Krishnan v. Cambia Health Solutions Inc et al

Filing 64

ORDER denying Defendants' 44 Motion to Dismiss as a Discovery Sanction and striking Defendants' 46 Motion for Summary Judgment. Defendants shall have an additional ninety (90) days from the date of this order to complete additional discovery. Defendants shall have twenty-one (21) days from the end of the additional discovery period to refile any dispositive motions. The Court further ORDERS the Parties to file, within fourteen (14) days of this Order, an updated Joint Status Report. Signed by Judge Tana Lin. (LH)

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 1 of 12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON
AT SEATTLE

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

SRIRAM KRISHNAN,
v.

Plaintiff,

CAMBIA HEALTH SOLUTIONS INC et
al.,
Defendant.

CASE NO. 2:20-cv-00574-TL

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’
MOTION TO DISMISS AS A
SANCTION AND STRIKING
DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

This matter is before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss as a Discovery
Sanction. Dkt. No. 44. Also pending before the Court is Defendants’ Motion for Summary
Judgment. Dkt. No. 46. The Court has reviewed the briefing, relevant records, and applicable law
and finds that oral argument is unnecessary. For the reasons stated herein, the Court DENIES
Defendants’ motion to dismiss as a discovery sanction but will allow Defendants additional time
to complete discovery to cure the prejudicial impact of Plaintiff’s discovery violations. The
Court also STRIKES Defendants’ currently pending motion for summary judgment and will reset

24
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 1

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 2 of 12

1

the dispositive motion deadline to allow Defendants to incorporate any newly discovered

2

evidence into a renewed dispositive motion.
I.

3

BACKGROUND

On April 15, 2020, Plaintiff Sriram Krishnan filed suit alleging retaliatory termination

4
5

against Defendants Cambia Health Solutions, Inc., and Regence BCBS of Oregon (collectively

6

“Defendants”). Dkt. No. 1-1. On January 28, 2021, at the Parties’ request, the Court entered an

7

amended schedule requiring discovery to be completed by June 14 and resetting the dispositive

8

motion deadline to July 14, 2021. Dkt. No. 27. On May 27, 2021—just over two weeks before

9

the new discovery cutoff—Defendants moved to compel production of Plaintiff’s electronic

10

devices for forensic examination. 1 Dkt. No. 31.
After Defendants filed their motion to compel, Plaintiff disclosed the existence of a cell

11
12

phone containing communications that were responsive to the requests Defendants raised in their

13

discovery motion. Dkt. No. 44 at 3. On June 4—only 10 days before the end of the discovery

14

period—Plaintiff produced a relatively large number of responsive documents from the belatedly

15

disclosed cell phone. Dkt. No. 38 at 2-3 (noting that Plaintiff produced only “360 total pages of

16

documents” prior to Defendants filing the motion to compel, but then produced 1,600 pages of

17

additional documents on June 4). In their reply briefing, Defendants argued the surprise

18

disclosure and production of responsive documents so close to the discovery cutoff and

19

dispositive motions deadlines evidenced bad faith and requested discovery sanctions in the form

20

of motion-related costs and fees. Dkt. No. 38 at 7.

21
22
23
24

1

On the same day, Plaintiff also filed a motion to compel discovery. Dkt. No. 33.

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 2

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 3 of 12

1

To meet the July 14 dispositive motions deadline, Defendants filed the instant motion to

2

dismiss as a sanction and a separate motion for summary judgment while the discovery motions

3

were still pending. Dkt. Nos. 44, 46.

4

On July 23, the Court entered its Order granting Defendants’ motion to compel forensic

5

examination of all of Plaintiff’s electronic devices. 2 Dkt. No. 49 at 8-10. Specifically, the Court

6

found that

7

Plaintiff’s delay in producing requested documents and communications and failure
to disclose the existence of a second cell phone used for such communications
raises significant concerns about Plaintiff’s efforts to comply with discovery
obligations in good faith. It appears that Plaintiff may have intentionally withheld
relevant and discoverable communications from Defendants and, possibly, from his
own counsel.

8
9
10
11
12

Id. at 9. Despite this finding, the Court refused to consider Defendants’ request for monetary
sanctions because it was raised for the first time in their reply briefing. Id. at 10, n.1.
II.

