Scott Hutchison Enterprises, Inc. v. Cranberry Pipeline Corporation et al
Filing
291
MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER denying Defendants' 181 Renewed MOTION to Compel Production of Plaintiff's Financial Information; granting Plaintiff's 182 MOTION for Sanctions; directing Defendants to pay Plaintiff reimbursement of attorneys' fees and costs as more fully set forth herein within thirty (30) days of the date of this Order. Signed by Magistrate Judge Cheryl A. Eifert on 11/30/2016. (cc: counsel of record) (jsa)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA
HUNTINGTON DIVISION
SCOTT HUTCHISON ENTERPRISES, INC.,
Plaintiff,
v.
Case No.: 3:15-cv-13415
CRANBERRY PIPELINE CORPORATION and
CABOT OIL & GAS CORPORATION,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION and ORDER
On November 18, 2016, the parties appeared for a hearing on Defendants’
Renewed Motion to Compel Production of Plaintiff’s Financial Information, (ECF No.
181), and Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions, (ECF No. 182). Having considered the written
materials and the arguments presented by counsel, the Court DENIES Defendants’
motion to compel and GRANTS Plaintiff’s motion for sanctions as set forth below.
I.
Relevant Facts
This civil action involves a gas pipeline owned by Defendants, which is located on
real property purchased by Plaintiff for the purpose of developing a residential
subdivision (“Ridgewood Subdivision”). The pipeline (also referred to as the “C-1004
pipeline”) is 13 miles in length, crosses over land in both Wayne and Cabell counties,
and was constructed by Owens Illinois Glass Company in approximately 1962. In 1970,
Defendants, or a subsidiary or predecessor of Defendants, purchased the C-1004
pipeline and has used it to transport gas since its purchase.
1
The dispute between the parties arose in 2013 when Plaintiff began
improvements on an existing roadway in the Ridgewood Subdivision, which involved
excavating the earth above and around the pipeline. When Defendants learned of the
excavation activities, they requested that Plaintiff cease work, fearing that the pipeline
would rupture and potentially cause bodily injury, or even death. Plaintiff ceased
operations, and the property has been sitting, undeveloped, since that time. Plaintiff
alleges that Defendants’ pipeline renders the Ridgewood Subdivision undevelopable.
Consequently, Plaintiff has asserted a variety of claims against Defendants, including
trespass, unjust enrichment, and negligence. In turn, Defendants filed a counterclaim,
asserting inter alia that they have a prescriptive easement for the portion of the C-1004
pipeline located in the Ridgewood Subdivision. Defendants claim that they did not
receive permission from Plaintiff or any prior owner of the Ridgewood Subdivision to
place, operate, or maintain the C-1004 pipeline; that they have operated the pipeline
continuously for more than ten years; that the operation of the C-1004 pipeline has been
open and notorious; and that the operation of the pipeline has been adverse to Plaintiff
and his predecessors in title to the Ridgewood Subdivision.
II.
Defendants’ Renewed Motion to Compel Production of Plaintiff’s
Financial Information
During the course of discovery, Defendants moved to compel production of
Plaintiff’s state and federal income tax returns, financial statements, and restated
financial statements for the years 2011 through 2015. Defendants argued that the
information was highly relevant to Plaintiff’s damages; in particular, its claim for the
alleged loss of profits that Plaintiff would have realized from the sale of residential lots
at the Ridgewood Subdivision.
2
Ultimately, the Court issued an Order compelling Plaintiff to produce its
“financial statements (or portions thereof), or similar documents, for the years 2011
through 2015 that reflect Plaintiff’s operational expenses, losses, and profits related to
the development of residential subdivisions.” (ECF No. 123 at 8). The Court denied the
motion insofar as it sought production of financial records for Plaintiff’s other business
operations, such as its car washes, noting that Plaintiff was not claiming a loss of past
profits; rather, it was seeking the loss of future profits related only to the Ridgewood
Subdivision, an anticipated but not yet ongoing venture. (Id.). The Court also denied the
request for Plaintiff’s tax returns, stating that “[i]f financial records exist reflecting
Plaintiff’s history and experience in similar residential development ventures, then
Defendants should learn from that financial information whether there is any data that
can be used for comparison and extrapolation,” but “at this juncture, no compelling
reason for the production of tax returns has been demonstrated by Defendants.” (Id. at
9).
Defendants have now renewed the foregoing motion to compel on the basis that
Plaintiff’s “overall financial information is directly relevant and necessary to the
calculation of future lost business profits because certain expenses used to calculate the
company’s profits or losses are not reflected on the income statement produced,”
including “the money that [Plaintiff] paid for the property itself and the company’s
general overhead.” (ECF No. 181 at 3). Defendants argue that other critical information
is not reflected in the financial records already produced. Specifically, Defendants
contend that the records do not demonstrate how Plaintiff accounts for depreciation of
real property, in the event Plaintiff takes depreciation expense related to the Ridgewood
Subdivision.
3
Defendants also explain that they need to review all of the requested financial
records to advance their argument that Plaintiff’s general overhead expenses should be
distributed evenly across the company’s business operations, including an allocation to
the Ridgewood Subdivision, which would reduce Plaintiff’s future lost profits in this
action. Defendants claim that, otherwise, Plaintiff could attribute such expenses to
business operations other than the Ridgewood Subdivision and artificially inflate the
future lost profits calculation of that component of the business. Defendants contend
that because Plaintiff—a corporation with all of its business enterprises under one
umbrella—is seeking loss profits, Defendants should be able to review the company’s
overall financial information; not just portions of information related to the Ridgewood
Subdivision.
In response, Plaintiff argues that Defendants are incorrectly treating the claimed
damages as a loss of past income suffered by an existing business, as opposed to a loss
of potential profits from the inability to develop a specific property. (ECF No. 215 at 5).
