Blitz, Thomas et al v. Monsanto Company et al
Filing
65
ORDER granting in part and denying in part 10 Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs' Complaint. Signed by District Judge William M. Conley on 4/13/2018. (jls)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN
THOMAS BLITZ,
Plaintiff,
OPINION AND ORDER
v.
17-cv-473-wmc
MONSANTO COMPANY,
Defendant.
Plaintiff Thomas Blitz filed this putative class action against Monsanto Company,
alleging that the label on its product includes the following false, misleading and
deceptive statement: “Glyphosate targets an enzyme found in plants but not in people or
pets.” (See Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 34.) Presently before the court is defendant’s motion to
dismiss. (Dkt. #10.) For the reasons discussed below, that motion is granted in part and
denied in part.
FACTS 1
Plaintiff Thomas Blitz resides in Waunakee, Wisconsin. (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 22.)
He purchased Roundup from a Home Depot store. (Id.) Blitz alleges that the statement
on the label intimating that Roundup was safe to use around people and pets induced
him to purchase the product, and that he suffered pecuniary loss as a result. (Id. at ¶ 22,
¶75.)
Monsanto Company is a Delaware corporation headquartered in Missouri. (Id. at
In resolving a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the court takes all of the factual
allegations in the complaint as true and draws all inferences in plaintiff’s favor. Killingsworth v.
HSBC Bank Nev., 507 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir. 2007).
1
¶ 18.) Monsanto manufactures Roundup®, a weed and grass-killing product. 2 (Compl.
(dkt. #1) ¶ 1.) The active ingredient in Roundup is glyphosate, (Id. at ¶ 2), which kills
weeds and grasses by inhibiting the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
(“EPSP”) synthase, thus disrupting one of the steps in the so-called “shikimate
pathway.” 3 (Id. at ¶ 29.)
Roundup’s label reads: “DID
YOU KNOW?
Glyphosate targets an enzyme found in
plants but not in people or pets.” (Id. at ¶ 35.) The Environmental Protection Agency
(“EPA”) has registered glyphosate as a pesticide since 1974, and it renewed that
registration in 1993. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 12.) The EPA also approved the
Roundup labels at issue as (1) EPA Reg. No. 71995-25; (2) EPA Reg. No. 71995-29; and
(3) EPA Reg. No. 71995-33. (Id.) Each label includes the same statement “Glyphosate
targets an enzyme found in plants but not in people or pets.” (Id. at 13.)
The parties appear to agree that EPSP is not found in human and animal cells as
evidenced by the absence of the shikimate pathway. (See Br. in Opp. (dkt. #31) 6; accord
Reply (dkt. #41) 8.) Taking plaintiff’s allegations as true, however, EPSP is found in
bacteria that inhabit the human and other mammalian guts. (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 30.)
OPINION
Defendant seeks dismissal of plaintiff’s claims for failure to state a claim.
Plaintiff purports in referring to “Roundup” to include any and all products sold by Monsanto
under that trademark.
2
The shikimate pathway is a multi-step chemical pathway that creates amino acids that plants
need to live. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 13.) By disrupting this pathway, glyphosate kills
plants. (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 29.)
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2
A
motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) is designed to test the complaint’s legal
sufficiency. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Dismissal is warranted only if no recourse could
be granted under any set of facts consistent with the allegations. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
U.S. 662 (2009); Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 (2007). “To survive a
motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6),” a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to “‘state a
claim for relief that is plausible on its face.’” Spierer v. Rossman, 798 F.3d 502, 510 (7th
Cir. 2015) (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). As this court has previously emphasized,
the motion to dismiss phase of the proceedings “is not an opportunity for the court to
find facts or weigh evidence.” My Health, Inc. v. Gen. Elec. Co., No. 15-CV-80-JDP, 2015
WL 9474293, at *2 (W.D. Wis. Dec. 28, 2015). The court must “tak[e] all factual
allegations as true and draw[] all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiffs.” Pugh v.
Tribune Co., 521 F.3d 686, 692 (7th Cir. 2008).
Defendant makes four arguments in support of its motion to dismiss: (1) federal
law expressly preempts plaintiff’s claims; (2) the Roundup label is not false or misleading
as a matter of law; (3) the breach of express warranty claim fails because plaintiff failed to
give proper notice; and (4) the unjust enrichment claim fails because plaintiff did not
confer a benefit on defendant.
Defendant also challenges plaintiff’s request for
certification of a national class under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 23(a) and (b)(3).
I. Personal Jurisdiction
Because this is a court of limited jurisdiction, the court begins there.
