a ey.
i e r tl

1 I Lese ,t Folrt Cicui alowe agui i sc le bas on am icasi ton asa
2 n tr he z h r t l d
delne halnge ed
s l ssca i
ca ee of e r whih i e se Le t rsm a or s ntncngr nge.909 F. at712. Le t ri
r r f nde , c ncr a d s e ' ndat y e e i a
3d
se s
cidnguihabl
ls
s e.
Le t rc lenged hi de i i asac e ofende bec us oneoft convidonson whih '
s e hal
s sgnaton
ar er f r a e
h8
c
c t
he
de i ton wasbas d wa l e f
sgnai
e s atr ound nott beacrm eofvi e . I ;s as Cha be sv.Unied St t ,
o
i
olnce d. ee lo
m r
t
aes

5 U..12, 2 -8(00) Ch mbesh dbendeme t a l rto cveyt csso c l trlrve
55 S 2 1 72 2 9. a r a e e d o ppy e ad l o ae n ol ea e iw.
a
Le t r 909 F. at712. Chamber,howe r wa a ' ii ofsam t yi e pr adon,notcons utonal
se,
3d
s
ve , s ' son t or ntr et
dec
dt i

lw. I The e o e Le t. s d se W he l r s c c i n.Se L= H ofma do sno .
a ' d.
'
r f r , se a s d
r
ee ' e ond ond do
s
e d. f n e t

1 Ba e o isdee mi d t ttlc ss jc matrjrs idono rHofma spe do t
3 sd n t tt na on ha i a k ube t te u idc ve f n' d n,he
c lr nedn c vethemo nt ds s t onef smmayj g nt S eFe R. v. 1 ()(I
ozt e ot on r t do o imis o or u t ud me . e d. Ci P. 2$)3 'f
'
t c r deemi sa a tmeta ilcssbjc- te jrsidon t cur mus ds s t ato '.
he out tr ne t ny i h ttak u etmatruidc ,he o t t imis he cin.
)

Fis , ofm a s kspe m ison t s e e t pe ii t a a a t l nnoce e
r t H f n ee
t s i o upplm nt he tton o dd n c ua i
nc
cli unde Re i. H e a gues t t t Supr m e Cout' de ii i Re i r nde s hi
nm
r haf
r
ha he
e
ts c son n ha f e t m

a t al i c n oft 1 U.. j9 2( c ag .Fis M o.t S pp.a 1 S cin 9 2()
cu l nno e t he 8 SC. 2 : h re rt t o u t . e to 2 g
y
pr de t 'ts l be unlwf lf c t an i vi l t pos e s fr t s The pt son
ovi s hat ' hal
i
a u or e t i ndi duas o
s s les- .
m
ovii
lss ni c tg re ofi l i ass jc t t p o bt n .. .A
it ne ae o is ncvdu l ube t o he r hii o
i
i
.
.

spaaeprvson,j
e tt o ii

9 4()2 ,a ds ta ny who knwnl voae t f s pr vson s albe fn d o
2 a() d h ta one
o igy ilts he t t o ii h l
r
ie r
i ione f up t 1 y as' haf 1 9 S. . t21 4 s eas 1 U. C.j9 2 g .The
mprs d or o 0 e r .
'Re i, 3 Ct a 9 9 e lo 8 S. 2 ()

Co 'h l t ti o d rt c n c ad fnd ntun rj 9 2g a 9 4()t Go r nt
ul ed ha n t e o o vit ee a de j 2 () nd 2 a,he venme
t
m us pr ve ' hatt def nda kne he pos e s d a ft r and as t he kne t the
t o '
t he e nt w
sse
tea m
lo hat
w ha
ha t r e
d he çlvant sat w he he pos es ed i. Re i,139 S. .at 2194.Ac di t
t'
us
n
s s t'
' ha f
Ct
cot ng o

H ofm an,' di notha know ldge t the beonge t t r lva c t gor ofpe s
f
' d
he
ve
e
ha
l d o he e e nt a e y
r ons

bardfo posesn afram. Fis Mott S pp. t3 seas ia t5(Be a ealhlj
re r m s sig le r ' tt .o u a 9e lo d a ' cus lt e
'
'
ee nt oft ofe ewa gi)no ppv n byt g venme , n be a ePèii e dd
lme s he f ns s sc t e
he o r nt a d c us tton r i
not ha knowl dge t : he beonge t t r lva ca e y of pe s
ve
e
hat
l d o he ee nt t gor
r ons ba r d f om
te r

po s si a fr n' he i a t al i c n .) Hofma a ks t c l tt o de t ta
s e sng te t
m, s cu l nno e t'. f n s he oz o r t ha n
y
'
t
e i e ir he tn behed, ha h sc nvci n a d sntnc und rj9 2()beva a e ,t a
v d ntay nig
l t t i o ito n e e e e 2 g
c td h t
hebet e e edt tmes
esntnc o i ewed,and t CountSxbedit sed.Seeixat8.4
hat
i
snis
d
1
Thecolr c t st m oton t s e e asam oton t a end pur uantt Rul
zt onsrue he
i o upplm nt
i o m
s
o e
15 ofta Fe r lRul s ofCi lPr dut Se Unie St t sv.K el ,N o.7: 6- r 00022le de a
e
vi oce e. e
td ae
le
1 c-