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

DISCUSSION

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure empower the Court to impose sanctions if a party
fails to respond to a properly served discovery request. Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 37(d)(3). Rule 37
clarifies that an evasive or incomplete disclosure or response is to be treated as a failure to
respond. Id. at 37(a)(4). The Court is authorized to imposes sanctions up to and including
dismissal. Id. at 37(d)(3), (b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi); see also Yeti by Molly, Ltd. v. Deckers Outdoor
Corp., 259 F.3d 1101, 1106 (9th Cir. 2001) (giving “particularly wide latitude to the district
court's discretion to issue sanctions” under Rule 37).

The Court also denied in substantial part Plaintiff’s competing motion to compel, ordering Defendants to produce
only a single email communication that they incorrectly withheld as privileged. See Dkt. No. 49 at 2-8. The Court
also denied two other discovery-related motions filed by the Plaintiff: (1) a motion for leave to file an untimely
discovery motion (Dkt. No. 39), and (2) a motion to extend the discovery period (Dkt. No. 40). See Dkt. No. 49
at 10-11. The Court also rejected Plaintiff’s request to impose the cost of the forensic examination on Defendants
“[b]ecause the requirement for a forensic examination is the direct consequence of Plaintiff’s failure to properly
disclose communications and apparent withholding of information.” Id. at 10.

2

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 3

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 4 of 12

1

“District courts have substantial discretion to impose the extreme sanction of dismissal

2

where there has been flagrant, bad faith disregard of discovery duties.” Canty v. City of Seattle,

3

2018 WL 3722336, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Feb. 28, 2018) (citing Nat'l Hockey League v. Metro.

4

Hockey Club, Inc., 427 U.S. 639, 643 (1976)), report and recommendation adopted, 2018 WL

5

3708052 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 3, 2018). The Ninth Circuit has adopted a five-factor test to guide

6

district courts when determining whether a party’s “willfulness, bad faith, and fault” justify

7

dismissal. Connecticut General Life Ins. Co. v. New Images of Beverly Hills, 482 F.3d 1091,

8

1096 (9th Cir. 2007) (internal quotations omitted) (hereinafter “Connecticut General”). The five

9

factors to be considered are “(1) the public's interest in expeditious resolution of litigation;

10

(2) the court's need to manage its dockets; (3) the risk of prejudice to the party seeking sanctions;

11

(4) the public policy favoring disposition of cases on their merits; and (5) the availability of less

12

drastic sanctions.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). These factors are “not a set of

13

conditions precedent for sanctions” but simply provide “the district court with a way to think

14

about what to do” in a particular case. Id.

15

A.

16

Both sides argue that all five factors weigh in their respective favors. Defendants rely

Dismissal as a Discovery Sanction is Not Warranted

17

heavily on their argument that the nature and timing of Plaintiff’s belated disclosure of a second

18

cell phone shows bad faith and willfulness. See generally Dkt. Nos. 44, 55. Plaintiff appears to

19

argue that his voluntary disclosure and expedited supplemental production renders Defendants’

20

complaints harmless, and his subsequent compliance with the Court’s order regarding forensic

21

examination of his devices shows that the extreme sanction of dismissal is unwarranted. See

22

generally Dkt. No. 50. The Court finds that, while Plaintiff clearly failed to meet his discovery

23

obligations, on balance, his actions do not warrant dismissal.

24
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 4

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 5 of 12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

1.

The First, Second, and Fourth Factors: Expeditious Resolution,
Docket Management, and Disposition on the Merits

On the one hand, the Court agrees with Defendants that the first two factors likely weigh
in their favor, but only marginally. Far from curing these issues, Plaintiff’s voluntary disclosure
and production of documents after Defendants already filed their motion to compel directly
hindered the expeditious resolution of this action and unnecessarily multiplied the docket activity
in this case. At the very least, Plaintiff’s delayed disclosure has now spawned multiple otherwise
unnecessary discovery motions, hampered Defendants’ ability to pursue relevant additional
discovery, and will necessitate yet another amendment to the case schedule.
On the other hand, even though the Court is very concerned “that Plaintiff may have
intentionally withheld relevant and discoverable communications from Defendants and, possibly,
from his own counsel” (Dkt. No. 49 at 9), the fourth factor “always weighs against dismissal.”
Dreith v. Nu Image, Inc., 648 F.3d 779, 788 (9th Cir. 2011). These three factors essentially
cancel out, so it is the third and fifth factors that are most relevant to the Court’s determination
here. See Adriana Int'l Corp. v. Thoeren, 913 F.2d 1406, 1412 (9th Cir. 1990).
2.

