Mitchell, Shayd v. Doyle, Jim et al
Filing
78
ORDER that plaintiff Shayd Charles Mitchell's motion to compel discovery, Dkt. 37 , is denied. Defendants' motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 51 , is granted in part and denied in part. Defendants Bye, Ourada, Sunde, Theiler, and W esterhaus are dismissed from the case.<4> The clerk of court is directed to set a scheduling conference with Magistrate Judge Stephen Crocker to set a new trial date for plaintiff's claims against defendant Meyer. Signed by District Judge James D. Peterson on 9/29/2020. (rks),(ps)
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WISCONSIN
SHAYD CHARLES MITCHELL,
Plaintiff,
v.
OPINION and ORDER
BRUCE MEYER, JON OURADA,
PAUL WESTERHAUS, BRUCE SUNDE,
MARK BYE, and MATT THEILER,
18-cv-311-jdp
Defendants.
Plaintiff Shayd Charles Mitchell, appearing pro se, is a prisoner at Redgranite
Correctional Institution. This case is about Mitchell’s previous detention at Lincoln Hills
School. Mitchell alleges that defendant Bruce Meyer, a youth counselor at Lincoln Hills,
sexually assaulted him several times and that defendant Lincoln Hills staff members enforced
the lax security regulations that made it possible for the assault to occur. He also alleges that
defendants enforced other regulations that violated his right to communicate with others
outside the facility and that discriminated against him because he is gay. Defendants have filed
a motion for summary judgment. Dkt. 51. I will grant that motion in all respects except for
Mitchell’s claims directly against Meyer for sexually assaulting him. Because there is a genuine
dispute of material fact about whether Meyer sexually assaulted Mitchell, that claim will
proceed to trial.
PRELIMINARY MATTER
Before I address defendants’ motion for summary judgment, I will address a motion to
compel discovery filed by Mitchell. Dkt. 37. In his motion, Mitchell objected to several of
defendants’ repeated responses to many of his requests, such as stating that defendants were
still working on gathering documents and citing attorney-client privilege or the work-product
doctrine. Defendants also redacted information from an investigation of Mitchell’s sexualassault allegations. But Mitchell didn’t give a detailed explanation of his problems with
defendants’ responses until his reply brief. The court gave defendants a chance to respond to
the arguments that Mitchell made in his reply and to explain whether they had sent Mitchell
the rest of the materials, which they said that they had still been compiling. Dkt. 62, at 2.
Defendants responded that they had sent the remainder of materials to Mitchell.
Dkt. 63. Mitchell’s summary judgment materials include those documents and he doesn’t raise
objections to those materials. Mitchell hasn’t articulated why he believes that defendants have
wrongly invoked attorney-client privilege or the work-product doctrine for any of their
responses. He objects to defendants raising multiple objections to individual requests, but
many of his requests are quite broad (for instance, Mitchell asked Meyer to “[i]dentify . . . any
and all materials you used or relied upon in preparation of answering any of the plaintiff’s
interrogatories,” Dkt. 44-3, at 9) so defendants responded with their own broad objections to
any part of those materials that would be protected, while they continued to work on compiling
their responsive materials. But Mitchell doesn’t object to the materials that he eventually
received. So I’ll deny this portion of the motion to compel.
The one discovery issue Mitchell does discuss in detail is about investigatory materials
produced by the DOC after Mitchell alleged that he and another Lincoln Hills detainee were
sexually assaulted by defendant Meyer. Defendants produced a version of those materials
redacting the names of several people who were then youths at Lincoln Hills. See Dkt. 58-2.
Defendants cite Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2 (“Privacy Protection For Filings Made with
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the Court”) in support of their decision redact those names, which isn’t a valid basis for
redacting discovery materials provided directly to an opponent. Nonetheless, the redactions
didn’t prejudice Mitchell: the main name redacted throughout is an inmate identified by
defendants as “A.B.” but Mitchell already knows this person’s name. A.B. denied being
assaulted and he stated that he was unaware of anyone else being assaulted either.
See Dkt. 58-2, at 12. The other names redacted are former Lincoln Hills detainees mentioned
in passing by A.B. in his interview but not in a way that suggests that any of them were involved
in an incident relevant to this lawsuit. So I’ll deny this portion of the motion to compel as well.
Next, I turn to defendants’ motion for summary judgment.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND
The general outline is undisputed; I’ll identify the main factual disputes.
