Vega, Jr v. United States of America et al

Filing 34

ORDER ON MOTIONS; granting in part and denying in part dft Pioneer Human Services' 9 Motion to Dismiss; striking as moot pltf's 20 Motion ; granting in part and denying in part dfts USA's 29 Motion to Dismiss by Judge Ricardo S Martinez.(RS)cc Vega

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 8 9 10 JUAN D. VEGA, JR., 11 Plaintiff, 12 v. Case No. C11-632-RSM 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., ORDER ON MOTIONS 14 15 Defendants. 16 17 I. INTRODUCTION 18 Plaintiff Juan D. Vega, Jr., proceeding pro se¸ brings this action against the United States 19 of America; Pioneer Human Services (“Pioneer”) – a private corporation that owns and manages 20 a residential re-entry center in Seattle Washington called the Pioneer Fellowship House; and 21 several individuals employed by each of these defendants. Plaintiff asserts fifteen causes of 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 1 1 action arising out of his removal from the Pioneer Fellowship House and placement back in 2 federal detention. Before the Court are motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims pursuant to Fed. R. 3 Civ. P. 12(b)(6) and 12(b)(1) filed by the government and its employees (the “government 4 defendants”) (Dkt. No. 29) and Pioneer and its employees (the “Pioneer defendants”) (Dkt. No. 5 9). For the reasons set forth below, the motions to dismiss are GRANTED in part and DENIED 6 in part. II. BACKGROUND1 7 8 9 Plaintiff arrived at the Pioneer Fellowship House Residential Reentry Center (hereinafter “PFH”) in August 2008. Upon arrival, Plaintiff met with Pioneer employee Counselor 10 Bernadette Mathis. Plaintiff informed Ms. Mathis that while he was incarcerated at the federal 11 detention center in Sheridan, Oregon, he had been medically unassigned and not required to 12 work at any type of job. He also informed Ms. Mathis that he had filed a motion with the U.S. 13 District Court for the Western District of Washington for a waiver from work and subsistence 14 payments during his time at PFH. (The motion was subsequently denied.) Finally, he told Ms. 15 Mathis that there were five active court proceedings in various jurisdictions in which he was 16 representing himself in a pro se capacity. Ms. Mathis told Plaintiff that, pursuant to Pioneer 17 policy, Plaintiff would not be permitted to go to any library during his stay at PFH and any 18 “Authorized Absence” requests to visit law libraries would be denied. Following this 19 20 1 21 inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Baker v. Riverside County Office of Educ., 584 F.3d 22 For the purposes of these motions, the Court accepts all facts alleged in the complaint as true, and makes all 821, 824 (9th Cir. 2009) (internal citations omitted). 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 2 1 conversation, Plaintiff filed letters and motions for continuances in his various court cases, 2 explaining that he was being denied access to legal materials. 3 According to Plaintiff, on September 3, 2009, Ms. Mathis prepared a document entitled 4 “Individual Program Plan/Goals” related to Plaintiff’s stay at PFH. In this document, Ms. 5 Mathis noted that Plaintiff was working on obtaining a medical waiver through the Veterans 6 Administration, that he had been informed that he needed to see a doctor to justify his claim, and 7 that he told her he had been exempt from work during his time at Sheridan Federal Detention 8 Center. On September 17, 2008, Ms. Mathis prepared a Resident Case Note in which she 9 documented that Plaintiff had secured employment with Pioneer Food Services and that he was 10 to commence employment on September 20, 2008. Ms. Mathis asked Plaintiff to sign the case 11 note document and Plaintiff refused. 12 On September 23, 2008, Plaintiff received the results from a physical examination. 13 Plaintiff presented the results to Ms. Mathis. At this time, Plaintiff also told Ms. Mathis that he 14 wanted to continue working because he liked and enjoyed his job. 15 On September 25, 2008, Ms. Mathis met with Plaintiff and two other PFH staff program 16 managers. Ms. Mathis told Plaintiff that the other program monitors were witnesses and if 17 Plaintiff did not sign the case note document that he had previously refused to sign, she would 18 “write him up for failure to program.” Dkt. No. 24, ¶ 35. Plaintiff signed the document at that 19 time, but wrote the words “under duress,” following his signature. After signing the document, 20 Plaintiff prepared two PFH “Requests to Staff,” also known as “KITES”. The first KITE was 21 sent to Ms. Mathis and requested a copy of the rule or procedure that required Plaintiff to sign 22 case note documents. The second KITE was sent to the Director of PFH, Heather McIntyre, 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 3 1 requesting a copy of the Federal Bureau of Prisons (“BOP”) Form BP-9. Plaintiff explains that a 2 Form BP-9 is the form used by federal inmates to file administrative complaints. The following day, Plaintiff was summoned from work for a conference call with Ms. 3 4 Mathis, Federal BOP Community Corrections Office manager William Brown, Jr., and PFH 5 director Heather McIntyre. Plaintiff was told that the purpose of the meeting was to discuss 6 Plaintiff’s “refusal to program” at PFH by signing the case note document with the words “under 7 duress.” Mr. Brown told Plaintiff during this meeting that he needed to follow the rules and 8 “program.” Between September 25, 2008, and October 16, 