Cobbs v. Chiapete et al
Filing
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REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS signed by Magistrate Judge William E Duffin on 7/19/2018 re 26 Amended MOTION to Dismiss filed by Patricia Hanson and Richard Chiapete. It is RECOMMENDED that the amended motion to dismiss be granted. It is further R ECOMMENDED that this case be dismissed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Written objections to any recommendation herein or part thereof may be filed within fourteen days of service of this recommendation. (cc: all counsel - via US Mail to Plaintiff)(lz)
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN
COURTNEY COBBS,
Plaintiff,
v.
RICHARD CHIAPETE,
PATRICIA HANSON, AND
ARTHEL L. HOWELL,
Defendants.
Case No. 18‐CV‐338
REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION
Plaintiff Courtney Cobbs, a state prisoner who is representing himself, filed a
complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 alleging that defendants violated his civil rights. The
Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA) applies to this case because Cobbs was
incarcerated when he filed his complaint. The PLRA requires courts to screen
complaints brought by prisoner plaintiffs to confirm they state a claim upon which
relief may be granted and are not frivolous or malicious. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A.
On April 5, 2018, the court screened Cobbs’s complaint and allowed him to
proceed with a due process claim. (ECF No. 9.) About a week later, after some of the
parties refused to have a magistrate judge enter final judgment, the case was reassigned
to Chief Judge William Griesbach. That same day, defendants Richard Chiapete and
Patricia Hanson filed a motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 14.) Judge Griesbach denied the
motion without prejudice based on their failure to comply with the local rules. (ECF No.
17.) On May 4, 2018, Judge Griesbach referred the case to this court for all pretrial
proceedings and designated this court “to consider and submit . . . proposed findings of
fact and recommendations for the disposition of any motion . . . to dismiss . . . .” (ECF
No. 18.) On May 15, 2018, defendants Richard Chiapete and Patricia Hanson filed an
amended motion to dismiss. (ECF No. 26.) That motion is now fully briefed.
A. Cobbs’s Allegations
In 2006 a jury found Cobbs guilty of crimes related to a bank robbery. Cobbs
maintains that he is innocent of the crimes. In November 2014 Cobbs learned that the
Racine Police Department had two blood collection kits that contained swabs from a
barbed wire fence and two brown envelopes that contained jean fibers. The evidence
had not been subjected to DNA testing. Cobbs filed a motion in the Racine County
Circuit Court asking that the evidence be preserved and that he be allowed to pay for
DNA testing of the evidence under Wis. Stat. § 974.07.
On February 2, 2015, Racine County Circuit Court Judge Gerald Ptacek held a
hearing to decide Cobbs’s motion. (ECF No. 1‐1 at 60.) At the hearing Judge Ptacek
agreed to order that the items be preserved, but he refused to order that the items be
DNA tested. He explained, “[I]n my opinion the evidence isn’t really relevant and isn’t
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weighty enough for us to order independent testing on your behalf.” (ECF No. 1‐1 at
66.) He further stated,
I’m not going to order that they be tested to determine if they have DNA
on them and whose DNA it might be because I don’t think that even in
the—taking the view that would be most favorable to you, it doesn’t give
evidence that would be relevant as to whether you were one of the people
who committed the offense or not . . . . If it’s yours, obviously it supports a
conviction. If it’s not your DNA evidence, it doesn’t help you because
there are three other people involved—two other people involved here.
(Id. at 66‐67.)
Cobbs appealed the Circuit Court’s decision to the Wisconsin Court of Appeals,
which placed the appeal in abeyance pending the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision
in State of Wisconsin v. Denny, 373 Wis.2d 390 (2017). (ECF No. 1‐1 at 70.) Denny was set
to reexamine the court’s decision in State v. Moran, 284 Wis.2d 24 (2005), which held
that, under Wis. Stat. § 974.07(6), a defendant had “the right to test the sought‐after
evidence containing biological material” at his own expense, assuming other statutory
prerequisites were met. Moran, 284 Wis.2d at 51. Moran “drew a distinction between
testing at private expense . . . and testing at public expense” and concluded that only
when a movant seeks testing at public expense must he satisfy the heightened
requirements set forth in § 974.07(7). Denny, 373 Wis.2d at 419‐20.
On February 20, 2017, the Wisconsin Supreme Court in Denny overruled Moran,
holding that § 974.07’s requirement that a district attorney turn over physical evidence
and biological samples does not give a criminal defendant the right to conduct DNA
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testing of that evidence at his own expense unless he is able to meet the heightened
requirements in § 974.07(7) 1. Denny, 373 Wis.2d at 418‐21.
