Rucker v. Saul

Filing 25

DECISION AND ORDER signed by Magistrate Judge William E Duffin. IT IS ORDERED that the Commissioner's decision is vacated, and pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), sentence four, this matter is remanded for further rulings consistent with this decision. (cc: all counsel)(asc)

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN
LASHONDA R. RUCKER,
Plaintiff,
v.

Case No. 19-CV-1764

ANDREW M. SAUL,
Commissioner of the Social Security Administration,
Defendant.
DECISION AND ORDER
1. Introduction
Alleging she has been disabled since September 30, 2015 (Tr. 223), plaintiff
Lashonda R. Rucker seeks disability insurance benefits. After her application was denied
initially (Tr. 101-12) and upon reconsideration (Tr. 113-28), a hearing was held before an
administrative law judge (ALJ) on May 16, 2018 (Tr. 41-99). On October 25, 2018, the ALJ
issued a written decision concluding that Rucker was not disabled. (Tr. 12-40.) After the
Appeals Council denied Rucker’s request for review on September 30, 2019 (Tr. 3-8),
Rucker filed this action. All parties have consented to the full jurisdiction of a magistrate
judge (ECF Nos. 4, 8), and this matter is ready for resolution.

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2. ALJ’s Decision
In determining whether a person is disabled an ALJ applies a five-step sequential
evaluation process. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4). At step one, the ALJ determines whether
the claimant has engaged in substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(i). The
ALJ found that Rucker “has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since September
30, 2015, the amended alleged onset date.” (Tr. 18.)
The analysis then proceeds to the second step, which is a consideration of whether
the claimant has a medically determinable impairment or combination of impairments
that is “severe.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(ii), (c), 416.920(a)(4)(ii), (c). An impairment is
severe if it significantly limits a claimant’s physical or mental ability to do basic work
activities. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1522(a). The ALJ concluded that Rucker has the following severe
impairments: “degenerative disk disease, fibromyalgia/unspecified connective tissue
disorder, Crohn's disease, obesity, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD).” (Tr. 18.)
At step three the ALJ is to determine whether the claimant’s impairment or
combination of impairments is of a severity to meet or medically equal the criteria of the
impairments listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (called “the listings”), 20
C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iii), 404.1525. If the impairment or impairments meets or
medically equals the criteria of a listing and also meets the twelve-month durational
requirement, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1509, the claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(d). If the

