Cancian v. Hannabass and Rowe, Inc et al

Filing 59

MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Chief Judge Michael F. Urbanski on 07/19/2019. (aab)

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By:

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chaelF.U r
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Chi fU. Di ti t udge
e S. s rc J
M EM O M N D U M O PI ION
N
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Tli m a t r com es bef e t c t on a nun be of n odons f
ls te
or he our
a r
a
zed by de enda s
f
nt

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n bas n weLt rla na s' nd nd a c l d o féns 7 'he us
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e
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t e e i Ha a a s a S i o s (ol c i l, T e e da s) mo i f r sn r
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szk ,ECF Nos 5 & 5 a DENI dee da s modo frs mmayj g nt ECF
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1.

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r s t t phot a
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y n he al s he ea
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ur
ie i
tzltes o
phot a
ogr pher y's etm ei M a c of2012.L = The phot wa r it r d wih t Unie
s' om i n z h
d
o s egse e t he td
.

St t sCopy i O fi on M a 5,2017.
ae
rght fce
y
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Si o i t s l o e a picp lo Si on Commu c to LLC rsi on
t n s he oe wn r nd rn ia f tns
ns
niains
ftns
Co
mmunia ' a Vigni l td l bit c
c éons), r i a i e i l y ompa y ECF No.41 11 a 1 S on
mi a i
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Cot
nmunia
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c t r .J. Ha bas i a c por don hea rer i Roa ,Vigi a a i t
usome s I
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nd e t n nf
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ECF N o.49- 2,a 1 Sdns owns t lc i rght t num e ous s ock phot a
1 t -2.
on
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t ough ava i y ofs ock phot a c pa es ECF N o.49- ,a 1 I c e i a page
hr
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on H a bas ' bst f a a tceon s f drvi i f lw e t r Stns s l ct fspe di
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1f e ng Fal'hol t Copyi htRe it a i N um be VA 2- 2- 3.
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49- 0, t .

2

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A s a t es d m a t r t c t s l addr s t m odons by de e nt t stke
ht hol
te , he our hal
e s wo
f nda s o ti

Ca insme o a u i op i t t mot f rs
nca ' m r nd m n posdon o he i o ummayj g nt ECF Nos 5 &
on
r ud me .
.1
52.D ef nda spoi outi t i fr tm odon t szke t tt e tm ey fld t i m oton f
e nt
nt
n he r ls
o ti ha l y i l le het
a
i or

s
umma yj g n o J ne1 , 1 ,n a c da ewih t d a l ss tb t eS h d ln
r ud me t n u 9 20 9 i c or nc t he e di e y h c e u ig
ne

Or e . No. 8 Ca in,o t o he ha ,f e li r s et t i modo o J l 8
d r ECF
4 . nca n he t r nd ' d as epons o l s
J
l
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n n uy ,
4

2 1 ,i e d y attt J l dedl t r s nd t dee da s moto ECF No.5
0 9 è a s fe he uy3 a i o epo o fn nt' in.
v
ne
0.
D e enda sa gte t t i lghtofCa i n' t r glng,t é zts d s rke hi r s
f nt r z ha, n i
nc a s a dy i he olr houl ti s e pons
e
t t m oton.ECF N o.51.
o he
i

W hie t c ta a def nda s tm elnes and dic za sCa i n' t r nes ,a
l he our ppluds e nt ' i i s
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m odon t stke i ( dr s z m edy w l i dif vor d by t cout s and i r nty
o ti s < a éc e
a
ùch s sa e
he
t
nfeque l
'

/

e
vi
g a e ' Clr v.Mia 1 2 F. D. 6 ,70 (. W . .1 9 ) Federal Rul of Ci l
z ntd. a k
'
lm. 5 R. 6
SD. Va 9 3 .

Pr e u e6()gv st c r dic ei t e tndade d ieatrispa sgeupo as wi
oc d r b ie he ou t sr ton o x e
a ln fe t sa
n ho ng
ofE x usbl ne lc' Texc a en ge ti note sl de
< c a e ge t' f q usbl e lc s
e
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aiy monsr td, orwa i i e e t
ta e n
s tntnd d o
be ...t bur n ofde onsz tng e us biiyle wih t pa t s ki t e e i and
he de
m ta i xc a lt is t he r y ee ng he xt nson
am e e c
r once son ofpal bl ove sghtoz a ni sr tve f iur gener ly ha be n hed t
si
pa e r i
dr nita i al e
al s e
l o
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al hor
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ng
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on
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3 3 , 3 4h r 9 5 i en l ia ns mitd .n onsdei
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r s n e xc s bl ge t h ou t t on i r ou lme s 1 f
t
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p eucc t ghenonmo igpatj'()Kh ln hoft d lya isp e ilmpa to
rj l e o t
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ucca pr c el gs' 3 f e e s or he ly icuch ehe t s n h e s na e
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v. t wikAsoc . d. s ,5 7U.. 0 39 ( 9 3 .
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ns
Ca in' pr es e e us t t r por i com pa hie t pr
nca s of s d xc e, hat he e tng
ny r d o oduce a ta c i
r ns rpt
of t ke de ii f ie t do s des t r pe ed e t a i ,s ECF N o.50- doe
wo y postons ald o
o pie e at nt e tes ee
2, s
pe ha f l i o t ca e y offa i sr tve f iur y'butt c ts esno r as t ta
z ps al nt he t gor
fdnanita i al e'
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f - y dea wi pr jdie d fnd nt.De e a t t msl s d no agu t e ha
i da ly l eu c e e a s fnd n s he eve o t t e h y ve
ve
l
s fr d p eudc ,e e pe h ps t t t c u twi no c nsd r Ca in' lt-le
ufe e r j ie xc pt r a ha he o r l w o i e nca s ae f d
l
l
5

ag nt- a ce ryi uf intp ofe ofpr j ie S eW at v. k rHu he Oi il
r ume s lal ns hce z fr
eudc . e l
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f
O eai ns I . No.11 c 4 ,2 1 WL 5 9 6 3 a * ( D.W . .No 9 2 7
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q

ba i f t s a gum e ot r t n t pos i lt t t Cour * 1hee is c enéons
ss or hi t
nt he ha he
sbiiy hat he
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(iai o te ) W eetk aones fiint e r lt-ûe bifwoud rs ti p eudc
ctton mitd . r li l u fce , vey aef d re
s
l eul n tj ie
a c i r é oft fco wo l bef tl.l
nd onsdea on he a t r u d ' i ' .
u e'
I t i s e e a m oton t srke
n her uppl m nt l
i o ti ,def ndant a gu t t pli ips couns ls
e
s r e ha antf
e'
e a éon f hi l t flng,s it d i a s n de l r
xplna
or s a e li ubm te n wor c a aéon a om pany ng hi r pons i
cc
i
s es
e, s
f s ECF N o. Couns lf Ca in sa esi hi deca aéon t them a r pea e r s s
ale.
52.
e or nca t t n s lr
ha
de e t d eque t
f t de i
or he posdon tans rpt butdi not he t ba k untla t r t de i t r s
r ci s
d
a c
i fe he adlne o e pond t
o
de enda s m oéon.ECF N o.50- D ef ndant as e ti t i s e ent m oton t srke
f
nt'
2. e
s s r n.he t upplm al i o ti