Plaintiff Shayd Charles Mitchell is currently incarcerated at Redgranite Correctional
Institution, but the events relevant to this case took place while Mitchell was a detainee at
Lincoln Hills School, the Wisconsin Department of Corrections’ facility for juvenile boys.
Mitchell was detained at Lincoln Hills for much of the time from December 2004 to March
2012. Mitchell was born in 1990, so he was a minor for part of this time. I take Mitchell to be
saying that he was released from Lincoln Hills for parts of this eight-year period and he was
returned there after being sanctioned by the state court as part of the state’s serious juvenile
offender program.
Each of the defendants worked at Lincoln Hills: Mark Bye was a unit manager, Bruce
Meyer was a youth counselor, John Ourada was the deputy superintendent, Bruce Sunde was
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a youth security director, Matt Theiler was a corrections unit supervisor, and Paul Westerhaus
was a correctional services manager.
Mitchell spent most of his time at Lincoln Hills in King Cottage, where the Sex Offender
Treatment Program (SOTP) living unit was located. Each detainee at King Cottage, including
Mitchell, had been adjudicated delinquent for a sex crime.
A. Sexual assault
The Lincoln Hills living areas had surveillance video cameras that were monitored 24
hours a day. But Mitchell says that there were gaps in the coverage of those cameras,
particularly in unit hallways and in the detainees’ individual rooms. Mitchell also says that he
could on occasion see the control booth’s video feeds, which often were blank—he assumes
that this means the recording equipment often malfunctioned. In 2007, defendant Bye
requested more cameras; the parties do not explain if that request was granted.
Mitchell also says that staffing was inadequate—only one staff member was in the unit
on third shift. Eventually, a new policy stated that each unit would be patrolled by an
additional staffer at least once every two hours. But this still meant that there were periods of
time when only single staff member was present in a unit.
Mitchell says that sometime in spring 2005, Meyer used his keys to enter Mitchell’s
room after unit lockdown. Mitchell was about to ask Meyer what was happening when Meyer
attacked him. Meyer used his weight to pin Mitchell down, pull down his pants and underwear,
and rape him.
Mitchell says that Meyer raped him a total of five or six times during his various stays
at Lincoln Hills, although he doesn’t explain each incident in detail to say when they happened.
He says that Meyer put sedatives in his bedtime snacks and he doesn’t remember all the details
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of events because he was unconscious for at least some of the attacks. He remembers one
incident in which he woke up while Meyer was raping him, and Meyer punched him in the
head, knocking him out. In another incident he was drugged to the point of being conscious
but was incapacitated other than being able to plead for Meyer to stop.
Mitchell says that in March 2012, Meyer raped Mitchell again. Mitchell says that the
attack started while he was asleep, and he woke up when Meyer covered his mouth with a “rag
which had a pungent smell and knocked [him] out right away.” Dkt. 14, at 14, ¶ 35. Mitchell
says that he woke up the next day “feeling sore and violated.” Id.
Meyer denies assaulting Mitchell.
B. Mitchell’s grievances and PREA complaint
Mitchell says that Lincoln Hills staff would not provide detainees with the correct
complaint forms, and those that were completed would not end up in the hands of the correct
reviewing official; he says that grievances were diverted to a cabinet in the basement of the
records building, but he doesn’t say how he knows that this occurred. When Mitchell had his
orientation at Lincoln Hills, a video showing new detainees the procedure for how to file
grievances “was fast forward[ed] through and stopped at random points which caused an
unintelligible sequence of events that [Mitchell] was unable to understand.” Dkt. 68, at 21,
¶ 201. Mitchell says that this made it “impossible” for detainees to pursue grievances about
problems at the facility, although he goes on to discuss three grievances that he indeed filed
and that are recorded in the Lincoln Hills grievance log. These grievances were all about
defendant Meyer, but none of them were about Meyer sexually assaulting Mitchell. In April
2010, Mitchell complained that Meyer made offensive comments about Mitchell’s sexual
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orientation (Mitchell is gay). Mitchell says that defendant Theiler told Meyer to “clear the air”
with Mitchell.
In September 2010, Mitchell filed a grievance for Meyer unfairly disciplining him as
harassment for being gay. Mitchell says that defendant Theiler told Meyer that Meyer’s
behavior was unacceptable. When Mitchell returned to the unit, another detainee told Mitchell
that Meyer had made a comment about a rainbow hovering over the cottage in which Mitchell
was being held on a rules violation; Mitchell took Meyer to be referring to a “gay pride”
rainbow. Mitchell confronted Meyer about the comment and the ongoing verbal harassment,
and Meyer told him that he needed to grow thicker skin because not everyone in life would be
nice to him. At the end of the conversation Meyer said, “You are still a fucking fairy so fly back
to your room and shrug it off.” Id. at 22, ¶ 214.
