Campbell v. Brown

Filing 34

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Senior Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 10/24/2019. (slt)

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M E M O M N D UM O PI I N
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TAM M Y BR OW N ,

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o ti da ars lo tes a c . t nf u dtee d n es fiin t c n c Ca b l o t
bane s e ut f h e r h He he o n h vie c u fce t o o vit mp ll fhe

c ag , tn t tG-jen tlea dteq niyo ti p o eswo l la t c u tqbeiv
h re noig ha,llh at n h uatt fhs r cs ud e d he o r t le e
gr
l

.

t tt r wa a i e t s l
ha he e s n nt nt o el,

gve o dsrb t t e s b tn et a wa ivov d. ( Ip.1 p.
i , r itiu e h u sa c h t s n le Ap ,
I
,,

3 3 .He e trd a c n ito od rt e s me d t,r fe tng a c n ito f rma u1a trn
3)
n ee o v cin r e h a ae elci
o vcin o n fcu ig
I

meha tmi i vi ai ofVigni Co j 18. 248.On Aug t26,201 t co t
t mphen ne n olton
r i a de
2us
4, he ur
I
s n e e Cn
e t nc d mpbelt t nt fveyea si prs wih f t n ye r oft s nt nc s i e d.
l o we p i
r n ion, t ouree a s he e e e up nde
t

Ca
mpbelno e li a
l t d ls ppea t t Vigi aCour ofAppe s
l o he r ni
t
al.
W hiet a
l he ppea oft fr tc ewa silpe i t pa te s he uld atildaI f t
l he is as s tl ndng he ri s c d e ra t or he
e
,

1

s c i cme .Ca l t n fld amoto t dimis algi t tt s c i cme
e ond ndit nt mpbel he ie
in o s s, le ng ha he e ond nbit nt

wa b re b t eF fhAme me tsDo beJ o a d Clu ea b VignaCo ej1 .- 9 ,
s ar d y h it
nd n ' u l e p r y a s nd y r ii d , 2 2 4
9
l
2Ot wines est tfed agai tCa pbel att t i ,i udi t i or
her t s esii
ns m
l he ral ncl ng he nf mantand Campbel'
ls
da er but t subsance of t r t tm ony i not r evant t deer i i of t is s i t s
ught ,
he
t
hei es i
s
el
o t m naton
he s uè n hi

P oc e ig.
r e dn

l

1

1

l
i

a amotont s e s a g ngt s m eg omd r le u n i tefrtc s . No mb r9
nd
i o uppr s , r ui he n
r t s eid po n h is a e On vq e ,
1

201 a tri op or tng t r or oft frtc e i o t r c d f t ec ca e,t c t
4, fe nc
a i he ec d he is as nt he e or or hes ond s he our

l

ove r ld bot m o i ns Cn pbe lt n e e e a 'la a r e e wih t Comm oJwe 1h,
r ue
h to . m l he nt r d p e g e m nt t he
1 at
i
!

prs r ngli rg t a albot motonspurua t Vigi aCodej1 2- Cn :l pld
e evi ls iht o ppe
h i
s nt o r ni
9. 254. mpbel e
'

)

guit a purua t t pl a a e me ,t c ts ntnc d hi t e e n yea si prs t
ly nd, s nt o he e gr e nt he our e e e m o l ve
r n ion, o
t
)

r! c ure l wih t sntnc i t frtca e f l d by t ye r ofpos-eea e
t onc rnty t he e e e n he is s , olowe
n
wo as
sr l s
i

s pe vso Onc a an Ca b lp re tda a p a t t VignaUo r o Ap e l.
u r iin e g i, mp el efce n p e lo he rii u t f p as1
I
.