EI RS 2 9WL 6 8 0 , t 2 ( D. . c 1 , 0 9 9 e as Fe R. v P. 1 a()
QD- B, 01
71 1 3 a * W. Va De . 0 2 1 ) s e lo d. Ci. 8 ()4
'

p

'

1 Bec ei lcksJ ididonovert petdon,hecoul c
4 aus t a urs c
he i t
' annotgr Hofm a tz rei her quess
t
ant f n lè lef e t.
Se Se
e cond M ot t S pp. t1 s eas M o s 20 9W L 7 4 8 , t>9n. ( ng ta p c l tt t a k
y 3 nod' h t , oz ha lc s
. o u
a 9 e lo s, 1
28 9 9 a
a r

jrsido h snopo rt aj iaea ds eofacnm o t meis).
uidc n a
we o dudct nd ipos
li n he rt'

(Th s t' sa yt pr c e n sfrh be sc mus...t t e e ta tep atc i
' e e nl ppl o o edig o a a o
'
e
o he xtnt h t h rcie n
tos p oc e i s ( i no s che i afdea sa e t Rte Go r i S cin2 4
h e r e dng :A) s t pei d n e zl tmt,he z s venng e to 25
l
Ca e , rt Rue Go r n Se ton2 5 Ca e . . '.
s s o he ls venig ci 25 s s . .)
'
W he a he e m or t n 21da ha pa s d afe s r e oft gove nm e '
n, s r , e ha
ys ve s e t r e dc
he
t nts

a we , Ru e 1 ()2 pe mis a nc nt of t e peiin o y wih t
qs r l 5 a() r t me l
me
h tto nl t he
go r e ' wrte c entorl a ofcout. Theru e f t rpr dest t
ve nm nts it n ons
e ve
'
t
l urhe ovi ha

te c ur s ul fel gvela whe j tc s rq ie. Levet a nd
h o t ho d rey i eve n usie o e urs a o me
s z beg a t di t a e eofba fih und p eudc t t opp i
hotd t n e n he bs nc
l
d at , ue r j ie o he osng
pa t ,otf iiy oft a e
ry
utlt
he m ndm e .
nt

J IC ,201 R
vCL
9

67181 a *
03, t 2.

He e a nd n wozd be f t e
r , me me t t
l
u i .Asdic s d a ve i o d rt u im j22 5s
l
s use bo , n r e o tl e 5 '
i
s vn ca ea b i ghi cnm p r ua tt j2 41 Ho f a mus me tt ec ndto s t
a igs lus nd rn s li u s n o 2 , fm n t e h o iins e

frhi J sa W h ee. S e% elr 8 6F.da 4 9 J j 22 F.d a 3 33 The
o t n one nd é lr e
ee, 8 3 t 2 9 one, 6 3 t 3 -4.
Fou h Cic t ha not t t Re f a oga ed pdor cr ui pr e nt U nied St t s v.
rt t ui s ed ha hai br t
ic t ec de .
t
ae

Loct r, 4 F. 1 7 1 6(t Ci. 2 )(iigUntdSae v. n l ,6 F. 6 2(t
l t9 7 3d 8 , 9 4h r20 0 ctn ie tts La e 2 3d 0 4h
ha
Ci.1 9 ) a r g td by Re i,1 9 S. .21 1 . Thu ,t e f tp o oft eJ s a
r 9 5, b o ae
haf 3 Ct 9 )
s h us r ng h one nd
W hèee t s si s tsi d. Se W heee ,886 F.da 4 9 J s 22 F.da 3 3 3
lr e t s ai fe
e
lr
3 t 2 ; one , 6 3 t 3 - 4.
.

H ofm a how e r c
f n,
ve , annots ds yt s cond t ur m e .Si eRehai,s ve a cours
a f he e
eqt e nt nc
f e rl
t

wihi t Fourh Cic t ha hed t tRehai di notc nge s t ntve 1w be us t
t n he
t r ui ve l ha
f d
ha
ubs a i a
ca e he
9

conduc f wli t pe ii rwasconvit d i sililga . Se e. . Swi e v.Hud
t or zch he ttone
c e s tl le l e
, ndl
J
.