In December 2010, Mitchell filed a grievance against Meyer for telling a counselor to
stop letting Mitchell out of his room to play chess. Mitchell believes that this was part of
Meyer’s pattern of harassment against him for being gay. Mitchell says that he asked defendant
Theiler to move him to a different cottage, but Theiler did not move him. Mitchell said that
this grievance was “discussed” with defendants Ourada, Westerhaus, and Sunde.
In December 2017, Mitchell notified officials about being assaulted by Meyer. He also
alleged that he witnessed Meyer assault A.B. in 2010 or 2011. The DOC performed an
investigation under its Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) procedures, interviewing Mitchell,
A.B., and Meyer. A.B. denied being assaulted by Meyer. The investigator concluded that
Mitchell’s allegations were not credible because of A.B.’s testimony and the lack of evidence
corroborating Mitchell’s version of events. The DOC’s formal conclusion was that Mitchell’s
allegations were unsubstantiated.
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Mitchell says that, in addition to the formal complaints about harassment and sexual
assault, Meyer was disciplined for viewing pornography on a work computer, although Mitchell
does not explain how he knows that.
C. PREA training
All of the defendants except Bye (who retired in 2007) completed the National Institute
of Corrections’ PREA training course between 2006 and 2010. Mitchell attempts to dispute
this by noting that in their admissions, some of defendants denied being “made aware of the
common reactions of sexual abuse and sexual harassment victims through PREA training.”
See, e.g., Dkt. 67, at 6, ¶ 22. But the only reasonable inference from defendants’ statements,
viewed in context, is that they were saying that they did not learn this particular skill during
the PREA training that they completed. Mitchell does not provide any evidence contradicting
defendants’ own accounts of what they learned in PREA training, nor does he point to any
evidence showing that they did not receive this training. Mitchell’s proposed findings about
Lincoln Hills failing to ensure that staff received PREA training are unsupported, and I will not
consider them.
D. Mitchell’s discipline
In 2005, Mitchell received a conduct report for inappropriate sexual conduct: he was
accused of engaging in sexual talk and gestures with another detainee. He received a conduct
report for sexual contact in 2007: he was accused of touching another detainee on the buttocks
with his hand. In 2010 he received a conduct report for failure to cooperate with treatment: he
was accused of making eye contact in a sexual manner with another detainee during
programming. In 2010, he received another conduct report for sexual conduct: he was accused
of soliciting a youth to masturbate while he watched, in exchange for canteen purchases.
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E. Unit restrictions
The SOTP unit used a series of measures to prevent detainees from acting out in a
sexual manner toward each other. For instance, the unit was declared a “no-touch” unit,
meaning that detainees could not touch each other. Upon arriving at the SOTP unit, a detainee
would be observed for some time before being allowed to shower at the same time as other
detainees on the living unit or shower together in the gymnasium locker room after physical
education. This was known as a “shower together” designation.
Mitchell says that when unit staff met weekly to discuss the detainees’ progress and
treatment, they could decide to implement designations segregating a detainee in certain
respects. A detainee could be given a “shower alone” restriction if the staff though that a
detainee was exhibiting behaviors suggesting that he would act out sexually. For similar reasons,
staff could place the detainee on “bathroom alone,” “hallway alone,” “staff escort only,” or
“special programming” designations. A “bathroom alone” designation meant that the detainee
would not be allowed in the bathroom area with other detainees and that staff would closely
monitor the detainee while he was in the bathroom area. A “hallway alone” designation meant
that a detainee would not be allowed inside the hallway of the SOTP unit until all other
detainees were secured inside the rooms assigned to them, and staff would closely monitor the
detainee. A “staff escort only” designation meant that a detainee would be held back from a
group movement of detainees until all other detainees were at the intended location, and then
staff would escort the single detainee to that location. A “special programming” designation
meant that a detainee would have to sit in a standalone desk away from all other detainees
while outside of his room; the detainee would have to eat meals, watch television, do
homework, and wait for movements to another location by himself. Mitchell believes that these
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designations were used to shame detainees who “act[ed] out sexually in a homosexual manner.”
Dkt. 68, at 15, ¶ 150.