The
complaint originally alleged violations of six different states’ deceptive trade practices
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laws on behalf of six putative class representatives, including Blitz, a Wisconsinite, and
five non-resident plaintiffs.
(Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶¶ 22-27.)
However, in light of the
Supreme Court’s decision in Bristol-Myers Squibb v. Super. Ct. of California, 137 S.Ct. 1780
(2017), the five non-resident plaintiffs were dismissed voluntarily.
(See dkt. #43.)
Having rendered moot defendant’s argument that the court lacks personal jurisdiction
over the claims of the five non-Wisconsin plaintiffs, two jurisdictional questions remain:
(1) whether the court has personal jurisdiction over the claims asserted by Blitz; and (2)
whether the court has personal jurisdiction over a nationwide class action.
As to named-plaintiff Blitz’s claims, this court clearly has personal jurisdiction.
Blitz is a Wisconsin resident. (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 22.) He purchased Roundup from a
Home Depot store in Wisconsin. (Id.) Because that transaction creates an “affiliation
between the forum and the underlying controversy, principally, [an] activity or an
occurrence that takes place in the forum State,” Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S.Ct. at 1781
(quoting Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown, 564 U.S. 915, 919 (2011)), this
court may exercise specific personal jurisdiction over Blitz’s claims against Monsanto.
Indeed, defendant does not contest that the court has personal jurisdiction over Blitz’s
claims against it. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 9.)
As to plaintiff’s apparent desire to have certified a nationwide class of persons who
purchased Roundup under Rules 23(a) and 23(b)(3) of the Federal Rules (Compl. (dkt.
#1) 31), defendant argues that this court may not exercise specific personal jurisdiction
over the claims of non-resident plaintiffs under Bristol-Myers Squibb, including as
members of a putative nationwide class. (Reply (dkt. #41) 7.) However, Bristol-Myers
4
Squibb concerned the power of a state court to exercise specific personal jurisdiction over
non-resident class members, expressly leaving open the question “whether the Fifth
Amendment imposes the same restrictions on the exercise of personal jurisdiction by a
federal court.” Bristol-Myers Squibb, 137 S.Ct. at 1784 (emphasis added). Because this
question need not be decided now, and the court would no doubt benefit from greater
factual and legal briefing before resolving, the court will also reserve judgment on the
question of whether it can exercise personal jurisdiction over the claims of a nationwide
class, at this time. 4
II. Preemption
Defendant also argues that plaintiff’s claims are preempted by the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (“FIFRA”), 7 U.S.C. § 136 et seq., because the
EPA registered glyphosate and approved the Roundup label. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt.
#12) 27-30.) Under FIFRA, all pesticides must be registered with the EPA before sale or
distribution.
7 U.S.C. § 136a(a).
The EPA then registers a pesticide if its labeling
complies with FIFRA’s requirements, 7 U.S.C. § 136a(c)(5)(B), meaning that the EPA
will not register a “misbranded” pesticide.
7 U.S.C. § 136(q)(1)(A).
A pesticide is
“misbranded” if “its labeling bears any statement, design, or graphic representation
The court recognizes that delaying a determination of this question of personal jurisdiction may
delay a determination of the amount in controversy under CAFA. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(2)(A),
(5)(B) (diversity under CAFA is met if “any member of a class of [at least 100] plaintiffs is a
citizen of a state different from any defendant,” and more than $5,000,000 is at issue). However,
the determination whether the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional threshold is made
at the time the case is filed. Grinnell Mut. Reinsurance Co. v. Shierk, 121 F.3d 1114, 1116 (7th Cir.
1997) (“[I]f the amount in controversy exceeds the jurisdictional amount when a suit is filed in
federal court, the fact that subsequent events reduce the total amount in controversy will not
divest the court of diversity jurisdiction.” (citations omitted)).
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relative thereto or to its ingredients which is false or misleading in any particular.” Id.
Finally, registration constitutes prima facie evidence that the pesticide’s labeling complies
with FIFRA’s requirements, but registration may not serve as a defense to any FIFRA
violation. 7 U.S.C. § 136a(f)(2).
FIFRA also includes an express preemption statement, which reads:
(a) In general
A State may regulate the sale or use of any federally registered
pesticide or device in the State, but only if and to the extent
the regulation does not permit any sale or use prohibited by
this subchapter.
(b) Uniformity
Such State shall not impose or continue in effect any
requirements for labeling or packaging in addition to or
different from those required under this subchapter.