Plaintiff asserts that Defendants do not require additional financial documents to
determine the purchase price of the property because it is stated in the deed, which was
produced to Defendants. (Id. at 2). Further, regarding how the purchase price will factor
into future lost profits, Plaintiff points out that it produced to Defendants income
statements from Island Estates, the only other residential subdivision developed by
Plaintiff. (Id. at 3). According to Plaintiff, these income statements show how Plaintiff
allocated corporate overhead and expenses to its sole business venture involving the
development of a residential subdivision. Because the financial records of Island Estates
were prepared before this litigation, Plaintiff argues that they are inherently reliable and
accurately reflect the manner by which Plaintiff would account for general overhead and
4
expenses in the Ridgewood Subdivision. Plaintiff contends that its Rule 30(b)(6)
witness, Laya Hutchinson, testified regarding the Island Estates’ income statements,
explaining that Plaintiff deducted a portion of the property’s purchase price as an
expense from the sale of each lot. She further testified that a similar deduction would be
taken in the case of the Ridgewood Subdivision when the land was developed and the
lots were sold. (Id.). As far as general overhead, Plaintiff indicates that all of its past
overhead expenses relate solely to the corporation’s other business ventures; because
Plaintiff has not started to develop Ridgewood Subdivision, there are no overhead
expenses for that property. (Id. at 1). Plaintiff adds that its expert witness took into
account the estimated costs of developing Ridgewood Subdivision; therefore,
Defendants have all of the relevant financial information.
In reply, Defendants state that their purpose in seeking the financial information
is to ascertain how Plaintiff accounted for the purchase price of the property in
calculating the company’s profits or losses; for example, Defendants state that “if
[Plaintiff] is taking depreciation deductions on the property, that would be relevant for
how the company could calculate profit or loss in the future upon the sale of the
property.” (ECF No. 255 at 1). Regarding general overhead, Defendants state that
Plaintiff “should not be permitted to ‘cherry pick’ which aspect of the company it wishes
to advance to recover lost profits and simultaneously shield the rest of the company from
scrutiny.” (Id. at 2). Without access to this financial information, Defendants allege that
Plaintiff can manipulate the alleged profit on the subject property by shifting all
overhead expenses to other aspects of the company’s operations. (Id.).
During oral argument, Defendants again raised the possibility that Plaintiff was
depreciating the property and further argued that Plaintiff would have to allocate some
5
of its general business overhead to the Ridgewood Subdivision, both of which would
affect the projected loss of profits. Defendants argued that without the remaining
financial information, they were unable to effectively cross-examine the experts on these
considerations. In response, Plaintiff’s counsel represented that Plaintiff was not
depreciating the property and did not expect to incur any additional overhead to develop
the subdivision, because Scott Hutchinson intended to do the labor himself. In any
event, Plaintiff indicated that the costs related to developing the property, even those
that were associated with the work Mr. Hutchinson intended to perform, were accounted
for in the engineering expert’s report.
Considering these arguments, the undersigned finds that Defendants do not
provide any new information or testimony to support their renewed motion for financial
information. As Plaintiff emphasizes, Defendants have received income statements and
financial documentation related to all of Plaintiff’s business ventures involving
residential subdivisions. Moreover, Defendants have had an opportunity to depose a
Rule 30(b)(6) witness on the corporation’s financial practices. Defendants have received
the deed to Ridgewood Subdivision, which shows the purchase price, as well as expert
reports outlining the estimated costs of developing the property and the estimated sale
price of each lot. Defendants have obtained the settlement agreement between Dr.
Lavery and Plaintiff reflecting any income attributable to Plaintiff related to the
Ridgewood Subdivision. Thus, Defendants possess information regarding the purchase
price of the Ridgewood Subdivision, any income associated with the subdivision, the
method by which Plaintiff allocated and accounted for costs and expenses incurred in
developing a similar residential subdivision, the projected costs and expenses associated
with developing the Ridgewood Subdivision, the projected sale price of the lots, and the
6
damages associated with the interruption in the development process. With respect to
overhead expenses, Defendants’ claims are speculative at best. Defendants provide no
factual basis to establish the relevancy of Plaintiff’s past overhead expenses. For
example, Defendants provide no evidence that Plaintiff considered such expenses in its
previous residential development project, Island Estates. In fact, the parties’ arguments
suggest the contrary. Further, Defendants offer no testimony, expert opinions, or
evidence of any kind to demonstrate that Plaintiff’s current operating expenses should
be attributed to the Ridgewood Subdivision.
Defendants are free to challenge the amounts projected, the method of allocation,
the categories of expenses claimed, or any other portions of Plaintiff’s calculations
through cross examination, expert testimony, or whatever tactic they see fit. However,
they have failed to demonstrate that they are likely to find within Plaintiff’s remaining
financial documents any undiscovered information that would help them do so. Thus,
for the reasons stated above, the Court DENIES Defendants’ Renewed Motion to
Compel Production of Plaintiff’s Financial Information.
III.
Plaintiff’s Motion for Sanctions
A. The Parties’ Positions
Addressing the other pending motion, Plaintiff filed interrogatories and
document requests, seeking evidence relied upon by Defendants to support their
prescriptive easement claim. In particular, Plaintiff asked Defendants to identify
evidence showing that the placement of the C-1004 pipeline through the Ridgewood
Subdivision was without permission and was adverse or hostile to the ownership rights
of Plaintiff or its predecessors. Plaintiff also requested the production of any documents
supporting the proposition that Defendants had a prescriptive easement related to the
7
C-1004 pipeline’s placement in the Ridgewood Subdivision. (ECF No. 182-1 at 2-3).
