Menzie v. United States of America

Filing 10

ORDER DISMISSING CASE signed by Chief Judge Pamela Pepper on 2/8/2022. 8 Petitioner's motion for leave to proceed without prepaying filing fee DENIED as moot. 1 Petitioner's 28 USC §2255 motion to vacate, set aside or correct sentence DENIED. The court DECLINES to issue certificate of appealability. Case DISMISSED with prejudice. (cc: all counsel and mailed to Stanley Menzie at 2623 N. 40th St., Milwaukee, WI 53210-address per US Probation)(cb)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN

STANLEY MENZIE,
Petitioner,
Case No. 16-cv-1275-pp
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent.

ORDER DENYING AS MOOT PETITIONER’S MOTION TO PROCEED
WITHOUT PREPAYING FILING FEE (DKT. NO. 8), DENYING MOTION TO
VACATE, SET ASIDE OR CORRECT SENTENCE UNDER 28 U.S.C. §2255
(DKT. NO. 1), DISMISSING CASE WITH PREJUDICE AND DENYING
CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

On September 23, 2016, the petitioner filed a motion under 28 U.S.C.
§2255 to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence in United States v. Stanley
Menzie, Case No. 11-cr-63 (E.D. Wis.). Dkt. No. 1. The motion asserts that an
amendment to federal sentencing guidelines entitles the petitioner to a
sentence reduction. Dkt. No. 2 at 1. On October 23, 2020, the petitioner filed a
motion to proceed without prepaying the filing fee. Dkt. No. 8. Because the
petitioner is not entitled to relief, this order denies the §2255 motion and
dismisses the case. The court will deny the petitioner’s motion to proceed
without prepaying the filing fee as moot.

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I.

Petitioner’s Motion to Proceed Without Prepaying the Filing Fee
(Dkt. No. 8)
On October 23, 2020, the petitioner filed a motion asking the court to

allow him to proceed without prepaying a filing fee. Dkt. No. 8. Because there is
no fee for filing a motion to vacate, set aside or correct a sentence under 28
U.S.C. §2255, the court will deny the motion as moot.
II.

Background
A.

Underlying Case
1.