The Third Factor: Risk of Prejudice to Defendants

This factor weighs strongly in Defendants’ favor. Plaintiff waited until June 4, 2021—
less than two weeks before the end of the discovery period—to produce 1600 pages of
responsive communications that were originally requested in August 2020 and February 2021.
Dkt. No. 44 at 2-3. Plaintiff’s disclosure of the second cell phone came only after Defendants
moved to compel a forensic review of his devices that might have uncovered the existence of the
previously undisclosed device anyway. Id. The delayed supplemental production dwarfed the
360 total pages Plaintiff had previously produced to that point. Dkt. No. 38 at 2-3. This means
that Plaintiff’s actions deprived Defendants of a significant majority of the documentary
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 5

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 6 of 12

1

evidence they had a right to when considering and preparing for discovery, including

2

depositions. In fact, Defendants have identified specific additional written discovery they would

3

have pursed and adjustments to their deposition strategy they would have made had they

4

received the belated supplemental production in a timely fashion. Dkt. No. 55 at 3-4.

5

Plaintiff first counters that Defendants were not actually prejudiced because Plaintiff

6

voluntarily produced the documents prior to the discovery and dispositive motions deadlines.

7

This argument completely misses the point. See Dkt. No. 50 at 5. Rule 37 makes clear that an

8

“evasive or incomplete disclosure, answer, or response must be treated as a failure to disclose,

9

answer, or respond.” Fed. R. Civ. Proc. 37(a)(4). The documents produced from the second cell

10

phone were in Plaintiff’s possession and control when Defendants served their initial discovery

11

requests. As previously noted by the Court, Plaintiff’s actions raise “significant concerns about

12

Plaintiff’s efforts to comply with discovery obligations in good faith.” Dkt. No. 49 at 9. Even if

13

unintentional, Plaintiff’s failure to disclose the cell phone in a timely manner resulted in evasive

14

and incomplete responses to Defendants’ valid discovery requests, which the Court must treat as

15

a failure to respond. Plaintiff’s untimely disclosure does not eliminate the prejudice to

16

Defendants’ discovery efforts that stems from the original failure to respond. And the fact that

17

Defendants were able to meet the dispositive motion deadline does not cure the prejudice that

18

originates from the potentially deficient evidentiary record they were then forced to rely on due

19

to Plaintiff’s failure to meet his discovery obligations.

20

Plaintiff’s second argument on this factor is even less compelling and only reinforces

21

Defendants’ allegation of bad faith. In the opposition brief and supporting declaration, Plaintiff’s

22

counsel claims that she suggested extending the discovery cutoff prior to Defendants’ motion to

23

compel to provide “Defendants with additional time to review Plaintiff’s document production.”

24

Dkt. No. 50 at 5, Dkt. No. 51 at ¶¶ 11-13. The Court takes several issues with this representation.
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 6

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 7 of 12

1

Plaintiff’s counsel requested that Defendants stipulate to an expansion of the discovery

2

period in an email that was sent at 4:13 PM on the same day the Parties were required to file

3

discovery motions per the Court’s scheduling order. See Dkt. No. 51-1 at 69. The email focused

4

only on allegations of deficiencies in Defendants’ discovery responses and Plaintiff’s threatened

5

cross-motion to compel. Id. After acknowledging the same day deadline for filing dispositive

6

motions, Plaintiff’s counsel offered to stipulate to extend the filing deadline, not the discovery

7

cutoff. Id. In response to Plaintiff’s email, Defendants’ counsel declined to stipulate to a filing-

8

deadline extension, documenting their position regarding the alleged deficiencies in their

9

responses and expressing their concern about requesting a same-day deadline extension. Id.

10

Nothing in this email exchange indicated that the suggestion to extend the deadline had anything

11

to do with allowing Defendants more time to review Plaintiff’s document production, as

12

Plaintiff’s counsel now represents.

13

Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s request to extend the discovery motion filing deadline

14

was, in fact, entirely self-motivated. Dkt. No. 55 at 4. Subsequent motions practice reinforces

15

Defendants’ argument since Plaintiff was apparently forced to file an opposed motion to expand

16

the time to allow Plaintiff to pursue additional untimely third-party discovery. See Dkt. Nos. 39,

17

40. 3

18

Which brings the Court to its most significant issue with Plaintiff’s argument. Earlier in

19

the same email chain, Plaintiff’s counsel notes that they do not “understand the basis for

20

[Defendants’] concern that documents are either being withheld or have been destroyed.” Id.

