Apple, Inc. v. Motorola, Inc. et al

Filing 97

Declaration of Carlos A. Rodriguez filed by Defendants Motorola Mobility, Inc., Motorola, Inc. re: 96 Claims Construction Initial Brief, 95 Motion Requesting Claims Construction (Attachments: # 1 Exhibit 1 - Patent No. 6,275,983, # 2 Exhibit 2 - Patent No. 5,969,705, # 3 Exhibit 3 - Patent No. 5,566,337, # 4 Exhibit 4 - Patent No. 5,455,599, # 5 Exhibit 5 - Patent No. 6,424,354, # 6 Exhibit 6 - Reissued Patent No. RE 39,486, # 7 Exhibit 7 - Patent No. 5,929,852, # 8 Exhibit 8 - Patent No. 5,946,647, # 9 Exhibit 9 - Patent No. 5,481,721, # 10 Exhibit 10 - Patent No. 6,493,002, # 11 Exhibit 11 - Patent No. 6,175,559, # 12 Exhibit 12 - Patent No. 5,490,230, # 13 Exhibit 13 - Patent No. 5,319,712, # 14 Exhibit 14 - Patent No. 5,572,193, # 15 Exhibit 15 - Excerpts from '983 Patent Prosecution History, # 16 Exhibit 16 - Excerpts from '354 Patent Prosecution History, # 17 Exhibit 17 - Excerpts from '486 Patent Prosecution History, # 18 Exhibit 18 - Excerpts from '230 Patent Prosecution History, # 19 Exhibit 19 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '983 Patent, # 20 Exhibit 20 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '705 Patent, # 21 Exhibit 21 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '337 Patent, # 22 Exhibit 22 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '599 Patent, # 23 Exhibit 23 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '354 Patent, # 24 Exhibit 24 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '486 Patent, # 25 Exhibit 25 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '852 Patent, # 26 Exhibit 26 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '647 Patent, # 27 Exhibit 27 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '721 Patent, # 28 Exhibit 28 - Apple's Infringement Contentions Claim Chart for '002 Patent, # 29 Exhibit 29 - Excerpts from NeXTSTEP Object-Oriented Programming and the Objective C Language, # 30 Exhibit 30 - July 30, 2010 ITC Order Construing Terms of Asserted Claims in Inv. No. 337-TA-704, # 31 Exhibit 31 - April 4, 2011 Joint Motion to Amend Filed in ITC Inv. No. 337-TA-710, # 32 Exhibit 32 - Excerpts from '002 Patent Prosecution History, # 33 Exhibit 33 - Patent No. 5,588,105, # 34 Exhibit 34 - Patent No. 5,659,693, # 35 Exhibit 35 - Henderson & Card Article, # 36 Exhibit 36 - Patent No. 5,202,961, # 37 Exhibit 37 - Patent App. No. 08/316,237) (Hansen, Scott)

EXHIBIT 12

lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll
US005490230A
United States Patent

[11]

Gerson et al.
[54]

Patent Number:

5,490,230

[45]

[19]

Date of Patent:

Feb. 6, 1996

4,969,192

DIGITAL SPEECH CODER HAVING
OPTIMIZED SIGNAL ENERGY
PARAMETERS

OTHER PUBLICATIONS

[76]

Inventors: Ira A. Gerson, 1120 Nottingham La.,
Hoffman Estates, Ill. 60195; Mark A.
Jasiuk, 6611 N. Hiawatha Ave.,
Chicago, Ill. 60646

[21]

Appl. No.: 361,474

[22]

Filed:

Dec. 22, 1994
Related U.S. Application Data

[63]

Continuation of Ser. No. 888,463, May 20, 1992, abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 422,927, Oct. 17,
1989, abandoned.

[51]
[52]
[58]

Int. Cl.6 ........................................................ G10L 3/02
U.S. Cl. .......................................... 395/2.34; 395/2.32
Field of Search ............................. 381/29-40; 395/2,
395/2.16, 2.25-2.32, 2.33, 2.34

[56]

References Cited

U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
4,817,157
4,868,867
4,899,385
4,910,781
4,932,061
4,933,957

3/1989
911989
2/1990
3/1990
6/1990
6/1990

Gerson ......................................
Davidson et al .........................
Ketchum et al ..........................
Ketchum et al ..........................
Kroon et al ...............................
Bottau et al ..............................