In 2005, Mitchell was given a “bathroom alone” designation after his conduct report
for inappropriate sexual conduct. In 2010, Mitchell was given “bathroom alone” and “shower
alone” designations following a conduct report for sexual misconduct. He says that Meyer
“vehemently” supported the “bathroom alone” and “shower alone” designations and that he
advocated for a “special programming” designation, but Mitchell was not given that
designation.
Mitchell says that the final step of preventative measures used by the SOTP unit staff
was something called the “red shirt program,” a step used after a detainee “had actually acted
out in a homosexual manner.” Id. at 19, ¶ 184 (emphasis in original). A detainee given this
designation would have to wear a red sweater everywhere he went, including out of the cottage
or on visits. Defendants call this program “an identification program for kids that may have
been involved in sexual behaviors on grounds or have specific ‘risk behaviors,’” Dkt. 68-1, at
3, an “identification program to keep youth sexual offenders from interacting with each other.”
Dkt. 68-9, at 2, and a program for “certain youth who had been deemed to be sexually
aggressive towards other youth and required constant staff supervision.” Dkt. 68-11, at 3.
In 2006, Mitchell was directed to wear a red sweater while being transferred to Ethan
Allen School for Boys following an incident of sexual contact. Mitchell says that the various
segregation statuses and the red shirt program “shamed and humiliated [detainees] plus made
[him] feel like reporting homosexual activity was wrong.” Dkt. 14, at 18, ¶ 184.
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F. Communications outside the facility
Staff read Mitchell’s incoming and outgoing mail and allowed him to contact only
people on his pre-approved list. At the start of his time at Lincoln Hills, communications were
limited to his parents and siblings. If he received mail from someone who was not on the
approved contact list, the mail would be returned to the sender marked refused. He wasn’t
notified when such a rejection occurred. Similarly, Mitchell was allowed to make telephone
calls only to people on his approved contact list, and those phone calls were monitored by staff.
Staff didn’t tell Mitchell how to add people to his approved contact list. Through the
intervention of his mother, a social worker, and a chaplain, Mitchell’s grandmother and mentor
were eventually added to the list.
Defendant Meyer disciplined Mitchell twice for misusing the phone: once when his
mother put a sibling on the phone when he was not supposed to have contact with that sibling,
and once when Meyer thought that Mitchell was cursing too much on the call. In 2010, Meyer
intercepted delivery of Parenting magazine to Mitchell because he thought that it would
“trigger” Mitchell and he referred the issue to a staff psychologist. Later the magazine
subscription expired without being renewed.
Mitchell says that staff dissuaded or stopped detainees from using the law library; he
says that he was not allowed inside the law library, and that at one point defendant Meyer
disciplined him for going to the law library when a social worker took him there.
ANALYSIS
Mitchell brings claims against defendants for restricting his mail and telephone calls,
discriminating against him for being gay, and humiliating him with the “red shirt” program.
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He also alleges that defendant Meyer sexually assaulted him and that the other defendants
failed to protect him from those assaults and generally did not take the risk of assault seriously.
A. First Amendment right to communicate by mail and phone
I granted Mitchell leave to proceed with First Amendment censorship claims against
defendants for adopting policies under which Lincoln Hills staff monitored and blocked phone
calls and mail. In the prison context, inmates retain some First Amendment right to send and
receive mail and to make telephone calls. Censorship of an inmate’s outgoing mail does not
violate the First Amendment if it (1) furthers an “important or substantial governmental
interest unrelated to the suppression of expression” and (2) is “‘no greater than is necessary or
essential to the protection’ of that interest.” Koutnik v. Brown, 456 F.3d 777, 784 (7th Cir.
2006) (quoting Procunier v. Martinez, 416 U.S. 396, 413 (1974)). Similarly, unreasonable
restrictions on a prisoner’s telephone access may violate the Constitution. Tucker v. Randall,
948 F.2d 388, 391 (7th Cir. 1991). Mitchell’s rights as a detainee under a juvenile-court order
are at least as extensive as those governing convicted prisoners, although I note that juveniledetention staffers may have different governmental interests in imposing communications
restrictions than officials at adult prisons.
Defendants raise two defenses to these claims, both of which I agree are reasons to
dismiss Mitchell’s claims. First, they contend that prison staff monitored and limited Mitchell’s
communications in accordance with DOC regulations, which would entitle them to qualified
immunity. Wisconsin Administrative Code § DOC 379.04 (“Mail”) directs staff at juvenile
correctional facilities to limit mail contact to a list of a detainee’s approved mail contacts and
allows staff to open and read incoming and outgoing mail. Section DOC 379.21 (“Telephone
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calls”) directs staff to limit phone calls to close family members or approved contacts and allows
staff to monitor phone calls.