2008, Plaintiff lived at PFH without 9 10 incident. During this time, Plaintiff received a “Level Advancement” for complying with work 11 requirements, paying subsistence, participating in drug abuse treatment, and being free of any 12 incident write ups. However, on October 16, 2008, a meeting purportedly took place between 13 Heather McIntyre (Director of PFH), Bernadette Mathis (counselor at PFH), William Brown Jr., 14 (BOP employee and manager of Community Corrections), Kevin Straight (BOP employee) and 15 Arinda Phillips (BOP employee).2 According to Plaintiff, “the aforementioned Defendants, were 16 determined[d] to make an example out of Plaintiff, who is a black male, for his continuous legal 17 actions against the [Federal BOP’s Community Corrections Office] … and [PFH] …by any 18 19 20 2 21 understanding that Mr. Vega intended to name Arinda Phillips, a BOP employee working with Residential Reentry 22 Mr. Vega named Oranda Phillips and William Brown as Defendants in this action. It is the government’s Centers. Furthermore, Mr. Brown goes by William Brown, Jr. 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 4 1 means… At that meeting, the Defendants designed a plan for Plaintiff’s removal by writing up a 2 false Incident Report.” Dkt. No. 24, ¶¶ 41-42. The report stated: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Resident Juan Vega arrived at PFH/RRC on 08/20/08. Upon his arrival, resident Vega told his counselor, B. Mathis that he was unwilling to obtain employment due to his medical issues. However, Resident Vega was unable to supply sufficient documentation from any medical professional stating that he was disabled and unable to work. Community Corrections Staff instructed counselor, B. Mathis that Resident Vega needed to obtain employment, follow house rules, pay subsistence, and be appropriately programming. On 09/17/08, his counselor B. Mathis attempted to meet with resident Vega to review and sign his case note. Resident Vega stated he would not sign the case note until a visitor was approved. A second attempt was made and Resident Vega signed his case note but placed “under duress” next to his signature. Resident Vega spoke to CCM, William Brown on 09/25/08 via telephone regarding his refusal to program at PFH/RRC. Mr. Brown told Resident Vega that he needed to follow the rules, and work with his counselor to complete necessary programming. Mr. Brown stated that there would be should be [sic] no more problems with resident Vega while at the RRC. On 10/16/08 at 1000, Staff became aware that Resident Vega has been pursuing an active case with the Department of Labor and Industries and is scheduled to go to trial this Friday, October 17, 2008. Dkt. # 31, Ex. A. 15 Plaintiff alleges that Ms. Mathis knew well in advance of October 16, 2008 that Plaintiff 16 had an upcoming trial date. He also alleges that “Defendants knowingly, intentionally and with 17 actual malice, [chose] Plaintiff, who is a black male from over 200,000 plus inmates in the 18 Federal BOP system, as the only inmate that is required to seek their permission before accessing 19 a court by written correspondence.” Id. at ¶44. In addition, Plaintiff claims that many of the 20 statements made in the incident report, including the contention that he refused to sign the case 21 note until a visitor was approved, were false. 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 5 On October 17, 2008, two U.S. Marshalls transferred Plaintiff in handcuffs from PFH to 1 2 the Federal Detention Center – SeaTac in SeaTac, Washington, pending a hearing on the 3 violation. On October 23, 2008, Donald Jackson, the PFH Home Confinement 4 Coordinator/Center Discipline Committee Chairperson for the Federal BOP, issued “Findings of 5 the Committee” regarding Plaintiff’s violation. Mr. Jackson concluded that “the act was 6 committed as charged.” In the section of the hearing report entitled “Specific evidence relied on 7 to support findings,” Mr. Jackson wrote, I find that you committed the prohibited act of Violating [sic] a condition of community program (Code 309). My findings is [sic] based on the written account of the reporting staff member, which indicates on October 16, 2008 at 1030 hrs. Pioneer Fellowship House staff became aware that you were pursuing an active case with the Department of Labor and Industries without permission from Pioneer Fellowship House Staff. I also considered your statement that you did not know what you did. Ignorant [sic] of rules and regulations dose [sic] not constitute a legitimate excuse for violating rules and regulations. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Dkt. No. 24, ¶59. Mr. Jackson purportedly recommended that Plaintiff be terminated “to impress upon you and other residents that this kind of behavior will not be tolerated and that they will be held accountable when they violate Federal BOP and PFH/RRC rules and regulations.” Id. Although the above committee report was generated, a hearing regarding Plaintiff’s violation was never held. According to Plaintiff’s compliant, Mr. Jackson noticed that the “Investigation Report” issued by PFH counselors was incomplete. Specifically, the sections entitled “Other Facts About the Incident,” “Statements of Those Persons Present at Scene,” and “Disposition of Evidence” had been left blank. Therefore, Mr. Jackson decided to terminate the 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 6 1 hearing until he was able to secure more evidence about the alleged violation. Ultimately, 2 Plaintiff was reinstated at PFH on January 15, 2009. Mr. Vega brings fifteen claims against the Defendants for their actions in the above- 3 4 recited events. Defendants seek to dismiss the action in its entirety pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 5 12(b)(6) and for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). III. DISCUSSION 6 7 A. Motion for Service by U.S. Marshals 8 9 As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that Plaintiff has an outstanding motion for the Court to order the U.S. Marshals Service to serve summons and his complaint on the government 10 defendants. In its Motion to Dismiss, the government defendants indicate that they now waive 11 service of the individual employees. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s motion (Dkt. No. 20) is MOOT. 12 B. Short and Plain Statement Requirement Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) 13 Both parties move to dismiss Plaintiff’s complaint on the basis that it fails to comply with 14 Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, requiring that a complaint contain “a short and 15 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Under Rule 8(a) “each 16 averment of a pleading shall be simple, concise, and direct.” The Ninth Circuit has repeatedly 17 upheld district court dismissals based on plaintiffs’ failures to comply with the Rule 8 18 requirements. See, e.g., Agnew v. Moody, 330 F.2d 868, 869 (9th Cir. 1964); Schmidt v. 19 Herrmann, 614 F.2d 1221, 1224 (9th Cir.1980); Corcoran v. Yorty, 347 F.2d 222, 223 (9th Cir. 20 1965). However, “a dismissal for a violation under Rule 8(a)(2), is usually confined to instances 21 in which the complaint is so ‘verbose, confused and redundant that its true substance, if any, is 22 well disguised.’ ” Gillibeau v. City of Richmond, 417 F.2d 426, 431 (9th Cir.1969) (quoting 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 7 1 Corcoran, 347 F.2d at 223). Further, because dismissal with prejudice is a harsh remedy, district 2 courts are advised to “first consider less drastic alternatives.” McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 3 1178 (9th Cir. 1996). 4 Here, the operative complaint is 56 pages long. See Dkt. No. 24. Plaintiff’s original 5 complaint had been 98 pages long. See Dkt. No. 1. While Plaintiff’s complaint is lengthy, the 6 Court will not dismiss the complaint on this basis alone. See Hearns v. San Bernardino Police 7 Dept., 530 F.3d 1124, 1131 (9th Cir. 2008) (“Agnew has never been cited by this court as 8 standing for the proposition that a complaint may be found to be in violation of Rule 8(a) solely 9 based on excessive length, nor does any other Ninth Circuit case contain such a holding.”). 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Moreover, as in Hearns, the Court finds: [The] complaint is logically organized, divided into a description of the parties, a chronological factual background, and a presentation of enumerated legal claims, each of which lists the liable Defendants and legal basis therefor. The [first amended complaint] and the original complaint contain excessive detail, but are intelligible and clearly delineate the claims and the Defendants against whom the claims are made… Here, the Defendants should have no difficulty in responding to the claims with an answer and/or with a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. Id. at 1132. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s complaint does not violate Rule 8(a). Defendants’ motion to dismiss on this basis is DENIED. C. Failure to Comply with Local Rules Plaintiff’s response to the Pioneer Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 14) is 33 pages long. Pursuant to this Court’s local rules, briefs in opposition to motions to dismiss shall not exceed 24 pages. Local Rule CR 7(e)(3). Although courts liberally construe pleadings of pro se litigants, see Eldridge v. Block, 832 F.2d 1132, 1137 (9th Cir. 1987), and seek to avoid 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 8 1 denying pro se litigants a hearing on the merits due to ignorance of procedural technicalities, see 2 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990), “[p]ro se litigants must 3 follow the same rules of procedure that govern other litigants,” King v. Atiyeh, 814 F.2d 565, 567 4 (9th Cir. 1987). Additionally, the Court cannot and will not act as a party’s lawyer, even for pro 5 se litigants. See Bias v. Moynihan, 508 F.3d 1212, 1219 (9th Cir. 2007). Plaintiff’s failure to 6 comply with court rules in any respect going forward in this matter will result in sanctions. 7 Specifically, should Plaintiff fail to comply with page limits in any future filing in this matter, 8 the Court will disregard any pages in excess of the page limit. 9 D. Plaintiff’s Constitutional Claims 10 The Defendants seek to dismiss several of Plaintiffs claims under Fed. R. Civ. P. 11 12(b)(6). In considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the Court must determine whether 12 the plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to state a claim for relief which is “plausible on its face.” 13 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1951 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 14 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is facially plausible if the plaintiff has pled “factual content that 15 allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct 16 alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. 