21

at 70. The Court assumes this is probably because Plaintiff had not yet disclosed to his attorneys

22

the existence of the second phone containing the very documents Defendants believed were

23
24

The Court denied both Plaintiff’s motion for relief from the discovery-motion filing deadline and motion to expand
the discovery period. Dkt. No. 49 at 10-11.
3

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 7

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 8 of 12

1

being improperly withheld. Otherwise, counsel’s later offer to expand the discovery deadline

2

could only have been intended to allow Defendants more time to review documents that would

3

preclude the need for Defendants’ motion to compel if Plaintiff’s counsel was already aware of

4

the additional responsive discovery that it intended to supplement at the time. So, either

5

Plaintiff’s counsel was complicit in Plaintiff’s discovery violations, or the request to expand the

6

discovery period was for some other reason than what Plaintiff’s counsel now appears to

7

represent. Neither of these possibilities support Plaintiff’s opposition to sanctions, but the Court

8

will give Plaintiff’s counsel the benefit of the doubt and presume that the latter option is correct.

9

In any event, Defendants have clearly been prejudiced, and risk further prejudice, by

10

being forced to proceed on a potentially deficient factual record because of Plaintiff’s discovery

11

violations. Thus, this factor strongly favors dismissal as a discovery sanction.

12

3.

13

The Fifth Factor: Availability of Less Drastic Sanctions

Because the Court finds that the risk of prejudice can be remedied by imposing a less

14

severe sanction, the fifth factor precludes dismissal. The Ninth Circuit has clarified that this

15

factor includes three distinct subparts, requiring the Court to assess “whether the court has

16

considered lesser sanctions, whether it tried them, and whether it warned the recalcitrant party

17

about the possibility of case-dispositive sanctions.” Connecticut General, 482 F.3d at 1096. This

18

is the first sanctions request that the Court has considered on this matter. 4 As such, no alternate

19

sanction has ever been attempted, nor has Plaintiff received any specific warning regarding the

20

possibility of case-dispositive sanctions for his actions.

21
22

Defendants argue that dismissal is still appropriate under these circumstances because of
the timing and nature of the discovery violation. Dkt. 44 at 7. Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s

23
24

The Court refused to consider Defendants’ request for sanctions included in its reply briefing on its motion to
compel. See Dkt. No. 49 at 10, n.1.

4

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 8

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 9 of 12

1

actions show that he cannot be trusted to proceed in good faith in this case. Id. at 7-8. It is true

2

that dismissal may be warranted without attempting lesser sanctions or giving explicit warnings

3

if “a party so damages the integrity of the discovery process that there can never be assurance of

4

proceeding on the true facts.” Connecticut General, 482 F.3d at 1097 (internal quotations

5

omitted) (citing Valley Eng'rs v. Electric Eng'g Co., 158 F.3d 1051, 1058 (9th Cir.1998)). Here,

6

Defendants rely heavily on Connecticut General, as well as Malone v. U.S. Postal Serv., 833

7

F.2d 128 (9th Cir. 1987) and Canty, 2018 WL 3722336, but the circumstances in this case are

8

easily distinguishable.

9

This is not a case where Plaintiff has previously refused to comply with court-issued

10

orders (see, e.g., Malone, 833 F.2d at 132) or has attempted to perpetrate a fraud on the Court

11

(see, e.g., Connecticut Genal., 482 F.3d at 1094). Also, in two of the three example cases, the

12

court did provide an explicit warning before granting a case-dispositive sanction. See

13

Connecticut General, 482 F.3d at 1095; see also Canty, 2018 WL 3722336, at *5. While the

14

Court is very concerned that Plaintiff may have intentionally withheld the existence of the

15

second cell phone, he also ultimately disclosed its existence of his own volition. 5 Plaintiff’s

16

counsel then, apparently, immediately disclosed and produced responsive documents from the

17

phone to Defendants. As far as the Court is aware, Plaintiff has also fully complied with the

18

Court’s prior order to compel forensic examination of his devices at his own expense. These

19

actions are far less egregious than the obstructive and deceptive acts found to warrant dismissal

20

in any of the cases upon which Defendants rely.