7 U.S.C. § 136v(a)-(b).
The United States Supreme Court has devised a two-part test to determine
whether FIFRA preempts a state rule: “First, it must be a requirement ‘for labeling or
packaging’; rules governing the design of a product, for example, are not preempted.
Second, it must impose a labeling or packaging requirement that is ‘in addition to or
different from those required under this subchapter.’” Bates v. Dow Agrosciences LLC, 544
U.S. 431, 444 (2005) (emphasis in original); see also 7 U.S.C. § 136v(b). Thus, if a statelaw requirement is equivalent to that under FIFRA, the state law survives preemption.
Bates, 544 U.S. at 453.
Even where the state-law requirement imposes a broader
obligation than a FIFRA requirement, the state law is preempted only “to the extent of
that difference.”
Id.
Moreover, the state-law requirement need not be linguistically
identical to the FIFRA requirement, only substantively equivalent. Id. at 454.
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In light of the Bates test, district courts presiding over similar cases involving
Roundup have reached a consensus that FIFRA preempts any injunctive relief, which
would necessarily impose a labeling requirement “in addition to or different from” that
under FIFRA, but that FIFRA does not preempt claims for damages under state law. See,
e.g., Carias v. Monsanto Co., No. 15CV3677JMAGRB, 2016 WL 6803780, at *3-*4, *7
(E.D.N.Y. Sept. 30, 2016); Sheppard v. Monsanto Co., No. 16-00043 JMS-RLP, 2016 WL
3629074, at *7 (D. Haw. June 29, 2016); Giglio v. Monsanto Co., No. 15CV2279
BTM(NLS), 2016 WL 1722859, at *2 (S.D. Cal. Apr. 29, 2016); Hardeman v. Monsanto
Co., 216 F. Supp. 3d 1037, 1039 (N.D. Cal. 2016); Mirzaie v. Monsanto Co., No.
CV1504361DDPFFMX, 2016 WL 146421, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 12, 2016), appeal
dismissed (Apr. 4, 2016). However imperfect, the court is inclined to follow the general
demarcation suggested in these decisions with some nuances. 5
Applying the reasoning in these cases, defendant argues first that plaintiff’s statelaw cause of action necessarily imposes requirements “in addition to or different from”
FIFRA’s requirements. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 27-30.) Specifically, under the
Wisconsin Deceptive Trade Practices Act (“WDTPA”):
No . . . corporation . . . with intent to sell, distribute, increase
the consumption of . . . any merchandise . . . or with intent to
induce the public in any manner to . . . purchase . . .
For example, the court addresses below the obvious objection by defendant that imposition of
monetary damages or sanctions for labeling could be viewed as the equivalent of a “requirement.”
Similarly, while under FIFRA, only the EPA may order a label change, to the extent that any of
these decisions imply that other types of relief are necessarily preempted by FIFRA, the court
disagrees. For example, “[p]rivate remedies that enforce federal misbranding requirements would
seem to aid, rather than hinder, the functioning of FIFRA.” Bates, 544 U.S. at 451 (emphasis
added); see also Hardeman, 216 F. Supp. 3d at 1038 (“[T]he EPA's authority to enforce FIFRA
does not prohibit private litigants from also enforcing that statute.”).
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merchandise . . . shall make, publish, disseminate, circulate,
or place before the public . . . [a] label . . . which is untrue,
deceptive or misleading.
Wis. Stat. § 100.18(1). So, the question arguably remains whether this requirement is
“in addition to or different from” FIFRA’s requirements. Notably, WDTPA’s prohibition
on “untrue, deceptive or misleading” representations is linguistically similar to FIFRA’s
prohibition on “misbranded” pesticides -- those whose “labeling bears any statement,
design, or graphic representation relative thereto or to its ingredients which is false or
misleading in any particular.” 7 U.S.C. § 136(q)(1)(A). Substantively, § 100.18(1) of
the WDTPA does not appear to require anything different or additional. Under Bates,
therefore, the two statutes’ requirements are “equivalent.” As a result, the court thus
rejects defendant’s first preemption argument.
Defendant next insists that what plaintiff is really seeking is injunctive relief in the
form of a label change. In this respect, defendant argues that Mirzaie is controlling, since
the Mirzaie court dismissed the entire complaint with prejudice after concluding that the
plaintiffs sought “to impose a labeling requirement different or in addition to that
required under FIFRA.” 2016 WL 146421, at *2(; see Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12)
28-29). However, in Mirzaie, the plaintiffs sued under California’s False Advertising Law,
Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17500, which only provides for injunctive relief to private
individuals, not an award of monetary damages. 2016 WL 146421, at *2 n.2. Thus, the
relief requested by the Mirzaie plaintiffs fell squarely under FIFRA’s express preemption.