556). In making this assessment, the Court accepts all 17 facts alleged in the complaint as true, and makes all inferences in the light most favorable to the 18 non-moving party. Baker v. Riverside County Office of Educ., 584 F.3d 821, 824 (9th Cir. 2009) 19 (internal citations omitted). The Court is not, however, bound to accept the plaintiff’s legal 20 conclusions. Iqbal, 129 S. Ct. at 1949-50. While detailed factual allegations are not necessary, 21 the plaintiff must provide more than “labels and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the 22 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555. 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 9 1 1. Section 1985 Claims 2 Counts 1 and 3 of Plaintiffs’ complaint are claims for “conspiring to violate constitutional 3 rights” and “conspiring to violate civil rights” and refer to 42 U.S.C. § 1985 (3). To state a claim 4 under 42 U.S.C. § 1985 for a conspiracy to violate civil rights, a plaintiff must plead four 5 elements: “(1) conspiracy; (2) for purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person 6 or class of persons of equal protection of laws or of equal privileges and immunities under laws; 7 and (3) act in furtherance of that conspiracy; (4) whereby a person is either injured in his person 8 or property or deprived of any right of privilege of citizen of United States.” Keenan v. Allan, 9 889 F.Supp. 1320, 1364 (E.D. Wash. 1995) (citing Carpenters v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 828–29, 10 103 S.Ct. 3352, 3356, 77 L.Ed.2d 1049 (1983). The second element is two-pronged: a plaintiff 11 must identify a legally protected right and “demonstrate a deprivation of that right motivated by 12 ‘some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus behind the 13 conspirators' action’.” Id. (citing Sever v. Alaska Pulp Corp., 978 F.2d 1529, 1536 (9th Cir.1992) 14 and Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102, 91 S.Ct. 1790, 1798, 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971)). 15 Here, Plaintiff has failed to plead any factual allegations that would support his 16 conclusion that the actions of the defendants were motivated by racial animus. Plaintiff 17 concludes that Defendants were determined to make an example of him because he is black. 18 However, there is no factual content in the complaint that permits the Court to draw this 19 inference. Plaintiff does not allege that any comment regarding race was ever made to him or 20 about him; he does not allege that other non-black detainees were treated differently; he does not 21 allege any pattern of racially motivated behavior on the part of any defendant. There is simply 22 no factual allegation – other than the allegation that Plaintiff is himself black – that would 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 10 1 support the inference that the defendant’s actions were motivated by racial animus. See Jones v. 2 Community Redevelopment Agency of City of Los Angeles, 733 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1984) 3 (“We conclude that the district court properly dismissed Jones' section 1983 claim. His 4 allegations are conclusional and unsupported by any facts as to how race entered into any 5 decisions.”). The Court dismisses Plaintiff’s Section 1985 for the additional reason that Section 1985 6 7 is a statutory remedy available to Plaintiffs’ whose civil rights were violated by defendants 8 acting under color of state law. See 42 U.S.C. § 1985. Cf. Van Strum v. Lawn, 940 F.2d 406, 9 409 (9th Cir.1991) (“Actions under § 1983 and those under Bivens are identical save for the 10 replacement of a state actor under § 1983 by a federal actor under Bivens.”). Plaintiff has not 11 named any state actors in this lawsuit, nor has he alleged that any federal actors were operating 12 under color of state law. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ § 1985 claims are hereby dismissed. 13 2. 14 Bivens Claims Counts 1 through 4 of Plaintiff’s complaint are best interpreted as claims arising under 15 Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971) because all of the 16 Defendants are either federal BOP personnel or staff of Pioneer Human Services, under contract 17 with the federal government. Bivens “recognized for the first time an implied private action for 18 damages against federal officers alleged to have violated a citizen's constitutional rights.” 19 Correctional Services Corp. v. Malesko, 534 U.S. 61, 66 (2001). In doing so, the Supreme Court 20 held that “a victim of a Fourth Amendment violation by federal officers may bring suit for 21 money damages against the officers in federal court.” Id. Subsequently, the Supreme Court 22 recognized the existence of an additional implied damages remedy for violations of the Due 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 11 1 Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of the 2 Eighth Amendment by federal officers. Id. at 67; see also Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 99 3 S.Ct. 2264, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979); Carlson v. Green, 446 U.S. 14, 100 S.Ct. 1468, 64 L.Ed.2d 4 15 (1980). However, since Carlson, the Supreme Court has “consistently refused to extend 5 Bivens liability to any new context or new category of defendants.” Malesko, 534 U.S. at 68. 