102

CODEBOOK

381/40
381/31
381/36
381/36
381/30
381129

Schroeder et al., "Code-Excited Linear Prediction (CELP):
High Quality Speech at Very Low Bit Rates", IEEE
ICASSP85, Mar. 26-29, 1985, Tampa, Fla., pp. 937-940.
"A Class of Analysis-by-Synthesis Predictive Coders For
High Quality Speech Coding At Rates Between 4.8 and 16
kbits/s" by Peter Kroon and Ed Deprettere, Feb., 1988 issue
of IEEE Journal On Selected Areas in Communications, pp.
353-363.
"Quantization Procedures for the Excitation in CELP Coders" by Peter Kroon and Bishnu Atal published in Apr. of
1987 by IEEE, pp. 1649-1652.
"High-Quality 4800 BPS Speech Coding for Real-Time
Applications" by Daniel Lin published, 3 pages.
Primary Examiner-David D. Knepper
Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Christopher P. Moreno
[57]

ABSTRACT

A speech coder and decoder methodology wherein pitch
excitation and codebook excitation source energies are represented by parameters that are readily transmissible with
minimal transmission capacity requirements. The parameters are the long term energy value, a short term correction
factor which is applied to the long term energy value to
match the short term energy, and proportionality factor(s)
that specify the relative energy contribution of the excitation
sources to the short term energy value.
9 Claims, 3 Drawing Sheets

PITCH FILTER
STATE

103

11/1990 Chen et al ................................ 381131

100

104

109

OUTPUT

No. 1

CODEBOOK
No. 2

LONG Eq(O) GV(cx, (3, 1'i)
TERM
GAIN
ENERGY
101 VECTOR
GAIN 1
GAIN 2
GAIN 3
111

LOOKUP
TABLE

Cj
•
rJ1
•

102
100

FIC.t

~

PITCH FILTER
STATE

~

;-

CODEBOOK

10J

)

No. 1

o OUTPUT

LONG Eq(O) GV(a, p,1T)
TERM
GAIN
ENERGY
VECTOR
------ GAIN 1
------GAIN 2
GAIN 3

CODEBOOK

104

=
"""'"

109

No. 2

~

?~~

1--"

-...=
-...=
~

202~

111

00.

=-

I'D

204

RF
UNIT

H

~

1--"

PARAMETER
DECODER

s,
100

20J

EXCITATION
SOURCE
200

FIC.2

206

LPC
FILTER

207

ADAPTIVE
PITCH
POSTFILTER

208

ADAPTIVE
SPECTRAL
POSTFILTER
211

~

POST
EMPHASIS
FILTER
212

...(Jl
~

=
=
\,C

...

N

~

U.S. Patent

Feb. 6, 1996

5,490,230

Sheet 2 of 3

FIG.3
PROVIDE SPEECH SAMPLE

301

t

302

DIGITIZE

t

SUBDIVIDE SAMPLE
INTO SELECTED PORTIONS

•

DETERMINE LONG TERM ENERGY
VALUE Eq(O} FOR SAMPLE

~·303
1-.
304

+

FOR A SELECTED PORTION, CALCULATE
FIRST PARAMETER (a} WITH RESPECT
TO LONG TERM ENERGY VALUE Eq(O)

- 305

t

SELECT AT LEAST ONE EXCITATION
COMPONENT AS CORRESPONDS TO
THE SPEECH SAMPLE

!"""

306

•

FOR THE SELECTED PORTION, DETERMINE
SECOND PARAMETER (~} BY CALUCLATING
RELATIVE CONTRIBU ION OF SELECTED 1- 307
EXCITATION COMPONENT(S) TO OVERALL
ENERGY VALUE FOR THAT SELECTED PORTION

•

VECTOR QUANTIZE FIRST AND SECOND
PARAMETERS TO DEVELOP
REPRESENTATIVE INFORMATION

1- 308

J
TRANSMIT REPRESENTATIVE INFORMATION

FIG.4
-PRIOR ART401

309

~
404

U.S. Patent

5,490,230

Sheet 3 of 3

Feb.6, 1996

FIC.5
500
5021

501..)
SUBFRAME 1

Eq{O) r-505
GV(a 1, p 1)
'506

5031

5041

SUBFRAME 2

SUBFRAME 3

SUBFRAME 4

GV(a2,p2)

