Rittmann et al v. Amazon.com Inc et al
Filing
115
ORDER denying Defendants' 36 Motion to compel arbitration signed by U.S. District Judge John C Coughenour. (TH)
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 1 of 9
THE HONORABLE JOHN C. COUGHENOUR
1
2
3
4
5
6
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE
7
8
9
BERNADEAN RITTMANN, et al.,
10
Plaintiffs,
ORDER
v.
11
12
CASE NO. C16-1554-JCC
AMAZON.COM, INC., et al.,
13
Defendants.
14
15
This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration (Dkt.
16
No. 36). Having thoroughly considered the parties’ briefing and the relevant record, the Court
17
finds oral argument unnecessary and hereby DENIES the motion for the reasons explained
18
herein.
19
I.
20
BACKGROUND
Plaintiffs are delivery drivers working for Defendants Amazon.com or Amazon Logistics.
21
(Dkt. No. 76 at 1.) Plaintiffs are parties to individual contracts with Defendants (collectively, the
22
“contract”), and Defendants have classified Plaintiffs as independent contractors. 1 (Id.) Of the
23
tens of thousands of putative class members, all but approximately 165 are parties to a contract
24
25
26
1
There are actually two relevant types of contracts at issue, but they are substantively the same.
(Compare Dkt. No. 37-1 at 4–5, with Dkt. No. 37-2 at 6–7.) Any reference in this order to the
terms of one type of contract is applicable to the other.
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 1
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 2 of 9
1
with Defendants containing a provision mandating individual arbitration (the “Arbitration
2
Provision”). (See Dkt. Nos. 49 at 4, 77 at 2, 37-1, 37-2.) The Arbitration Provision further
3
mandates that the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) will govern any disputes arising between the
4
parties. (See Dkt. Nos. 37-1 at 5, 37-2 at 7.)
5
Directly after the contract’s Arbitration Provision, a provision entitled “Governing Law”
6
(the “Governing Law Provision”) states: “These Terms are governed by the law of the state of
7
Washington without regard to its conflict of laws principles. However, the preceding sentence
8
does not apply to [the Arbitration Provision], which is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act
9
and applicable federal law.” (Dkt. No. 37-1 at 5.)
10
At the heart of Plaintiffs’ complaint is their allegation that Defendants have misclassified
11
Plaintiffs as independent contractors instead of employees. (See Dkt. No. 83.) Simultaneous to
12
when this lawsuit was filed, the Ninth Circuit and the United States Supreme Court were poised
13
to answer questions relevant to the arbitrability of Plaintiffs’ claims. (See Dkt. No. 77.) As a
14
result, the Court stayed this action, pending those decisions. (Id.) Those questions have now been
15
answered, and the parties stipulate to a partial lift of the stay so that the Court can determine the
16
arbitrability of Plaintiffs’ claims. (See Dkt. Nos. 100, 101.)
17
II.
DISCUSSION
18
A.
Federal Arbitration Act
19
Arbitration clauses “shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds
20
as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2 (“Section 2”). The
21
Supreme Court has held that Section 2 should be construed broadly to “provide for the
22
enforcement of arbitration agreements within the full reach of the Commerce Clause.” Perry v.
23
Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 490 (1987). Because of the FAA’s broad reach, the Court is limited to
24
“determining (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists, and if it does, (2) whether the
25
agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.” Cox v. Ocean View Hotel Corp., 533 F.3d 1114,
26
1119 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Chiron Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 2
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 3 of 9
1
(9th Cir. 2000)). “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in
2
favor of arbitration.” Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24–25
3
(1983).
4
Plaintiffs argue that there is no valid agreement to arbitrate because the Arbitration
5
Provision is unenforceable, as Plaintiffs fall within the exemption to the FAA codified at
6
9 U.S.C. § 1 (“Section 1” or the “transportation worker exemption”). 2 (Dkt. Nos. 46, 104, 107.)
7
Section 1 exempts “contracts of employment of seamen, railroad employees, or any other class
8
of workers engaged in foreign or interstate commerce.” 9 U.S.C. § 1. The parties dispute whether
9
Plaintiffs are engaged in interstate commerce. 3 (Dkt. Nos. 103, 104, 107, 108.)