1

On Oc obe 25,201 t Cour ofAppe sr ve s d Cn
t r
6, he
t
al e r e mpbelsco c i onl fr t
l' nviton t is
he

l
i cm e t fndi t tf iur t fl tm ey a pr ry t s ond pa oft s ar h' r a
ndi t n , i ng ha al e o ie i l nd ope l he ec
ge he e c ; r nt
wa
i

asda ta rquie by Vigi aCodej 1 2- r uie s e sonoft e de e.Ca
f vi s e r d
r ni
9. 54 eq rd upprsi
he vi nc 1 mpbel
l

1

v.Commonwe 1h,791S. 2d 351( .Ct App.201 ,rv' 807 S. 2d735 ( 201 ,c r.
at
E.
Va .
6) e d,
E.
Va. 7) e t

d ne ,1 9S.Ct 4 (01 ) rh' d nid 1 9 S Ct 1 4 (01 ) Hodn ta tgsaue
e id 3
. 21 2 8, e c e e , 3 . . 2 4 2 9. lig h t h ttt
I

po ie bo d r p oeto ta t Fo rh Ame d n,t c u th l ta tJ Fout
rvd d ra e rtcin h n he ut
n met he o r ed h t h t'
h
i
tt a ounds J .t356n.2.
.#aa i
A m e m e be m e trelva 'onc t warnt ssnzkonsae1w gr
nd nt ca tr e nt' e he ra wa t c
;

Fute, e a s p lc o ti dawarn,h sac wa n t war tessac s eI e to s
rh rb cu e oie bane
ra tte erh s o a rmlls erh,o k pin
c

tt sr wrnrueetintplJ
oh ec aatqimnd oap..
e ah r e r d yl
a

1

TheVigi aSuprmeCoul r ves dt de ii oft Cour ofAppeasal ri ttd
r ni
e
' e re he cson he
t
t
l td ensae
.

I

Cn
mpbelsc ci on De e be 1 2017.Comm o
l' onvi ton
c m r 4,
nweat v.Ca
lh
mpbel 8 S. 2d a 740.
l, 07 E. t
(
!
The Cour a sl e wihoutde di t tt s a c wa r wa i ld unde Vigi a Code
t s lm d t
ci ng ha he e r h rmg s nvai
r r ni

j9
1
l
2 4bte ttnady fhsr wrntdrh steotdrh Fut
- ,uhl h i li ot ec aatmet tu ( met or
5
d a vit e ah r
e at r e h
I
.

Amed n)intrc d a aiwarnlssac iteC mmowe1 meteIdno
nmetdd opel e vl r t serhfh o n ah th bre f
u
d ae
t
u.
pr nga e pto t t war tr quie nt L. a 738.Ca
ovi n xce in o he ran e rme . ds t
,
mpbelss eque rqtessf
l' ubs nt e p t or
l
r he rng a a
e a i nd ppea w e e de e
l r ni d.

W hie t frt c s wa pe ng r viw i t Vigi a Supr
l he is a e s ndi e e n he r ni
eme Cour,t Cour of
t he , t
1

Appe l sa d pr e ngs i t s c c e.Onc t Vigi a Supr m e Co tr i t d t
a s t ye oce di n he e ond as
e he r ni
e
ur enqa e he
1

f

I

rtc n ci n teCo r o Ap asflo disd cso a t (a o t ec s , atri n te
s o vito ,h u t f pe l o lwe t e iin s he i w f h a e' fimi g h
l
'
'

1

.

I

'

til co ts de a of Cnmpbel' m oton t s es i t s c
ra ur' ni l
ls
i o uppr s n he e ond c e. Ca
as
mpbel v.
l

Co
mmonwe 1h,81 S. 2d 663,667 ( .Ct App.201 .TheCoul ofAp asaloafr
at 7 E.
Va .
8)
'
t
pe l s fimed

t e c n ito ,fndng no sauo y o d u ej o r y ba t te s c n p o e dn l c us
h o vcin i i
tt tr r o bl e pad r o h e o d r c e ig1be a e
l