GV{a3,p 3)

GV(a4,p4)

'507

'508

'

'509
/

FRAME

FIC.6
VECTOR
CODE
601

::::::

602

603\

0000000
0000001
0000010
0000011

0.20

1T

0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45

0.20
0.20
0.20

604\

{3

\
a

0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15

0.30
0.35

0.30
0.25

0.40
0.45

0.20
0.15

0

•
•
1111100

0.30

1111101

0.30
0.30
0.30

1111110
1111111

600

5,490,230
1

2

DIGITAL SPEECH CODER HAVING
OPTIMIZED SIGNAL ENERGY
PARAMETERS
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07,888,463, 5
filed May 20, 1992 and now abandoned which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/422,927, filed Oct. 17, 1989
and now abandoned.
TECHNICAL FIELD

10

This invention relates generally to speech coders, and
more particularly to digital speech coders that use gain
modifiable speech representation components.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Speech coders are known in the art. Some speech coders
convert analog voice samples into digitized representations,
and subsequently represent the spectral speech information
through use of linear predictive coding. Other speech coders
improve upon ordinary linear predictive coding techniques
by providing an excitation signal that is related to the
original voice signal.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,157 describes a digital speech coder
having an improved vector excitation source wherein a
codebook of codebook excitation vectors is accessed to
select an codebook excitation signal that best fits the available information, and is used to provide a recovered speech
signal that closely represents the original. In such a system,
pitch excitation information and codebook excitation information are developed and combined to provide a composite
signal that is then used to develop the recovered speech
information. Prior to combination of these signals, a gain
factor is applied to each, to cause the amount of energy
associated with each signal to be representational of the
amount of energy associated with the original voice components represented by these constituent parts.
The speech coder determines the appropriate gain factors
at the time of determining the appropriate pitch excitation
and codebook excitation information, and coded information
regarding all of these elements is then provided to the
decoder to allow reconstruction of the original speech information. In general, prior art speech coders have provided
this gain factor information to the decoder in discrete form.
This has been accomplished either by transmitting the
information in separate identifiable packets, or in other form
(such as by vector quantization) where, though combined for
purposes of transmission, are still effectively independent
from one another.
Prior art speech coding techniques leave considerable
room for improvement. The gain factor transmission methodology referred to above may require a considerable
amount of transmission medium capacity to accomodate
error protection (otherwise, errors that occur during transmission will corrupt the gain information, and this can result
in extremely annoying incorrect speech reproduction
results).
Accordingly, a need exists for a method of speech coding
that reduces demands on the transmission medium, while
simultaneously providing increased protection for gain factor information.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

gain information, including a first gain value that relates to
gain for a first component representative of a speech sample,
and a second gain value that relates to gain for a second
component of that speech sample. Pursuant to this method,
these gain values are processed to provide a first parameter
that relates to an overall energy value for the sample, and a
second parameter that is based, at least in part, on the
relative contribution of at least one of the first and second
gain values to the overall energy value for the sample.
Information regarding the first and second parameters is then
transmitted to a decoder.
In one embodiment of the invention, the gain information
can include at least a third gain value that relates to gain for
a third component of the sample. The processing of the gain
values will then produce a third parameter that is based, at
least in part, on the relative contribution of a different one of
the first, second, and third gain values to the overall energy
value.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first and second
parameters (and the third, if available) are vector quantized
to provide a code. This code then comprises the information
that is transmitted to the decoder.
In another aspect of the invention, the gain information
developed by the coder includes a first value that relates to
a long term energy value for the speech signal (for example,
an energy value that is pertinent to a plurality of samples or
to a single predetermined frame of speech information), and
a second value that relates to a short term energy value for
the signal (for example, a single sample or a subframe that
comprises a part of the predetermined frame), which second
value comprises a correction factor that can be applied to the
first value to adjust the first value for use with a particular
sample or subframe. The first value is transmitted from the
coder to the decoder at a first rate, and the second values are
transmitted at a second rate, wherein the second rate is more
frequent than the first rate. So configured, the more important information (the long term energy value) is transmitted
less frequently, and hence may be transmitted in a relatively
highly protected form without undue impact on the transmission medium capacity. The less important information
(the short term energy values) are transmitted more frequently, but since they are less important to reconstruction
of the signal, less protection is required and hence impact on
transmission medium capacity is again minimized.
In another embodiment of the invention, the speech
coder/decoder platform is located in a radio.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 comprises a block diagrammatic depiction of an
excitation source configured in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 2 comprises a block diagrammatic depiction of a
radio configured in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart depicting a speech coding method55 ology in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a radio transmitter employing
a speech coder;
FIG. 5 illustrates frame and subframe organization of
60 digitized speech samples; and
FIG. 6 is a chart showing portions of a vector quantized
signal energy parameter data base.