Indictment and plea agreement

On March 15, 2011, the grand jury returned a one-count indictment
against the petitioner, Dionte Dyess, Keyantre Nunn, Richard Martin, Donald
Gillespie and Maurice Davis. Menzie, Case No. 11-cr-63, Dkt. No. 1. The
indictment charged all six with conspiracy to deliver at least two hundred
eighty grams of cocaine base in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§841(a)(1), (b)(1)(A) and
846. Id.
On July 11, 2011, the petitioner (represented by Attorney Susan
Karaskiewicz) signed a plea agreement, which was filed the same day. Dkt. No.
83. The agreement stated that the petitioner was pleading to the count in the
indictment. Id. at ¶¶2-3. In the agreement, the petitioner acknowledged that he
had read and fully understood “the nature and elements of the crime with
which he ha[d] been charged” and that his attorney fully explained “the terms
and conditions of the plea agreement.” Id. at ¶3. The petitioner acknowledged,
understood and agreed that he was guilty of the offense in Count One of the
indictment. Id. at ¶5. He admitted that facts attached to the plea agreement
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established his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and were true and correct. Id.
He stated that he understood and agreed that the maximum term of
imprisonment was life in prison, a ten million dollar fine and a lifetime of
supervised release; he understood and agreed that Count One carried a
mandatory minimum of ten years of imprisonment, a special assessment of
$100 and five years of supervised release. Id. at ¶6. The petitioner
acknowledged, understood and agreed that he had “discussed the relevant
statutes as well as the applicable sentencing guidelines with his attorney.” Id.
at ¶7.
The agreement also laid out the elements of the charges. Id. at ¶9. It said
that the parties understood and agreed that in order sustain the conspiracy-todistribute-cocaine-base charge in Count One, the government would have to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that (1) “the conspiracy as charged in count
one existed,” and (2) the petitioner “knowingly became a member of the
conspiracy with an intention to further the conspiracy.” Id. The petitioner
acknowledged and agreed “that his attorney . . . discussed the applicable
sentencing guidelines provisions with him to [the petitioner’s] satisfaction.” Id.
at ¶12. He acknowledged and understood “that the sentencing guidelines
recommendations contained in this agreement [did] not create any right to be
sentenced within any particular sentence range, and that the court [might]
impose a reasonable sentence above or below the guidelines range.” Id. at ¶14.
The parties stated that they acknowledged, understood and agreed that the
sentencing court could “consider relevant conduct in calculating the sentencing
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guidelines range, even if the relevant conduct [was] not the subject of the
offense to which [the petitioner] [was] pleading guilty.” Id. at ¶15. The parties
“agree[d] to recommend to the sentencing court that the applicable base offense
level for the offense charged in count one [was] 34.” Id. at ¶17.
The government agreed to recommend a 2-level decrease for the
petitioner’s acceptance of responsibility, “but only if [the petitioner] exhibit[ed]
conduct consistent with the acceptance of responsibility.” Id. at ¶18. The
government agreed that if the court determined at the time of sentencing that
the 2-level reduction applied to the petitioner, it would move for an additional
1-level decrease under U.S.S.G. §3E1.1(b) for the petitioner’s timely notification
of his intention to plead guilty. Id. The parties stated that they acknowledged,
understood and agreed that the petitioner “may qualify as a career offender
under the sentencing guidelines,” and that he “may not move to withdraw the
guilty plea solely” based on that determination. Id. at ¶19.
“The government agree[d] to recommend a sentence within the applicable
sentencing guideline range, as determined by the court.” Id. at ¶22. The parties
acknowledged, understood and agreed that “[t]he sentencing court [would]
make its own determinations regarding any and all issues relating to the
imposition of sentence and [might] impose any sentence authorized by law up
to the maximum penalties” set forth in the agreement. Id. at ¶23. The petitioner
stated that he acknowledged, understood and agreed that he could not “move
to withdraw the guilty plea solely as a result of the sentence imposed by the
court.” Id. at ¶24.
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The agreement also contained the petitioner’s waiver of rights. Based on
the agreement, the petitioner “knowingly and voluntarily waive[d] his right to
appeal his sentence in this case and further waive[d] his right to challenge his
conviction or sentence in any post-conviction proceeding, including but not
limited to a motion pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §2255.” Id. at ¶33. “This waiver [did]
not extend to an appeal or post-conviction motion based on (1) any punishment
in excess of the statutory maximum, (2) the sentencing court’s reliance on any
constitutionally impermissible factor, and (3) ineffective assistance of counsel.”
Id.
The agreement provided that if the petitioner “violate[d] any term of [the]
agreement at any time, engage[d] in any further criminal activity prior to
sentencing, or fail[ed] to appear for sentencing, [the] agreement [would] become
null and void at the discretion of the government.” Id. at ¶40. If the agreement
“[was] revoked or if [the petitioner’s] conviction ultimately [was] overturned,
then the government retain[ed] the right to reinstate any and all dismissed
charges and to file any and all charges which were not filed because of [the]
agreement.” Id. Finally, the petitioner stated that he acknowledged, understood
and agreed that he was “plead[ing] guilty freely and voluntarily because he
[was] in fact guilty,” and that “no threats, promises, representations, or other
inducements ha[d] been made, nor agreements reached, other than those set
forth in [the] agreement, to induce [the petitioner] to plead guilty.” Id. at ¶41.

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2.

Change-of-plea and sentencing hearings

On July 12, 2011, United States District Judge Charles N. Clevert, Jr.
held a change-of-plea hearing. Dkt. No. 87. The petitioner appeared in person
with Attorney Karaskiewicz. Id. at 1. The court’s minutes reflect that the court
considered the petitioner competent to offer a plea, that there was a factual
basis for the plea and that the petitioner offered the plea voluntarily. Id. The
court also found that the petitioner had the assistance of counsel, and that he
understood his rights, the nature of the charges against him and the maximum
possible penalty. Id. The court accepted the petitioner’s plea and found him
guilty of the charge in Count One of the indictment. Id.
On January 25, 2012, Judge Clevert conducted the sentencing hearing.
Dkt. No. 158. The petitioner appeared in person with Attorney Karaskiewicz. Id.
The court sentenced the petitioner to one hundred sixty-eight months of
imprisonment followed by five years of supervised release. Dkt. No. 161 at 2-3.
B.