Ca
mpbe ls r que tt co i ti of t s c
l' e s o ntnue ral he e ond c r wa a c e t t til a a
ha ge s ons nt o wo ra s nd

v lnay wave o a y d u l j o ad o j ci n JJ a 6 8 0 TheVign aS p e Co r
ou tr i r f n o be e p r y be to .-. t 6 -7 .
IS
.
r ii u r pe u t
de lne t he rCnmpbel' a a fom t Cotr ofAppe l . mpbel di no fl asatha as
ci d o a
ls ppe l r he lt
a s Ca
l d t ie t t be
peii n.
tto

1

1

OnJ n 1 ,20 8 Cn b l fldaPeio frWrto Ha e sCo , us vtt 28
u e 9 1 , mp el ie
tt n o i f b a pus p ru o
i
U. C.j2254,i t sc tI hi peii Cn
S.
n hi our.n s tton, mpbelrie fvec lnge :
l as s i hale s

!
I

Tha t sa e c t e r d i pe mitng a s i n o e de e und t e ge
t he t t our r e n r ti
dmi so f vi nc
er he: xi nt
cr tm sa se e i t t s a c wa r ntr quie e twhent sae' s a chwa r nt
icl t nce xc pton o he e r h ra e r m n
he t t s e r
ra

wasivai t rVigi aCodej1 2- ,
n ld mde r ni
9. 54.

1

Tha t sa e c t e r d i a l ng ad ison of e de e unde t te i ent
t he t t our r e n lowi
m si
vi nc
r hej x g
crumsa se e i t t s a c war trquie ntwhe t s rh wmya was
ic tnce xc pton o he e rh ran e rme
n he eac
'nt
'
i ld l rt Fo t Ame e ta t f
nva i mde he urh
ndm n nd he l
good f ih e pton'wa no a ia e;
at xce i ' s t pplc bl

3 Thatt stte courterred i fndig the exitnceofexigentcicumstancest ltfy a
he a
ni n
se
r
o j si
u
.

wa r nte ss a c
r a l s e r h;

I
1

n
i
4. Tha t sa ecour e r d ' f ii t dim ist s c i cm e t rVigi a Code
t he t t
t r e i alng o s s he e ond ndit nt mde r ni

1

j1 2- a
9. 294; nd
/

i

1

5. Tha t s a e co t e r d n f lng t dim is t s cond i cm e t f vi ai li
t he t t ur r e
aii o s s he e
ndi t n or ol tng ls
c tt i nalr g a i td u l j o ad
ons iuto
i ht ga ns o be e p r y.

E No.1 p. 2
ECF
, 20.

I

7
I

-

8-

I.
I

l
1
.

A f de a c tm a g a apeii rha asr le fo asaec u t u g n C nl o
e r l our y r nt ttone be e if r m tt o rj d me tj y n
s
o

l r a is hç t d
l
t g ound t the i i c t i vi a i oft Co tt i o a sorte te oft Unie
he r
ha
s n usody n olton he nsiuton r w
I

Sae . 28U. C. 2 5 () Kti n t h p o i eo afd r l a e sc u tore a n sae
tts'
'
S. j 2 4 a .t s o t e r vnc f e e a h b a o r t e x mi e ttl
co tdee mi tonso sae-a q si .' t l v. c r 502U. 6 67-68( 991.The
ur tr nai n tt lw uetons'Esele M Guie,
S. 2, - 1 )
V
'i

q

r ni SuprmeCour' de iin t tavi ain ofVigi aCodej 1 2- doesno pr l
gi a e
ts cso ha olto
r ni
9. 54
t ecude

a m isonofe de eunde t e ge cr tnsa e e pto t t FcurhAmend e s a c
d si
vi nc
r he xi nt icu tnc s xce i n o he i t
m nt e r h