Following Denny, the Wisconsin Court of Appeals affirmed the circuit court’s
decision to deny Cobbs’s request for DNA testing of the evidence. (ECF No. 1‐1 at 71;
ECF No. 15‐2 at 1.) The Court of Appeals explained,
In Denny the Wisconsin Supreme Court reexamined Wis.Stat. § 974.07 and
concluded that the statute did not independently authorize DNA testing
of evidence at private expense. Rather, a movement must meet a number
of conditions set forth in the statute before a court may conclude he or she
is entitled to testing. Because Cobbs’ motion did not meet those conditions
here, we are satisfied that the circuit court properly denied it.
(ECF No. 15‐2 at 2 (citations omitted).)
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Wis. Stat § 974.07(7)(a) states that a court “shall” order testing if all the following apply:
1. The movant claims that he or she is innocent of the offense at issue in the motion under sub. (2).
2. It is reasonably probable that the movant would not have been prosecuted, convicted, found not
guilty by reason of mental disease or defect, or adjudicated delinquent for the offense at issue in
the motion under sub. (2), if exculpatory deoxyribonucleic acid testing results had been available
before the prosecution, conviction, finding of not guilty, or adjudication for the offense.
3. The evidence to be tested meets the conditions under sub. (2) (a) to (c).
4. The chain of custody of the evidence to be tested establishes that the evidence has not been
tampered with, replaced, or altered in any material respect or, if the chain of custody does not
establish the integrity of the evidence, the testing itself can establish the integrity of the evidence.
Wis. Stat § 974.07(7)(b) states that a court “may” order testing if all the following apply:
1. It is reasonably probable that the outcome of the proceedings that resulted in the conviction, the
finding of not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect, or the delinquency adjudication for the
offense at issue in the motion under sub. (2), or the terms of the sentence, the commitment under s.
971.17, or the disposition under ch. 938, would have been more favorable to the movant if the
results of deoxyribonucleic acid testing had been available before he or she was prosecuted,
convicted, found not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect, or adjudicated delinquent for the
offense.
2. The evidence to be tested meets the conditions under sub. (2) (a) to (c).
3. The chain of custody of the evidence to be tested establishes that the evidence has not been
tampered with, replaced, or altered in any material respect or, if the chain of custody does not
establish the integrity of the evidence, the testing itself can establish the integrity of the evidence.
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Cobbs asserts that, as interpreted by Denny, Wisconsin’s post‐conviction DNA
access statute (Wis. Stat § 974.07) is unconstitutional because it forecloses his
opportunity to obtain testing of evidence at his own expense. Cobbs also asserts that the
appellate court’s decision to apply the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s new interpretation
of the statute to his request for DNA testing violated his due process rights because he
made his request for DNA testing more than two years before Denny and because the
state courts refused to allow him to revise his request for DNA testing to address the
heightened requirements in Wis. Stat § 974.07(7).
B. The Court’s Screening Order
In its screening order, before considering whether Cobbs stated due process
claims, the court evaluated whether, under the Rooker‐Feldman doctrine, it had subject‐
matter jurisdiction over the case.
The Rooker‐Feldman doctrine holds that the lower federal courts lack
subject‐matter jurisdiction over actions that seek review of state‐court
judgments; only the United States Supreme Court has authority to review
state judgments. Rooker‐Feldman is a narrow doctrine, confined to cases
brought by state‐court losers complaining of injuries caused by state‐court
judgments rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and
inviting district court review and rejection of those judgments. Stated
differently, Rooker‐Feldman is only concerned with situations in which the
state court’s decision is the source of the harm that the federal suit is
designed to redress.
Dookeran v. Cnty. of Cook, Ill., 719 F.3d 570, 574‐75 (7th Cir. 2013) (internal quotes and
citations omitted) (citing Rooker v. Fid. Trust Co., 263 U.S. 413 (1923); D.C. Court of
Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983)).
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The court concluded that, under Skinner v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 532‐33 (2011), it
had jurisdiction over Cobbs’s due process claim only to the extent Cobbs was
challenging the constitutionality of § 974.07, as recently interpreted by the Wisconsin
Supreme Court in Denny. The court clarified that it did not have jurisdiction to review
the state court’s application of the heightened requirements in § 974.07(7) to Cobbs. It
was not clear from Cobbs’s allegations whether he was challenging the constitutionality
of the statute or the state courts’ application of the statute to him. Given the
requirement that the court construe his allegations broadly at screening, the court
allowed him to proceed with due process claims.
C. Defendants Chiapete and Hanson’s Motion to Dismiss
Defendants Chiapete and Hanson argue that, under the Rooker‐Feldman doctrine,
the court does not have jurisdiction to decide Cobbs’s claim. They explain that, under
Wis. Stat. § 974.07, DNA testing can be performed at the State’s expense or at the
movant’s expense. Wis. Stat. §§ 974.04(6), (7). They agree that the Wisconsin Supreme
Court held in Moran that the heightened requirements applicable to DNA testing at the
State’s expense did not apply to DNA testing at the movant’s expense. They also agree
that the Wisconsin Supreme Court overruled Moran in Denny and held that the
heightened requirements apply regardless of whether the State or the movant is paying
for the DNA testing.