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claimant’s impairment or impairments is not of a severity to meet or medically equal the
criteria set forth in a listing, the analysis proceeds to the next step. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(e).
The ALJ found that Rucker “does not have an impairment or combination of impairments
that meets or medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR
Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1.” (Tr. 19.)
In between steps three and four the ALJ must determine the claimant’s residual
functional capacity (RFC), which is the most the claimant can do despite her impairments.
20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). In making the RFC finding, the ALJ must consider all of the
claimant’s impairments, including impairments that are not severe. 20 C.F.R. §
404.1545(a)(2). In other words, “[t]he RFC assessment is a function-by-function
assessment based upon all of the relevant evidence of an individual's ability to do workrelated activities.” SSR 96-8p. The ALJ concluded that Rucker has the RFC
to perform sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(a) except she has
additional limitations. She can reach overhead bilaterally with her upper
extremities on a frequent basis. She can handle and finger bilaterally with
her upper extremities on a frequent basis. She can climb ramps and stairs
occasionally. She can never crawl [sic] ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. The
claimant can never work at unprotected heights nor around moving
mechanical parts. She can never operate a motor vehicle in the workplace.
With regard to understanding, remembering, and carrying out instructions,
the claimant is limited to performing simple, routine, and repetitive tasks.
With regard to the use of judgment in a workplace, the claimant is limited
to making simple work-related decisions. The claimant needs to be in a
work environment that does not require constant interaction with other
people. More specifically, she would be able to interact appropriately with
supervisors on a frequent basis but would only be able to interact
appropriately with co-workers and the general public on an occasional
basis. Further, the claimant can tolerate occasional changes in a routine
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work setting. In addition to normal breaks, the claimant will be off task less
than 10 percent of the time in an 8-hour workday.
(Tr. 22-23.)
After determining the claimant’s RFC, the ALJ at step four must determine
whether the claimant has the RFC to perform the requirements of her past relevant work.
20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(iv), 404.1560. The ALJ concluded that Rucker “is unable to
perform any past relevant work.” (Tr. 32.)
The last step of the sequential evaluation process requires the ALJ to determine
whether the claimant is able to do any other work, considering her RFC, age, education,
and work experience. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4)(v), 404.1560(c). At this step, relying on
the testimony of a vocational expert, the ALJ concluded that Rucker could work in jobs
such as “production inspector” (DOT 539.485-010), “machine feeder” (DOT 690.685-194),
or “bench assembly jobs” including, for example, “lamp shade assembler” (DOT 739.684094). (Tr. 33.)
3. Standard of Review
The court’s role in reviewing an ALJ’s decision is limited. It must “uphold an ALJ’s
final decision if the correct legal standards were applied and supported with substantial
evidence.” L.D.R. by Wagner v. Berryhill, 920 F.3d 1146, 1152 (7th Cir. 2019) (citing 42 U.S.C.
§ 405(g)); Jelinek v. Astrue, 662 F.3d 805, 811 (7th Cir. 2011). “Substantial evidence is ‘such
relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a
conclusion.’” Summers v. Berryhill, 864 F.3d 523, 526 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting Castile v.
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Astrue, 617 F.3d 923, 926 (7th Cir. 2010)). “The court is not to ‘reweigh evidence, resolve
conflicts, decide questions of credibility, or substitute [its] judgment for that of the
Commissioner.’” Burmester v. Berryhill, 920 F.3d 507, 510 (7th Cir. 2019) (quoting Lopez ex
rel. Lopez v. Barnhart, 336 F.3d 535, 539 (7th Cir. 2003)). “Where substantial evidence
supports the ALJ’s disability determination, [the court] must affirm the [ALJ’s] decision
even if ‘reasonable minds could differ concerning whether [the claimant] is disabled.’”
L.D.R. by Wagner, 920 F.3d at 1152 (quoting Elder v. Astrue, 529 F.3d 408, 413 (7th Cir.
2008)).
4. Analysis
4.1. Mental RFC
4.1.1. Medical Opinions
The ALJ afforded “little weight” to all the medical opinions regarding Rucker’s
mental RFC. Rucker contends that this means the ALJ necessarily interpreted the medical
evidence on his own and impermissibly played doctor.
An ALJ is not required to adopt any medical source’s opinion as to the claimant’s
RFC. The “claimant’s RFC is a matter for the ALJ alone—not a treating or examining
doctor—to decide.” Thomas v. Colvin, 745 F.3d 802, 808 (7th Cir. 2014) (citing 20 C.F.R
§ 404.1527(d)). Thus, notwithstanding the fact that it relies in part on an assessment of
medical evidence, when an ALJ determines a claimant’s RFC he is not impermissibly
playing doctor.

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This is not a case like Goins v. Colvin, 764 F.3d 677, 680 (7th Cir. 2014), upon which
Rucker relies, where the court criticized the ALJ for interpreting the results of an MRI in
“barely intelligible medical mumbo-jumbo” and translated those results into the
claimant’s RFC. The ALJ here gave good reasons for the weight he afforded the opinions
relating to Rucker’s mental RFC. He explained that the consultative examination
predated Rucker’s amended onset date, and since that examination Rucker’s conditions
worsened. (Tr. 30.) The state agency consultants did not have the benefit of the complete
record, and instead based their opinions largely on the consultative examination. (Tr. 3132.) Rucker does not argue that the ALJ erred in discounting these opinions.
On the opposite end of the spectrum, Dr. Filoreta Diana Udrea, who had treated
Rucker since October of 2017, opined that Rucker would have extreme limitations in
“concentration and persistence,” in her ability to work without interruptions from
symptoms, and in her “[a]bility to sustain work effort, duties, and maintain regular
attendance and punctuality across a work week without interruptions from
psychologically based symptoms.” (Tr. 1947.) She also opined that Rucker would have
marked limitations in her “[a]bility to accept criticism or ask for assistance from
supervisor,” in her “[a]bility to learn and follow work rules,” in her “[a]bility to respond
to changes in the work setting,” and in her “[a]bility to adapt to the demands and
pressure of a simple, routine work setting.” (Tr. 1947.) Dr. Udrea estimated that Rucker