50

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE
INVENTION

This need and others is substantially met through provi- 65
U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,157, entitled "Digital Speech Coder
sion of the speech coding methodology disclosed herein.
This speech coding methodology results in the production of
Having Improved Vector Excitation Source," as issued to Ira

5,490,230

3

4

Gerson on Mar. 28, 1989 is incorporated herein by this
reference. This reference describes in significant detail a
digital speech coder that makes use of a vector excitation
source that includes a codebook of codebook excitation code
vectors.
As detailed in the above noted reference, this invention
can be embodied in a speech coder (or decoder) that makes
use of an appropriate digital signal processor such as a
Motorola DSP56000 family device. The computational
functions of such a DSP embodiment are represented in FIG.
1 as a block diagram equivalent circuit.
A pitch excitation filter state (102) provides a pitch
excitation signal that comprises an intermediate pitch excitation vector. A multiplier (106) receives this pitch excitation
vector and applies a GAIN 1 scale factor. When properly
implemented, the resultant scaled pitch excitation vector
will have an energy that corresponds to the energy of the
pitch information in the original speech information. If
improperly implemented, of course, the energy of the pitch
information will differ from the original sample; significant
energy differences can lead to substantial distortion of the
resultant reproduced speech sample.
A first codebook (103) includes a set of basis vectors that
can be linearly combined to form a plurality of resultant
excitation signals. The coder functions generally to select
whichever of these codebook excitation sources best represents the corresponding component of the original speech
information. The decoder, of course, utilizes whichever of
the codebook excitation sources is identified by the coder to
reconstruct the speech signal. (The pitch excitation signal
and codebook selections are, of course, identified in corresponding component definitions for the sample being processed.) As with the pitch excitation information, a multiplier (107) receives the codebook excitation information and
applies GAIN 2 as a scaling factor. Application of GAIN 2
functions to properly scale the energy of the codebook
excitation signal to cause correspondence with the actual
energy in the original signal that accords with this speech
information component.
If desired, a particular application of this approach may
utilize additional codebooks (104) that contain additional
excitation signals. The output of these additional codebooks
will also be scaled by an appropriate multiplier (108) using
appropriate scaling factors (such as GAIN 3) to achieve the
same purposes as those outlined above.
Once provided and properly scaled, the pitch excitation
and codebook excitation information can be summed (109)
and provided to an LPC filter to yield a resultant speech
signal. In a coder, this resultant signal will be compared with
the original signal, and the process repeated with other
codebook contents, to identify the excitation source that
provides a resultant signal that most closely corresponds to
the original signal. The pitch and codebook information will
then be coded and transmitted to the decoder by a transmission medium of choice. FIG. 4 illustrates this transmission
process in block diagram form. Speech samples are provided
to a speech coder (402), such as the one discussed above,
through an associated microphone (401). The output of the
speech coder (403) is then coupled to a radio transmitter
(403), well-known in the art, where the speech coder output
signals are used to generate a modulated RF carrier (405)
that can be transmitted through a suitable antenna structure
(404). In a decoder, this resultant signal will be further
processed to render the digitized information into audible
form, thereby completing reconstruction of the voice signal.
Prior to describing this embodiment of the invention from
the standpoint of a coder, it will be helpful to first explain the
decoding process.