6 In FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 114 S.Ct. 996, 127 L.Ed.2d 308 (1994), the Supreme 7 Court “unanimously declined an invitation to extend Bivens to permit suit against a federal 8 agency,” reasoning that “‘the purpose of Bivens is to deter the officer,’ not the agency.” Malesko, 9 534 U.S. at 69 (quoting Meyer, 510 U.S. at 485) (emphasis in original). Employing the same 10 reasoning, the Supreme Court in Malesko further declined to extend Bivens liability to a private 11 corporation which had contracted with the Federal BOP to operate a community correctional 12 facility that housed federal inmates. Id. at 63, 70-74. The Supreme Court has yet to specifically 13 address the question of whether or not individual employees of a private entity contracting with 14 the federal government are themselves subject to Bivens liability. However, in the Ninth Circuit, 15 employees of a private corporation operating a prison under contract with the federal government 16 may be subject to Bivens liability. See Pollard v. Geo Group, Inc., 607 F.3d 583, 588 (9th Cir. 17 2010). 18 Since Pioneer Human Services is a private corporation operating a halfway house for 19 federal inmates, Pioneer Human Services is not liable under Bivens to Plaintiff for alleged 20 constitutional violations. Malesko, 534 U.S. at 63, 70-74. The purpose of liability under Bivens 21 is to deter the individual officer, not the corporation that employs him or her. Id. at 69. 22 However, as explained above, in the Ninth Circuit, employees of private entities operating under 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 12 1 color of federal law may be liable under Bivens. Pollard, 607 F.3d at 588; Schowengerdt v. Gen. 2 Dynamics Corp., 823 F.2d 1328, 1337-38 (9th Cir.1987). Because it has not been briefed, the 3 Court declines to determine at this juncture whether the Pioneer employees acted under color of 4 federal law for the purpose of Bivens liability. However, the Pioneer employees’ motion to 5 dismiss Plaintiff’s Bivens claims on the sole basis that they are not federal employees is hereby 6 DENIED under Pollard. 7 The federal employees in this action, William Brown, Jr., Kevin Straight and Arinda 8 Phillips, seek to dismiss Plaintiff’s Bivens claims on the basis that they do not allege that any of 9 the individual BOP employees personally caused a deprivation of Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. 10 The Court disagrees. Plaintiff’s complaint contains sufficient allegations to raise a reasonable 11 inference that the defendant government employees engaged in conduct that impinged on 12 Plaintiff’s right of access to the Courts when Plaintiff was transferred out of the PFH for 13 pursuing his claim against the Department of Labor and Industries. Presumably, PFH employees 14 do not have the authority to determine whether an inmate is entitled to remain at PFH or to 15 summon the U.S. Marshalls to remove an inmate from PFH. Accordingly, if Plaintiffs 16 allegations are to be taken as true, one or all of the federal BOP employees involved authorized 17 Plaintiff’s termination from PFH on the basis of allegations that Plaintiff was pursuing a lawsuit 18 against the Department of Labor and Industries. The government’s motion to dismiss the Bivens 19 claims against it and its employees on the basis that no government employee was involved in 20 the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights is DENIED. 21 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 13 1 E. Plaintiff’s State Law Claims 2 1. Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Subject Matter Jurisdiction 3 Jurisdiction is a threshold issue that must be addressed before considering the merits of a 4 cause of action. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94-96 (1998); Retail 5 Flooring Dealers of Am., Inc., v. Beaulieu of Am., LLC, 339 F.3d 1146, 1148 (9th Cir. 2003). 6 The burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction rests upon the party asserting jurisdiction. 7 Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). When considering a motion to 8 dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1), the Court is not restricted to the face of the 9 pleadings, but may review any evidence, such as affidavits and testimony, to resolve factual 10 disputes concerning the existence of jurisdiction. McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 11 (9th Cir. 1988). If the Court finds that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, then it “must dismiss 12 the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). 13 Plaintiff brings this action against the United States government and three of its 14 employees. “The United States, as sovereign, is immune from suit save as it consents to be 15 sued....” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941) (citations omitted). Waivers of the 16 government's sovereign immunity “cannot be implied but must be unequivocally expressed.” 17 United States v. King, 395 U.S. 1, 4 (1969). The Federal Tort Claims Act is one such 18 unequivocal waiver. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346, 2671–2680 (2008). The act grants federal courts 19 subject-matter jurisdiction over suits based upon the negligent or wrongful act or omission of a 20 government employee. 