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would be absent from work at least four times per month. (Tr. 1948.) Rucker argues that
the ALJ erred by not affording Dr. Udrea’s opinion controlling weight.
An ALJ is required to give a treating source’s opinion controlling weight only if it
is “‘well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic
techniques’ and is consistent with substantial evidence in the record.” Moss v. Astrue, 555
F.3d 556, 560 (7th Cir. 2009) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2); Bauer v. Astrue, 532 F.3d
606, 608 (7th Cir. 2008)). The ALJ provided adequate reasons for not giving Dr. Udrea’s
opinion controlling weight. See Larson v. Astrue, 615 F.3d 744, 749 (7th Cir. 2010) (“An ALJ
who does not give controlling weight to the opinion of the claimant's treating physician
must offer ‘good reasons’ for declining to do so.” (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2));
Clifford v. Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 870 (7th Cir. 2000) (“an ALJ must ‘minimally articulate his
reasons for crediting or rejecting evidence of disability’” (quoting Scivally v. Sullivan, 966
F.2d 1070, 1076 (7th Cir. 1992)). Specifically, the ALJ noted that Dr. Udrea “had only
examined [Rucker] a few times prior to completing her form and was still in the process
of adjusting [Rucker’s] medication[,]” and “the marked and extreme limitations
identified are not consistent with the evidence showing [Rucker] was able to learn and
use some coping exercises.” (Tr. 31.) The ALJ further found that the marked and extreme
limitations were
not consistent with [Rucker’s] ability to maintain a logical thought process
in spite of some limitations in concentration and mild to moderate
psychomotor retardation during only one exam (Exhibit 27F at 185). By the
next month, [Rucker] showed an improvement in her concentration,
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consistent with new medication starting to become effective (Exhibit 27F at
198, 199).
(Tr. 31.)
The ALJ was not required to give Dr. Udrea’s opinion controlling weight simply
because he also discounted the other medical opinions in the record. And although
Rucker points to evidence supporting certain limitations in her mental functioning (ECF
No. 18 at 9-10), the issue is not whether she is limited but the degree of those limitations.
Rucker has not cited any authority that required the ALJ accept Dr. Udrea’s opinion
regarding the severity of Rucker’s limitations.
Having not afforded Dr. Udrea’s opinion controlling weight, the ALJ was required
“to consider the length, nature, and extent of the treatment relationship, frequency of
examination, the physician’s specialty, the types of tests performed, and the consistency
and supportability of the physician's opinion.” Scott v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 734, 740 (7th Cir.
2011) (quoting Moss v. Astrue, 555 F.3d 556, 561 (7th Cir. 2009)). The ALJ adequately did
so when he acknowledged that Dr. Udrea was Rucker’s treating specialist but noted that
Dr. Udrea had examined Rucker only a few times before offering her opinion, Rucker
was still adjusting to medication, Dr. Udrea gave little explanation for her opinions, and
the marked and extreme limitations were inconsistent with Rucker successfully learning
and using coping strategies, maintaining logical thought processes, and improved
concentration. (Tr. 31.)
Rucker has not shown that the ALJ erred in his assessment of the medical opinions.
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4.1.2. Interaction
Rucker argues that “the specific accommodations the ALJ included in the RFC
assessment were legally and factually insufficient to capture Ms. Rucker’s limitations as
a result of her mental impairments.” (ECF No. 18 at 9.) She notes that the ALJ failed to
explain the seemingly contradictory finding that she could have frequent interaction with
supervisors but only occasional interaction with coworkers (ECF No. 8 at 9), and argues
that she is more limited in her ability to interact with others than the ALJ found.
The Commissioner acknowledges that the unexplained contradiction in the ALJ’s
finding regarding Rucker’s ability to interact with supervisors as compared with
coworkers was an error. But the Commissioner argues that the error was harmless
because the jobs the vocational expert identified do not require significant interaction
with a supervisor. (ECF No. 23 at 6.)
An error is harmless if the court can predict with great confidence that the result
on remand would be the same. Schomas v. Colvin, 732 F.3d 702, 707 (7th Cir. 2013). Rucker
notes in reply that neither the Dictionary of Occupational Titles nor the vocational
expert’s testimony identifies the amount of interaction Rucker would have with a
supervisor in the jobs the vocational expert said Rucker could perform. (ECF No. 24 at 4.)
Rather, the hypothetical posed to the vocational expert asked him to consider a person
who could have frequent contact with supervisors and occasional interaction with
coworkers or the general public (Tr. 88), i.e., the restrictions the ALJ included in his RFC.