I
I

wa a r uie nti acam t tr sss ey o t i eprtton o Vigi asaut y cae
n'nt èq r me s li ha et oll n he ntr eai f r ni tt es nd s
lw,a a s h,i i no c za e on f de a ha asr vi w t e speii ra l est tt
a nd s uc t s t ogni bl
e r l be e e ml s ttone leg 'ha he
,
' pp i a i f he t t s ogni a evi ai oft f de alc tt i . je . .M.
z bl ol ton he e r onsiuton e e ,
'
s at courts a lc ton o t sam ei ac
te
-

1

Wrc tv An eo ,1 F.d 1 ,1 8 (t Ci.1 98.Ca b l alg sta t slec u t
ih . c lne 51 3 51 5 4h r 9 ) mp el le e h t he tt o r
d cso voaeteFo rhAme d n o teU.. nttto a dla de st s alg to s
eiins ilt h ut
n me t fh S Co siuin, n d rs hoe le ain
I

i t ne s c i butCn
n he xt e ton,
mpbel' frtc am i ba e onl on t Vigi asaut a t;e e o e
ls is l i s s d y he r ni t t e nd, h r f r ,
I

mus bedimi s d.
t
s se

i

1
1
11
1.

I a sa eprs nç ha t opporuniy f f la f i ltgai n ofa Fo t Am e
f t t io r d he
t t or ul nd a r ii to
urh
ndment

cai he i no e il d t f de alha asr le o t g ot t tt evi nce obt ne i a
l m, s t ntte o e r be ei f n he r md ha he de
ai d n n
!

u c ntt o a sac o siuewa ito u e a hstilSo ev. wel4 8U. k 5 49
n o si n l erh r ez r s nrd c d t i ra. tn Po l, 2 S.' , 4
mi
6
( 9 6 Tl i becauset s i lcossoft excl i
1 8 ) ûs s
he oc a t
he
usonmy r l a ehi h.l a 490.The 1 de e
u e r g d. t
è nc
vi
.

ttdfdnsktecdiuulriladsfnhmscmei einef
h aenate soxless leaenioet o oplgveco
a e e u ay lb
t e t l 1
n d
gi 1d.Application ofthe exclusionary nzle cripplesthe &drutlltinding process''and soIetim es
ut
l
t '
m
.

al t g ly t go fe I De piet e c t,t Supr me Cour a ot r ha ,ot i
lows he uit o
r e. d. s t hes oss he
e
t nd he s ve f md t
i

n c say frs ceyt pa ti c s i o d rt d trp lc mic n u ta p o t rj e tf r
e es r o o it o y h s o t n r e o ee o ie so d c nd r mo e e p c o
-

9i
7

l
!

Fo rhAme me tvau s I . t4 0 1 On ead fn n ha h dt o po t t t lieh s
ut
nd n le . d a 9 -9 . c ee da t s a he p rt y o as i
mi
I
F
l
o rhAme d n c aln e b f r atilc u t n a lato ea pelt c ut ho v r t ee
ut
n me t h le g s eo e ra o r a d t e s n p lae o l we 1 ,h r
e
i ltl det nvntbenet i alowi ft t rltgaton oft isue,andeve l ssbeneftt r ver i
s ite e
k n l ng ut ii i
he
he s
n e
i o I sng
e
1
.

a c c i be us e de e i s nl de med i dm isbl,e n t
onviton ca e vi nc s udde y e
na s i e ve hough a l a tt pro
t e s Wo i r
co t hadt opporuniyt c nsde t co tt i lt oft s z h fom whih e de was
urs
he
t t o o i r he nsiutonaiy he ea c r
c vi nce
1

o ane I a 491.The de r sng de e r tvaueofc i d e f t t e l e de no
bt i d. d. t
c ea i
t ren l
ontnue fors o xcude vi1 nce

l rout ighst soci costsoft excl i ry rulewhen a case hasreached t sstage.Id.
I
onge we
he
al
he
usona
hi
I

I

a 491
t -93.

!