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However, Chiapete and Hanson argue that the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s
decision in Denny is irrelevant to the determination of whether this court has subject‐
matter jurisdiction over Cobbs’s claim. They explain that the circuit court never reached
the question of whether Cobbs was required to satisfy the heightened requirements in
Wis. Stat § 974.07(7) because it found that Cobbs had failed to demonstrate that the
evidence he wants tested is relevant to the prosecution that resulted in his conviction.
See Wis. Stat. § 974.07(2)(a). Chiapete and Hanson assert that, even under Moran,
establishing relevance is a threshold requirement applicable to all requests for DNA
testing, regardless of whether the State or the movant pays for it. Because requiring
movants to demonstrate relevance is constitutionally permissible, Chiapete and Hanson
assert that Cobbs’s complaint can only be read as a challenge to the circuit court’s
judgment. Accordingly, Chiapete and Hanson argue that the court lacks subject‐matter
jurisdiction to decide Cobbs’s claim.
D. Analysis and Recommendation
The court agrees with Chiapete and Hanson’s assessment and will recommend to
Judge Griesbach that this case be dismissed for lack of subject‐matter jurisdiction.
Before being overruled by Denny, Moran held that a criminal defendant could
conduct DNA testing of physical evidence in the possession of a government agency at
his own expense if, among other things, he showed the evidence met the conditions
under Wis. Stat. § 974.07(2). Moran, 2005 WI 115 at ¶ 3. That section states, “At any time
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after being convicted of a crime . . . a person may make a motion in the court in which
he or she was convicted . . . for an order requiring forensic [DNA] testing of evidence to
which all of the following apply.” Three conditions are then stated, the first of which is:
“The evidence is relevant to the investigation or prosecution that resulted in the
conviction . . . .” Wis. Stat. § 974.07(2)(a).
Accordingly, even under Moran a criminal defendant was required to show that
the evidence at issue was relevant to his conviction. Cobbs does not challenge the
constitutionality of that requirement, nor could he. The United States Supreme Court
has held that there is no substantive due process right to DNA testing, and that placing
certain procedural limitations, such as establishing relevance, on access to DNA
evidence is constitutionally permissible. See Dist. Attorney’s Office for Third Judicial Dist.
v. Osborne, 557 U.S. 52, 69‐70, 72‐74 (2009).
In denying Cobbs’s motion for DNA testing, the Racine County Circuit Court
explained, “[B]ecause I don’t think that even in the—taking the view that would be
most favorable to you, it doesn’t give evidence that would be relevant as to whether
you were one of the people who committed the offense or not . . . . If it’s yours,
obviously it supports a conviction. If it’s not your DNA evidence, it doesn’t help you . . .
.” (ECF No. 1‐1 at 67.) In other words, Cobbs’s motion for DNA testing was denied
because he did not demonstrate that the evidence he wanted tested was relevant to his
conviction as required by Wis. Stat. § 974.07(2).
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The court acknowledges that the Wisconsin Court of Appeals muddied the
waters when it stated that, “Cobbs’s argument is foreclosed by the Wisconsin Supreme
Court’s recent decision of State v. Denny . . . .” (ECF No. 15‐2 at 2.) As noted by Chiapete
and Hanson, the Wisconsin Supreme Court’s decision in Denny had no impact on
Cobbs’s request for DNA testing because the circuit court denied Cobbs’s motion on the
ground that he had failed to show that the evidence was relevant‐‐a requirement even
before Denny overruled Moran. If the circuit court had decided that Cobbs had
established relevance, then Denny would have changed Cobbs’s burden by requiring
him to satisfy the heightened standards. That was the constitutional challenge with
which the court originally allowed Cobbs to proceed. However, because the circuit
court found that Cobbs did not establish relevance, Denny had no impact on Cobbs.
It is now clear that Cobbs is not challenging the constitutionality of Wis. Stat. §
974.07 as construed by Denny; instead, he is challenging the circuit court’s decision that
the evidence he wants to test is not relevant to his conviction. Because this court lacks
subject‐matter jurisdiction to review that decision, the court recommends that Chiapete
and Hanson’s motion be granted and that Cobbs’s complaint be dismissed.
IT IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED that Chiapete and Hanson’s amended
motion to dismiss (ECF No. 26) be granted.
IT IS FURTHER RECOMMENDED that this case be dismissed for lack of
subject‐matter jurisdiction.
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Your attention is directed to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and (C) and Fed. R. Civ. P.
72(b)(2) whereby written objections to any recommendation herein or part thereof may
be filed within fourteen days of service of this recommendation. Failure to file a timely
objection with the district court shall result in a waiver of your right to appeal.
Dated at Milwaukee, Wisconsin this 19th day of July, 2018.
WILLIAM E. DUFFIN
U.S. Magistrate Judge
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