Generally speaking, government officials are entitled to enforce duly enacted laws
without independently evaluating their constitutionality. “The enactment of a law forecloses
speculation by enforcement officers concerning its constitutionality—with the possible
exception of a law so grossly and flagrantly unconstitutional that any person of reasonable
prudence would be bound to see its flaws.” Michigan v. DeFillippo, 443 U.S. 31, 38 (1979). The
Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has applied the DeFillippo holding to conclude that
the doctrine of qualified immunity applied to governmental defendants. See Doe v. Heck, 327
F.3d 492, 515–16 (7th Cir. 2003) (holding that although the statute authorizing child-welfare
caseworkers to find, seize, and interview suspected abused children without a warrant and
without a parent’s consent was unconstitutional, the caseworkers were entitled to qualified
immunity from the Fourth Amendment violation because they acted pursuant to a lawful
statute; the statute was not “so patently unconstitutional as to deny the defendants qualified
immunity”).
Government officials are entitled to qualified immunity from personal liability in a
lawsuit unless their conduct violated a federal statutory or constitutional right and the
unlawfulness of their conduct was “clearly established at the time.” D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct.
577, 589 (2018). Mitchell has the burden of demonstrating that defendants’ violation of the
First Amendment was “clearly established.” Archer v. Chisholm, 870 F.3d 603, 613 (7th Cir.
2017). Mitchell can show that the violation was clearly established if “a violation of this right
has been found in factually similar case, or that the violation was so clear that a government
official would have known that his actions violated the plaintiff’s rights even in the absence of
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a factually similar case.” Lee v. Young, 533 F.3d 505, 512 (7th Cir. 2008). In other words,
“existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.”
Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011).
Law is “clearly established” only if it is found in Supreme Court precedent, controlling
circuit authority, or “a consensus of persuasive authority such that a reasonable officer could
not have believed that his actions were lawful.” Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603, 617 (1999).
Mitchell doesn’t cite any controlling authority discussing the scope of First Amendment
communication rights in similar cases by detainees in juvenile facilities, and I am not aware of
any such authority. This and other courts have applied DeFillippo to officials enforcing
administrative code provisions. See, e.g., Salvia v. Fell, No. 14-cv-237-wmc, 2016 WL 1274620,
at *11 (W.D. Wis. Mar. 31, 2016) (police have qualified immunity for enforcing administrative
rules requiring a permit for public events at state capitol); Cantrell v. Rumman, No. 04 C 3041,
2005 WL 1126551, at *15 (N.D. Ill. Feb. 9, 2005) (officials have qualified immunity for
enforcing regulations limiting speech on government property).
I conclude that the mail and phone regulations at issue are not grossly unconstitutional
such that it would be obvious to staff that they were violating Mitchell’s rights by following
the regulations. So I conclude that defendants are entitled to qualified immunity with regard
to any actions they took following the DOC regulations.
Mitchell seems to agree, at least about the mail-monitoring rules, because he says that
he “[is] not claiming that constitutional rights were violated because staff actively monitored
mail.” Dkt. 66, at 24. Instead, Mitchell says that defendants “abused” the regulations. Id. He
states that staff misled him about how to get more contacts approved and failed to tell him
when unapproved mail was sent back to a sender. He mentions some incidents in which Meyer
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blocked communications, and he suggests that had he attempted to contact outside parties—
even approved contacts like his parents—officials would have blocked those phone calls or
letters.
Almost all of these claims fail because of defendants’ second argument: Mitchell fails to
show that any of the defendants were personally involved in the deprivations at issue. See Doyle
v. Camelot Care Ctrs., Inc., 305 F.3d 603, 615 (7th Cir. 2002) (plaintiff must show that the
defendant was personally involved in harming plaintiff; plaintiff cannot succeed on a
constitutional claim against supervisor based merely on misdeeds of supervisor’s employees).
So even if Lincoln Hills staff blocked Mitchell’s communications by doing something not
allowed under the DOC regulations, Mitchell still needs to explain how one of the named
defendants was involved in that action. Mitchell mostly fails to do so.