t tc ups lf rCa in i fc o y ma e o r q s,o J y 3 20 9 ECF No.5 ,a 2.
ha o e o ' nca n a t nl d ne e ue t n ul , 1 .
2 t
D ef ndant i l a copy oft e aie r ques wih tnsm odon a e
e
s ncude
he m l d e
t t li
nd ncour ge t c t
a he our

t gveK h v r ct ofad ca ain ma b a at ne un rpe at of ru y p ec lry
o i f e e a iy
t
e lr to de y n tor y de n ly pe jr , p ua l
att e ns ofa t r pat ...fzt t s rzi ' J The c tc onl asume t
he kpe e
hid ry,
t he c ttny. A
r
'
our an y s
hat
def ndant 'c
e
s ouns li i pli al c ofgood f ih on t pa tofpli ifsc
e s m yng a k
at
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e or
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,

doc e
um néng nt ous ate pt t c ac t r cozlng c pany by phone on s ve a
unez
tm s o ont t he e ci om
e rl
dif r da ,aswel ast pr vi l s
f e ent ys
l he e ousy ubmit e a l.ECF N o.53- The cotr wilt
ted m is
2.
zt l hus

i e a as r i de e nt'c
gnor ny pe sons f nda s ouns la t m pt t c t Even i t c ta e t t
e te s o as.
f he our gr es hat he

t id oft a v ee n s (h r a o f rt e dea a whehe i wa i t r a o b e
lt
n
he bo e lme t t e e s n o h ly nd t r t s n he e s na l

6

c to oft mo nt mitt st wa dsg a ig t emo in t srke t e o he t e s y
on r l he va ) l ae o r r ntn h to o ti , h t r hre wa
i
t c tt c i rCanc a sr s
he our o onsde
i n' e pons Thecotr wilD EN Y t m odonst s ke.
e.
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he
o ai

Ca in' frt x b tn s po tof sr s ns t t emo in f s mmayj g nt
nca s ts e hii i up z hi e po e o h to or u r ud me ,
how e t gi t c t pa e.Se ECF N o.50- I le of t de ii ta c i s
ve , ves he our us
e
1. n i u
he poston r ns rpt

Ca in wa una e t obt n,Ca in' c
nca
s bl o ai
nca s ouns lofe s ha
e f z ndwrten not tke durng t
it
es a n
i he

de ii a a s n de a a i e ani t na ur of t e.ECF N o.50- I t s
postons nd wor clr ton xpli ng he t e
hes
2. n hi
de a aton,c
clr i
ouns lalo sa es t t s d i bec e ne s a- he wi t tf t whatt
e s t t ha , houl t om
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f de i upon oz le m i éon i a vaua e dic r t by wli h a wite s
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a Co n a ,Rue 30 (0 9 .W ll d pon nt ma e t i sae nt u e o t t
nd mme t
l
2 1 ) z e e e s k het ttme s nd r ah, he
i
ator y doi t de i a pe ha t dng not a he does s i unde no s h
t ne
ng he posng, nd r ps al ' es s
o, s
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uc

o iaint jtd wnonyt u vanihe tuh. ursd no rl u u wo n unsg d
bl to o o o
g
l he n r s d r t Co t o t ey pon ns r , ine
winessae nsi deiigmoéo f s mmayjd me tCei v. wb dS l .No.
t s ttme t n cdn
ns or u r u g n. tna Ne ol evs,
CA 61 2 2 -M C, 0 3W L55 6 21 a * ( SC. t1 , 01 )(f u wo n u ine
:2-2 27 2 1
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The ns r , nsg d
wines sa e e s t t N e
t s t t m nt hat he wbol D ef nda s atac d t t i m oton f s m a y
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jd me ( n whihi l eh nd tnnots ha enotben s bnitdu e oah a
u g nt ma y c ncud a wdte e) v
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tusteCoztwi no rl o t m i ma igiss mmayjd me deemi to ' The
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l
).
c utt * 1 notc i rCa in' f te bi s
ot hus 1
onsde nca s as xhi t ubmit d wi. hi t pons i opposton
te t s es
h
en
ii

t t mo i f ts
o he ton o umma yj g n ,
r ud me t ECF N o 5 - ,n d cdngt sm o n.
. 0 1 i e ii hi do

I
V.

Dee da sma e furag me t i fvo ofs mmayj g nt ()t tSd o
fn nt k o ru n s t a r u ' ud me : 1 ha ns n
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Commu c é ,LLC;() t a Ha ba sc n tbe hed v c ro l l bl f rc p rg t
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2 h t nna s a no
l iai usy i e o o y ih
a

i rng me c
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te y ns n mmunc to ;3 t tt i rn e nti ti c s i
iains () ha he nfig me n hs ae s
e u e byt efi us d t ne a ()t a Ca in c nno s ti hi c s be a eh ha
xc s d l at e oct ; nd 4 h t nca a t usan s a e c us e j
a
i
m ade no s
howi ofda a s The cour wila es ea h a pz e i vi ly.
ng
m ge .
t l ddr s c r m nt ndi dual
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e
s r
ha
on a
l ndi dua l ibl or ny nfi m nt

cli c
nm omm it by Stns Com m uni éons a l ied la lt c pa t or na iy
ted
i on
ca
, i t ibiiy om ny hat di rl
m
s edsism e be sa ofi r fom pe s lla lt be a e Ca i Tha no knowldge
hil t m r nd fce s r
r ona ibiiy, c us ncan f s
e
of whe he Séns Com m uni tons downl d t phot wihout a w a e m a k or a
t t
on
ca i
oade he
o t
tr r
ny
i ntf i sgnatze'a hasfno e dencet Stns wast dom i nti l nc a Séns
de iyng i t ' nd
r
f vi
hat i on
he
na nfue e t
on
Com m ui ca
donsLLC ort tStns de et i d polc t tr s t d i t i rngem e .'
ha i on t m ne
iy ha e ule n he nfi
nt'

ECF N o.49,at 8.D ef ndant c e t t (stns s l t d t phot a f us by
e
s onc de ha T i on eec e he
ogr ph or e
Stns Com m uni donsLLC t pos t t H & R w e ie, butar e t ft sf ctaonei
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ca
o t o he
bst '
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gu hat fhi a l s
nots fce t esa ih la lt ' I On t e g ounds de enda s a gue t t Stns i
ufi int o t bls ibiiy. d.
'
hes r
, f
nt r
ha i on s
.

s ede a a i vi lf om la lt f wha Se s Com m ul ca i ci a a lm ie
hil d s n ndi dua r
ibiiy oz
t
on
tons ld s i t d
la lt e y l
ibiiy nét . d.