In contrast, the WDTPA authorizes the award of monetary damages to private
individuals. Wis. Stat. § 100.18(11)(b)2. Therefore, the court finds that Mirzaie does
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not apply to the extent plaintiff is seeking monetary damages. 6
Defendant next argues that the distinction between injunctive and other kinds of
relief is irrelevant to FIFRA preemption because “Monsanto’s only options are to change
its label or else continue to face legal action,” if plaintiff is successful. (Reply (dkt. #41)
12 n.4 (emphasis omitted).) As a practical matter, this argument has some force except
that the Supreme Court foreclosed this line of argument in Bates:
The prohibitions in § 136v(b) apply only to “requirements.”
An occurrence that merely motivates an optional decision
does not qualify as a requirement. The Court of Appeals was
therefore quite wrong when it assumed that any event, such
as a jury verdict, that might “induce” a pesticide
manufacturer to change its label should be viewed as a
requirement.
544 U.S. at 443. Although a verdict awarding damages in favor of plaintiff might well
motivate defendant to change Roundup’s label, the Bates Court held such a verdict does
not create the kind of legal “requirement” prohibited under FIFRA’s preemption
statement. Id.; see also 7 U.S.C. § 136v(b).
Finally, to the extent that defendant is arguing that the EPA's registration of
glyphosate and approval of the Roundup label carry any preemptive force, defendant is
simply mistaken. Again, while registration of a pesticide constitutes prima facie evidence
The other cases defendant offers in support of this preemption argument are also inapposite. See
Wilgus v. Hartz Mountain Corp., No. 3:12-CV-86, 2013 WL 653707 (N.D. Ind. Feb. 19, 2013);
Smith v. Hartz Mountain Corp., No. 3:12-CV-00662, 2012 WL 5451726 (N.D. Ohio Nov. 7,
2012). The Wilgus and Smith plaintiffs made failure-to-warn arguments and alleged inadequate
labeling. See, e.g., Smith, 2012 WL 5451726, at *3 (“UltraGuard Powder ‘was defective due to
inadequate warning or instruction on the product or container.’” (emphasis added)). Here,
plaintiff does not challenge the adequacy of Roundup’s labels, alleging rather that the label is
“untrue, deceptive or misleading.” (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 74.) Furthermore, while Wilgus and
Smith both mention that registration of a pesticide is prima facie evidence of compliance with
FIFRA, see, e.g., Wilgus, 2013 WL 653707, at *4, neither case addresses the fact that registration
may not serve as a defense for any FIFRA violation, 7 U.S.C. § 136a(f)(2).
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that the pesticide’s labeling complies with FIFRA, registration may not serve as a defense
to a FIFRA violation. 7 U.S.C. § 136a(f)(2). Similarly, there is no “indication that the
EPA’s approval of Roundup’s label ha[s] the force of law.” Hardeman, 216 F. Supp. 3d at
1038.
In sum, although only the EPA may order a label change, defendant has
overstated the legal effect of the EPA’s approval, as well as the import of the relief
requested by plaintiff, particularly since plaintiff seeks to recover monetary damages for
allegedly false statements that FIFRA itself prohibits. Accordingly, plaintiff’s claims are
not preempted by FIFRA.
III. Untrue, Deceptive or Misleading Representations
Defendant argues that plaintiff’s claim that defendant violated Wisconsin’s
Deceptive Trade Practices Act must be dismissed because the challenged statement on
the label is not false or misleading as a matter of law. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12)
22-27.) First, defendant argues that plaintiff cannot plead literal falsity unless supported
by unanimous expert opinion.
(Id. at 24.) Second, defendant argues that plaintiff’s
allegation that the statement is false precludes an allegation that the statement is
deceptive or misleading. (Id. at 24-27.) For the reasons below, the court rejects both
arguments.
A. Literal Falsity
The Roundup label includes the following statement: “Glyphosate targets an
enzyme found in plants but not in people or pets.”
(See Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 34.)
Defendant argues this statement on the Roundup label is not literally false as a matter of
10
law. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 24.) For plaintiff to maintain a claim of literal
falsity, defendant asserts that this claim must be supported by unanimous expert opinion,
citing In re GNC Corp., 789 F.3d 505, 514-15 (4th Cir. 2015). Id. The GNC plaintiffs
alleged that the products in that case were “incapable of providing the advertised joint
health benefits, and that they would not have purchased the products but for the
Companies' false advertising.” Id. at 510. In support, the plaintiffs cited several peerreviewed, published studies demonstrating that two of the products’ active ingredients
were ineffective at treating the symptoms of osteoarthritis as advertised. Id. at 510-11.