In response, Defendants ultimately produced 4,447 pages of documents
maintained in a file labeled the C-1004 “pipeline file.” Upon receiving and reviewing the
pipeline file, Plaintiff issued notices of Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, demanding that the
defendants supply a corporate designee to testify regarding the pipeline file documents
and explain how those documents were responsive to Plaintiff’s original discovery
requests. After receiving the notices, Defendants’ counsel wrote a letter to Plaintiff’s
counsel, objecting to the scope of the proposed depositions. Defendants advised that the
pipeline file contained all documents in Defendants’ possession related to construction,
operation, maintenance, repair, and relocation of the C-1004 pipeline. For the first time,
defense counsel explained to Plaintiff’s counsel that the entire pipeline file was
produced, not because it contained direct evidence of adverse or hostile possession, but
rather, because it did not contain any evidence of permission to lay the C-1004 pipeline
across the Ridgewood Subdivision. Thus, the absence of documentation was proof that
neither Defendants, nor their predecessors, had permission to place the pipeline on
Plaintiff’s property. Further, defense counsel indicated that the file was produced to
demonstrate continuous and open use of the pipeline over the years.
Notwithstanding this clarification, Defendants agreed to produce a Rule 30(b)(6)
designee to testify about how the pipeline file documents were relevant to their
prescriptive easement claim. However, they refused to produce a witness to testify
“regarding” the documents without further specificity as some of the documents were
decades old and were created before Defendants owned and operated the pipeline. When
the parties were unable to agree on the scope of inquiry, Defendants filed a motion for a
protective order. In the motion, Defendants reiterated their agreement to produce a Rule
8
30(b)(6) witness to testify about the pipeline file documents and their relevance to the
issues of permission, adverse possession, and continuous and open use of the property
at issue. Still, Defendants argued that it would be overly burdensome to prepare a
30(b)(6) witness to testify “regarding” all 4,447 pages of the pipeline file. Defendants
asked the Court to place parameters on the scope of the questioning and to require
Plaintiff’s counsel to specify in advance the particular documents and issues that they
expected to raise with the witness.
The undersigned held a hearing on the motion for protective order on September
19, 2016. During the hearing, Plaintiff’s counsel indicated that they had reviewed the
voluminous production and wanted to explore the reasons why Defendants believed the
documents were relevant and how each document supposedly proved Defendants’
alleged prescriptive easement. Plaintiff’s counsel confirmed that they never intended to
question the corporate representative about factual events and circumstances
underlying the creation of the documents. Consequently, Defendants agreed to the
proposed line of questioning, but maintained that a protective order was still necessary
to ensure that Defendants were not expected to prepare witnesses beyond the expressed
relevance of the documents. For that reason, and bearing in mind the significant
obligation of a party to properly prepare its Rule 30(b)(6) designee, the Court granted
the Motion for Protective Order, placing the following burden on Defendants and
limitation on the scope of inquiry: “Defendants shall produce designees that are
prepared to testify regarding the relevancy of the pipeline file documents and the role
the documents play in supporting Defendants’ claims and defenses. Conversely,
Defendants are not required to prepare the witnesses to testify regarding the factual
circumstances, events, or details underlying the documents, or the various reasons for
9
creation of the documents.” (ECF No. 162 at 6-7).
Defendants designated Cabot Oil & Gas Corporation’s compliance and corrosion
engineer, Robert L. Barrett, as their Rule 30(b)(6) witness, and his deposition was taken
on October 6, 2016. (ECF No. 182-3). Thereafter, Plaintiff filed the instant Motion for
Sanctions, arguing that sanctions are warranted under (1) Fed. R. Civ. P. 37 because Mr.
Barrett was not a properly prepared or knowledgeable 30(b)(6) witness and (2) Fed. R.
Civ. P. 26(g) because Defendants’ counsel improperly verified that he reviewed the “over
4,400 pages of documents” produced to Plaintiff and certified that they were responsive
to the discovery requests. (ECF No. 183 at 1). Plaintiff attached a statement of fees and
expenses, indicating that it had incurred a total $19,493.32 for its counsel to review the
document production and to take the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition. (ECF No. 182-2).
In opposition to Plaintiff’s Motion, Defendants argue that sanctions are not
warranted because (1) Plaintiff did not attempt to confer with Defendants before filing
the motion as required by Local Rule of Civil Procedure 37.1(b); (2) Defendants did not
violate a court order; and (3) the identification of the pipeline file documents as
responsive to the discovery requests was “eminently reasonable” under Rule 26(g). (ECF
No. 237 at 10). Defendants disagree that Mr. Barrett was not adequately knowledgeable
or qualified to serve as their Rule 30(b)(6) witness. Further, Defendants assert that
Plaintiff has no right to decide who is the proper person to serve as Defendants’ Rule
30(b)(6) designee. (Id.). Defendants argue that Mr. Barrett testified consistently with
their position that the absence of permission in the pipeline file supported their
prescriptive easement claim; further, Defendants state that Mr. Barrett testified that the
pipeline documents show the continuous operation of the pipeline as a whole since its
construction in 1960. (Id. at 12). As far as the adequacy of Mr. Barrett’s preparation,
10
Defendants contend that three to four hours of document review was reasonable given
the limited scope of the deposition topics and the fact that Mr. Barrett regularly reviewed
pipeline files. (Id. at 13).