W he co i i ape ii rsFo t Am e
n nsderng
ttone ' urh
ndme c am s t n,af de a dititc ts
nt l i , he
e r l srq our'
frti uiy i whehe t pe ii rha a opporuniy t r iehi Fo t Ame m e ll m i
is nq r s
t r he ttone d n
t t o a s s urh
nd ntèai n
l
l

t e h g e tsae c u t Doe n v Mu c ,5 9 F.d 1 5 ,1 5 ( t Ci.1 7 ) l s h a
h ih s tt o r. lma . n y 7 2 2 8 26 4h r 9 8 . f uc n

o potnt wa afre t tep tto e, n nohn i tecam o i t rc r s g et ta
p ru iy s fod d o h ei n ra d tig n h li r n he e od u j ss h t
i
l

i

,

t prs rsopporuniy t f l a f il ltg t hi cli wasi ie t n t cou tne d
he ione
t t o uly nd ary ii a e s a m
mpar d, he he r e

'o n frh rit t Fo rhAme d n cams
l k o ute no he u t n met li .
o

q

I t prs ntc e, Campbel had s ver lopport test ltgat hi Fourt Amendm ent
n he e e as
1
l
e a
unii o ii e s
h
c ams a het f la nt e ofe h o runiy.He a gue be or t ti c tt tt
l i , nd
ook ul dva ag
ac ppo t t
r d f e he ral our ha he

I

s a c wa r ntwa i ld unde t Fo t Am e e be us t pr ba e c us sa e e
e r h ra
s nva i
r he urh
ndm nt ca e he o bl a e lt m nt
;
wa misngi t afi vi fl wiht ce k' ofi e. ti c ta e wihhi al f rhe
s s i n he fda t ied t he lr s fc The ral our gr ed t m ld u t r
l

1
a e t tt lg d-at e e i 'f of rr la e o t wa r nt r cog z d ilUnie
gr ed ha he &oo f ih xc pton' or oce e inc n he ra , e ni e i t d

Sttsv. o , 6 U. 1 5 ( 9 4 , i n t p l . t h tilc u t lof u t a t e i e t
ae Le n 4 8 S. 2 0 1 8 ) dd o a p y Bu t è ra o r as o nd h the x g n
cr umsa s e e i t t wa r n r quie nta i d.Cn
ic tnce xc pton o he r a t e r me pple
mpbel a a e t t Cour of
l ppe l d o he
t
Appe l,whe e hi a gume was a pt d a t ti lcour' r lng wa r r e . Then,t
as
r s r
nt ' do e nd he ra
ts u i
s eve s d
he
Vigi a Supr m e Co thea d t m e is oft c s a r i tt d t co c i The Unie
r ni
e
ur
r he rt
he a e nd ensa e he nviton. I
td

-

1 0
!

Stt sSupr me Cour de e c ri a i l s t Cn
ae
e
t nid e tor r. n hor, mpbel f ly a c pa y ltga e t Fourh
l ' l nd a bl ii t d he
u
t

Ame m e i s be or t e dif r ntsa eti l .TheVigni c zt pr de Cn
nd nt s ue f e hr e fe e tt rbuna s
r i a olrs ovi d mpbela
l

fl a fi o po tnt t l iaeteFo rh Ame d n camsh r ie , oh ta t e g n
u l pd ar p ru i o i g t h u t
y t
n me t li e as d b t h t hq xie t
I
cr lm sa es e e i di nota y i t polc r i o a i ld wa r nt a t tt
icl t nc xc pton d
ppl f he ie eled n n nva i
ra nd ha he

Co n at fie t e tbih e g n cru tn e . c r i gy S o p e ld jh b a
mmo we 1h ald o sa ls xie t ic msa c s Ac o dn l, tne rcu e a e s
r ifo Ca pbe lss ond a t r c am s
ele n m l' ec
nd hid l i .
I .
V

l

Li hi fr tcli ,Ca
ke s is am
mpbels c am t thi ti lon t s ond i cm e vi a e
l' l i ha s ra
he ec
ndi t nt olt d

Vigni Code j 1 2- aiess el unde sae1w a i notcognia e o habe rviw
ri a
9. 294 rs ol y
r tt a nd s
z bl n
as e e

u d r28U. C.j2 5 ()a d Esel v. c ie 5 2 U. 6 ( 9 ) Th s h sf u t cam
ne
S.
2 4 a n tl M Gur, 0 S. 2 1 91. u , i o rh li
e
mus a s bedim is
t lo
s s ed.
v.