The Copy i Ac ,as i e r t by t cours e e
rght t
nt m e ed
he
t, xt ndspe ona la lt f t
ts l ibiiy or he

a donso c m oudo a LLCSu e c rzn cr u tnc s Se 1 U.. A.j 5 (-b
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ht
22
s n nfi r he opyrght....The l ga orbe
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8

ow ne of a e l i rght under a copyrght i e ld ...t i ttze a a i f an
r
n xcusve i
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s néte
o ns itt n cton or

i rng me
nfi e nt

.. Unie s lFu tt e I tl I .v.Fr n l 8 5 F.S p.2 35 5
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( D. C.2 1,a fd 5 F.Ap x 26 (t Ci.2 3 ( i g pe s a la it on a
M. N. 01 ) f', 38
p' 7 4 h r 01 ) i
mposn ron l ibl y
i
c r t ofie f rc pyiht nfige nt t ec m o ai n . onta sve a l b l yf
omo ae fc r o o rg i rn me by h o r to )J i nd e r li ii or
a t
acom or t ofi e i t c e ofcopyrghti tngem e w11le d z t ofi e wast
a e fc t n he ont xt
i nfi
nt 1 i f e he fc r
whe
he
domi nti l nc i t c por ton,a de e m i t polces whih r ule i t
na nfue e n he or a i
nd t t ned he i i
c es t d n he
i rnge e .:Br d M usc l .v.I' Am or Co . N o.3:
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* ( . PaJ e3 ,2 9 (ii S io Muscv MZ Ka ofCo o d l c,6 0F.S pp.
5 M D. . un 0 00 ) ct alr i .
ng
i
nc t . n . 4
u
6 9,6 4l( N. 1 8 ) De e a sc t n t tno e g ha be n pr d e t s w
2 3 D. H. 9 4 . fnd nt on e d ha t nou h s e o uc d o ho
t tSéns et rwasf hedor na i l nc 'a Sdns Com m uni a i orf t r i
ha
on ihe
f
t
ni nt nfue e' t
on
c tons f e m ned
de
t polc e t tr uled i t i rnge e .? CF N o. a 8.Thecour dia e .Séns
he ii s ha es t n he nfi m nt'E
49, t
t s gz es
on
i t ow ne ,prncpa,a s e m e be ofStns Com m uniadons ECF N o.49- a 1.
s he
r i i l nd ol m r
i on
c
.
11, t

I ef nda s a
l e nt dnût da s Pe s ly s l t d t Kspe di Fal' phot f us on
at he r onal eec e he f e ng l'
o or e
H a ba s w e ie.I Tli on isown i e
nna s ' bst d. ns
t
s nough t c e e a ques
o r at
don ofm a e ilf ctast
t ra a
o

whe he Stns wa t donana i l nc a he c pa a whe he s det i d t
t r i on s he
i nt nfue e t r om ny nd
t r he ev ne he
polcest tr s t d i t alged i rnge ent
ii ha e ule n he le
nfi m .
V.

D e e nf ar t tH a
f nda s gue ha nnabas ha no f nvol m enti t de i orc tucton'
s d
f ve
i
n he sgn
onsr i '
of t H a
he
nnaba s webst . ECF N o. 49, a 6. The a gue t t bec us Séns
s
ie
t
y r
ha ,
a e
on

Co
mmun c to wa hie a a i e e e c nta t (ah rt n a e o e )t d sg
iains s rd s n nd p nd nt o rcor r t e ha n mply e o e in
a btid H a ba s we ie i wass eyr ponsbl f t c e a phot s l éon of
nd zl nna s ' bst , t
ol l es
i e oz he ont nt nd
o eec

9

t twe ieand isaci ca
ha bst
t tons nnotbei ed t Hanna s . daDefnda st aguet t
mput o
ba s L
e nt hus z ha
Ca in ca
nca nnothol H a bas la e f t us offspe ng Fal' 1
d nna s ibl or he e f edi
l. d.
'
O n t c r r t r i no doubtt t i c r an ct mns a es ape s orendt c
he onta y, he e s
ha ,n e t i ic t nc , r on
y an
be f
ound t ha i rnge a c i bas on t ac s ofa he .Se M e r G ol no ve nfi d opyrght ed
he t
not r e to- d

M ae Sadi l .v.Gr se Lt ,5 U..9 3 ( 0 )(e o nzn sc dayla it
r tz os nc
ok tr d. 45 S 1 20 5 rc g iig e bn r ibly
i
'

und r c py ih a t;So y Co p. Unve slCiy S u os I . 4 4 U. 41 4 5 (9 4
e o rg t c) n r v. i ra t t di , nc, 6 S. 7, 3 1 8 )
( ng e itnc ofv c ro l bit i t c y ihtc tx de pt a e e o e r s
nod xse e iai us i l y n he op rg on e t s ie bs nc f xp e s
a i
ln a e i c y ihtsa te .On s t e ofs h s c day l b l y i viai s l b ly
a gu g n op rg ttz ) e ou c
t
uc e on r i ii s c rou i ii ,
a t
a t
wlih, n t c e ofcopy i i rnge e , l lewhe ea def ndantpos es esbot t
lc i he ont xt
zght nfi m nt wil i
r
e
s s
h he
rghta a lt t s r i et i rngi a éviya a obvi and Hie Ena i l nt z t
i nd biiy o upe v s he nfi ng c t nd n
ous
r ct nc a i e es
i t e oie copy i ht m a e i l.N es Saa
n he xpl t d
rg ed t ras
lon lbes I v.M or n sde D e l m ent
nc.
ni i
veo
,

LLC, 4F.d 5 5 51 (t Ci. 0 2 . e as Unves lFu nt r l e n 8 5F. up 2
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$11r li a r f da gesf t i rnge ntofacopyrg hol rsFAniur dei
nilon wa d or ma or he nfi me
iht de' lr t e sgns
w a vi rousy la e f t com pa si rnge e be us t ofi rha b0t t a lt
s ca i l ibl or he
ny' nfi m nt ca e he fce d h he biiy
t s r e t diti i of t f niur a a fna i l i e es i e oi
o upe ds he srbuton
he ur t e nd
i nc a nt r t n xpl dng t
he

c p rg e f rinr) Crdc l ,afa k ofk wld e t t t p i r a t r i a t al
o y ihtd u riae. i al f c
t
y l
no e g ha he rma y co s c u l
y
enga i i dngi a dviyi notadef ns ? r 10t oft a
ged n nf ng c t s
e e'whe e 3 h he boveelm ent a es tsi d.
e
s r a ife