Regarding Mr. Barrett’s testimony and the responsiveness of the documents to
Plaintiff’s discovery requests, Defendants argue that Plaintiff is making the same type of
circumstantial evidence argument that they claim is improper from Defendants. (Id. at
16). While Defendants claim that the absence of permission in the file shows that
permission did not exist, Plaintiff argues that permission for other sections of the
pipeline shows that Defendants must have had permission for the pipeline to traverse
the property at issue. (Id.). Therefore, Defendants assert that the pipeline file documents
are relevant as circumstantial evidence. (Id.). Further, Defendants indicate that the file
is relevant because the pipeline operated as a linear unit and documents concerning
construction, operation, maintenance, repair, or relocation of any section of it were
relevant to show the continuous, open, and adverse use of the section of the pipe on the
subject property. (Id.). Finally, Defendants point to the fact that they discovered
documents such as deeds, easements, and licenses in 11 other pipeline files; therefore,
they argue that the absence of such documents in the C-1004 pipeline file indicates a
lack of any type of permission.
With respect to sanctions, Defendants maintain that Plaintiff’s statement of
attorney’s fees is insufficient and that the fees and expenses were not reasonably
necessary. (Id. at 17). Defendants focus on the fact that Plaintiff’s attorney’s fees were
not identified by date and that Plaintiff’s counsel flew a private plane and rented a car
for the 30(b)(6) deposition as opposed to driving. (Id.). Finally, Defendants claim that
the fees and expenses were unnecessary because Plaintiff already knew Defendants’
11
position and “did not have to conduct the deposition to find out.” (Id.).
B. Analysis
Lack of Certification under L. R. Civ. P. 37.1
As an initial matter, the undersigned addresses Defendants’ argument that
Plaintiff’s request for sanctions should be denied because Plaintiff failed to comply with
L. R. Civ. P. 37.1(b), which requires parties to make a good faith effort to confer in person
or by telephone to narrow the areas of disagreement before filing a discovery motion,
including a motion for sanctions. Certainly, the failure of a party to comply with L. R.
Civ. P. 37.1(b) may provide a basis for the presiding judicial officer to deny a motion for
sanctions. See HSBC Bank USA, Nat. Ass'n v. Resh, No. 3:12–cv–00668 2013 WL
2177873, at *6 (S.D. W. Va. May 20, 2013). However, a court has discretion in managing
its discovery issues and must address motions for sanctions on a case-by-case basis.
Here, the undersigned finds that the Local Rule does not preclude an award of sanctions
for two reasons. First, unlike other sections of Rule 37, neither Rule 37(b) nor Rule 26(g)
requires a meet-and-confer session before a party may request sanctions. Consequently,
certification of good faith efforts to meet and confer are not a condition precedent under
these federal rules to an award of sanctions. Second, the parties have already conferred
about the document production and the scope of the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, and these
matters were the subject of a discovery hearing. Therefore, the parties’ fundamental
disagreements were already narrowed, fully briefed, and argued prior to the Rule
30(b)(6) deposition. It is highly improbable that additional discussion between
Plaintiff’s counsel and Defendants’ counsel regarding Plaintiff’s request for sanctions
would have narrowed the issues in dispute any further.
12
Sanctions under Rule 26(g)
Plaintiff requests sanctions under Rule 26(g) on the basis that Defendants
improperly certified that the 4,447 pages of documentation produced to Plaintiff were
responsive to Plaintiff’s discovery requests. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(g)
provides that discovery responses must be signed by the responding party or party’s
attorney certifying to the best of the person’s “knowledge, information, and belief
formed after reasonable inquiry” that the discovery responses are, in relevant part,
“consistent with [the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure],” “not interposed for any
improper purpose, such as to harass, cause unnecessary delay, or needlessly increase the
cost of litigation,” and “neither unreasonable nor unduly burdensome or expensive,
considering the needs of the case, prior discovery in the case, the amount in controversy,
and the importance of the issues at stake in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(g)(1)(B). The
Rule further provides that “[i]f a certification violates this rule without substantial
justification,” the court “must impose an appropriate sanction on the signer, the party
on whose behalf the signer was acting, or both,” which “may include an order to pay the
reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, caused by the violation.” Fed. R. Civ. P.
26(g)(3).
In this case, Plaintiff served the following discovery requests:
INTERROGATORY NO. 6: Please identify each and every
piece of evidence this Defendant has showing the initial and
continued placement of the C-1004 pipeline within the
Ridgewood Subdivision occurred without the permission of
any and all predecessors in interest in the property, or the
Plaintiff in this action.
ANSWER: Defendant is in the process of gathering
documents reflecting the installation and operation of the C1004 pipeline. Other than the authorization from the City of
Huntington described in response to Interrogatory No. 5,
13
Defendant is unaware of any documentation that reflects
permission granted by Plaintiff or any prior owner of the
Ridgewood Subdivision.
FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL ANSWER: See documents
bearing bates numbers CABOT 00029 – 004476 set forth in
the enclosed disc.
INTERROGATORY NO. 7: What evidence does this
Defendant rely on to show that the placement of the C-1004
pipeline within the Ridgewood Subdivision was adverse, or
hostile to the true ownership interest of the predecessors in
interest to the property, or the plaintiff in this action.
ANSWER: Defendant has not identified all evidence on
which it will rely to show that the placement of the C-1004
pipeline within the Ridgewood Subdivision was adverse, or
hostile to the true ownership interest of the predecessors in
interest to the property, or the plaintiff in this action.
Defendant has operated the C-1004 pipeline for over fifty
years, including the portion of the pipeline that runs along a
road known as Woodland Drive located in the Ridgewood
Subdivision. The pipeline was identified by multiple markers
in various locations in the Ridgewood Subdivision.
FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL ANSWER: See documents
bearing bates numbers CABOT 00029 – 004476 set forth in
the enclosed disc.
RFP NO. 6: Copies of all documents of any type which
support the propositions that this Defendant has any type of
prescriptive easement or right of way which allows the at
issue pipeline to run across the real estate owned by the
Plaintiff.