Petitioner’s Motion to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence

On September 23, 2016, the petitioner filed this motion to vacate, set
aside or correct his sentence under 28 U.S.C. §2255. Menzie v. United States,
Case No. 16-cv-1275 (E.D. Wis), Dkt. No. 1. The motion asserts that “[t]he new
retroactive amendment held in United States v. Quintero-Leyva, 2016 U.S. App.
LEXIS 8989, No. 14-50509 (9th Cir. May 17, 2016) directly impacts [the
petitioner’s] sentence.” Dkt. No. 2 at 1. The petitioner asserts that in 2015, the
United States Sentencing Commission passed “Amendment 794;” he states that
“[t]he Commission did so because, after conducting an independent review, it
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found that minor role reductions were being ‘applied inconsistently and more
sparingly than the commission intended.’” Id. He says that “[t]he newly
amended U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual § 3B1.2 now states that a
defendant who does not have a proprietary interest in the criminal activity and
who is simply being paid to perform certain tasks should be considered for the
minor role reduction, and the fact that a defendant performs an essential or
indispensable role in the criminal activity is not determinative.” Id. at 2. The
petitioner stresses that he “was not a major participant in the conspiracy.” Id.
at 3. According to the petitioner, he deserves a minor role reduction because he
knew only one member of the relevant conspiracy, he “had only been involved
in very small amounts of cocaine” and he “provided assistance worthy of a
5K1.1 reduction, despite the risk to his safety.” Id.
As relief, the petitioner asks “that this court review [his] case and grant a
minor role reduction to [his] sentence and resentence to the reflected sentence
appropriate with this reduction.” Id.
C.

Unopposed Motions for Compassionate Release

The petitioner filed this motion several years ago—in September 2016. It
has been fully briefed since March 2, 2017. On April 17, 2020, the petitioner
filed in his criminal case a pro se motion for compassionate release. United
States v. Stanley Menzie, Case No. 11-cr-63 (E.D. Wis.), Dkt. No. 344. The
petitioner argued that disabilities of his twin children rendered them
completely dependent on others. Id., Dkt. No. 350 at 1. Because the petitioner

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had not exhausted his administrative remedies under 18 U.S.C. §3582(c)(1)(A),
the court denied the motion on April 27, 2020. Id., Dkt. No. 350 at 4-5, 9.
Six months later, the petitioner filed a second pro se motion for
compassionate release. Id., Dkt. No. 351. In that motion, the petitioner argued
that the caregiver for his twin children—their grandmother—suffered from
cancer and could no longer care for them. Id., Dkt. No. 351 at 1. The petitioner
also indicated he had exhausted his administrative remedies. Id., Dkt. No. 351
at 2. On January 8, 2021, Federal Defender Services of Wisconsin filed a
supplemental motion for compassionate release on the petitioner’s behalf. Id.,
Dkt. No. 358. Three weeks later, this court granted the petitioner’s motion,
vacated the January 26, 2012 judgment and imposed a sentence of time
served. Id., Dkt. No. 367. On February 16, 2021, the court entered an amended
judgment reflecting the petitioner’s revised sentence: time served in prison and
five years of supervised release. Id., Dkt. No. 370. The defendant has been out
of custody and on supervised release since February 17, 2021. Id., Dkt. No.
373 at page 1.
III.

Analysis
A.

Standard

In a §2255 proceeding, the court first must review—or “screen”—the
motion. Rule 4 of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings provides that
[i]f it plainly appears from the motion, any attached exhibits, and
the record of prior proceedings that the moving party is not entitled
to relief, the judge must dismiss the motion and direct the clerk to
notify the moving party. If the motion is not dismissed, the judge
must order the United States attorney to file an answer, motion, or
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other response within a fixed time, or to take other action the judge
may order.
A petitioner seeking relief under §2255 must allege either that the sentence
violated the Constitution or laws of the United States, that the court was
without jurisdiction, that the sentence exceeded the maximum authorized by
law or that the sentence is otherwise subject to collateral attack. 28 U.S.C.
§2255(a). At the screening stage, the court considers whether the petitioner has
raised claims that can be adjudicated in a §2255 proceeding, whether the
petitioner has exhausted his claims and whether he filed the motion within the
limitations period.
B.