EM 1A rl usc I . W l t, 8F. u 2 49 ,5 ( D . . a 2 2 0 )( l ig
i M i nc v. l e 61 S pp. d 7 07 E. Va M y 2, 0 9 ho dn
i
t ta def ndantwho owne a . r e t e t ilm e whe e c
ha
e
d nd ope at d he sablsn nt
r opyrghti rngem e
i nfi
nt

t k pa ewa v c ro l la ef rt t nfi e nt.
oo lc s iai usy ibl o ha i rng me )

D enni H ol e pr i nt a owne of H anna s ,sa ed i hi de a a
s
dt n, esde nd
r
ba s t t n s clr éon i
n

s pp tofs
u or ummayj g n t tHa bashie Si o Communc to t cet is
r ud me t ha nna s rd tns n
iains o rae t
com m e c a webst ECF N o.49 12,at 1.W het r hied as a e pl
r il
ie.
he à
n m oyee or i pe nt
nde nde

conta or t 1w on t si s i c e tt s ar l tons p c e es a l s a que top of
t ct , he a
hi s ue s l a hat uch e ai hi r at t ea t
si

f c a t t rghtand a lt ofH a ba st s r ie t c e i ofisown we ie Se
a t s o he i
biiy
nna s o upe v s he z aton t
bst . e
EM IA r1M usc 618 F.Supp.2d a 507.Furhe ,bec us TSpe di Fal'wa pose on
i
i,
t
t r
a e ' e ng l' s t d
H a ba s c
nna s ' onune ca we ie s fc e e denceofa obvi a Hiec fna ili er t
r il bst , ufii nt vi
n
ous nd r t i nca nt es

i t si rn e ntha be n p o uc d s h t tsz r j g n i i a op it.The
n hi nfi g me s e r d e uc ha t
mma y ud me t s n ppz rae
cour D EN I S def nda s m oton t dir s Hanna s a adef ndantfom t sca e
t
E
e nt' i o snis
ba s s
e
r
hi s .
W .

N e ,de enda sa s r t y a e notla e f copyrg i rnge e be us t us
xt f nt s e t he r
ibl or
i ht nfi m nt ca e he e
of<
f di Fal:on H a ba s we ieconsi t fi us ECF N o.49,a 1 K om t
spee ng l'
nna s ' bst
tm ed ar e.
t 0. f
Fr
he

i anc of c rghtpr e i s e oppor tniy f f i us ofc i e m a e i l ha
nf y
opy i
ot cton, om
tz t or ar e
opyrght d t ras s

be n t u tne e s r t f li c pyihts v r p o e fl pr mot t Pr g e s of
e ho gh c say o ufl o rg ' e y um s , g o o e he o r s
l
t

S inc a us f lArs. ..7Ca bel Ac flo eMusc l . 5 0 U. 5 9 5 (9 4
ce e nd eu t . ' m lv. uf-k s
7
i nc, 1 S. 6 , 75 1 9 )
(iigU.. s.Ar. , 8 c. )Thedo ti offi u ei a a fr t de e ea f n
ctn S Con t t 1 j , l 8.
,
ctne at s s n fima i fns nd f
ve
a
e t bl r eofr as w l h pe t c t t a drgi a ia i oft c i sat e
quia e ul
e on, éc nnis our s o voi i d pplc ton he opyrght t ut
when,on occ son,i w oul s il t ve y c e tviy wlih t t1w i desgned t f t n'
ai
t
d tfe he r r a i t ac ha a s i
o os e '

S ev r v Abe 4 5U.. 7 2 6 ( 9 0 . f i offi us i ac lt d fns t a
txa t . nd, 9 S 20 , 3 1 9 ) A i ng ar e s omp ee e e e o n
nd

i rn me cam.Bo ha v Bat r Ra e sLt .P's p 7 7 F.d 9 2,9 7 ( t Ci.
nfige nt li
uc t . li e v n d thi, 3 3 3 3 4h r
mo
2 3 . i u ei no c diidi S cin 1 7of heCop rg t twhih p o i e i r lva
01 ) Fat s s w o fe n e to 0 t
y ih Ac, c r v d s n ee nt
Pat
t
11

r l fi us of a c pykhtd wo k,i cu n s c us b
f he ar e
o r e r n ldig u h e y
r pr
e oducton i c es .. . , f pur es s h a c iiim ,
i n opi
oz pos uc s rtc s
com m ent newsr pori t c ng ... s holr hi orr ea ch,
,
e tng, ea hi
, c a s p, es r
i nota i dnge e ofc rght I de e mi ng whet r t
s
n nf
m nt opy i . n t r ni
he he
us m a ofawor i a pa tc a c ei a f i us t f ct s
e de
k n ny riulr as s ar e he a or
t be consde e s l i l o
i r d hal ncude

() t pu pos a d c zc e of t u e i l ig
1 he r e n éaa tr
he s , ncudn
w het r s h us i of a c m e ca na b or i f
he uc
e s
om r il tue
s or
nonpr i e atona pup os s
oft duc i l
e;

()t enau eoft c pyihtdwo k;
2 l t r he o rg e r
n
()t a u a d s tnilyoftepo to usdi
3 he mo nt n ubsa tai
t h rin e n
r lton t t copyrght d wor a awhol a
ea i o he
i e
k s
e; nd

()t e fc oft u eu t po e ilmake f ror
4 he fe t he s pon he tnta r t o
vaue oft c rght wor
l
he opy i ed
k.

1 U. C. 1 7 Farus a lssmus bec u td o aT a eb - a e'bai;t saat r
7 S. j 0 . i e nay i t ond c e n f s - y c s ' ss he tt o y
ç
z
f co sma no f te td i iolto ' butmus tgjl. be e pl e ,a t r s ls
a t r y t i z ae n s ainy
be
'
tT l
a
x or d nd he e u t
weghe t he ,i lghtoft pur esofcopyi .'Ca bel 51 U . a 577-78.The
i d oget r n i
he pos
tght' m l, 0 S. t
cour m us uli a el dettni whe he a us i t t pe Jt f t r t es enta goalof
t
t tm t y e r ne
t r
e s he y dhat urhe s he s il
copyrght1w a s d be e
i a nd houl
xcus d fom la lt f i rnge e .'Esa e ofSn ih v.Ca h
e r ibiiy or nfi m nt' t t
nt
s