.

s
,

.
;

No.51 -v30 , 0 N 4 6 0 a * ( D. . .a 2 , 2 )(Hee . ci sfr
:9c - 0 2 20 vL 69 6 , t 2 N. W Va J n. 9 20 0 ' r,t tme o
'
he
whih pettone w a c
c
ii r s onvi t t m ln c i i lofe es ac or ngl he c nnot s ts y t
c ed e i rm na f ns ; c di y,
a
a if he

s c ndpt of one .)Ta l tv.
eo
ong l s'; o Hu ' , 51 -v 29 , 0 9R 6 81 9 a * ( .
'
ns No. :9 c - 1 2 1
4 79 , t 3 W D.

W . . v 5 2 1 )(Ev n i Peii rs tsid t f ta t t ee n sof o s t
Va No . , 0 9 ' e f tt .aife he us nd hid lme t J ne , he
'
one
ci e f whi hewasc ct d r m n nsa c i i lofens a t r or he c
tm or ch
onvi e e i
rm na f e, nd he ef e, annots ts y
a if
18

tesc ee ntof one.) a o tdb 20 9W L 6 6 2 ( D. . .De . ,20 99
h eond lme J s', d e
'
1
4 78 3 N. W Va c 2 1 )
Mos v. bs No.81 - 0 8 , 01 K 7 8 98 , t* O . C. pt2 ,2 1 )trl
s Dob ,
:9w-22 0 2 9
2 4 9 a 9 S. Se . 3 0 9 'lhe
'
svng ca ets i J ne rqltst ts e ue t ap ion rsdrc a a a d frtj
a i s luy et n o s e lie ha ubsq nt o rs e' ie t ppel n ls
2255 m oton,t s t
i he ubsandve lw c nged s h t tt conduc ofwhih t prs rw a
a ha
uc ha he
t
c he ione s

c vce i d e dn t b ci na.Hee nos hc a eocure ' a o tdb 2 9
on itd s e me ot o e rmi l r, uc h ng c rd. d e
),
01
R 5 6 8 O .. Oc.3 ,2 9 9s eas M o s 20 9W L 7 8 98 ,a * - Furhe,i
61 8 4 SC. t 1 01 ) e lo s , 1
2 4 9 t 6 7. t z n
t ' sofW he lr t Supt m e' tdi noti ca et tRe i wasr ioa tveya ia e
et
m
ee , he
e cour d
ndi t ha haf
e r c i l pplc bl
t ca e on c lt r lt viw . See W ila sv.Unied St t ,N o.3: cr00241,2019 W L
o ss
ola e a e e
lim
t
a es
17- -

6 9 7 ,a * ( D. C.De .3 20 9 trl S p e Co tdd no ma e Re i
49 5 7 t 2 W. N.
c , 1 ) 'rhe u rme ur i t k haf
'
ttoatv t c sso c l trle im '; aesv. ie Sae, 41 -r1 8 2 9WL
er cie o ae n ol ea rve ) W tr Untd ttsNo. :5c- 5 , 01
a
3 5 9 , t* O .. Au .1 2 9 ( n i moto t a itc nslt p ee aRe i
49 9 8 a 5 SC. g , 01 ) de yng in o ppon ou e o rsnt haf
c m i pa tbec us 'he ei no i ca i t tt Supr m e Cour ha m ade t hol ng i
bi n r
a e ' r s ndi top ha he
t
e
t s
he di n

Re afy toa tv l a ia et i ai aea o he wief lc v cin und rj9 2()'.
h i e r ciey ppl bl o nv ld t n t r s ma on ito
c
e 2 g .)1
'5
The eo e be a eHofma c nno s tsy al heJ e a d W he lrc ndtons t e
r f r , c us
f n a t aif lt on s n
ee o ii , h

c ut Fo dberq tdt ds s aRe i cam f lç ofj dcin.S eS nde 2 20
o t ul e uie o imis haf li ot ak uds ito e wi l, 0
W L 46 6 0 a * (co e ue l, c us p tto ratc st v ldt ofhi c n ci n a
9 6 , t 3 ' ns q nt be a e eii ne ta k he aiiy s o vito nd
'
y
fi t etbEs t th me t t el ne r q t me s hei u bl t s dsyt ej2 5 sv n s
al o sa h ha e es h o s e uie nt, s na e o a f h 2 5 a i g
s
ca et s e rle u tj2 1 W hee a h r ,af d r l ione b i g aj2 41pe in
lus o e k eif nde 24 . r , s e e e e a prs r zn s 2
dto
t tdoes notf l wihi t s
ha
al t n he cope oft s vi clus ,t dit tcour m us dim is t
he a ngs a e he s dc
t
t s s he