Discussion
1.

Timeliness

28 U.S.C. §2255 imposes a one-year limitation period for filing motions
to vacate, set aside or correct federal sentences. The one-year period begins on
the latest of—
(1) the date on which the judgment of conviction becomes final;
(2) the date on which the impediment to making a motion created by
governmental action in violation of the Constitution or law of the
United States is removed, if the movant was prevented from making
a motion by such governmental action;
(3) the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by
the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the
Supreme Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on
collateral review; or
(4) the date on which the facts supporting the claim or claims
presented could have been discovered through the exercise of due
diligence.
28 U.S.C. §2255(f).
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The petitioner filed his §2255 motion on September 23, 2016. Menzie,
Case No. 16-cv-1275, Dkt. No. 1. The court entered judgment in the underlying
criminal case on January 26, 2012. The petitioner did not file his §2255 motion
within one year of his judgment becoming final under §2255(f)(1). He does not
assert newly discovered evidence under §2255(f)(4), or that an impediment
prevented him from filing his motion under §2255(f)(2). That leaves §2255(f)(3),
“the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme
Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review.” According to the §2255
motion, the Sentencing Commission passed Amendment 794 on November 1,
2015—eleven months before petitioner filed his §2255 motion. But the
petitioner did not cite any right newly recognized by the United States Supreme
Court and made retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review. He cites
U.S. v. Quintero-Leyva, 823 F.3d 519 (9th Cir. 2016)—a decision from the
Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. This court is not bound by the decisions of the
Ninth Circuit.
2.

Procedural Default

While a claim must be timely, it also must be cognizable. For a claim to
be cognizable under §2255, the petitioner must have raised the claim on direct
appeal; “[a]ny claim that could have been raised originally in the trial court and
then on direct appeal that is raised for the first time on collateral review is
procedurally defaulted.” Delatorre v. United States, 847 F.3d 837, 843 (7th Cir.
2017) (citing Hale v. United States, 710 F.3d 711, 713-14 (7th Cir. 2013)).
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“Procedurally defaulted constitutional claims are not considered on collateral
review unless the petitioner shows either (1) actual innocence or (2) cause and
prejudice.” Delatorre, 847 F.3d at 843 (citing Bousley v. United States, 523
U.S. 614, 622 (1998)).
If the petitioner raised the claim on direct appeal, the “law of the case”
doctrine dictates that a Circuit Court of Appeals’ decision becomes binding
when that defendant later raises the same claim through a §2255 motion to
vacate, set aside or correct a sentence. Fuller v. United States, 398 F.3d 644,
648 (7th Cir. 2005) (citing United States v. Mazak, 789 F.2d 580, 581 (7th Cir.
1986)).
The petitioner argues that under Amendment 794 and Quintero-Leyva,
he was “quite certainly a minor participant in this case and deserves a ‘Minor
Role’ reduction.” Dkt. No. 2 at 3. The petitioner raised this claim for the first
time in the §2255 motion.
A claim cannot be raised for the first time in a § 2255 motion if it
could have been raised at trial or on direct appeal. Sandoval v.
United States, 574 F.3d 847, 850 (7th Cir.2009). Likewise, a § 2255
appellant cannot raise for the first time on appeal a claim not
presented to the district court in the § 2255 proceedings below.
Pierce v. United States, 976 F.2d 369, 371 (7th Cir.1992). A federal
prisoner cannot bring defaulted claims on collateral attack unless
he shows both cause and prejudice for the default. Hale v. United
States, 710 F.3d 711, 713 (7th Cir.2013); Gant v. United States, 627
F.3d 677, 683 (7th Cir.2010). Absent a showing of both cause and
prejudice, procedural default will only be excused if the prisoner can
demonstrate that he is “actually innocent” of the crimes of which he
was convicted. Torzala v. United States, 545 F.3d 517, 522 (7th
Cir.2008).
McCoy v. United States, 815 F.3d 292, 295 (7th Cir. 2016).