A gain control (101) function provides the GAIN 1 and
GAIN 2 information (and, in an appropriate application, the
GAIN 3 information as well). This gain information is
provided as a function of the actual energy of the recovered
pitch excitation and codebook excitation signals, a long term
energy value as provided by the coder, and a gain vector
provided by the coder that supplies a short term correction
value for the long term energy value.
The energy of the pitch excitation and codebook excitation signals that are output from the pitch excitation filter
state (102) and the codebook(s) (103 and 104) (i.e., the
pre-components) can be readily determined by the gain
control (101). In general, the energy of these signals, both as
divided between the two (or three) signals and as viewed in
the aggregate, will not properly reflect the energies in the
original signal. This energy information is therefore necessary to know in order to determine the amount of energy
correction that will be required. This energy correction is
accomplished by adjusting GAIN 1 and GAIN 2 (and GAIN
3 if applicable). This correction occurs on a subframe by
subframe basis.
This process of calculating the energy of the pitch excitation and codebook excitation signals in the decoder provides an important advantage. In particular, previous transmission errors that would result in improper energy of the
pitch excitation signal will be compensated for by explicitly
calculating the energy of the pitch excitation in the decoder.
For purposes of this description, it will be presumed that
an original speech sample (or at least a portion thereof) is
digitized, and that the resultant digital information is divided
as necessary into frames and subframes of data, all in
accordance with well understood prior art technique. In this
description, it will also be presumed that each frame is
comprised of four subframes. So configured, the long term
energy value comprises an energy value that is generally
representative of a single frame, and the short term correction value constitutes a correction factor that corresponds to
a single subframe. The approximate residual energy (EE)
pertaining to a specific subframe can be generally determined by:

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

EE

Eq(O)
(FILTER POWER GAIN) (N_.SUBS)

45

where:
Eq(O)=quantized long term signal energy for total frame,
and FILTER POWER GAIN may be computed from LPC
filter information that corresponds to an energy increase
imposed by the filter, as well understood in the art and
50 N_SUBS is the number of subframes per frame.
GAIN 1 can then be calculated as:

A=~ EEa~
E,(O)
55

where:
o:=a first vector parameter;
f3=a second vector parameter; and
Ex(O)=unweighted pitch energy information.
60 Details regarding o: and ~ will be provided below when
describing the coding function. E)O) constitutes the energy
of the signal that is output by the pitch excitation filter state
(102). Ex(O) is therefore the energy for the pitch excitation
vector prior to being scaled by the GAIN 1 value as applied
65 via the multiplier (106). Ex(O) in the denominator of A
normalizes the energy in the unweighted pitch excitation
vector to unity, while the numerator of A imposes the desired

5,490,230
5

6

energy onto the pitch excitation vector. In the numerator, the
term EE (the estimate of the subframe residual energy based
on the long term signal energy) is scaled by a to match the
short term energy in the excitation signal, with ~ specifying
the fraction of the energy in the combined excitation signal
due to the pitch excitation vector. Finally, taking the square
root of the expression yields the gain.
In a similar manner, GAIN 2 can be calculated as:

FIG. 5 illustrates how a complete frame of digitized
speech samples, generally depicted by the numeral 500, is
divided into subframes. As mentioned previously, each
frame is divided into four subframes (501-504). The quan5 tized signal energy value Eq(O) (505), calculated for each
complete frame of digitized speech samples, is transmitted
once per frame. The a and ~ parameters, indicated in the
figure as part of a gain vector (GV) (506-509) are transmitted for every subframe.
In this embodiment, the coder does not actually transmit
B =~ EEa(1- p)
10
Ex(1)
the three parameters a, ~, and 1t to the decoder. Instead,
these parameters are vector quantized, and a representative
a and ~ are as described above. Ex(1) comprises the
code that identifies the result is transmitted to the decoder.
unweighted codebook excitation information that correPortions of a vector quantized signal energy parameter data
sponds to the energy as actually output from the first
base, generally depicted by the numeral 600, are shown in
15 FIG. 6. The data base comprises a set of seven-bit reprecodebook (111).
With GAIN 1 and GAIN 2 calculated as determined
sentative codes or vectors (601), and a set of associated
above, the pitch excitation and codebook excitation inforsignal energy parameters. There are 128 possible vector
mation will be properly scaled, both with respect to their
codes (601) in this example, with each vector code having
values visa vis one another, and as a composite result
an associated a,~' and 1t parameter (602-604). The decimal
provided at the output of the summation function (109), 20
numbers shown in the figure are for example purposes only,
thereby providing appropriate recovered components of the
and would have to be selected in practice to compliment all
signal. In a decoder that makes use of one or more additional
of the particulars of a specific application. Since the coder
excitation codebooks (104), the additional scale factors (for
will not likely be able to transmit a code that represents a
example, GAIN 3), can be determined in similar manner.
A coder embodiment of the invention will now be 25 vector that exactly emulates the original vector, some error
will likely be introduced into the representation at this point.
described.
To minimize the impact of such an error, the coder calculates
As referred to earlier, a quantized signal energy value
an ERROR value for each and every vector code available
Eq(O) can be calculated for a complete frame of digitized
to it, and selects the vector code that yields the minimum
speech samples. This value is transmitted from the coder to
the decoder from time to time as appropriate to provide the 30 error. For each vector code (which yields a related value for
decoder with this information. This information does not
a and ~. presuming here for the sake of example a single
need to be transmitted with each subframe's information,
codebook coder), this ERROR value can be calculated as
however. Therefore, since this long term information can be
follows:
sent less frequently, this information can be relatively well
protected through error coding and the like. Although this
ERROR= Ev -11 ~ - i \j a(1 - ~) +
requires more transmission capacity, the overall impact on 35
capacity is relatively benign due to the relatively infrequent
+ Ka~+ /..a(1- ~)
transmission of this information.
As also referred to earlier, the long term energy informawhere:
tion as pertains to a frame must be modified for each
particular subframe to better represent the energy in that 40
subframe. This modification is made as a function, in part,
11 = 2Epc(0) ~
of the short term correction parameter a.
The coder develops these parameters a and ~, in turn, as
i = 2Epc(1) ~ E~~)
a function of the energy content of the pitch excitation and
codebook excitation information signals as developed in the 45
2Ecc(0,1)EE
coder. In particular, a comprises a scale factor by which the
cjl
\j Ex(O)E,(1)
long term energy information should be scaled to yield the
sum of the pitch excitation information energy, codebook 1
EEEcc(O,O)
excitation, and the codebook 2 excitation in a particular
K=
Ex(O)
subframe. ~, however, comprises a ratio; in this embodi- 50
EE Ecc(1,1)
ment, ~ comprises the ratio of the pitch excitation informa"-=
Ex(1)
tion energy for the subframe in question to the sum of the
energies attributable to the pitch excitation information,
In the above equations, Ev represents the subframe energy
codebook 1, and codebook 2 excitations. In a similar manner, and presuming again the presence of a second code- 55 in an ideal signal. Therefore, the closer the selected reprebook, a third parameter 1t can represent the ratio of the
sentative parameters represent the original parameters, the
energy of the first codebook energy to the sum of the
smaller the error. Epc(O) represents the correlation between
energies attributable to the pitch excitation information,
the ideal signal and the weighted pitch information excitacodebook 1, and codebook 2 excitations.
tion. Epc(1) represents the correlation between the ideal
So processed, the first parameter a relates to an overall 60 signal and the weighted codebook excitation. Ecc(0,1) repenergy value for the signal sample, and the second (and
resents the correlation between the weighted pitch informathird, if used) parameter ~ relates, at least in part, to the
tion excitation and the weighted codebook excitation. And
relative contribution of one of the excitation signals to the
finally, Ecc(O,O) represents the energy in the weighted pitch
overall energy value. Therefore, to some extent, the paramexcitation, and EcJ1,1) represents the energy in the
eters a, ~. and 1t are interrelated to one another. This 65 weighted codebook excitation. (Weighted excitations are the
interrelationship contributes to the improved performance
excitation signals after processing by a perceptual weighting
and encoding efficiency of this coding and decoding method.
filter as known in the art.)