RESPONSE: See documents bearing bates numbers
CABOT 000006-000028. Defendant is still in the process of
searching for and gathering available documents reflecting
the installation and operation of the C-1004 pipeline. Other
than the authorization from the City of Huntington described in
response to Interrogatory No. 5, Defendant is unaware of any
documentation that reflects permission granted by Plaintiff or any
prior owner of the Ridgewood Subdivision.
FIRST SUPPLEMENTAL RESPONSE: See documents
bearing bates numbers CABOT 000029 – 004476 set forth
in the enclosed disc.
14
(ECF No. 237 at 2-3).
As shown above, Defendants initially provided reasonable responses to Plaintiff’s
discovery requests. Moreover, the notation that Defendants were still searching for
relevant information was an appropriate way to notify Plaintiff that a search was ongoing
and additional materials might be forthcoming. However, Defendants’ supplemental
responses—particularly to the interrogatories—simply did not comply with the
requirements or spirit of the federal discovery rules, and for that reason, the certification
of the supplemental responses violated Rule 26(g)(1)(B).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 33(d) allows a party to supply business records in
response to an interrogatory “if the burden of deriving or ascertaining the answer will
be substantially the same for either party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(d). When business records
are produced in response to an interrogatory, the producing party must specify the
records to be reviewed, “in sufficient detail to enable the interrogating party to locate
and identify them as readily as the responding party could.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 33(d)(1). As
indicated by the advisory notes to Rule 33, a responding party abuses the process by
directing an interrogating party to a mass of records, without specifying by category and
location the relevant documents. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 33 advisory committee note to 1980
amendment. Similarly, when answering a request for the production of documents
under Rule 34, the producing party must respond to each requested item or category
separately, so that the interrogating party can discern which documents apply to which
request. Fed. R. Civ. P. 34(b)(2)(B).
Here, Plaintiff asked in interrogatory No. 6 for the identification of evidence that
showed the C-1004 pipeline was placed through the Ridgewood Subdivision without
15
permission. Interrogatory No. 7 sought the identity of evidence relied upon by
Defendants to demonstrate its adverse or hostile possession of the Ridgewood
Subdivision property. In response to both interrogatories, Defendants attached the
entire pipeline file. Defendants did not identify which particular documents in the file
answered which interrogatory, did not provide any explanation for the relevance of the
complete file to each interrogatory, and did not specify where in the pipeline file
responsive information could be located. Defendants likewise attached the entire
pipeline file in response to the request for production of all documents supporting
Defendants’ claim of a prescriptive easement.
Defendants do not dispute Plaintiff’s contention that none of the 4,447 pages in
the pipeline file directly discusses permission or lack of permission for placement of the
C-1004 pipeline, adverse possession of the Ridgewood Subdivision, or open and
continuous use of the C-1004 pipeline through the Ridgewood Subdivision. Rather,
Defendants contend that they produced the entire pipeline file precisely because it
lacked any direct evidence concerning permission for placement of the pipeline.
Defendants explain that any permission obtained for placement of the C-1004 pipeline
through the Ridgewood Subdivision would have been placed in the pipeline file.
Consequently, the absence of such documentation is “circumstantial evidence” that
permission was never obtained.
The undersigned finds two fundamental flaws with Defendants’ post-production
explanation for their supplemental interrogatory answers. First, Defendants implied by
their supplemental responses that the attached documents contained evidence showing
a lack of permission or adverse possession when, in truth, they did not. Not until after
Plaintiff’s counsel had conducted a thorough review of each page did Defendants explain
16
their “absence of documentation” argument. Consequently, Plaintiff’s counsel spent
hours scouring all 4,447 pages looking for notations that Defendants knew, in advance,
did not exist.
Defendants argue that producing the pipeline file in response to Interrogatory
Nos. 6 and 7 was “eminently reasonable,” because the questions required them to “prove
a negative.” The undersigned disagrees. Contrary to Defendants’ suggestion, responsive
materials directly discussing a lack of permission or adverse possession might have been
in Defendants’ custody or control.1 It was this direct evidence that Defendants were
asked to identify. Therefore, it was exceedingly unreasonable for Defendants to supply
thousands of pages of documents, without context or explanation, which could only be
interpreted as relevant to permission and adverse possession when accompanied by the
pertinent context and explanation.
Defendants further argue that even if the pipeline file is not directly responsive
to the interrogatories, it is responsive to the request for production of documents, which
asked Defendants to supply “documents of any type which support the propositions that
this Defendant has any type of prescriptive easement or right of way which allows the at
issue pipeline to run across the real estate owned by Plaintiff.” Defendants assert that,
consequently, Plaintiff’s counsel would have been required to review the pipeline file
anyway. While there is some merit to Defendants’ position on this point, the
undersigned finds that the failure of Defendants to explain in advance the role of the
Examples of such documentation include: (1) correspondence from one of Plaintiff’s predecessors in
interest refusing to grant permission for the construction of a pipeline through the Ridgewood
Subdivision, (2) internal communications or memoranda prepared by Defendants or their predecessors
discussing the lack of written permission or an easement on file, and (3) due diligence documents created
at the time the pipeline was purchased by Defendants, which confirmed the failure of Defendants’
predecessor to obtain an easement or license. All of these types of documents would have been directly
responsive to the interrogatories.
1
17
pipeline file in relation to the interrogatories caused Plaintiff’s counsel to alter the
manner in which they reviewed the pipeline file. Certainly, if Plaintiff’s counsel had been
told before their review that the pipeline file was being produced to show an absence of
documentation discussing permission for placement of the C-1004 pipeline, counsel
would not have spent hours searching for that very documentation. Accordingly, the
Court finds that Defendants’ supplemental responses to Interrogatory Nos. 6 and 7
caused Plaintiff to needlessly incur additional attorneys’ fees.