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In other words, the Commissioner has not pointed to any evidence that the jobs
the vocational expert testified Rucker could perform require only occasional interaction
with a supervisor (or that a limitation to only occasional interaction with a supervisor
would not be a work preclusive limitation for Rucker). Consequently, the Commissioner
has failed to show that the acknowledged error by the ALJ was harmless, and remand is
required.
4.1.3. Concentration, Persistence, and Pace
At Step Three the ALJ found that Rucker had a moderate limitation in
concentrating, persisting, and maintaining pace. (Tr. 22.) In the hypothetical he presented
to the vocational expert the ALJ asked him to consider someone who “would be limited
to performing simple, routine, and repetitive tasks” and who would be off task no more
than ten percent of the workday. (Tr. 88-89.) Rucker argues that these limitations do not
adequately encompass her limitations in concentration, persistence, and pace. (ECF No.
18 at 11-16.)
The bulk of Rucker’s argument addresses only concentration. The Commissioner
in response argues that Rucker has abandoned any argument as to persistence or pace,
and a limitation to simple, routine, and repetitive tasks adequately accounts for a
moderate limitation in concentration. (ECF No. 23 at 7.) Rucker in reply disputes that she
abandoned any argument regarding persistence or pace. (ECF No. 24 at 5.)

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Although the argument is not particularly well developed, Rucker sufficiently
alleges that the ALJ failed to consider her limitations in concentration, persistence, and
pace. (ECF No. 18 at 11-12.) The court cannot say she has not forfeited her argument as to
persistence and pace.
The ALJ must apprise the vocational expert of all of the claimant’s symptoms,
including limitations in concentration, persistence, or pace. Moreno v. Berryhill, 882 F.3d
722, 730 (7th Cir. 2018); O'Connor-Spinner v. Astrue, 627 F.3d 614, 619 (7th Cir. 2010).
However, an ALJ need not explicitly use the words “concentration, persistence, and pace”
to apprise the vocational expert of the claimant’s limitations in these domains. O'ConnorSpinner v. Astrue, 627 F.3d 614, 619 (7th Cir. 2010). “Even generic limitations, such as
limiting a claimant to simple, repetitive tasks, may properly account for moderate
limitations in concentration, persistence, and pace, so long as they ‘adequately account
for the claimant’s demonstrated psychological symptoms’ found in the record.” Urbanek
v. Saul, 796 F. App'x 910, 914 (7th Cir. 2019) (quoting Jozefyk v. Berryhill, 923 F.3d 492, 498
(7th Cir. 2019); citing O'Connor-Spinner v. Astrue, 627 F.3d 614, 619 (7th Cir. 2010); Johansen
v. Barnhart, 314 F.3d 283, 288-89 (7th Cir. 2002)). However, “someone with problems
concentrating may not be able to complete a task consistently over the course of a
workday, no matter how simple it may be.” Martin v. Saul, 950 F.3d 369, 374 (7th Cir.
2020). But simply limiting the claimant to “unskilled work” is insufficient. Martin v. Saul,
950 F.3d 369, 373 (7th Cir. 2020).

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“[I]n most cases ‘employing terms like simple, repetitive tasks on their own will
not necessarily exclude from the VE’s consideration those positions that present
significant problems of concentration, persistence and pace,’ and thus, alone, are
insufficient to present the claimant’s limitations in this area.” Winsted v. Berryhill, 923 F.3d
472, 477 (7th Cir. 2019) (quoting O'Connor-Spinner, 627 F.3d at 620) (internal citation
omitted).
A limitation in concentration might not preclude a job that is reduced to rote. But
even a repetitive job would seem to require concentration if, for example, the job involves
working with dangerous machinery, as would be the case with the “machine feeder” job
the vocational expert identified, which is more specifically a “grinding-machine
operator” who feeds pearl shells into a machine for the purpose of making buttons, see
DOT 690.685-194.
Jobs that are “simple, routine, and repetitive” often involve productivity or
efficiency expectations which require an employee to perform persistently and at a
designated pace. For example, the vocational expert identified the job of “lamp-shade
assembler” as a potential job Rucker could perform, but such a job would likely come
with production quotas that would be impacted by a moderate limitation in persistence
and pace. See DOT 739.684-094. Same, too, with the weight tester, see DOT 539.485-010,
and grinding machine operator, see DOT 690.685-194, the other jobs identified by the
vocational expert.