--!frsJ

5,490,230

7
When the vector code that yields the smallest ERROR
value has been identified, that vector code is then transmitted
to the decoder. When received, the decoder uses the vector
code to access a vector code database and thereby recover
values for the a, ~. and 1t (if present) parameters, which 5
parameters are then used as explained above to calculate
GAIN 1, GAIN 2, and GAIN 3 (if used).
By use of this methodology, a number of important
benefits are obtained. For example, the long term energy
value, which may be relatively heavily protected during 10
transmission, will ensure that the recovered voice information will be generally properly reconstructed from the standpoint of energy information, even if the short term correction
factor information is lost or corrupted. The computation of,
and compensation for, the pitch energy at the decoder 15
significantly reduces error propagation of the pitch excitation.
Further, the interrelationship of the original gain information as represented in the a, ~. and 1t parameters allows
for a greater condensation of information, and concurrently 20
further minimizes transmission capacity requirements to
support transmittal of this information. As a result, this
methodology yields improved reconstructed speech results
with a concurrent reduced transmission capacity require25
ment.
The flowchart of FIG. 3 provides a concise representation
of method steps used to code and transmit a succession of
speech samples in the manner taught by the present invention. As discussed previously, a speech sample is provided to
a speech coder (block 301) and digitized (302). In the next 30
step (303), the sample is subdivided into selected portions or
subframes.
In the subsequent operation (304), a long term energy
value Eq(O) is determined for the sample. Then (305), for a
selected portion of the sample, a first parameter a is calcu- 35
lated with respect to the long term energy value. As suggested in the discussion above, this first parameter a may be
a scale factor that relates the long term energy value to the
overall energy in a particular subframe.
In the next step (306), at least one excitation component 40
as corresponds to the speech sample is selected. This excitation component may be the pitch excitation information
energy for a particular subframe. After this component is
selected, the next operation (307) determines a second
parameter ~ by calculating the relative contribution of this 45
selected excitation component (or components) to the overall energy value for that subframe.
The subsequent operation (308) vector quantizes the first
and second parameters in order to develop representative
information. Vector quantizing, of course, yields a represen- 50
tative code that identifies the information. This results in
significant information compression when compared to the
first and second parameters themselves. Finally (309), the
representative information is transmitted.
In FIG. 2, a radio embodying the invention includes an 55
antenna (202) for receiving a speech coded signal (201). An
RF unit (203) processes the received signal to recover the
speech coded information. This information is provided to a
parameter decoder (204) that develops control parameters
for various subsequent processes. An excitation source (100) 60
as described above utilizes the parameters provided to it to
create an excitation signal. This resultant excitation signal
from the excitation source (100) is provided to an LPC filter
(206) which yields a synthesized speech signal in accordance with the coded information. The synthesized speech 65
signal is then pitch postfiltered (207), and spectrally postfiltered (208) to enhance the quality of the reconstructed

8
speech. If desired, a post emphasis filter (209) can also be
included to further enhance the resultant speech signal. The
speech signal is then processed in an audio processing unit
(211) and rendered audible by an audio transducer (212).
We claim:
1. A method for transmitting information that relates to
gain information, which gain information is to be applied to
excitation information that corresponds to a speech sample,
wherein the gain information includes;
a first gain value to be applied to a first excitation
component, which first excitation component represents a first voice component of the speech sample,
which first voice component has a first energy value;
at least a second gain value to be applied to a second
excitation component, which second excitation component represents a second voice component of the
speech sample, which second voice component has a
second energy value;
the method comprising the steps of:
A) providing a speech sample;
B) digitizing the speech sample to provide a frame of
information comprising at least one subframe;
C) determining total energy of the frame of information
to provide a long term energy value;
D) determining an overall energy value for a subframe
of the at least one subframe;
E) providing a first parameter, wherein the first parameter is proportional to the overall energy value and
inversely proportional to the long term energy value;
F) providing a second parameter, wherein the second
parameter is proportional to the first energy value
and inversely proportional to the overall energy
value; and
G) transmitting information related to the long term
energy value and the first and second parameters.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein:
the gain information includes at least a third gain value
that relates to gain to be applied to a third excitation
component, which third excitation component represents a third voice component of the speech sample,
which third voice component has a third energy value;
the method includes the additional step, before step G),
of:
Fl) providing a third parameter, wherein the third
parameter is proportional to the second energy value
and inversely proportional to the overall energy
value;
the step of transmitting information includes transmission
of information relating to the third parameter.
3. The method of claim 1 further including the step of
vector quantizing at least the first parameter and second
parameter information to provide a code.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of transmitting
includes transmitting the code.
5. A method for transmitting information that relates to
gain information for a speech sample, comprising the sleds
of:
A) providing a speech sample;
B) digitizing the speech sample to provide a frame of
information comprising at least one subframe;
C) determining a first value comprising a long term
energy value for the frame of information;
D) determining at least a second value, wherein the
second value is proportional to an overall energy value
and inversely proportional to the long term energy