una hoi e h b a mo i f rlc oflts ito ' (ii liev. e a 61 F.d8 2 8 7
ut zz d a e s ton o a k j idci n.) ct lc mv r , 7 3 0 , 0
l
' ng
( . Ci. 0 0 @e c iml. Ac o dngy t ftt to t s lme ti DEN I
4t t 2 1 ) r urn ) c r i l, he ts mo in o upp e n s
h
ED.
1 Rehai wa a dr ta l Se Re f 139S, .a 21
5
f s iec ppea. e hai,
Ct t 95.

1
9

Sec
ond,H ofm a s e t s e enthi Di a a ar entwih an a gu e ba e
f n e ks o upplm
s m
gum
t
.
r m nt s d
on U rie St t v.D a s a r
lt d a es
vi nd equess a hea i '
t
rng ' it wih D a s' Sec
conssent t
vi.'
ond M ot t
.o

Supp.a 1. H of m a c ends t t hi conviton a s nt
t
f n ont
ha s
c i nd e ence f usng a ca r i a
or i nd ry ng

fr n. dlig a d i r ld t a c i ofv o e e ( nt5 ,mus be va ae be a e
le l prn n n ea on o rme i lnc Cou )
m
t
c td c us

c ns zc t c
o piay o ommiHo Ac rbbeyq lida aci of i e c o yu rj9 4()s
t bbs t o r uaie s rme voln e nl nde 2 c'
f
r sd l lus, c Da i hedwa u onsiui al v gu .Se i a t2 Hey q e t t t
ei ua ca e whih v s l s nc tt ton l a e e d a . e u ss ha
y

t c r hodahe rn a whc hsj9 4/)c n ito wotdbev ctda hewoudbe
he ou t l aig t ih i 2
o vcin z
l
a ae nd
l
z s ntnc d on t r i ngcount.Se i.6
ee e e
he emsni
s e d1
The c tha at ad dic s D a si t c e ofH ofm a sD i a a csi a
our s le y s us ed vi n he ont xt
f n' m
l m nd

f nd t a Da swa ac dmto lnotsa u o y tln , swe eisp e c s o sl hns
ou h t vi s ons ina, tt t r ,nl g a r t f de e s ry o on
i
a Di a Thus t y do n me tt eJ ne a d W h ee c iei f ru e oft s vng
nd ma . , he
ot e h o s n
e lr rtra o s
he a i s
ca e a d j 2 1 Al wi g t e s c mot t s plm e wo d t e e o e be f te
lus n
24 . l n h e ond i o up e nt ul h r f z
o
on
ui
l

be a et c ut wo dbetq rdt cs s t cnm f lc ofjrs ito S eIie
c us he o ' ul e uie o l mis he li or a k u idcin. e tc ,
t
i
617F. a 807. c di y, ofm an' s cond m oton t s em e t pe
3d t
A cor ngl H f s e
i o uppl nt he ddon t i l
o ncude

aI a i a g me i DEN I
j v s t u nt s
ED.
Thid, H ofm a s e t sa pr edi whie he i '
r ' f n e ks o t y oce ngs
l
s ' on a wrt't a t nd
out
i' o te
e de ir he dngsi t cvi c esi Caior a M ot t St y a 1.The m oton t sa or
vi nta y a
n wo i l as n lf ni.
.o a t
i o t y,
pl e t peii i a ya e i D EN I
ac he tton n be nc , s
ED a m oot
s
.
I .
V

Ba e o t f r g i g t c ut c l e t ti lc ss b e tmatrjts ito
s d n he o e o n , he o ' oncud s ha t a k u jc te l id cin
t
n
ove H ofm a spetton.A c di y,t c twilGRAN T r ponde ' a ende
r
f n' ii
cor ngl he our l
es
nts m
d

1 Se n.4.
6 e 1

20

moint ds s o ,nt atr é , inf rsmmayjdg nta DI M I Ste
to o imis r i he lena ve moto o u r u me , nd S S h
a nd dpeii wiho p eudc .Ana r praeor rwi iseti d y A1rmanig
me e tton t ut rj ie
pp o it de l su ls a . 1 e i n
l
l
m otonswilbe de e
i
l
nid.
S N TE RE D : ' s 7Y
rhi

/
+/

dyo Fer ay 2020.
a f b uf,

'

.

V .

,

M iha l . r ns
c e
ba ki

C ' ri d S ae Ditit u e
le tts src l dg
t