However, because the plaintiffs did “not allege that all scientists agree that glucosamine
and chondroitin are ineffective at providing the promised joint health benefits,” they
could not allege literal falsity. Id. at 515.
However, In re GNC is at least arguably distinguishable. The scientific claims at
issue in that case revolved around the “clinical effectiveness” of two ingredients.
By
contrast, plaintiff’s allegation that EPSP is found in gut bacteria present in human bodies
is seemingly more of a binary proposition: either the enzyme is found in gut bacteria
present in humans or it is not. Specifically, defendant emphasizes that the “currently
accepted dogma is that glyphosate i[s] not harmful to humans or to any mammals
because the shikimate pathway is absent in all animals.” (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12)
24.)
However, plaintiff does not allege physical harm as a result of the alleged
misrepresentation, but rather pecuniary loss. (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 75.) At this point, the
GNC standard would also seem inapplicable because even defendant has not suggested
that the scientific community is equivocal as to the presence of EPSP in human and other
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mammalian gut bacteria, which (as discussed already) is a separate inquiry from whether
human and other mammalian cells contain EPSP.
Regardless, for the purposes of
evaluating defendant’s motion to dismiss, the court must accept as true plaintiff’s
allegation that EPSP is present in gut bacteria found in human bodies, making the
challenged statement on the Roundup label “literally false.”
Defendant nevertheless insists that “it is almost universally accepted by regulators
and the scientific community, both within and outside the United States, that glyphosate
targets an enzyme (‘EPSP synthase’) not found in human or animal cells -- just as the
statement on Roundup®’s labels describes.” (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 10.) Again,
however, the Roundup label says nothing about cells, only that EPSP is “found in plants
but not in people or pets.” (Id. at 12.) Although defendant may ultimately prevail on its
essential argument that the distinction is not material, on the limited record currently
before the court, a reasonable consumer could take this statement to mean that EPSP is
not found in people, rather than to mean that EPSP is simply not found in human cells,
as opposed to bacteria present in the human gut. Similarly, as defendant notes, the
Roundup label says nothing about “gut bacteria.” (Id. at 11.) As defendant sees it, “it is
entirely unreasonable for anyone to be thinking about gut bacteria when reading” the
Roundup label, but on this limited record, it is unclear why that is so. Indeed, at least on
its face, many consumers might well think gut bacteria are located in people. Under that
view, the Roundup label would again be literally false.
Regardless, the court is not
prepared to hold otherwise at the pleading stage of this lawsuit.
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B. Deceptive or Misleading Representations
Defendant additionally argues that plaintiff has not sufficiently pleaded facts to
support a claim that the Roundup label is deceptive or misleading under Wis. Stat.
§ 100.18.
(Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 24-27.)
In re GNC noted that “[i]f a
representation is false, we assume as a matter of law that it is also misleading.” 789 F.3d
at 514.
Thus, the court could reasonably conclude as a matter of law that because
plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded a claim of literal falsity, plaintiff has also satisfied the
pleading standard for a claim that the label is misleading. Still, the court will provide
some separate analysis as to whether plaintiff has sufficiently pleaded a claim that the
label is deceptive or misleading.
A claim under Wis. Stat. § 100.18(1) is divided into three elements: “(1) the
defendant made a representation to the public with the intent to induce an obligation,
(2) the representation was ‘untrue, deceptive or misleading,’ and (3) the representation
materially induced (caused) a pecuniary loss to the plaintiff.” Novell v. Migliaccio, 2008
WI 44, ¶ 49, 309 Wis. 2d 132, 151, 749 N.W.2d 544, 553.
Because the statute
prohibits only “assertion[s], representation[s] or statement[s],” it does not prohibit
omissions. See Wis. Stat. § 100.18(1); see also Tietsworth v. Harley-Davidson, Inc., 2004 WI
32, ¶ 40, 270 Wis. 2d 146, 169-71, 677 N.W.2d 233, 245. 7
Notably, the statute is disjunctive, prohibiting “untrue, deceptive or misleading”
representations.
Wis. Stat. § 100.18(1) (emphasis added).
Nothing in § 100.18(1)
Because the WDTPA prohibits only affirmative assertions, representations or statements, the
court does not consider any of plaintiff’s references to “material omissions.” (See, e.g., Compl.
(dkt. #1) ¶¶ 45-46.)