10
In contrast to Section 2, Section 1 is construed narrowly. See Circuit City Stores, Inc. v.
11
Adams, 532 U.S. 105, 118 (2001) (“The plain meaning of the words ‘engaged in commerce’ is
12
narrower than the more open-ended formulations ‘affecting commerce’ and ‘involving
13
commerce.’”). As a result, many courts in the Ninth Circuit have construed the transportation
14
worker exemption to require a stricter association between the employee and interstate
15
commerce than might otherwise be required under other legislation. See, e.g., Magana v.
16
2
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
In their initial briefing, Plaintiffs made two additional arguments that are without merit. (See
Dkt. Nos. 46 at 15–21, 62 at 22.) First, they argued that the Arbitration Provision is
unenforceable because it contains a class action waiver, in violation of the National Labor
Relations Act (“NLRA”). (Dkt. No. 46 at 15–21.) However, the Supreme Court has clarified that
“[n]othing in our cases indicates that the NLRA guarantees class and collective action
procedures, let alone for claims arising under different statutes and despite the express (and
entirely unmentioned) teaching of the Arbitration Act.” Epic Sys. Corp. v. Lewis, 138 S. Ct.
1612, 1628 (2018). In their supplemental briefing, Plaintiffs make no mention of their NLRA
argument, and the Court concludes that they are no longer pursuing it.
Second, Plaintiffs argued that the Arbitration Provision is unenforceable because, under the Fair
Labor Standards Act, employees’ rights to bring a collective action are not waivable. (See Dkt.
No. 62 at 22.) However, the Ninth Circuit has rejected that argument. See Horenstein v. Mortg.
Mkt., Inc., 6 F. App’x 618, 619 (9th Cir. 2001).
3
Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in New Prime Inc. v. Oliveira, 139 S. Ct. 532 (2019), the
parties disputed whether Plaintiffs were subject to a “contract of employment.” (See Dkt. Nos. 62
at 24–25, 68 at 14–17.) The parties now appear to agree that New Prime clarifies that Plaintiffs
are subject to a contract of employment. (See Dkt. Nos. 103, 104.)
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 3
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 4 of 9
1
DoorDash, Inc., 343 F. Supp. 3d 891, 899 (N.D. Cal. 2018); Bonner v. Mich. Logistics Incorp.,
2
250 F. Supp. 3d 388, 397 (D. Ariz. 2017); Levin v. Caviar, Inc., 146 F. Supp. 3d 1146, 1152–54
3
(N.D. Cal. 2015); Lee v. Postmates Inc., 2018 WL 6605659, slip op. at 7 (N.D. Cal. 2018).
4
Courts in this circuit have recognized that, in order for a delivery driver to qualify for the
5
transportation worker exemption, the delivered good must have originated, or transformed into
6
its final condition, in a different state than the delivery state. See Magana, 343 F. Supp. 3d at
7
899; Levin, 146 F. Supp. 3d at 1152–54; Vargas v. Delivery Outsourcing, LLC, 2016 WL
8
946112, slip op. at 3–5 (N.D. Cal. 2016). In this case, Plaintiffs deliver packaged goods that are
9
shipped from around the country and delivered to the consumer untransformed. The Court
10
concludes that Plaintiffs’ work is readily distinguishable from the workers discussed in the
11
above-cited case law.
12
For example, in Lee v. Postmates, the court found that the plaintiffs had not established
13
that they fell within the transportation worker exemption because they “do not cite any case
14
holding that making only local deliveries, for a company that does not hold itself out as
15
transporting goods between states, constitutes engaging in interstate commerce within the
16
meaning of the statute.” Lee, 2018 WL 6605659, slip op. at 7 (emphasis added). But here,
17
Defendants are akin to UPS and FedEx—they are widely known as a company able to transport
18
goods across the country to consumers in a couple of days. To be sure, Defendants admit that
19
they historically contracted with UPS and FedEx for the services that Plaintiffs now provide.