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Normally, the doctrine of procedural default would bar this claim
because the petitioner did not raise it before this court or the Seventh Circuit.
But the petitioner may overcome procedural default if he can show that he had
cause for his failure to raise the issue earlier and suffered actual prejudice.
Cross v. United States, 892 F.3d 288, 294 (7th Cir. 2018) (citing Bousley, 523
U.S. at 622). The petitioner can show cause for his failure to raise Amendment
794 and Quintero-Leyva before the trial court. “A change in the law may
constitute cause for procedural default if it creates ‘a claim that is “so novel
that its legal basis is not reasonably available to [trial or appellate] counsel.’”
Id. (citing Bousley, 523 U.S. at 622). The Ninth Circuit decided Quintero-Leyva
on May 17, 2016—fifty-eight months after Judge Clevert accepted the
petitioner’s guilty plea and fifty-two months after he imposed sentence. The
petitioner says that the United States Sentencing Commission passed
Amendment 794 on November 1, 2015—eleven months before he filed his
§2255 motion. If he is correct, neither Amendment 794 nor the Quintero-Leyva
decision were reasonably available to the petitioner prior to sentencing; he has
stated cause for his default.
But the petitioner cannot show prejudice. Again, Quintero-Leyva is a
decision of the Ninth Circuit. A decision from the Ninth Circuit is not a basis
for a district court in the Seventh Circuit to grant relief under §2255. Even if
Quintero-Leyva applied in the Seventh Circuit, it would not entitle the
petitioner to relief. In that case, the Ninth Circuit held that Amendment 794
applied retroactively on direct appeal. Quintero-Leyva, 823 F.3d at 523. The
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Ninth Circuit did not decide whether Amendment 794 applied retroactively on
collateral review.
The Seventh Circuit—the court of appeals whose decisions are binding
on this court—has considered Amendment 794. In Ozuna v. United States, No.
17-1544, 2017 WL 4083724, at *1 (7th Cir. Aug. 22, 2017), the Seventh Circuit
explained that Amendment 794 did not reduce a guideline. Rather, it “simply
clarified when to apply a guideline that lowers the range.” Id. For that reason, it
is not retroactive, and does not apply to the petitioner because he was
sentenced before it went into effect.
Further, a petitioner seeking relief under §2255 must allege either that
the sentence violated the Constitution or laws of the United States, that the
court was without jurisdiction, that the sentence exceeded the maximum
authorized by law or that the sentence is otherwise subject to collateral attack.
28 U.S.C. §2255(a). The petitioner argues that under Quintero-Leyva, a district
court assessing whether a defendant should receive a role reduction should
compare that defendant “with the other participants in the crime, not with a
hypothetical average participant.” Dkt. No. 2 at 1. “Allegations that the district
judge misapplied the sentencing guidelines are not reviewable under § 2255.”
United States v. Wisch, 275 F.3d 620, 625 (7th Cir. 2001); See also Ozuna v.
United States, 2017 WL 4083724 at *1 (affirming dismissal of Amendment 794
claim brought under §2255 because “Section 2255 is not a basis for relief for
guideline errors, and there was no reason for the district judge to construe the
papers as a motion to reduce under § 3582(c) because Amendment 794 is not
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retroactive and did not reduce a guideline. It simply clarified when to apply a
guideline that lowers a range.”).
3.

Waiver

Even if the petitioner could have shown that Amendment 794 and
Quintero-Leyva entitled him to relief, the petitioner’s express waivers of
appellate and §2255 relief rights in his plea agreement bar relief. The Seventh
Circuit has held that a waiver of §2255 relief in a plea agreement is
enforceable, and that a court should treat it no differently than the waiver of a
direct appeal. See Jones v. United States, 167 F.3d 1142, 1145 (7th Cir. 1999);
see also United States v. Perillo, 897 F.3d 878, 882 (7th Cir. 2018) (“A
‘voluntary and knowing waiver of an appeal is valid and must be enforced.’”)
(quoting United States v. Sakellarion, 649 F.3d 634, 638 (7th Cir. 2011)). “An
appeal waiver does not prevent challenges to a sentence based on a
constitutionally impermissible factor such as race, a sentence that exceeds the
statutory maximum for the particular crime, a proceeding lacking a ‘minimum
of civilized procedure,’ or ineffective assistance of counsel in negotiating the
plea agreements.” United States v. Campbell, 813 F.3d 1016, 1018 (7th Cir.
2016). A petitioner who waives his right to appeal may argue that he did not
knowingly and voluntarily enter into the agreement. Jones, 167 F.3d at 1145.
But representations made to a court during a plea colloquy are presumptively
true. Hurlow v. United States, 726 F.3d 958, 968 (7th Cir. 2013) (quoting
United States v. Chavers, 515 F.3d 722, 724 (7th Cir. 2008)).