Mon vRe or I .25 F.u 3 7 7 7 ( . N. 2 7 . c r t uss lg fc o
e c ds nc, 3 S pp.d 3 , 49 SD. Y. 01 )The ou t h hal o a t r
by f c ora a y e ch t t f t a ha
a t nd ppl a o he ac s t nd.
A.
The fr tf ct oft f i us docti i r si o t pur e a cha a t roft
ls a or he ar e
rne nquie nt he pos nd t c e
he

i rngi us a as i i T
nfi ng e nd ks f t t s ehi ne , t a f t rpum os ordif r ntc r c e ,
adds om t ng w wih uthe
e
fe e ha a t r
alei t f twil ne e
t lng he rs tn w xpte son,m e ni orm e s ge' Ca bel 510 U . a 579.Thi
si
a ng,
s a .' m
l,
S. t
s

r quiesa t o- r i zr fr t t cour m us as i t us i t a f m a ,t t cour
e r
' pa t nqtiy; ls , he
w
t
t k f he e s r ns or éve hen he
t
as t wha e e t us s r es a c m e ca pur e I a 578.The es e ltnns of
ks o
t xt nt he e e v
om r i l pos . d. t
s nda ltzt
t ta f m a i i zr i t det m i whe he tz us r
he r ns or tve nqliy s o er ne
t z le e ende st wor orgi li s e
r he
k i na n om

12

wa ,o wh t ti f tl fu te gjt e o e t'oft o ii a c e éo ' I a 5
y t ehe t f ey s pe sdes h bjcs he rgn l r a n. d. t 79
me
'

(lea i o iia)(uot Fosm v. rh, F. s 3 ., 48( C. Mas1 41.
atréon n zgn l q i lo Mas 9 Ca. 4 3 C. D. s 8 )To
ng
2
be tansor atve a us m us do fs çhi m or t n r pa ka orr publs t org na
z f m i , e
t fom t ng
e ha e c ge
e ih he ii l

c pyi tdwo k'Auho sGui , n . Hahi ut7 5F.d8 ,9 (dCi. 01 )l ta
o rghe r . t r l I c v. t Tr s, 5 3 7 6 2 r2 4.nsed,
'
d
t us m us et rale oza s ehi t t woz ozi le oftas te pl t quot d
he e
t ihe t t dd om t ng o he k, n i u li, fm oy he
e
m ate i a dif r m a r orf a dif r ntpum os f om t orgi l t ta f mi
tr n
f e ent nne
or fe e
er
he i na, hus r ns oz ng
,

i. A. e rlVa eh ev.i rd s LLC,5 2 F. 6 ,6 ( h Ci.2 09 ( ena
t' V. x e. nd r
'
paa i
6 3d 30 38 4t t 0 ) i r l
nt
ctéo o te )
ia ns mitd .
l a g ng t t t i us of t phot w a tans or at def nt sru e t
n r ui ha her e
he
o s r f m i
ve, enda s t ggl o

ditng ih t sc s fom Brmme v. o e Hue Pr ds, 2 F.d2 (t Ci. 01 ) The
si us hi a e t
a r Vi lnt s o .9 2 3 55 4 h r 2 9 .
'
pli if i Br m m e was a c nm er i l phot a r w ho br
antf n a
r
or
ca
ogr phe
ought s t a i t a f11
ui gans
1r4

pt
oduc i com pa t tha posed a phot he had t ken on t I e net 1 at261.The
ton
ny ha d
t
o
a
he nt r . d.
phot i que éon,f m sM oz n a N i ,'de c ed fa bus sr e durng t e ni i
o n
s
f
Ada
ga t ght' pi t f
y t e t i he ve ng n
t Ada sM or neghbor
he
m
gan i
hood' ofW a hi on,D . ,f t t vehi etafi r nde ed a
'
s ngt
C. f h he
wi
cl t fc e r s
r d a whie lght tal.'J The f m pr
e nd
t i
r is' i
i
l oduci c
ton ompa f
ny ound t phot t ough a
he
o ht
.

G oogl s r a us i on iswe ie pr otng t N or he n Vig ni l e na i lFim
e ea ch nd ed t t bst om i he
t r r i a ntr tona l
a M usc Fesi l t phot wa us d on a pa t thi i e va i t im atz ctons
nd
i
tva; he
o s e
ge ha ghl d rous ours
ght
ta i
a ound t eW asangt m e r ia a e ofA da sM or n.L
r
l
a
li on topolt n r a
m
ga ds
.

The fl pr
5m oducton com pa a gued t t us off m sM or n a N i ' was
i
ny r
hat he e f
Ada
ga t ght'
ta f - a hr bec e oft ne a dif r ntc ext t phot wa pl e besde als
r ns ol t e aus
m
he w nd fe e ont - he
o s ac d i
it
of t it a ta i . Br m m er 922 F. a 263 4.The c t obs r d t t wl e a
ours tr ctons a
,
3d t
-6
our
e ve ha, ûl

whols l r pr
e ae e oduc i ofac
ton
opyrght w or m a beta f m a i whe t wor i plce
i ed
k y
r ns or tve
n he
ks a d
13

i a ne c e t s r a ne put e t s onda y us fs.lm us ge r e a s it l
n
w ont xt o e ve
w
pos , he ec
t e ftl
i
t ne at oce a
be i by i bui t ozgi lwih ne f ion orm ea np' 1 a 263.Afe notng t t
neft m ng he i na t w unc i
ni ' d. t
t r i ha ,

gene al s l cour sofen fnd c e ua cha ss fc e l ta f m a i i t t
r ly peadng,
t t i ont xt l nge ufii nty t ns or tve n he wo
s c hcs ena i oft c
pe i c ros e hnol ca us a doc ent l us ,t cout f
ogi l e nd
um a' e he
y
t ound t tne t ts
ha ihe uch

s ena i a
c zo ppûe
d:
The c ng he e doe notf l i o et oft e c egore ...
opyi
r
s
al nt iher hes at i s
. l ta
ns e d, ol Hue 's e cem t ta f m a i i t is
Vi ent
s ol li o r ns or ton s hat t
s onda yus oft Phot pr de f11 f tvala t ndee wih
ec
r e he
o ovi d 1r: esi te
s .
' t
fi or a i ' e r ngAda sM or n. s aus doesnot
f m ton'r ga di
nf
m
ga But uch
e
ne s rl c ea eane f ton orm ea ngt te ndshlm an
ces a iy r t
w unc i
ni ha xpa
l
t
hought i t s w e e s vitz ly al il ta
; f hi
r o, rtal l lust dve us of
es
phot a
ogr phy
w oul
d
quaiy
lf
a
s
ta f m a
z ns or dve.
'