5,490,230
9

10

value, wherein the overall energy value is determined
F) determining a gain value that is proportional to the long
for a subframe of the at least one subframe;
term energy value and inversely proportional to the
energy value; and
E) transmitting, at a first rate, information relating to the
first value; and
G) applying the gain value to the pre-component to
F) transmitting, at a second rate more frequent than the 5
provide a recovered component of the speech sample.
first rate, information relating to the second value.
8. A radio that receives speech coded information and that
6. A method for recovering information that relates to gain
synthesizes speech in response thereto, comprising:
information for excitation components of a speech sample,
A) RF means for receiving and demodulating a radio
wherein the speech sample is digitized to provide a frame of
signal that includes speech coded information;
information comprising at least one subframe, the method 10
comprising the steps of:
B) excitation source means operably coupled to the RF
A) receiving at least one parameter comprising a log term
means for receiving the speech coded information; and
energy value for the frame of information;
for:
1) extracting from the speech coded information at least
B) receiving excitation component definition information 15
one parameter comprising a long term energy value
for at least one excitation component;
for information, wherein a speech sample is digitized
C) processing the excitation component definition inforto provide the frame of information comprising at
mation to provide a pre-component, which pre-compolast one subframe;
nent has an energy value;
2) extracting from the speech coded information exciD) determining a gain value that is proportional to the 20
tation component definition information for at least
long term energy value and inversely proportional to
one excitation component;
the energy value; and
3) processing the excitation component definition
E) applying the gain value to the pre-component, to
information to provide a pre-component, which preprovide a recovered excitation component of the speech
component has an energy value;
25
sample.
4) determining a gain value that is proportional to the
7. A method for recovering information that relates to gain
long term energy value and inversely proportional to
information for excitation components of a speech sample,
the energy value;
wherein the speech sample is digitized to provide a frame of
5) applying the gain value to the pre-component to
information comprising at least one subframe, the method
30
comprising the steps of:
provide a recovered component of the speech
sample;
A) receiving a radio signal;
6) providing an excitation signal using the recovered
B) demodulating the radio signal to provide a recovered
component; and
signal;
C) LPC filter means for receiving the excitation signal and
C) extracting from the recovered signal at least one 35
for providing a synthesized speech signal in response
parameter comprising a long term energy value for the
thereto.
frame of information;
9. The radio of claim 8, and further comprising:
D) extracting from the recovered signal excitation component definition information for at least one excitation
A) audio processing means operably coupled to the LPC
40
component;
filter means for rendering the synthesized speech signal
audible.
E) processing the excitation component definition information to provide a pre-component, which pre-component has an energy value;
* * * * *

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
PATENTNO. :

5,490,230

DATED

February 6, 1996

INVENTOR(S) :

Ira A. Gerson; Mark A. Jasiuk

It is c:aliliud 1Mt error appears in the above-identified patent and that said letters Patent is hereby
ctiiecllll . . . . . llelow:

Column 8, line 57, the "WOrd 1Jsleds 11 should be -steps--.
Column 9, line 12, the "WOrd "log" should be -long-.
Coiumn 10, line 15, please insert - a frarce of-- after "for".
Column 10, line 23, please Oelete "an" and inSert - a pre-c:x:IIJtX)nentafter "has II o
Column 10, line 26, please insert --pre-cx::rt{:Onent-- after "the" •

Signed and Sealed this

Third Day of September, 1900
Attest:

BRUCE LEHMAN

Attesting Officer

Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
,

,

PATENTNO.

5 490 230

DATED
INVENTOR(S) :

February 6, 1996
Ira A. Gerson and Mark A. Jasiuk

It is certified that error appears in the above-indentified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby
corrected as shown below:

Column 10, line 17, the word "last" should be --least--.

Signed and Sealed this

First Day of October, 1996

Attest:
BRUCE LEHMAN

Attesting Officer

Commissioner of Parenrs and Trademarks