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A change in the law does not invalidate a plea waiver; the Seventh Circuit
has “consistently rejected arguments that an [express] appeal waiver is invalid
because the defendant did not anticipate subsequent legal developments.”
Oliver v. United States, 951 F.3d 841, 845 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting United
States v. McGraw, 571 F.3d 624, 631 (7th Cir. 2009).
Plea-bargain waivers allocate the risk of the unknown for both sides:
“By binding oneself one assumes the risk of future changes in
circumstances in light of which one’s bargain may prove to have
been a bad one.”
Id. (quoting United States v. Bownes, 405 F.3d 634, 636 (7th Cir. 2005)).
The plea agreement demonstrates that the petitioner acknowledged he
was guilty of conspiracy to deliver at least two hundred eighty grams of cocaine
base. The court is satisfied that the petitioner entered into the agreement
voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently. The §2255 petition asserts that the
court should retroactively reduce the petitioner’s sentence in light of
Amendment 794. That is not a basis for relief given his admissions in the plea
agreement and at the plea colloquy and his waiver of his appellate rights.
Because the petitioner has not alleged that his attorney was ineffective in
negotiating the appellate waiver and because he cannot demonstrate that his
plea was not knowing or voluntary, the petitioner is not entitled to relief on his
Amendment 794 claim.
The court notes that, notwithstanding the problems with the petitioner’s
claim that the court has already discussed, the court already has granted
substantially the same relief sought in this §2255 motion. In his 2016 §2255
motion, the petitioner requests “that this court review [his] case and grant a
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minor role reduction to [his] sentence and resentence to the reflected sentence
appropriate with this reduction.” Dkt. No. 2 at 3. On January 28, 2021, the
court granted the petitioner’s unopposed motions for compassionate release in
his underlying criminal case. Menzie, Case No. 11-cr-63, Dkt. No. 367. On
February 16, 2021, the court entered an amended judgment reducing the
petitioner’s sentence to time served in prison and five years of supervised
release. Dkt. No. 370. It did not grant that reduction based on the application
of Amendment 794, but it did reduce the petitioner’s sentence and he now is
out of custody.
The court will deny the §2255 motion.
IV.

Certificate of Appealability
Under Rule 11(a) of the Rules Governing Section 2255 Proceedings, “the

district court must issue or deny a certificate of appealability when it enters a
final order adverse to the applicant. A court may issue a certificate of
appealability only if the applicant makes a substantial showing of the denial of
a constitutional right. See 28 U.S.C. §2253(c)(2). The standard for making a
“substantial showing” is whether “reasonable jurists could debate whether (or
for that matter, agree that) the §2255 motion should have been resolved in a
different manner or that the issues presented were adequate to deserve
encouragement to proceed further.” Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483-84
(2000) (internal quotations omitted). The court declines to issue a certificate of
appealability, because reasonable jurists could not debate that the petitioner’s

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motion to vacate, set aside or correct his sentence plainly does not entitle him
to relief under 28 U.S.C. §2255(a).
V.

Conclusion
The court DENIES AS MOOT the petitioner’s motion to proceed without

prepaying the filing fee. Dkt. No. 8.
The court DENIES the petitioner’s motion to vacate, set aside or correct
sentence under 28 U.S.C. §2255. Dkt. No. 1.
The court DECLINES TO ISSUE a certificate of appealability.
The court ORDERS that this case is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
The clerk will enter judgment accordingly.
Dated in Milwaukee, Wisconsin this 8th day of February, 2022.
BY THE COURT:
_____________________________________
HON. PAMELA PEPPER
Chief United States District Judge

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