21
22

Here, the Court believes that a lesser sanction is available that could cure the specified
risk of prejudice to Defendants. Both the nature and timing of Plaintiff’s actions may have

23
24

The Court further assumes that Plaintiff’s counsel has since explained to their client his obligations as a party to
this litigation and the potential consequences of his actions should he fail to meet them again in the future.
5

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 9

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 10 of 12

1

negatively impacted Defendants’ ability to develop an adequate evidentiary record to support

2

their defenses. Supra § II(A)(2). Defendants highlight specific additional discovery they would

3

have pursued but for Plaintiff’s belated disclosure and document production. Dkt. No. 55 at 4.

4

Defendants further acknowledge that additional time to complete this discovery could be an

5

adequate alternate sanction in lieu of dismissal. Id. at 3, n.2.

6

Therefore, as an alternate sanction, the Court GRANTS Defendants an additional ninety

7

(90) days to complete discovery related to any information attained from the belated

8

supplemental production and the forensic examination of Plaintiff’s devices. During this

9

extended discovery period, Defendants may request additional written discovery requests, note

10

new third-party depositions, and re-note any earlier depositions, including Plaintiff’s. Further, for

11

any re-noted depositions, Plaintiff shall bear the typical logistical costs (e.g., hiring an

12

appropriate court reporting service to facilitate the deposition and the fees associated with the use

13

of facilities for a deposition). Plaintiff and Plaintiff’s counsel are strongly encouraged to fully

14

cooperate in good faith throughout this additional discovery period. Any further deceptive or

15

obstructive actions will result in harsher sanctions, up to and including dismissal of this action in

16

its entirety.

17

B.

18

The potentially deficient factual record that Plaintiff’s actions caused likely also

Defendants’ Summary Judgment Motion

19

negatively impacted Defendants’ ability to prepare an adequate dispositive motion.

20

Supra § II(A)(2). Plaintiff’s belated supplemental document production 10 days before the end of

21

the original discovery period comprised more than four times the number of documents he had

22

produced previously. Dkt. No. 44 at 2-3. Each document produced in the supplemental

23

production existed at the time Defendants served their original discovery requests. Even if

24

Defendants had sufficient time to review the new tranche of documents and incorporate them
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 10

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 11 of 12

1

into their summary judgment motion before the dispositive motion deadline, they were deprived

2

of any opportunity to use the information to help guide and direct their discovery efforts

3

throughout the preceding discovery period. Consequently, the Court STRIKES Defendants’

4

pending summary judgment motion and resets the dispositive motion deadline to twenty-one

5

(21) days after the end of the new discovery period.
III.

6

CONCLUSION AND ORDER

The Court DENIES Defendants’ motion to dismiss as a discovery sanction (Dkt. No. 44)

7
8

but finds that a sanction is nonetheless warranted. Defendants shall have an additional ninety

9

(90) days from the date of this order to complete additional discovery related to information

10

gathered from Plaintiff’s inappropriately delayed supplemental document production and the

11

previously ordered forensic investigation of Plaintiff’s devices. The logistical costs for re-noting

12

any previously completed depositions shall be borne by Plaintiff.
The Court also STRIKES Defendants’ summary judgment motion (Dkt. No. 46), but

13
14

Defendants shall have twenty-one (21) days from the end of the additional discovery period

15

to refile any dispositive motions.
The Court will enter an amended case schedule consistent with this Order. Consequently,

16
17

the Court further ORDERS the Parties to file, within fourteen (14) days of this Order, an

18

updated Joint Status Report (1) addressing dates on which trial counsel may have conflicts or

19

other complications to be considered in setting a new trial date; 6 (2) including a certification that

20

all counsel and any pro se parties have reviewed Judge Lin’s Chambers Procedures, the Local

21

Rules, General Orders, and the applicable Electronic Filing Procedures; and (3) including a

22

certification that all counsel and any pro se parties have reviewed and complied with Judge Lin’s

23
24

For case schedules set by Judge Lin, four months is required between the deadline for the filing of dispositive
motions and the trial date.

6

ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 11

Case 2:20-cv-00574-TL Document 64 Filed 05/10/22 Page 12 of 12

1

Standing Order Regarding 28 U.S.C. § 455 and Canon 3 of the Code of Conduct for United

2

States Judges.

3
4
5
6

Dated this 10th day of May 2022.

A

Tana Lin
United States District Judge

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
ORDER DENYING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS AS A SANCTION AND STRIKING DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR
SUMMARY JUDGMENT - 12