28 U.S.C. § 1346(b). The statute defines employee, in pertinent part, as 21 any “person acting on behalf of a federal agency in an official capacity.” Id. § 2671. This 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 14 1 definition, however, is expressly qualified and “does not include any contractor with the United 2 States.” Id. 3 Pioneer Human Services maintains a private corrections contract with the federal BOP. 4 Dkt. No. 9, p. 4. As such, it fits squarely within the “contractors” exception of the FCPA. 5 Plaintiff suggests that Pioneer should nonetheless be considered a government employee. A 6 contractor may be considered a government employee within the meaning of the FTCA if the 7 government has the power under the contract to supervise the contractor's day-to-day operations 8 and to control the detailed physical performance of the contract. See U. S. v. Orleans, 425 U.S. 9 807, 96 S. Ct. 1971, 48 L. Ed. 2d 390 (1976). However, Plaintiff has not pled any facts nor is 10 there any document in the record that would support such an inference. Further, any waiver of 11 immunity must be strictly construed in favor of the United States. U.S. v. Nordic Village, Inc., 12 503 U.S. 30, 33-34 (1992); Jerves v. U.S., 966 F.2d 517, 521 (9th Cir. 1992). Accordingly, 13 because the waiver of sovereign immunity under the FTCA does not apply to government 14 contractors and Pioneer Human Services is a government contractor, the United States is not 15 liable under the FTCA for the acts or omissions of Pioneer employees. The government’s 16 motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s FTCA claims to the extent that they are predicated on the conduct 17 of Pioneer and its employees is hereby GRANTED. However, pursuant to the same analysis, the 18 Court has jurisdiction to hear Plaintiff’s tort claims under the FTCA to the extent that they are 19 predicated on the conduct of government employees. 20 The government defendants also seek to dismiss Plaintiff’s anti-discrimination claims 21 under RCW 49.60.010 for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The United States has not waived 22 sovereign immunity with respect to claims against the federal government under the Washington 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 15 1 Law Against Discrimination. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claims against the United States under 2 RCW 49.60 et seq. must be dismissed. Furthermore, the Westfall Act immunizes federal 3 employees from suit arising from the scope of their employment. See 28 U.S.C.§§ 2671, 2674, 4 2679. Thus, Plaintiff’s claims against the government employees under RCW 49.60 must 5 likewise be dismissed. Finally, the Pioneer Defendants seek to dismiss Plaintiff’s state law tort claims as state 6 7 law claims over which the Court should decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction. A district 8 court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims if (1) the claims 9 raise novel or complex issues of state law, (2) the state claims substantially predominate over the 10 claim which the district court has original jurisdiction, (3) the district court has dismissed all 11 claims over which it has original jurisdiction, or (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other 12 compelling reasons for declining jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). “While discretion to decline 13 to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over state law claims is triggered by the presence of one of 14 the conditions in § 1367(c), it is informed by the values of economy, convenience, fairness, and 15 comity.” Acri v. Varian Associates, Inc., 114 F.3d 999, 1001 (9th Cir.1997) ( internal citations 16 omitted ). None of the Section 1367 factors are present in this action. Because Plaintiff’s state 17 law tort claims arise out of the same nucleus of operative fact as his federal claims, the Court 18 will exercise supplemental jurisdiction over Plaintiffs state law claims for the present time. 19 2. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim 20 Plaintiff asserts claims of false arrest, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, abuse 21 of process, outrage, and negligence under both the Federal Tort Claims Act and state law. The 22 FTCA provides a cause of action against the federal government only; it is inapplicable to 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 16 1 private corporations or individuals such as the Pioneer Defendants. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1346, 2 2671–2680 (2008). Thus, each of Plaintiff’s claims under the FTCA are hereby dismissed as 3 against the Pioneer defendants. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Conversely, the FTCA is the sole 4 means by which a plaintiff may recover tort damages against the United States. Id. See also 5 United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586 (1941). Accordingly, each of Plaintiff’s claims 6 under state law are dismissed as against the government defendants. The Court now addresses 7 the substantive elements of each of Plaintiff’s tort law causes of action. 8 a. 9 False Imprisonment and False Arrest To state a claim of false imprisonment, a litigant must demonstrate that he has been 10 “deprived of either liberty of movement or freedom to remain in the place of his lawful choice.” 11 Bender v. Seattle, 99 Wash.2d 582, 591, 664 P.2d 492 (1983) (internal citation omitted). 