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states that a plaintiff must plead that a representation is untrue. Or that it is true but
deceptive or misleading. In the same vein, Wisconsin case law does not suggest that a
plaintiff must allege the representation was literally true but deceptive or misleading. See,
e.g., Dorr v. Sacred Heart Hosp., 228 Wis. 2d 425, 445-446, 597 N.W.2d 462, 473 (Wis.
Ct. App. 1999) (reversing grant of summary judgment to defendant and noting that
“when conflicting inferences can be drawn, the determination whether [a] promise is
deceptive, misleading or untrue . . . is a question of fact that must be determined by the trier
of fact”); MBS-Certified Pub. Accountants, LLC v. Wisconsin Bell Inc., 2013 WI App 14, ¶
19, 346 Wis. 2d 173, 189, 828 N.W.2d 575, 583 (noting that the second element in a §
100.18 cause of action is whether the representation was “untrue, deceptive or misleading.”).
Thus, the case law demonstrates that Wisconsin courts group these three concepts
together, while defendant has cited to no Wisconsin case that divides claims under Wis.
Stat. § 100.18 in this way. 8
Finally, “reasonable reliance is not an element of a statutory false representation
claim.” Novell, 2008 WI 44, ¶ 27, 309 Wis. 2d at 144, 749 N.W.2d at 550; K&S Tool &
Die Corp. v. Perfection Mach. Sales, Inc., 2007 WI 70, ¶¶ 34-36, 301 Wis. 2d 109, 128-130,
8
Again, defendant cites only to In re GNC, which relied on Lanham Act precedent to construe the
state laws at issue. In re GNC Corp., 789 F.3d at 514 (“[T]he considerable body of federal
common law construing the Act is instructive in construing the state laws at issue here.”). The
statute itself does not define “untrue,” “deceptive” or “misleading” in a way that would suggest
each word deserves analytically distinct treatment. Indeed, both common sense and common
usage suggest that these words indicate overlapping concepts. See, e.g., Mislead, BLACK’S LAW
DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014) (defining “mislead” as “[t]o cause (another person) to believe
something that is not so, whether by words or silence, action or inaction; to deceive.” (emphasis
added)). In short, neither the statute nor Wisconsin case law suggests that a plaintiff must
choose between one of three parallel tracks or otherwise plead untrue, deceptive or misleading
representations differently.
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732 N.W.2d 792, 802. Instead, “a jury may consider the reasonableness of a person’s
reliance on a misrepresentation in determining whether there had been a material
inducement.” Novell, 2008 WI 44, ¶ 50, 309 Wis. 2d at 152, 749 N.W.2d at 554; see
also Malzewski v. Rapkin, 2006 WI App 183, 296 Wis. 2d 98, 723 N.W.2d 156. In
certain instances, a court may rule as a matter of law that a misrepresentation did not
induce a person to purchase a product, and that “plaintiff would have acted in the
absence of the representation.” Novell, 2008 WI 44, ¶¶ 51-52, 309 Wis. 2d at 153, 749
N.W.2d at 554 (“[A] circuit court may determine that a plaintiff's belief that a Superman
cloak could ‘actually permit someone to fly’ is unreasonable, and that relying on a claim
that the cloak bestows the power of flight would therefore be unreasonable.”). This is
not one of those cases.
According to defendant, plaintiff must “plead facts showing that the Roundup[]
consumer actually believes that glyphosate ‘targets’ an enzyme in ‘gut bacteria.’” (Mot.
to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12) 25.) This does not, however, properly set forth the appropriate
pleading standard. Rather, the plaintiff must plead facts that satisfy the three elements
set forth in Novell, 2008 WI 44, ¶ 49, 309 Wis. 2d at 151, 749 N.W.2d at 553. Here, it
is undisputed that the Roundup label satisfies the first element, because the label made a
representation to the public: “Glyphosate targets an enzyme found in plants but not in
people or pets.” (See Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 34.) The representation was also made with
intent to sell Roundup. Plaintiff further pleaded facts sufficient to allege that the label is
“untrue, deceptive or misleading,” and that he relied on the label’s representation when
purchasing Roundup. (See id. ¶¶ 3-4, 22.)
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The court disagrees with defendant’s assertion that plaintiff can pursue only a
literal falsity claim because he has not claimed the Roundup label was true but
misleading (Reply (dkt. #41) 11), because Wisconsin law does not require plaintiffs
make such distinctions when alleging violations of Wis. Stat. § 100.18(1), especially at
the notice pleading stage.