,

J. at26 Afe e r ni t r m ani ee e soft f i us doc rne,t cour f
1
L
4. t r xa hi ng he e i ng lm nt
he ar e ti he
t ound
t fl pr
he 5m oduc i com pa ha f ied t s
ton
ny d al o how t tt us off m s M or n atN i '
ha he e f
Ada
ga
ght'
ha bç f i us .1 at269.
d en at e d.
Br m m e i cla l a i s a bl a l
a
r s e ry nd ne c pa y na ogous t t c e a ha but def nda s
o he as t nd,
e nt
a t m ptt ditnglih t e f t bya gai t tt Br m m erde enda copi t pli ifs
te
o si zs hes ac s r ng ha he a
f
nt
ed he antf'
phot wih t i e i ofi ndfi t s m el a
o t he nt nton de yng he a oc don ca u e by t phot i pr odng
pt r d
he
o n om

a fl f s i l whi he e,Séns di not us f edi Fal'be us of t l éon i
i e tva, l r
m
e
on d
ef
spe ng l' ca e
he oca
t
de c e ori d be a es wihe t i iya pa tc a l aton.ECF N o. at11
pi t d, ndee c us he s d o dentf ny ziul r oc i
49,
-

12.N et rdi Stns us t phot f isa ts val 'I D e enda sc end:
ihe d i on e he
o or t r idc ue. d. f nt ont
Stns sus doesnothi i a a tsi ore e svec ent
i on' e
ghlght ny ritc xpr s i ont .
W ih a1due r s c t pli f a pi t r outof t 14,
t l
e pe t o anéf, ny c u e
he 000
i a lsed i Exhi t 1 a 17 woul ha s r d Sdns
m ges it n
bis 6 nd
d ve e ve
on
Com m uni dons nee .
ca
' ds
The phot w a us d f i ot a
o s e or nf m dona pum os si a a tcl on
l
e n n ri e
s f drvi The txt a com pa i t phot dicus e s e
a e i ng.
e c
nyng he
o s s s af

1
4

drvi tps a ha r of whi h t be a r .Thi gi t
i ng i nd za ds
c o
wa e
s ves he
viwe a ne m e ni a cont xti whi t viw t phot
e r
w
a ng nd
e n
ch o e he
o.

1 a 1 D ef ndant as poi out t t t phot w a r duce i sze t ft wih t
d. t 2. e
s lo nt
ha he
o s e
d n i o i t he
a om pa i t xta t tapor oft phot wasus asapa he ion <FalD rvi
cc
ny ng e nd ha
éon he
o
ed
ge ade
T 1 i ng
Ti y'c ani t H a ba s l
ps' ont i ng he nna s ' ogo.1 a 14-15.W hie a nitng t tt s goesm or t
d. t
l dr ti ha hi
eo
t t r ee e off i us t n t f t de enda sa guet sa s s st ta f m a
he hid lm nt az e ha he as, f
nt r
hi lo how he r ns or dve

na b oft Js offspe ngFal' I
tue he ze f edi
l. d.
'
Thec tfndsltl, fany, r ns or a vauei t us oft phot on H a
our i ite i
ta f m dve l n he e he
o
nnabas '
s

w e ie.The cont xt oft us ,plce ent a
bst
e
he e a m
bove a ne t an a tce a
nd xt o
ti l bouts f drvi
a e i ng
durng t f l,m a at rt m e ni oft phot s e hat See ECF N o.49 19,â 1.
i he al y le he a ng
he
o om w .
t An

i vi lr a ng t s a tce woul viw fspe ng Fal'as a r e e t t f l s s
ndi dua e di hi ril
d e f edi
l'
ef r nce o he al ea on
r t r t n a a a tsi wor Addi ly,not ng a
ahe ha s n ritc
k.
donal
hi bout t s f drvi dps of e ed
he a e i ng
fr
e
ncouz gesa r de t not t phot edii t chni sapple t Kspe ng Fal7A l t
a
ea r o e he
o- tng e que
id o f edi
l. l he
'
s m e,Ca i n t api ur ofa r dwa s r
a
nc a ook
ct e
oa y ur ounded by a f es a i e
or t nd nt ndona at r i
Ey le ed t
t l
o ook lke a f l s e z t r t n a s m e s e - t
i
al c ne a he ha
um r c ne hough t a és e e son a
he t dc xpz s i nd

t hni l pr i inc m ea ltl t Sdns whe s posed t phot on Hanna s
ec ca ofce y
nt ite o
on
n he
t he
o
bas '
we ie t phot wasc en be us i de ct e c l wha Canc a i ended i t ar d
bst , he
o
hos
ca e t pi s xa ty
t
i n nt
t o- oa
i a tm n. neas um est ta i vi l e ng Ca i sphot i g y c e woul s e
n utz O
s
ha ny ndi dua vi wi
ncan'
o n s ont xt
d e
.

i as a z d i a um n.Acc
t
oa n ut
ompa i t phot wih an a tce on dtvi s e y doe n'
nyng he
o t
ri l
i ng af t
s t
c nge t i e pr t i
ha
hat nt r e aton.

Séns s us of t phot i ne t r a t chnol ca f dor nor a doc e a y
on' e
he
o s ihe
e
ogi l unc è
um nt r
f ton.I t t hnol ca f
unc i
n he ec
ogi l uncdon st ton,a des rbe by t cour i Br m m e ,t
iuai
s ci d
he
tn a
r he

15

fm c
t éon of t c e woz i i f e ent t a e es i a pec .922 F. at 264,Fot
he opi d
k s ndif t
o ny xpt sve s t
3d
e m pl,cour sha f
xa e
t ve ound t t a r pr
he ot l e oduçton ofs de es a f apl g a im de e
i
m nt s ys or a i rs
t céon
s rdce ta f m a i be a e t dat ba e s v a de iey dif ent f don t wa
e
t ns or tve c us he a s er ed n fntr l fer '
unc
hat s
unr l e t t e e sve cont of t e e s ys' V a r e 562 F. a 639.I t
eat d o he xpr s i
ent
hos s a .' nde h ,
3d t
n he

doc e a y f ton st ton,t us oft c ed wor s ves a doc e a y pur e
um ntr unc i iuai he e
he opi
k et
um ntr
pos
and T a be i por a t t a cuz t r pr ent don oflit i le s' Br m m e ,922
f y
m
m t nt o he c a e e es a
zs orca vent.' a
r
F. a 264. hiet doc u nt r f ncton m a c ec os tt e ani Stns sus of
3d t
W l he t ne a y ' i
u
y om l es o xpli ng i on' e

Ca in' phot a s h agum e cla l f lsquie s t fspe ng Fal'at z bl s r d
nca s
o, ny uc l
nt e ry al t hor . f edi
l' gta y e ve
a z pr s nt i l i ot dve put e,but w a c r anl f r fom nec s r t pr de
e e e atona, nf vna
pos
s e ti y a r
es a y o ovi

Eso ia a c r c ( a c a yo a ylnd t t a t l on s f d ii i t fl. c t
t rc l c u a y or c ur c f n t ) o he ri e a e rvng n he alThe out
i
c
t c l st tt us ofTspe lng FaP' snott a f m atve Thi c uson weghs
hus onc ude ha he e f eci
1 i
r ns or i . s oncl i
i
a i ta fnci off i us
gans i lng a r e.