Second, Defendants’ justification for indiscriminately producing the pipeline file
in response to Plaintiff’s interrogatories is disingenuous. Defendants assert that the
pipeline file was produced to show the absence of any documentation reflecting
permission for the pipeline’s placement. If true, then it is significant that Defendants did
not, until questioned and ordered by the Court, also produce the C-1004 “land file,”
which “includes deeds, easements, and other land-related documents for the pipeline.”
(Id. at 4). By Defendants’ own admission, any documents reflecting permission for the
pipeline “would likely have been placed in the pipeline file or land file.” (Id.) (emphasis
added). Defendants contend that neither file includes any permission relating to the real
property at issue, yet Defendants only produced the pipeline file. Therefore, if
Defendants truly believed that the interrogatories required them to “prove a negative,”
they should have contemporaneously produced the land file. While the Court does not
intend to suggest that the production of both files would have been a proper response to
the interrogatories, the above factor undermines Defendants’ post-production
explanation concerning the reasonableness of providing the pipeline file.
The term “document dump” is often used to refer to the production of voluminous
and mostly unresponsive documents without identification of specific pages or portions
18
of documents which are responsive to the discovery requests. See, e.g., U.S. S.E.C. v.
Elfindepan, S.A., 206 F.R.D. 574, 576–77 (M.D.N.C. 2002); Stooksbury v. Ross, 528 F.
App'x 547, 550 (6th Cir. 2013). Such a tactic can bury relevant evidence and force the
receiving party to expend considerable time and expense parsing through documents in
order to glean information which may be relevant. In this case, the Court agrees with
Plaintiff that Defendants’ actions constituted a “document dump” and were improper
under the discovery rules. When attaching the pipeline file to the supplemental
responses, Defendants improperly certified that the production was consistent with the
discovery rules and was not unreasonable or unduly burdensome. Therefore, the Court
finds that sanctions are warranted under Rule 26(g)(3).
Sanctions under Rule 37(b)
Equally troubling are the circumstances surrounding the Rule 30(b)6) deposition
in this case. Rule 37(b) authorizes the Court to impose sanctions where a party or person
designated under Rule 30(b)(6) fails “to obey an order to provide or permit discovery.”
Fed.R.Civ.P. 37(b)(2)(A). Plaintiff asserts that the Court ordered Defendants to present
a Rule 30(b)(6) witness who could testify regarding the relevance and applicability of
the documents in the pipeline file to the claims and defenses in the case. Nonetheless,
Defendants presented a witness that was unprepared to answer reasonable questions on
the topics approved for the deposition.
It is well-established across jurisdictions that “[p]roducing an unprepared [Rule
30(b)(6)] witness is tantamount to a failure to appear.” United States v. Taylor, 166
F.R.D. 356, 363 (M.D.N.C.), aff'd, 166 F.R.D. 367 (M.D.N.C. 1996). The corporation or
entity named in a 30(b)(6) notice “must make a good-faith effort to designate people
with knowledge of the matter sought by the opposing party and to adequately prepare
19
its representatives so that they may give complete, knowledgeable, and nonevasive
answers in deposition.” Spicer v. Universal Forest Prod., E. Div., Inc., No. 7:07CV462,
2008 WL 4455854, at *3 (W.D. Va. Oct. 1, 2008). In the event that a party or person
produces an unprepared 30(b)(6) witness, the Court may impose any of the sanctions
listed in Rule 37(b)(2)(A)(i)-(vi), which range from the imposition of costs to the entry
of default judgment. Fed. R. Civ. P. 37(d)(3). Further, “[i]nstead of or addition to” the
foregoing sanctions, the Court “must require the party failing to act, the attorney
advising that party, or both to pay the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees,
caused by the failure, unless the failure was substantially justified or other
circumstances make an award of expenses unjust. Id.
Defendants explicitly agreed, and were then ordered by the Court, to produce a
witness to testify “regarding the relevancy of the pipeline file documents and the role the
documents play in supporting Defendants’ claims and defenses.” (ECF Nos. 162 at 6-7,
237 at 5-6). Notably, Defendants challenged the scope of Plaintiff’s Rule 30(b)(6)
Notices, but did not object to this topic. (ECF No. 237 at 5-6). However, at the Rule
30(b)(6) deposition, Defendants offered an individual who, while knowledgeable about
the “operation of the pipeline,” had no knowledge of the claims and counterclaims in
this action. (ECF No. 182-3 at 7). It is axiomatic that an individual who has no
knowledge of the claims and defenses will be hard-pressed to provide accurate testimony
connecting the documents at issue to those claims and defenses.
It is clear from the deposition transcript that Mr. Barrett was not adequately
prepared to explain how the documents in the pipeline file were relevant to Defendants’
claims and defenses. Defendants explicitly agreed to designate an individual to explain
how the documents produced were relevant and responsive to the interrogatories.
20
Further, “a corporation is expected to create an appropriate witness or witnesses from
information reasonably available to it if necessary.” QBE Ins. Corp. v. Jorda
Enterprises, Inc., 277 F.R.D. 676, 689 (S.D. Fla. 2012) (citing Wilson v. Lakner, 228
F.R.D. 524, 529 (D. Md. 2005). This may include “information [that] was transmitted
through the corporation’s lawyers.” Id. (citing Great Am. Ins. Co. of N.Y. v. Vegas Const.
Co., 251 F.R.D. 534, 542 (D. Nev. 2008). Not only is a corporate designee required to
“testify about facts within the corporation’s collective knowledge, […] but the designee
must also testify about the corporation’s position, beliefs and opinions. Id. (citing Great
Am., 251 F.R.D. at 539; Taylor, 166 F.R.D. at 362 (designee presents corporation's
“position,” its “subjective beliefs and opinions” and its “interpretation of documents and
events”)).