12 Similarly, a false arrest occurs when a person with actual or apparent legal authority to arrest 13 unlawfully restrains or imprisons another person. Jacques v. Sharp, 83 Wash.App. 532, 536, 922 14 P.2d 145 (1996). “The gist of false arrest and false imprisonment is essentially the same, viz., the 15 unlawful violation of a person's right of personal liberty, and a false imprisonment occurs 16 whenever a false arrest occurs.” Youker v. Douglas County, 162 Wash.App. 448, 465, 258 P.3d 17 60, 68 (2011) (internal citation omitted). However, in general, an inmate does not have a liberty 18 interest in his placement in a particular institution or to a particular security classification. See 19 Olim v. Wakinekona, 461 U.S. 238, 245 (1983); see also Asquith v. Dept. of Corrections, 186 20 F.3d 407, 412 (3d Cir. 1999) (holding that a prisoner did not have a liberty interest under the Due 21 Process Clause of the United States Constitution to remain in a halfway house rather than a 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 17 1 detention facility). Here, Plaintiff did not have a “lawful choice” to remain in the PFH rather 2 than at a federal detention center; he had no liberty interest in remaining there. Plaintiff argues that his false arrest and imprisonment claims should remain 3 4 because, even though he had no liberty interest in remaining in a particular penal institution, it 5 was unlawful to transfer him in retaliation for pursuing litigation. Indeed, a litigant may pursue 6 litigation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for a transfer to a different prison facility resulting from the 7 prisoner’s exercise of his right of access to the courts. See, e.g., Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 8 806 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that the prohibition against retaliatory punishment in the prison 9 context is clearly established law in the Ninth Circuit”); Franco v. Kelly, 854 F.2d 584, 590 (2d 10 Cir. 1988) (“If Franco can prove his allegation that he was subjected to false disciplinary charges 11 and subsequent punishment for his cooperation with the Inspector General’s inquiry, he is 12 entitled to relief under section 1983.”). Putting aside whether such a cause of action is 13 permissible in the Bivens context, the prohibition against retaliating against prisoners for 14 exercising constitutional rights does not create a liberty interest in the prisoner’s placement in a 15 particular facility where there was none before. Thus, while Plaintiff may potentially have a 16 claim against the Pioneer employees under Bivens, Plaintiff’s tort claims of false imprisonment 17 and false arrest necessarily fail. Plaintiff’s claims for false arrest and false imprisonment are 18 dismissed. 19 b. 20 Malicious Prosecution and Abuse of Process A central element of a claim of malicious prosecution is the initiation or continuation of a 21 prosecution of the plaintiff. See Loeffelholz v. Citizens for Leaders with Ethics and 22 Accountability Now, 119 Wn. App. 665, 695 (2004). Here, there is no allegation that criminal 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 18 1 proceedings were initiated against Plaintiff by the Pioneer defendants. To the extent that the 2 administrative proceedings through which Plaintiff was transferred out of the PFH are considered 3 by Plaintiff to constitute a “prosecution” for the purpose of the state law cause of action, the 4 Court is aware of no Washington case law to support such a proposition. In a similar vein, the 5 tort of abuse of process is “the misuse or misapplication of process, after the initiation of the 6 legal proceeding, for an end other than that which the process was designed to accomplish.” 7 Saldivar v. Momah, 145 Wn. App. 365, 388 (2008). Again, there is no “legal proceeding” at 8 issue in this matter and there is no Washington precedent extending the tort of abuse of process 9 to administrative proceedings preceding prison transfers. Plaintiff’s claims of malicious 10 prosecution and abuse of process are dismissed. 11 c. 12 Outrage To succeed on a claim for outrage or IIED in Washington, a Plaintiff must prove three 13 basic elements: (1) extreme and outrageous conduct; (2) intentional or reckless infliction of 14 emotional distress; and (3) actual result to the plaintiff of severe emotional distress. Rice v. 15 Janovich, 109 Wash.2d 48, 61 (1987) (citing Restatement (Second) of Torts). These elements 16 are factual questions for the jury. However, a trial court must first determine “whether 17 reasonable minds could differ on whether the conduct was sufficiently extreme to result in 18 liability.” Strong v. Terrell, 147 Wash.App. 376, 385 (2008) (quoting Robel v. Roundup Corp., 19 148 Wash.2d 35, 51 (2002)). In doing so, the Court must determine whether the claim of outrage 20 is predicated on behavior “so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond 21 all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a 22 civilized community.” Id. (quoting Grimsby, 85 Wash.2d 52, 59(1975)). 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 19 Here, the Pioneer defendants allegedly drafted a false incident report and recommended 1 2 that Plaintiff be removed from a halfway house for pursuing litigation and/or for failing to notify 3 the staff that he had an upcoming court date. The government defendants allegedly instructed 4 the Pioneer defendants to draft the incident report and instructed the U.S. Marshalls to remove 5 Plaintiff from the halfway house. Some months later, Plaintiff was transferred back into the 6 halfway house and was ultimately released. This alleged behavior is not so outrageous in 7 character that it exceeds all possible bounds of decency. Plaintiff’s outrage claim is hereby 8 dismissed. 