A sz ga dst s ond pa toftlseem e ' a l i,t c tfndst tt us oft
e r he ec
r
li l nts nayss he our i
ha he e he

.

phot was onl s e t com m e ca , des t t f c t t t phot was us d on a
o
y om wha
r il
pie he a t ha he
o
e
c m e ca we ie N et rSdns norH a ba swasa t m pdng t s lt phot a
om r il bst . ihe
on
nna s
te
o el he
ogr ph,
a r e phot aphi e Hng t hri ,pr ot t im ,oj e n dr w a t néon t t
dve Hs
ogz c di
ec zques om e ours
: ve a te
o he

ph o Se ECF No.49 1 ( sr e ho oft Ha na s ' b g d l Drvng Ti '
ot . e
- 9 a c e ns t he n ba s we pa e < 1 ii ps).
Fa
A ndwhiec rai yanyt ngpos e on H a bas ' e iecoul bet r e com m e ca , i
l e t nl
hi
td
nna s w bst
d
em d
r il snce
t webst is l i c m e c a,t phot sus on t s pa dc arpa does ta art be
he
ie t ef s om r i l he
o' e
hi r ul
ge
n' ppe o

t pr oton of H a bas , but t del r of s ve a s f t dps See L. D e e nt
he om i
nna s
he i y
ve
e r l a ey
.
d
. f nda s
o
cont nd t t t t exy ntt us oft phot was c m e c a,t c m e ca ga n has
e ha , o he e he e
he
o
om r i l he om r il i
be n s ft nuous't ne t rpa t i a et i ntf a fnanc a be ft ECF N o. a 13.
e o fe
' hat ihe ry s bl o de iy i i l ne i.
49, t
1
6

Kfh c u oft pr h/ pr i d s éo i not t rt s emoé oft eus
f'e r x he of non oft iénc n s whehe he ol
e
ve h e
i m one a yga n butwhe he t us rsandst pr fom t e oiadon oft c zght
s
tr i
t r he e t
o oft r he xpl t
he opy i ed
m a e lwihoutpa ng t c t a y prce. H a e & Ro Publs r I v.N a i
t da t
yi he usom r i '
'
t
w
ihe s nc.
ton
Ent . rs , 471
e ies
r

5 9 5 2 (9 5 . Dee nt ha e e tb ihe t a Sé o
3 , 6 1 8 ) fnda s v sa ls d h t ns n

Com m unia
c donshad t Ec ns t us s ve a soc phot de cdng f l z dwa .s e .
he e e o e e z l t k
os pi
al oa y c nes
E CF N o. 49- a 1 D e enda s ha a s pr s nt d e de
11, t . f nt ve lo e e e vi nce s
howi t t Sdns
ng ha
on
rlsake y s l t d t sphot s c d ha s l t d anynum be ofphot t twoul ha
rit nl eec e hi
o; he oul ve eec e
r
os ha
d ve

s r edhe ne a f whih s ownedlce es J. at2.Sheha nonee oft sphot i
ev
r eds nd or c he
i ns .l
L
d
d hi
on
pa tc a a wih s m a ot ropéons s ood t gan not ng fom usngi wihoutpa i
riulr nd, t o ny he
,t
o i
hi r
i t t
yng
f a lc e.Ca in of e sa ol el no e de e t tng tls
or iens
nca f r bs ut y
vi nc ebuti li.
H a ng f
vi ound t t t us oftspe di Fal'wasnotta f m adve,buywa onl
ha he e
f e ng l'
r ns or
s y
s e tc m e ca,t c tfndst tt fr tf ct w eghsa i tt c l i t
om wha om r i l he our i
ha he ls a or i
gans he oncuson hat

de e nt'us oft phot w a f i us
f nda s e he
o s ar e.
B.

The s ond f ct oft f rus docti l
ec
a or he ai e
rne ookst t na a eoft copyrght d w or
o he t r
he
i e
k.

1 U.. j 1 () Ca in de ci shi pho o a ac e t wo k t i t e e o eplc st
7 SC. 072 . nca j rbe s t s r ai r ; hs h r f r a e he
ve
phot K l e t t c e ofwor pt e ed byt Copy i A c .'Bouchat 737 F. at943
o f os r o he or
c
ks ot ct
he
rght t'
,
3d

( t r l otéo ma k o itd . f ho ve,fhed s t dus oft c y ihtdwot i
i e na qu a n r s nlte ) l, we r f ipu e e he op rg e
n
t
ks
notr l t d t ism ode ofe esi butr t r t islit i a f ct ,t n t c e dve natze
eae o t
xpr son
a he o t lsorc l a s he he r a
tr

oft wo k'matr frls t n i o he wiewo d. n r e 56 F.d a 6 ( e n l
he r ' te s a e s ha t t r s ul Va deh , 2 3 t 40 i r a
nt
qu a in ma i o lte ) Dee da sagt d t tSé o c s f pe dn Fal pu eya a
otto z s n itd . f n nt r z ha ns n ho e f e ig l' rl s
e
s
'
f c t de c i ofa r d i t f l.ECF N o.49,a 16.For t tr as a num ber of
a tz
al pi ton
oa n he al
t
ha e on, ny

phot coul ha s ved t s m e pup os .The phot was i e
os
d ve er
he a
e
o
nt nded t s r put l a a
o e ve ey s
r er
ef ence t a s as The us oft phot i t urr lt d t a c e dve de ii m a
o e on.
e he
o s hus lea e o ny r a
c sons de

by Ca i n i t ki a e tng t phot The cour ûndst t s ond f c orw eghsi
nc a n a ng nd dii he
o.
t
hat he ec
at
i n
fvorofa fndi off i us
a
i ng a r e.

C.
The t r f ct e mi s t fa ount' a Ts t ntaiy' of t us of t
hid a ot xa ne he fm
' nd dubsa ilt '
he e
he

c p rg e wor 1 U. C.j1 7 3 . r ,t ec ur c nsd r fc o ss c a wh t rt
o y ihtd k. 7 S. 0 () He e h o t o i e s a t r u h s ehe he
phot w a r oduce i isentr t ori pa t orwhe he t phot w a e a ge ors
o s epr
d n t iey n r,
t t he
o s nlr d
hmm k.