Re outo ofCa
s l in
mpbelsffh c am ,t tt s c i i t e wasba r d by prncpl
l' it l i ha he e ond nd cm nt
re
i i es

o d u ej o r y rq ie mo ec mp e a ayss Un e j22 4 aveyd fr nilsa d r o
f o bl e pad , e u rs r o lx n l i. d r 5 , r ee e ta tn ad f

l
lrsI
et n
i.

' li o t m
a ms n he

ri api tstcuteioshtaeddct aetnr c
ee plsoteordci t hvaj i e pties
vw e a
sn a
u ad io

s h ac s ,ha sr ifs l no begr nt dunl st sa ec tsde ii n wa d nta y t or
uc a e bea ele ha l t
a e
es he t t our' c so
s ' r r o,
co

ioeaurs alapci o clearly established Federallaw,as determinelby the
n ldnneo b plao f
vv
an e itn
d
,

S p e Co r o t eUntdS ae . 2 U. C. 2 5 ( )1.
u rme u t f h ie tts' 8 S. j 2 4 d ( )
'

l ti c s , h VignaCo r o Ap asce rya d e sd Cn b l' d u ej o a d
n h s a e t e r ii u t f pe l lal d r se mp els o bl e p r y

l

cam. mp el Co nwe 1 81 SE.d 6 3( . . p. 01 ) TheVigni S p e
li Cn b lv. mmo at 7 . 2 6 Va CtAp 2 8 .
h,
r i a u rme
Co tsl ma iy de e Ca
ur lm rl ni d mpbelspe ii n f rf rhe a a .TheUnie St t sSupr m eCour
l' tto o u t r ppe l
td ae
e
t
ha he d t ts h de al a epr s e t be de ii nson t mert o t c am .Ha rngt v.
s l ha uc ni s r e um d o
c so
he
is f he l i
ri on
1
'ook t q
'
l hr i

lih e, 6 U. 8 , 9( 1 ) Fu te , f d rl o t o ha e srv e i t
tc tr 5 2 S. 6 9 20 1 . rh r a e ea c u' n b a e iw s o
t

ug 'h
h't e

I
-

11 -

r

s mmayd cso t tels c u'd cso po ii arto aefrtemei d cso a dt
u r e iin o h at o l e iin rvdng ain l o h rt e iik n o
t
s

l

pr um et tt sae hi c tado e t s m er as ni W is v.Sel r ,1 S.Ct 11
es
ha he t t gh our pt d he n e o ng. lon
le s 38
. 88,

19 ( 1)
1 2 20 8 .

1

!
Ha ng de e ne t tVigi a c t a e s d t Ca pbel' cli ,t ne i s i
vi
t nni d ha r hi ours ddr s e he m
ls am he xi s ue s
,

whehe t Co tofAppe l o ni i co r r t o i ve allnr as na e a i q i of
t r he ur
a s pi on s nta y o, r nvol s l l e o bl pplc ton ,
'

g

ce ryetbih d S pe Co r lw The t eshol quesi i whet rt re i anylcery
lal sa ls e u rme u ta
ç lal
q
hr
d
ton s
he he s
1
1
.

e t bls Fe r ll w,a de em i by t Su e Cour. Loc rv.Andr de,5 U. 63,
sa ihed de a a s tr ned he pr me
t' kye
'
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