Defendants assert in their memorandum that the pipeline file documents are
relevant to Plaintiff’s discovery requests because they show the continuous, open, and
adverse use of the section of pipeline at issue. (ECF No. 237 at 5). However, that position
was not reflected with any detail in Mr. Barrett’s testimony. Mr. Barrett provided only a
rote response stating that the file showed the absence of permission, but continuous use;
this testimony only potentially touched on some of the elements stated in Defendants’
memorandum. (ECF No. 182-3). While the Court can extrapolate from Defendants’
memorandum and representations at the hearing that some of the pipeline file
documents may be relevant to Defendants’ claims or defenses in this action, that
testimony was not communicated in the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition. Defendants were
obligated to prepare Mr. Barrett to provide “complete, knowledgeable, and nonevasive
answers” on behalf of Defendants regarding each of the documents contained in the
pipeline file. Spicer, 2008 WL 4455854, at *3. This was not done.
21
Finding that Defendants failed to produce an adequately prepared Rule 30(b)(6)
witness in this case, the Court considers the issue of appropriate sanctions. As noted, a
range of sanctions is available for producing an unprepared Rule 30(b)(6) witness. Of
the available sanctions, Plaintiff asks for an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. The
undersigned concludes that an award of some portion of the claimed attorneys’ fees and
costs is equitable in view of Defendants’ violations.
C. Calculation of Attorneys’ Fees and Costs
Plaintiff requests reimbursement of $19,493.32 in attorneys’ fees and costs.
When calculating an award of reasonable fees and costs, the Court must “determine a
lodestar figure by multiplying the number of reasonable hours expended times a
reasonable rate.” Robinson v. Equifax Information Services, LLC, 560 F.3d 235, 243
(4th Cir. 2009) (citing Grissom v. The Mills Corp., 549 F.3d 313, 320 (4th Cir. 2008)).
The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has identified twelve factors
to consider when making this determination, including the following:
(1) the time and labor expended; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the
questions raised; (3) the skill required to properly perform the legal
services rendered; (4) the attorney’s opportunity costs in pressing the
instant litigation; (5) the customary fee for like work; (6) the attorney’s
expectations at the outset of the litigation; (7) the time limitations imposed
by the client or circumstances; (8) the amount in controversy and the
results obtained; (9) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney;
(10) the undesirability of the case within the legal community in which the
suit arose; (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship
between attorney and client; and (12) attorneys’ fees awards in similar
cases.
Robinson, 560 F.3d at 243-244 (citing Johnson v. Ga. Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d
714 (5th Cir. 1974)).
Beginning with the hourly rate, the Court notes that Plaintiff is represented by an
associate attorney and two experienced litigators. The three attorneys were actively
22
involved in discovery, and they each spent time either reviewing documents or
participating in the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition. Plaintiff requests hourly rates of $350.00
for Mr. Fredeking and Mr. Biser and $250.00 for Mr. Poole, but does not provide any
information as to how these rates compare to the rates charged in the community by
similarly situated and experienced attorneys performing similar tasks. Notwithstanding
the lack of this comparison, the Court can take notice that reviewing documents and
deposing a Rule 30(b)(6) designee are tasks routinely performed by litigation attorneys.
Therefore, a reasonable hourly rate in this case would be one consistent with the market
rate of a general litigator practicing within the Southern District of West Virginia. Id.
HSBC Bank USA, Nat. Ass'n v. Resh, No. 3:12–cv–00668 2013 WL 2177873, at *6 (S.D.
W. Va. May 20, 2013) (citing Plyler v. Evatt, 902 F.2d 273, 277 (4th Cir. 1990)). The
duty to provide evidence of the prevailing hourly rate rests with the party seeking an
award of fees. Id. Plaintiff did not provide evidence of prevailing hourly rates. However,
Defendants did not object to the rates set forth by Plaintiff, and the proposed hourly
rates are comparable to those awarded in other cases in this district for other types of
litigation. See Resh, 2013 WL 2177873, at *6 (collecting cases). Therefore, the
undersigned finds that the hourly rates requested by Plaintiff are reasonable for the type
of work performed (real property litigation); the skill required to perform the services
rendered (analyzing discovery responses, preparing for and conducting a 30(b)(6)
deposition, and seeking sanctions for a failure to comply with the discovery rules); the
customary fee for such work; and the experience, reputation, and ability of Plaintiff’s
attorneys.
Having determined the reasonable hourly rates in this case, the Court next
examines the number of hours claimed by Plaintiff. Rule 37 and Rule 26(g)(3) allow the
23
Court to award the reasonable expenses, including attorney’s fees, that were caused by
the disobedient party’s (or counsel’s) failure. The undersigned finds that some time
incurred in reviewing the pipeline file was clearly “caused by” the Defendants’ failures
to abide by the discovery rules when producing the pipeline file. On the other hand, at
least a portion of the time spent reviewing the pipeline file would have been incurred by
Plaintiff, as some portion of the file is relevant to Defendants’ prescriptive easement
claim, particularly to show the continuous operation and use of the pipeline. In regard
to the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition, if Defendants had properly responded to the
interrogatory requests, Plaintiff may not have required a Rule 30(b)(6) deposition to
explain the relevance of the documents. The manner in which Defendants supplied the
pipeline file created confusion, and that confusion resulted in the Rule 30(b)(6)
deposition. Defendants added to the confusion (and simultaneously waived an
argument that the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition was unnecessary) by explicitly agreeing to
produce a witness who could testify about the relevance of each document in the pipeline
file. Therefore, the Court finds that a portion of the time expended reviewing the pipeline
file and conducting the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition is attributable to Defendants’
noncompliance with the discovery rules.