20
(Dkt. No. 37 at 2.)
21
And in Levin v. Caviar, the court found that local food delivery did not constitute
22
interstate commerce, despite the fact that the ingredients had travelled interstate, because the
23
ingredients “ended their interstate journey when they arrived at the restaurant where they were
24
used to prepare meals.” Levin, 146 F. Supp. 3d at 1154. Again, this case is different: Defendants
25
are in the business of delivering packages and goods across the country that are not transformed
26
or modified during the shipping process. Plaintiffs deliver goods in the same condition as they
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 4
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 5 of 9
1
were shipped, and the goods are shipped around the country.
2
In Vargas v. Delivery Outsourcing, the court found that the plaintiff did not fall within
3
the transportation worker exemption, despite the fact that he was in the business of delivering
4
delayed airline luggage to its owners. Vargas, 2016 WL 946112, slip op. at 1, 3–5. But in
5
Vargas, the luggage was not a “good” to be delivered until it was delayed or lost by the airline
6
and then discovered when it was already intrastate. See id. Much like a food delivery service, a
7
luggage delivery service is not engaged in interstate commerce because it is not in the business
8
of shipping goods across state lines, even though it delivers goods that once travelled interstate.
9
As mentioned above, Defendants are in the business of shipping goods across state lines.
10
Several out-of-circuit cases are more relevant to the facts at issue here because they have
11
dealt with goods that often travel interstate without transformation. For example, in Palcko v.
12
Airborne Express, the Third Circuit found that the plaintiff supervisor, who did not deliver
13
packages herself, fell within the transportation worker exemption because she supervised
14
employees who delivered packages, even though those employees’ delivery routes were entirely
15
intrastate. Palcko v. Airborne Express, Inc., 372 F.3d 588, 590, 593 (3d Cir. 2004); see also
16
Zamora v. Swift Transp. Corp., 2008 WL 2369769, slip op. at 9 (W.D. Tex. 2008). In Palcko, the
17
package delivery at issue involved the interstate shipment of untransformed goods, unlike
18
prepared food delivery.
19
And in Christie v. Loomis Armored US, the court found that the plaintiff fell within the
20
transportation worker exemption, even though he travelled strictly intrastate, because he
21
delivered currency, “a good that is undisputedly in the stream of interstate commerce.” Christie
22
v. Loomis Armored US, Inc., 2011 WL 6152979, slip op. at 3 (D. Colo. 2011). The Christie court
23
reasoned that a delivery person “need not actually transport goods across state lines to be part of
24
a class of employees engaged in interstate commerce.” Id.
25
26
Consider the following hypothetical: A national freight company delivers finished goods
to individuals and businesses using a series of distribution centers located across the country.
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 5
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 6 of 9
1
The company employs both “long-haul” and “short-haul” drivers—the former transporting goods
2
from distribution center to distribution center, the latter from distribution center to customer. A
3
distribution center in Northern California receives a shipment of mattresses from New York,
4
some of which are then transported by a long-haul driver to a distribution center in Southern
5
California, others of which are delivered by a short-haul driver to a customer in Southern
6
Oregon. The long-haul truck driver would not be any less subject to the transportation worker
7
exemption than the short-haul truck driver, whose route happens to cross state lines. If an
8
employer’s business is centered around the interstate transport of goods and the employee’s job
9
is to transport those goods to their final destination—even if it is the last leg of the journey—that
10
employee falls within the transportation worker exemption. 4
11
Finally, when deciding whether a particular employee falls within the transportation
12
worker exemption, courts often consider whether a strike by a group of the employees at issue
13
would interrupt interstate commerce. See, e.g., Levin, 146 F. Supp. 3d at 1155; Vargas, 2016 WL
14
946112, slip op. at 5. The Court finds that a strike by a large group of Plaintiffs and those
15
similarly-situated would interrupt interstate commerce. As mentioned previously, Defendants are
16
one of the country’s largest businesses engaged in the interstate shipment of packages and goods.