9 d. Invasion of Privacy 10 Under the common law, the tort of invasion of privacy consists of four theories: (1) 11 intrusion, (2) public disclosure, (3) false light, and (4) appropriation. Eastwood v. Cascade 12 Broadcasting Co., 106 Wash.2d 466, 469, 722 P.2d 1295 (1986). Each of these four privacy torts 13 “involves interference with the interest of the individual in leading, to some reasonable extent, a 14 secluded and private life, free from the prying eyes, ears and publications of others.” Id. 15 However, loss of privacy is an “inherent incident[ ] of confinement.” See Hudson v. Palmer, 468 16 U.S. 517, 526 (1984). “[O]nce the doors close, most privacy rights are left on the jailhouse 17 steps.” Friedman v. Boucher, 580 F.3d 847, 862 (9th Cir. 2009). Furthermore, Plaintiff’s 18 allegations concerning invasion of privacy are conclusory and fail to inform the Court or the 19 defendants regarding what specific conduct constituted the alleged invasion. Plaintiff’s claim for 20 invasion of privacy is dismissed. 21 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 20 1 e. Negligence To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must show duty, breach, causation, and 2 3 damages. Ohler v. Tacoma Gen. Hosp., 92 Wash.2d 507, 511 (1979). A claim for negligent 4 supervision requires a showing that: “(1) an employee acted outside the scope of his or her 5 employment; (2) the employee presented a risk of harm to other employees; (3) the employer 6 knew, or should have known in the exercise of reasonable care, that the employee posed a risk to 7 others; and (4) that the employer's failure to supervise was the proximate cause of injuries to 8 other employees.” Briggs v. Nova Servs., 135 Wash.App. 955, 966-67 (2006), aff'd, 166 Wash.2d 9 794 (2009). To establish a claim for negligent training, a litigant must show (1) the defendant 10 owed the plaintiff a duty to properly train its employees; (2) the defendant breached that duty; 11 and (2) the plaintiff’s injury was proximately caused by the defendant’s failure to properly train 12 its employees. See Dawes v. Motel 6 Operating L.P., 2006 WL 276928, *10 (E.D. Wash. Jan 31, 13 2006). 14 Plaintiff alleges that the defendants “breached their duty to use ordinary care in their 15 dealings with Plaintiff by negligently filing a false Incident Report, unlawfully removing him 16 from [PFH], without true legal justification or by abuse of authority, conducting untimely, 17 improper and secret hearings, [and] falsely finding him guilty of the charge contained in the false 18 Incident Report.” Dkt. No. 24, ¶125. Plaintiff also alleges that the defendants “received 19 negligent supervision and training from the Federal BOP and Pioneer Fellowship House, in 20 regards to Plaintiff’s federal and state constitutional rights.” Id. 21 22 The government defendants’ motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s negligence claims is based on the fact that “Mr. Vega generally fails to articulate what duty the Government breached with 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 21 1 respect to the alleged events”. Dkt. No. 29, p. 9. With respect to potential claims for negligent 2 supervision and/or training, the government defendants argue that “Mr. Vega fails to allege facts 3 to support the elements of a negligent supervision claim,” and “Mr. Vega fails to allege facts that 4 can, as a matter of law, support a negligent training claim.” Dkt. No. 29, pp. 9-10. The Pioneer 5 defendants join the government’s motion in its entirety. Dkt. No. 30. 6 In general, the Court finds defendants’ arguments insufficient to form a basis for 7 dismissing Plaintiff’s negligence claims. With respect to defendants’ contention that Plaintiff 8 has not identified the duty that was breached, the Court notes that Plaintiff’s second amended 9 complaint plainly identifies the “duty of ordinary care” as the duty that was allegedly breached. 10 Dkt. No. 24, ¶ 125. The Court will not sua sponte determine whether the duty identified by 11 Plaintiff is a duty that exists in the prison context. With respect to the potential negligent 12 supervision and negligent training claims, the argument that “Mr. Vega fails to allege facts” that 13 support those claims does not provide the Court with the requisite reasoned analysis that would 14 support the denial or relief at this preliminarily stage. This is especially the case here, where 15 Plaintiff is proceeding pro se. See Eldridge, 832 F.2d at 1137 (holding that courts are required to 16 liberally construe pleadings of pro se litigants). The defendants’ motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s 17 claims for negligence are denied. Plaintiff’s claim for negligence under the FTCA against the 18 United States remains, as does Plaintiff’s state law tort claim of negligence against the Pioneer 19 defendants. IV. CONCLUSION 20 21 22 Having considered the motions, responses and replies, exhibits and declarations attached thereto, and the remainder of the record, the Court hereby finds and ORDERS: 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 22 1 (1) Plaintiff’s response to the court's order on Plaintiff’s motions and motion for service of 2 summons and complaint by the US Marshals Services (Dkt. No. 20) is hereby 3 STRICKEN as moot. 4 (2) Defendant Pioneer Human Services’ Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 9) filed on behalf of 5 Pioneer Human Services, Heather McIntyre, Bernadette Mathis, Kristen Cortez, 6 Stephanie Jones, and Donald Jackson is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 7 (3) Defendants United States of America’s Motion to Dismiss (Dkt. No. 29) filed on behalf 8 of the United States of America, William Brown, Jr., Arinda Phillips, and Kevin Straight 9 is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 10 11 DATED this 1st day of December 2011. 12 A 13 RICARDO S. MARTINEZ UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ORDER ON MOTIONS - 23

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