Much of the discussion above about the “reasonable
consumer” is similarly applicable here.
See supra pp. 11-12.
The Roundup label
affirmatively states that “[g]lyphosate targets an enzyme found in plants, but not in
people or pets.” (See Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 35.) Upon reading the label, a reasonable
consumer could think that glyphosate does not target any enzyme found in people -including in the human gut. Under that reading, the Roundup label would be misleading
-- i.e., “caus[ing] [the person] to believe something that is not so.” Mislead, BLACK'S LAW
DICTIONARY (10th ed. 2014). Moreover, the court does not believe that the Roundup
label fits into the category of cases where reliance on the label’s representation would be
so unreasonable as to preclude inducement as a matter of law. See Novell, 2008 WI 44, ¶
52, 309 Wis. 2d at 153, 749 N.W.2d at 554 (plaintiff could not, as a matter of law,
reasonably rely on a representation that a Superman cape grants the power of flight).
Finally, contrary to defendant’s assertions, plaintiff need not plead reasonable
reliance on the representation under the WDTPA. (See Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt. #12)
25 (“Indeed, the Complaint does not plead that a reasonable consumer . . . would believe
[the label] is talking about ‘gut bacteria.’ or would have any expectations, assumptions,
or misconceptions about ‘gut bacteria’ based on that statement.”).)
Instead, the
factfinder may consider whether plaintiff’s reliance was reasonable when making the
16
factual determination of whether plaintiff was induced to purchase Roundup.
Put
another way, the court cannot determine as a matter of law that “a misrepresentation did
not cause pecuniary loss” at the pleading stage. Novell, 2008 WI 44, ¶ 51, 309 Wis. 2d
at 152, 749 N.W.2d at 554. Accordingly, the court finds that plaintiff has sufficiently
pleaded a claim for deceptive or misleading representation under Wis. Stat. § 100.18.
IV.
Breach of Express Warranty
Defendant next argues that plaintiff’s breach of express warranty claim must be
dismissed because plaintiff failed to provide notice of breach. (Mot. to Dismiss Br. (dkt.
#12) 32-33.) Under Wisconsin’s version of the Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”), a
buyer “must within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers or should have discovered
any breach notify the seller of breach or be barred from any remedy.”
Wis. Stat.
§ 402.607(3)(a). Wisconsin’s UCC provides the following definition of “notice”:
(1) Subject to sub. (6), a person has “notice” of a fact if the
person satisfies any of the following:
(a) Has actual knowledge of it.
(b) Has received a notice or notification of it.
(c) From all the facts and circumstances known to the person
at the time in question, has reason to know that it exists.
Wis. Stat. § 401.202.
Notice serves two purposes: first, notice informs the seller of a defect in the good
and gives the seller an opportunity to remedy the defect. Wilson v. Tuxen, 2008 WI App
94, ¶ 41, 312 Wis. 2d 705, 731, 754 N.W.2d 220, 232. Second, “the notice serves to
advise the seller that ‘the buyer considers him [or her] . . . responsible to remedy a
troublesome situation.’” Id. (quoting Paulson v. Olson Implement Co., 107 Wis. 2d 510,
17
523 n.8, 319 N.W.2d 855, 861 n.8 (1982)).
Importantly, Wisconsin law does not
appear to recognize any exceptions to the notice requirement. Wisconsin courts have
held that “[s]uch notice is a condition precedent to a right of recovery.”
Barlow v.
Devilbiss Co., 214 F. Supp. 540, 544 (E.D. Wis. 1963); see also Tuxen, 2008 WI App 94, ¶
45, 312 Wis. 2d at 733, 754 N.W.2d at 233 (“Current § 402.607(3)(a) does not contain
an exception to the notice requirement when the seller is not prejudiced.”).
Finally, the notice requirement is individualized. See Wis. Stat. § 402.607(3)(a)
(“The buyer must within a reasonable time after the buyer discovers or should have
discovered any breach notify the seller of breach or be barred from any remedy”
(emphasis added)).
This interpretation is strengthened by the second aspect of the
notice requirement -- that it occur “within a reasonable time.” Id. In a class action, the
question whether a given class member provided reasonably timely notice would be
particular to that individual, and would presumably require that each plaintiff actually
have provided notice. See Cohen v. Implant Innovations, Inc., 259 F.R.D. 617, 625 (S.D.
Fla. 2008) (“[E]ach putative class member must demonstrate that he or she gave the
required notice of the breach to Defendant within a reasonable time” (emphasis added)).