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Limiting Rucker to performing simple, routine, and repetitive tasks did not
adequately encompass a moderate limitation in concentration, persistence, and pace. Nor
does the limitation that she would be off task up to ten percent of the workday account
for her moderate limitation. Setting aside the fact that the ten percent limitation appears
to have been chosen arbitrarily for no reason other than it is the maximum an employer
will tolerate, the ALJ stated that Rucker would require this time off task because she
required additional trips to the bathroom. (Tr. 26-27.) The limitation was not attributable
to her moderate limitation in concentration, persistence, and pace. Accordingly, remand
is necessary to permit the ALJ to reassess Rucker’s RFC in light of her moderate limitation
in concentration, persistence, and pace.
4.1.4. Absenteeism
Rucker argues that the ALJ did not adequately explain why he did not credit
medical opinions regarding the rate at which she would be absent from work. (ECF No.
18 at 16.) The Commissioner does not explicitly address this argument in response but
states, “Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ did not explain why he rejected the opinion
evidence that plaintiff’s absenteeism would cause her to be absent from work three or
four days a month, is subsumed under the ALJ’s consideration of the opinion evidence
discussed above.” (ECF No. 23 at 9.)
It is unclear what the Commissioner intends with this statement. The court finds
it unnecessary to belabor the point because the court otherwise finds remand necessary.

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On remand, the ALJ must also assess whether Rucker’s impairments will result in her
being absent from work and if any such absenteeism will affect her employability.
4.2. Physical RFC
Rucker presents four broad criticisms of the ALJ’s assessment of her physical RFC:
•

“[T]he ALJ did not explain why he rejected Ms. Fox’s opinion that Ms. Rucker
required a sit-stand at-will option as well as an unscheduled 15-minute break
daily” (ECF No. 18 at 17-18);

•

“[T]he ALJ did not explain why [Fox’s opinion that Rucker would require
unrestricted bathroom access] was not consistent with the record and thus
adopted in the RFC assessment beyond summarizing some of Ms. Rucker’s
treatment for GI issues” (ECF No. 18 at 20);

•

“The ALJ did not specifically address [Rucker’s allegation that extended sitting
caused pain and that she could sit ten minutes without shifting and could sit
for 1-3 hours in a day] and explain whether he accepted or rejected it” (ECF
No. 18 at 18); and

•

“[T]he ALJ did not explain the basis for concluding that Ms. Rucker was
accommodated by limitations to handling, fingering, and reaching overhead
bilaterally with her upper extremities” (ECF No. 18 at 21).

4.2.1. Caroline Fox
With respect to the ALJ’s consideration of the opinion of Caroline Fox, a physician
assistant who treated Rucker on a few occasions for Crohn’s disease, the ALJ afforded her
opinion “partial weight.” (Tr. 29.) As reasons for discounting her opinion the ALJ noted
that Fox is not an acceptable medical source, she provided little explanation for her
statements, and “she provided no explanation for why the claimant would miss 3 days
of work per month.” (Tr. 30.) The ALJ found the alleged rate of absenteeism to be

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inconsistent with Rucker delaying treatment for her Crohn’s disease. (Tr. 30.) Finally, the
ALJ noted that it was unclear if the limitations identified in Fox’s opinion would persist
given that Rucker had recently started treatment. (Tr. 30.)
Although the ALJ did not explicitly refer to Fox’s specific opinions that Rucker
would need a sit / stand option, an unscheduled break, and unrestricted bathroom access,
Rucker has not shown that the ALJ’s failure to do so was error. The authority she cites
does not support her assertion. The general reasons the ALJ provided for discounting
Fox’s opinion overall were good reasons for discounting these specific aspects of her
opinion, and that was all that was required. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(f)(2).
4.2.2. Sitting
With respect to Rucker’s alleged sitting limitation, the Commissioner responds
that the ALJ explicitly noted her claimed limitation and then proceeded with a detailed
discussion in accordance with SSR 16-3p explaining why he concluded that her alleged
symptoms were not as severe as she alleged. (ECF No. 23 at 11-12.) In reply, Rucker
emphasizes that certain objective evidence, such as her obesity and back problems,
supported her claim that she was unable to sit for long periods. (ECF No. 24 at 12.)
Rucker has not shown that the ALJ erred in his assessment of her ability to sit.
Notably, she has not pointed to a medical source who stated that limitations in her ability
to sit precluded sedentary work. Dudley v. Berryhill, 773 F. App'x 838, 843 (7th Cir. 2019)