17
A strike by Plaintiffs would be akin to local UPS or FedEx drivers striking—a strike by UPS or
18
FedEx drivers, who only personally travel intrastate, would cause a ripple effect in interstate
19
commerce because goods travelling interstate would still not make it to their final destination.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
4
Although they were decided before Circuit City, the postal worker cases Plaintiffs cite are also
helpful here. See, e.g., Bacashihua v. U.S. Postal Serv., 859 F.2d 402, 405 (6th Cir. 1988)
(finding that a postal worker who never personally crossed state lines still engaged in interstate
commerce, within the meaning of Section 1, because postal workers generally are “responsible
for dozens, if not hundreds, of items of mail moving in interstate commerce on a daily basis”).
Defendants argue that the postal worker cases are distinguishable because postal workers are
members of a national collective bargaining agreement, which effectively turns intrastate postal
workers into workers that fall within the transportation worker exemption. (Dkt. No. 108 at 11–
12.) This is a distinction without a difference—whether an employee signs a national collective
bargaining agreement is irrelevant to whether they are engaged in the business of interstate
transportation of goods.
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 6
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 7 of 9
1
Therefore, Plaintiffs fall within the FAA’s transportation worker exemption.
2
B.
Enforceability of the Contract
3
“Section 1 [of the FAA] does not, however, in any way address the enforceability of
4
employment contracts exempt from the FAA. It simply excludes these contracts from FAA
5
coverage entirely.” Valdes v. Swift Transp. Co., Inc., 292 F. Supp. 2d 524, 529 (S.D.N.Y. 2003);
6
see also Palcko, 372 F.3d at 596. Because the FAA is inapplicable to the Arbitration Provision,
7
the Court must determine whether the Arbitration Provision is nevertheless enforceable, such
8
that there is a valid agreement to arbitrate.
9
The Governing Law Provision states: “These Terms are governed by the law of the state
10
of Washington without regard to its conflict of laws principles. However, the preceding sentence
11
does not apply to [the Arbitration Provision], which is governed by the Federal Arbitration Act
12
and applicable federal law.” (Dkt. No. 37-1 at 5.) Having found that the FAA is inapplicable to
13
the Arbitration Provision, the parties dispute whether it remains a valid agreement to arbitrate
14
because the FAA’s inapplicability conflicts with the language of the Governing Law Provision.
15
(See Dkt. Nos. 103 at 20, 104 at 17–21, 107 at 13–14, 108 at 13–16.) “When a contract with an
16
arbitration provision falls beyond the reach of the FAA, courts look to state law to decide
17
whether arbitration should be compelled nonetheless.” Breazeale v. Victim Servs., Inc., 198 F.
18
Supp. 3d 1070, 1079 (N.D. Cal. 2016). But again, the problem here is that the parties have
19
explicitly contracted for Washington law to not apply to the Arbitration Provision. (Dkt. No. 37-
20
1 at 5.)
21
Normally, “[t]o evaluate the validity of an arbitration agreement, federal courts ‘should
22
apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts.’” Ingle v. Circuit City
23
Stores, Inc., 328 F.3d 1165, 1170 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting First Options of Chi., Inc. v. Kaplan,
24
514 U.S. 938, 944 (1995)). 5 Although federal and state policy favor arbitration, “courts must
25
5
26
In this case, the parties have selected Washington law to govern the resolution of disputes
arising out of the interpretation of the contract. (See Dkt. Nos. 37-1 at 5, 37-2 at 7.)