Therefore, “[t]he notice requirement creates ‘individualized questions of fact’ that cannot
be met by a class-action demand letter.” Schechner v. Whirlpool Corp., 237 F. Supp. 3d
601, 611 (E.D. Mich. 2017) (citing Cohen, 259 F.R.D. at 642). 9
Regardless, Blitz does not allege that he provided individual notice to defendant.
9
Similarly, the argument that filing a previous proposed class action in federal court in another
jurisdiction provides requisite notice is a “dubious legal theory.” See Porcell v. Lincoln Wood Prod.,
Inc., 713 F. Supp. 2d 1305, 1316 (D.N.M. 2010).
18
(See Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 22; id. ¶¶ 7-79.) Indeed, the complaint alleges only that a former
plaintiff, Chick -- whose claims have been voluntarily dismissed -- provided individual
notice to defendant. (Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 97.) Moreover, rather than demonstrate how
he provided actual notice under Wisconsin’s UCC, plaintiff addresses the timeliness
requirement. In fairness, whether the buyer provided notice “within a reasonable time” is
a question of fact for a jury to decide, Tuxen, 2008 WI App 94, ¶ 40, 312 Wis. 2d at 730,
754 N.W.2d at 232, but that question is analytically distinct from whether notice was
provided at all. The court can find no exception under Wisconsin law to this notice
requirement, 10 and therefore concludes that plaintiff did not provide notice to defendant.
Accordingly, plaintiff’s breach of express warranty claim is dismissed.
V. Unjust Enrichment
Finally, defendant argues that plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim fails because
plaintiff purchased Roundup from a retailer and not directly from defendant.
(See
Compl. (dkt. #1) ¶ 22.) Under Wisconsin law, unjust enrichment claims require proof of
three elements: “(1) a benefit conferred on the defendant by the plaintiff; (2)
Plaintiff cites to cases from New Jersey and Illinois detailing exceptions to the notice
requirement, but those exceptions are unavailable to plaintiff because they are not recognized in
Wisconsin’s UCC. For example, plaintiff looks to Strzakowlski v. Gen. Motors Corp., No. CIV.A.
04-4740, 2005 WL 2001912, at *1 (D.N.J. Aug. 16, 2005), for support. True, Strzakowlski held
that New Jersey's UCC did not require notice separate from the filing of a complaint in cases
against remote sellers. Id. at *10-*11. However, plaintiff has not cited to any Wisconsin case law
identifying similar exceptions to Wisconsin’s UCC, and the court is not persuaded that the notice
analysis in Strzakowlski would apply under Wisconsin law. To the contrary, Wisconsin Statute
§ 402.607(3)(a) makes no distinction between direct and indirect sellers. Furthermore, a notice
exception broad enough to encompass the act of filing a complaint undercuts the twin purposes of
the notice requirement: to give notice of and opportunity to correct a specific defect and to
inform the seller that the purchaser believes it is responsible for remedying the defect. See supra p.
16.
10
19
appreciation or knowledge by the defendant of the benefit; and (3) acceptance or
retention of the benefit by the defendant under circumstances making it inequitable to
do so.” Sands v. Menard, 2017 WI 110, ¶ 30, 379 Wis. 2d 1, 904 N.W.2d 789, 798. “In
order to plead an unjust enrichment claim, the party seeking judicial relief must allege
facts that, if true, would be sufficient to satisfy a court that the above elements are
present.” Id.; see also Emirat AG v. High Point Printing LLC, 248 F. Supp. 3d 911, 937
(E.D. Wis. 2017) (noting that buyer did not confer a benefit on the product
manufacturer and that “[a]ny benefit to [manufacturer] of the [buyer]/[seller] contract,
entered months before [seller] submitted its purchase order or paid [manufacturer], was
indirect at most.”).
Certainly, Sands and Emirat would strongly suggest plaintiff’s allegation that he
purchased Roundup from Home Depot is insufficient to plead a claim of unjust
enrichment against defendant, since plaintiff conferred a benefit on Home Depot, not
defendant. Furthermore, plaintiff’s bald assertion that “[d]efendant[ has] been unjustly
enriched through sales of Roundup Products at the expense of Plaintiffs and the National
Class Members” (Compl. (dkt. #1) 31) is insufficient under Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
662 (2009), and Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 563 (2007).
plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim is dismissed.
20
Therefore,
ORDER
IT IS ORDERED that defendant’s motion to dismiss (dkt. #10) is GRANTED IN
PART AND DENIED IN PART as set forth above.
Entered this 13th day of April, 2018.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
__________________________________
WILLIAM M. CONLEY
District Judge
21
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