Defendants argue that Plaintiff’s fees and expenses are not supported by adequate
evidence and were not reasonably necessary. (ECF No. 237 at 18). Defendants challenge
Plaintiff’s statement of attorney’s fees, pointing out that it contains “an even 20 hours”
each for two attorneys to review the documents, but does not specify the date(s) that the
time was incurred, the activities on each date, and the amount of time spent on each
date. (Id. at 17). Further, Defendants contend that the 16 hours of travel for the 30(b)(6)
deposition was unnecessary because Plaintiff “knew full well what Defendants [sic]
24
position was before the deposition” and “did not have to conduct the deposition to find
out.” (Id.). “When reviewing a fee petition, the Court must exclude any hours that are
excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Allen v. Monsanto Company, 2007
WL 1859046 at *2 (S.D.W.Va., June 26, 2007) (citing Hensley y v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S.
424, 434, 103 .Ct. 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983)). “Counsel for a prevailing party has a duty
to exercise ‘billing judgment’ to ‘exclude from a fee request hours that are excessive,
redundant or otherwise unnecessary, just as a lawyer in private practice ethically is
obligated to exclude such hours from his fee submission. . .’” Daly v. Hill, 790 F.2d 1071,
1079 (4th Cir. 1986) (quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434)).
Defendants produced 4,447 pages of documents. Despite Plaintiff’s failure to
provide the dates on which the documents were reviewed, Plaintiff provided sufficient
support for the Court to conclude that the forty hours incurred was reasonable and
related to document review. Given the number of pages in the pipeline file, Plaintiff’s
attorneys spent approximately thirty-two seconds reviewing each page, which is an
objectively reasonable pace. As previously stated, a percentage of the time spent in
document review would have been incurred despite Defendants’ ill-advised manner of
production. Nonetheless, given that the documents were improperly produced in
response to the interrogatories, and the manner of production heightened the attention
given to the documents by Plaintiff’s counsel, the undersigned finds that Plaintiff is
entitled to reimbursement of one-half of the time spent in document review. Two
attorneys reviewed the documents, each spending equal amounts of time, at rates of
$250.00 and $350.00 per hour. Therefore, the Court deducts 10 hours of time at each
rate for a total of $6,000.
25
In regard to the deposition, two of Plaintiff’s attorneys attended the Rule 30(b)(6)
deposition, and Plaintiff seeks reimbursement for both fees. Plaintiff offers no argument
to justify why it was necessary for two attorneys to attend the deposition, and the Court
does not independently find any evidence that it was necessary given the scope and
purpose of the deposition. Plaintiff does not challenge the amount of time spent on the
deposition and the Court finds that it represents a reasonable figure given the fact that
counsel traveled from Huntington, West Virginia to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for the
deposition and the deposition itself lasted almost two hours. The attorneys had the same
rate of $350.oo per hour and each expended 8 hours related to the deposition. Therefore,
the Court deducts $2,800 from the attorney’s fees requested by Plaintiff.
Aside from Defendants’ argument that the Rule 30(b)(6) deposition was not
reasonably necessary, which the Court finds to be without merit, Defendants’ only
challenge to Plaintiff’s claimed expenses is that Plaintiff’s counsel should have driven to
the deposition rather than flying in a private plane and renting a car. Somewhat
surprisingly, in this case, the expenses would have been the same, if not more, for
counsel to drive to the deposition. Plaintiff’s claimed expenses total $1,003.372 for
airplane rental, airplane fuel, and a rental car. However, Plaintiff claims only 8 hours in
attorney’s fees related to the deposition. Round-trip travel by car between Huntington,
West Virginia and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is approximately 9 hours. Therefore,
factoring in travel time, the nearly two-hour deposition, parking, and at least one meal,
Plaintiff could easily have incurred 11 hours in attorney’s fees related to the deposition.
Plaintiff would have also been entitled to mileage reimbursement at the current
2 Plaintiff also requests $819.51 for “document copying,” but provides no cogent explanation as to why
Plaintiff found it necessary to copy all of the documents for the deposition. Therefore, that expense is
denied.
26
standard IRS rate of 54 cents per mile for approximately 556 miles, totaling $300.24.
Therefore, given the additional hours of attorney’s fees at a rate of $350.00 per hour and
the mileage reimbursement, it would likely have been equally as expensive for Plaintiff’s
counsel to drive to the deposition.
Defendants do not challenge the remainder of Plaintiff’s claimed expenses.
Plaintiff submits a bill totaling $90.44 for lunch. The receipt is not itemized, but based
on the cost and the fact that no other meal receipts are included, it appears that the
receipt included lunch for both attorneys. Thus, the Court will split the bill in half and
award only half of the claimed meal expenses to Plaintiff.
Overall, deducting $2,800 in redundant attorney’s fees and $45.22 in lunch
expenses related to the 30(b)(6) deposition, as well as another $6,000 in attorney’s fees
related to reviewing the pipeline file from the claimed total of $19,493.32, the Court
finds that Plaintiff is entitled to reimbursement of attorneys’ fees and costs in the total
amount of Ten Thousand Six Hundred Forty-Eight Dollars and Ten Cents
($10,648.10). Defendants are ORDERED to pay Plaintiff this amount within thirty
(30) days of the date of this Order.
The Clerk is instructed to provide a copy of this Order to counsel of record.
ENTERED: November 30, 2016
27
Disclaimer: Justia Dockets & Filings provides public litigation records from the federal appellate and district courts. These filings and docket sheets should not be considered findings of fact or liability, nor do they necessarily reflect the view of Justia.
Why Is My Information Online?