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 7
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 8 of 9
1
place arbitration agreements on an equal footing with other contracts[] and enforce them
2
according to their terms.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 565 U.S. 333, 339 (2011)
3
(citations omitted); see also Gandee v. LDL Freedom Enters., Inc., 293 P.3d 1197, 1199 (Wash.
4
2013).
5
“The touchstone of contract interpretation is the parties’ intent.” Pelly v. Panasyuk, 413
6
P.3d 619, 629 (Wash. Ct. App. 2018) (quoting Tanner Elec. Coop. v. Puget Sound Power &
7
Light Co., 911 P.2d 1301, 1310 (Wash. 1996)). In interpreting a contract, the court must try to
8
ascertain the mutual intent of the parties at the time that they executed the contract. Viking Bank
9
v. Firgrove Commons 3, LLC, 334 P.3d 116, 120 (Wash. Ct. App. 2014). To determine mutual
10
intent, Washington courts follow the objective manifestation theory of contracts, meaning that
11
courts look to the reasonable meaning of the contract language instead of the subjective intent of
12
the parties. Hearst Commc’ns, Inc. v. Seattle Times Co., 115 P.3d 262, 267 (Wash. 2005). “If a
13
contract provision’s meaning is uncertain or is subject to two or more reasonable
14
interpretations,” the provision is ambiguous. Viking Bank, 334 P.3d at 120. Ambiguity is to be
15
construed against the drafter. See, e.g., Pierce Cty. v. State, 185 P.3d 594, 610 (Wash. Ct. App.
16
2008).
17
Defendants argue that Washington law is clearly applicable in the event that the FAA
18
does not apply. The Court disagrees. The cases Defendants cite are inapposite; none of the cases
19
discuss a situation where the FAA is inapplicable and the contract clearly indicates that state
20
law is also inapplicable. (See Dkt. No. 108 at 13–17) (citing Valdes, 292 F. Supp. 2d at 527–30;
21
Maldonado v. Sys. Servs. of Am., Inc., 2009 WL 10675793, slip op. at 1–2 (C.D. Cal. 2009);
22
O’Dean v. Tropicana Cruises Int’l, Inc., 1999 WL 335381, slip op. at 1 (S.D.N.Y. 1999)). Here,
23
if the parties intended Washington law to apply if the FAA was found to be inapplicable, they
24
would have said so or even remained silent on the issue. Instead, they did the opposite—in the
25
Governing Law Provision, the parties explicitly indicated that Washington law is not applicable
26
to the Arbitration Provision. Indeed, it appears that it is precisely against the parties’ intent to
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 8
Case 2:16-cv-01554-JCC Document 115 Filed 04/23/19 Page 9 of 9
1
apply Washington law to the Arbitration Provision. Cf. Sagner v. Sagner, 247 P.3d 444, 447
2
(Wash. Ct. App. 2011) (finding that parties are required to clearly indicate that general law is
3
inapplicable, if that is what they intend to do). When the parties signed the contract at issue,
4
Plaintiffs likely had no reason to believe that Washington law would ever apply to the
5
Arbitration Provision.
6
Therefore, the Court finds that Washington law cannot be used to enforce the Arbitration
7
Provision. 6 Because it is not clear what law to apply to the Arbitration Provision or whether the
8
parties intended the Arbitration Provision to remain enforceable in the event that the FAA was
9
found to be inapplicable, the Court finds that there is not a valid agreement to arbitrate. 7
10
III.
11
12
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion to compel arbitration (Dkt. No. 36) is
DENIED.
13
DATED this 23rd day of April 2019.
A
14
15
16
John C. Coughenour
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
6
24
25
Because the Court finds that Washington law is inapplicable to the Arbitration Provision, it
expresses no opinion as to whether the Arbitration Provision would be enforceable under
Washington law.
7
26
Because the Court finds that there is not a valid agreement to arbitrate, it does not address
whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue. See Cox, 533 F.3d at 1119.
ORDER
C16-1554-JCC
PAGE - 9
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?