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(“When no doctor’s opinion indicates greater limitations than those found by the ALJ,
there is no error.”) (citing Rice v. Barnhart, 384 F.3d 363, 370 (7th Cir. 2004)).
To the extent that her alleged limitation in sitting is a matter of symptom severity,
meaning that SSR 16-3p would apply, Rucker has again failed to demonstrate error. An
ALJ’s assessment under SSR 16-3p may be upset only if it is patently wrong. See John S v.
Saul, No. 1:19-cv-01008-DLP-JRS, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14978, at *26 (S.D. Ind. Jan. 27,
2020) (citing Curvin v. Colvin, 778 F.3d 645, 651 (7th Cir. 2015); Pepper v. Colvin, 712 F.3d
351, 367 (7th Cir. 2013)). Rucker has not shown that the ALJ’s assessment was patently
wrong.
Nor has Rucker shown that the ALJ’s assessment is unsupported by substantial
evidence. The fact that the ALJ did not discuss evidence supporting the plaintiff’s claim
does not demonstrate that the ALJ erred. Frankovis-Miesfeld v. Saul, No. 19-CV-1842, 2021
U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14064, at *14 (E.D. Wis. Jan. 26, 2021). It is to be expected that the record
will contain conflicting evidence. Frankovis-Miesfeld v. Saul, No. 19-CV-1842, 2021 U.S.
Dist. LEXIS 14064, at *14 (E.D. Wis. Jan. 26, 2021). Only if the ALJ engaged in an
impermissible cherry picking—ignoring a compelling line of contrary evidence—is
remand required. See Pflughoeft v. Saul, No. 19-CV-1548, 2020 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 211269, at
*14 (E.D. Wis. Nov. 12, 2020) (citing Denton v. Astrue, 596 F.3d 419, 425 (7th Cir.
2010) (discussing impermissible cherry-picking)). Two contrary conclusions may each be

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supported by substantial evidence. Wolvin v. Saul, No. 18-CV-1285, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
171953, at *6 (E.D. Wis. Oct. 3, 2019).
4.2.3. Handling, Fingering, and Reaching
In his RFC finding the ALJ stated that, “to limit aggravation of cervical pain and
numbness in the hands, the claimant can only reach overhead bilaterally with her upper
extremities on a frequent basis and can only handle and finger bilaterally on a frequent
basis.” (Tr. 26.) Rucker argues that the ALJ erred by failing to explain why, given her
allegations regarding her symptoms, a further limitation was not appropriate. (ECF No.
18 at 21.) She continues, “The ALJ, as a layperson, could not have known, and did not
explain, whether frequently reaching and handling for 5.33 hours daily would have
aggravated Ms. Rucker’s cervical problems and fibromyalgia as well as her hand
numbness.”
Rucker is correct that, as a layperson, the ALJ was limited in his ability to assess
whether frequent reaching would aggravate her symptoms. But this argument just
underscores that Rucker’s ability to handle, finger, and reach is in large part a medical
determination. As with her ability to sit, Rucker has not pointed to any medical opinion
that she was more limited than the ALJ found. Consequently, the court cannot say the
ALJ erred. See Frankovis-Miesfeld v. Saul, No. 19-CV-1842, 2021 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14064, at
*21 (E.D. Wis. Jan. 26, 2021) (“Absent a medical opinion indicating that [the plaintiff] was
limited in her use of her arms, fingers, or hands, the ALJ did not err.”).

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4.3. Remaining Arguments
Rucker’s remaining arguments are unclear. The heading of the final section of her
initial brief suggests that she will be arguing that the ALJ erred in his assessment of her
subjective impairments, i.e., the ALJ failed to comply with SSR 16-3p. (ECF No. 18 at 23.)
But in the first sentence she argues that the ALJ erred by failing to consider the cumulative
effect of her impairments. (ECF No. 18 at 23.) She then proceeds to argue that the ALJ
failed to consider her assertion that she needed to lie down to rest two to three times a
day for an hour each time. (ECF No. 18 at 23.) But then she notes that the ALJ tended to
introduce his discussion of specific impairments with an observation that the evidence is
not consistent with the frequency and severity of Rucker’s symptoms. She argues that
“the ALJ did not logically bridge that conclusion with his explanations.” (ECF No. 18 at
24.) Rucker’s reply, the relevant section of which is captioned “The Symptom Evaluation
Is Not Supported By Substantial Evidence” (ECF No. 24 at 14-15), does not clarify the
nature of her arguments.
The court cannot speculate as to the nature of a party’s argument or fill in gaps. It
is the plaintiff’s burden to show that the ALJ erred. Rucker has failed to do so.
Specifically, Rucker has not shown that the ALJ failed to consider the cumulative
effect of her impairments.
As for her alleged need to lie down, Rucker has not shown that the ALJ was
required to single-out this alleged limitation in his explanation as to why he concluded