S e nv. e ' So ' l .1 2F.d1 4 20 (t Ci. 9 8 . hl t phot wa r d e
und ma S aa c nc, 4 3 9 , 5 4 h r 1 9 ) W i he o s e uc d
e
t a oxi at l onef t t sze oft org' a ,twa r pr
o ppr m ey
outh he i
he i m l i s e oduce i ise ie y,a t
d n t ntt t nd hen
wa r pr
s e oduce a i apor oft phot wa us d a atbanne 'phot a t t oft
d ganéon he
o s e s d
r'
o t he op he
we ie pa ECF N o.49- a 1.The cour fnds t tt tnt f t w eghs a i ta
bst ge.
19, t
t
ha he lid ac or i
gans
fnci off i us .
i tng
at e
D.

The f t a fna f t l
our h nd i l ac or ookst t efe oft us upon t pot ilm a ketf
o he f ct he e
he enta r or

t c p rg e wor 1 U. C. 1 7 . S rmeCo r ha sae t tt f zt fco
he o yihtd k. 7 S. j 0 /)The up e
u t s ttd ha he ol h a tr
r
i Tundoubt y t sng em os i porante e e off i us .'H a e ,471 U . a 566.The
sf
edl he i l
tm
t l m nt ar e'
r
S. t

c ur i f e uz d t dee i wh t e t dee da s E e o t lg qwo d mae il
o t s ç q ie o t= ne e h r he fn nt us f he o o ul tral
r
y
i i t m a ketbiiy oft wor a whe he i w otl a ta a m a ke s tt t f i.
mpa r he z a lt
he
k nd
t r t ld c s
r t ubsiu e or t'
'

Bo , 7F.d3 5 3 (t Ci. 0 3 ( ena q otdo maksomitd . fnd nt agu
nd 31 3 8 , 96 4 h r 2 0 ) i r l u a n r
nt
te ) De e a s r e
t t t e i no e de e t t a
ha her s
vi nc hat he ppea ance oft phot on H a bas 'webst ha a
r
he
o
nna s
ie d n
a r e e f c on ta m a ke f ta phot a poi
dve s f e t
le r t or le
ogr ph, ndng t Ca i n' ea ni fom pa t
o nc a s r ngs r
s
18

Ec ns sveruspa ts tlm e ag ee e s ECF N o.49,at18.To da e,Ca i n haslc ns d
e e
s
s e te nt z m nt .
t
nc a
ie e

t sphot r ph f z spa aetmes eani $1625. ECF No.49- H eha as entr d
hi
og a otr e r t i , z ng , 00.
7.
s lo e e
'

i o t s tlme a r eme sf i rnge nyf a t a of$5, 00.ECF No.49ht wo ete nt g e nt or nfi me or otl
250.
20.
D e e nt a gue t t Ca i c nnot s y how he w oul cac a e t lc ns f es f t
f nda s r
ha ncan a
a
d lult he i e e e or he

phot a ori
ogr ph dendf a m a ketf ct st twoul det m i isvaue.
y ny r a or ha
d er ne t l ECF N o.49,a 18.
t
H e has not m a ke ed t phot a has not ofe e i f s l ECF N o.49- at 1
r t he
o nd
f r d t or ae.
8,
4.
D e e nt a guet t sa enceofe de i c est tCa i n ca
f nda s r
hat hi bs
vi nce ndiat ha nc a nnotc e t aque ton
r ae
si

off c ast whet t i us off
at o
her her e f di Fa l?a f c e t pot lm a ketf t phot
spee ng l' f e t d he enéa r or he
o.
ECF N o. a 18.
49, t

M e nwhie def ndant ar
a
l, e
s gue t H a bas and Séns Com m uni tons ha
hat nna s
on
ca i
ve

de i d no Ena ilbe h f om t us oft phot a t tt r i no e de t tt
rve
nca nef r he e he
o nd ha he e s
vi nce ha he
phot c tbut d t a i r a e i e ne ta fct H a ba s a obodyw e ie.
o onti e o ny nc e s d nt z t r fi o nna s ' ut
bst ECF N o.

49,a 19.D ef nda sas poi outt tphot a off lr dwa a em or plntf lt n
t
e nt lo nt
ha
ogr phs al oa ys r
e e iu ha
one woul i a ne.Appa e l a def ndant de ali t i bre i s
d m gi
r nty, s e
s t i n he r i f n uppor of s
t
umm a y
r

jdg nton d hu tt t k ' l ne o e 1 , 0i g sc nbef un b s a czn f g wa y
u me , f te soc 'ao , v r 400 ma e a
s
o d y e r lig f h y'
hi
'
fe ves'a fal'The ef i lr i noti ntca'phot a c n belc ns f $ 90pe
T a ,' nd f l.
l
f ' s f mia,f de i l' ogr phs a
s
ie ed or 2. r
m ont ofus .LdzDefnda sagu t t gi n t f tt ts many sm ia phot c n be
h
e . e nt r e ha, ve he ac ha o
i lr
os a
ha s e iy,t i t t def nda s us of f eci Fal'ha a t' i pac on t
d o asl he dea ha
e nt' e
f
spe lng l' d ny l m t
ue
he

m a ke l e i uni a na e I
r m ac s m gi bl . d.
D ef nda snls t m a ki t i a gum entby f usng on t i own us oftnsphot
e nt is he r n hez r
oc i
hez
e li
o

s ii al r t r t n t c equenc s of pe itng us s s h as tls br dl
pec fc ly a he ha he ons
e
= ti
e uc
li
oa y.
Tfhef t f rus f t ...r quie c t t c i rnotonl t e e ofm a ke ha m
r ' our h ai e ac or
e r s our s o onsde
y he xt nt
r t r
19

ca e by t pa tc at a éons oft alged i rng ,buta s whe he unr s tc ed a
us d
he t iul c
he le
nfi et
lo
t t e tit nd
wi pr d c
des ea onductoft s te ge i byt def nt...
he or nga d n
he enda
woul r ll i a s t ndal
d eszt n ubsa ly

a ves i c ont potnta mak tfrteoii l' m bel5 0U..a 5 0( tr l
d re mpa t he e il re o h rgna. Ca l, 1 S t 9 i ena
'
n
q téonma k a ctto ol te ) M u h v. ie i Ra i Gr .
uo a
r s nd ia ins nitd .
M l nnum do
l
LLC, 5 F.d2 5
60 3 9,

3 (dCi. 1 ) e a ln dt sfco i t c txto hepos gofac pyihe pcu e
08 3 r20 1, x nie hi atr n he one ft
dn
o rg td itr
tk n b apr f si l t r phe o awe iene adce Thec u tnotd t a,fgfi
a e y o e sona pho og a r n
bst ws r l.
o r e h t fj t
i

we e posil t rpr du e ( ph o r ph rs un l r d wo k a a wh e wih
r
sbe o e o c a ot g a e 'j at e
e
r, s
ol, t out
com pe a
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