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that her symptoms were not as severe as she alleged. The ALJ was not required to walk
through each alleged subjective limitation (even a limitation that would be work
preclusive) and explain why he concluded it was not as severe as alleged; rather, he was
permitted to address her symptoms broadly. See Pepper v. Colvin, 712 F.3d 351, 369 (7th
Cir. 2013). The ALJ’s explanation for discounting Rucker’s assertions was sufficient under
SSR 16-3p, was detailed enough for the court to trace his reasoning, and was not patently
wrong.
As to Rucker’s assertion that the ALJ did not adequately explain how the evidence
was inconsistent with her claims regarding the severity of her symptoms, she develops
an argument only with respect to her Crohn’s disease. Perhaps the most significant
symptom of Crohn’s disease in terms of employability that Rucker alleged was a need to
frequently use the bathroom. The ALJ discounted Rucker’s assertion in part by observing
that Rucker had not suffered from weight loss. This was not an impermissible medical
observation but merely an observation consistent with Listing 5.06, which notes that
“[i]nvoluntary weight loss of at least 10 percent from baseline” is consistent with
inflammatory bowel disease. While the absence of weight loss is not necessarily
inconsistent with inflammatory bowel disease, cf. listing 5.06 (noting that the B criteria of
the listing may be met with two of six factors, one of which is “[i]nvoluntary weight loss
of at least 10 percent from baseline …”), its absence is nonetheless relevant in assessing

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the severity of her symptoms, and particularly whether Rucker was using the bathroom
as often as she alleged.
Rucker then asserts, “The ALJ repeated this error in discretely assessing Ms.
Rucker’s lumbar spine issues, fibromyalgia, and obesity.” (ECF No. 18 at 24.) But, aside
from showing that he used similar language when introducing his discussion of these
impairments, Rucker does not develop any argument as to these impairments.
Consequently, any argument is forfeited. Krell v. Saul, 931 F.3d 582, 586 n.1 (7th Cir. 2019).
The court does not find any further error in the ALJ’s decision.
5. Conclusion
The ALJ erred when he failed to explain the basis for his conclusion that Rucker
would be able to have frequent interaction with her supervisors but only occasional
interaction with her coworkers or the public. The ALJ also failed to account for Rucker’s
moderate limitation in concentration, persistence, and pace. For these reasons, remand is
required. On remand, it will also be necessary for the ALJ to assess Rucker’s alleged
absenteeism.
A direct award of benefits, however, is inappropriate because not all factual issues
have been resolved, see Israel v. Colvin, 840 F.3d 432, 441-42 (7th Cir. 2016), and the
evidence is not such that it “can yield but one supportable conclusion.” Martin v. Saul,
950 F.3d 369, 376 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Campbell v. Shalala, 988 F.2d 741, 744 (7th Cir.
1993)). Issues remain unresolved, including, for example, Rucker’s ability to interact with

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others or her ability to sit (compare Tr. 1018 (Fox’s opinion that Rucker could sit for at least
six hours per day) with 262 (Rucker’s statement she could sit for only one to three hours
per day); cf. Tr. 72-73 (Rucker testifying she may spend up to 18 hours a day in the
bathroom due to her Crohn’s disease)). Moreover, a vocational expert has not opined as
to whether there are jobs Rucker could perform given a moderate limitation in
concentration, persistence, and pace, and her other limitations. On remand, it may be
necessary to obtain an additional psychological consultative examination or review. The
exam here predated Rucker’s amended onset date. (Tr. 30.) The state agency
psychological consultants, who did not have the benefit of the complete record, then
largely relied on this consultative examination. (Tr. 31.)
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that the Commissioner’s decision is vacated, and
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), sentence four, this matter is remanded for further rulings
consistent with this decision. The Clerk shall enter judgment accordingly.
Dated at Milwaukee, Wisconsin this 16th day of February, 2021.

_________________________
WILLIAM E. DUFFIN
U.S. Magistrate Judge

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