The exception is that Mitchell says that Meyer disciplined him for misusing the phone
by talking to a sibling with whom he was not supposed to have contact, and by cursing too
much on one call. But Mitchell does not provide enough facts to make clear whether Meyer
followed or violated DOC policies by disciplining him. Mitchell appears to concede that he was
not allowed to contact his sibling. And Mitchell doesn’t provide any context to his statement
about the phone call in which he was cursing, so I can’t tell whether Meyer’s actions were
warranted. Mitchell doesn’t specifically say what he said or what rule Meyer accused him of
breaking. At summary judgment, Mitchell has the burden to provide facts that could lead a
reasonable jury to conclude that Meyer violated his First Amendment rights. He’s failed to do
so with regard to his claims that Meyer abused his rights to use the phone.
Mitchell also says that Meyer intercepted a copy of Parenting magazine and that the
magazine subscription was allowed to expire. But I did not allow Mitchell leave to proceed on
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a claim about the right to receive periodicals, and in any event, Mitchell does not explain
whether it was Meyer’s or any other defendants’ fault that the subscription expired.
B. Equal protection
I granted Mitchell leave to proceed on claims that defendants violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by treating him differently from other
detainees because he was openly gay. To succeed on this type of a claim, a plaintiff must show
that he “is a member of a protected class,” that he “is otherwise similarly situated to members
of the unprotected class,” and that he “was treated differently from members of the unprotected
class.” McNabola v. Chicago Transit Auth., 10 F.3d 501, 513 (7th Cir. 1993) (quoting McMillian
v. Svetanoff, 878 F.2d 186, 189 (7th Cir. 1989)).
Mitchell alleges that Meyer verbally harassed him for being gay, but generally, verbal
harassment or rude comments by prison staff alone does not violate the Constitution.
See DeWalt v. Carter, 224 F.3d 607, 612 (7th Cir. 2000). And I do not take Mitchell to be
saying that Meyer sexually assaulted him because he is gay. Instead, Mitchell focuses on the
policies Lincoln Hills staff used to prevent detainees from acting out in a sexual manner toward
other detainees.
He says that protocols like shower-alone, bathroom-alone, hallway-alone, and staffescort statuses and the red shirt program were meant to stigmatize gay detainees, but he doesn’t
present any evidence that the policies were put in place specifically to punish sexual contact
with other boys rather than sexual activity of any type. Nor does he present any evidence that
he was placed in any of those statuses or in the red shirt program because he was gay.
It’s important to note that Lincoln Hills staff are tasked with keeping youths safe and
with providing treatment to boys who have committed sex offenses. They have legitimate
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interests in barring sexual contact between youths and in preventing youths from receiving
unwanted sexual advances, even more so when dealing with youths living alongside
majority-age detainees, like Mitchell was for part of his time there. This court must accord
some deference to Lincoln Hills staff in pursuing policies aimed at maintaining a safe facility.
Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. 389, 397 (2015) (“A court must also account for the
‘legitimate interests that stem from [the government’s] need to manage the facility in which
the individual is detained,’ appropriately deferring to ‘policies and practices that in th[e]
judgment’ of jail officials ‘are needed to preserve internal order and discipline and to maintain
institutional security.’” (quoting Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 540, 547 (1979))).
The facility’s preventative measures are directed to sexual contact of any kind. As
Mitchell notes, these rules affected only same-sex activity because only male detainees are
housed at Lincoln Hills. The blanket prohibition on sexual contact is not discriminatory simply
because it can be applied only to males. Mitchell has adduced no evidence that the ban on
sexual contact was enforced only against gay detainees but not against heterosexuals. Mitchell
has failed to meet his burden to show that defendants discriminated against him based on his
sexual orientation. I will grant their motion for summary judgment on these claims.
C. Infliction of humiliation
Mitchell states that defendants implemented the “red shirt program” disciplining
detainees involved in homosexual activity by forcing them to wear red shirts. I granted him
leave to proceed on a claim that defendants unnecessarily humiliated him by doing so. Prison
or jail officials may not undertake security measures “conducted in a harassing manner
intended to humiliate and cause psychological pain.” Mays v. Springborn, 575 F.3d 643, 649
(7th Cir. 2009).
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In screening Mitchell’s claims, I noted that the precise legal standard applying to these
claims and his other claims that would usually be brought under the Eighth Amendment was
unsettled because of Mitchell’s status as a juvenile detainee. Dkt. 16, at 3. Precedent is not
clear about whether claims concerning the conditions of confinement in a juvenile facility
should be considered under the Eighth Amendment’s Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause
or the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Reed v. Palmer, 906 F.3d 540, 549
(7th Cir. 2018) (stating that the correct standard to apply to juvenile cases remains unclear
and noting that the United States Supreme Court has avoided answering the question). Rather
than the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment for convicted
prisoners, the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits any type of punishment against pretrial
detainees. See Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 320 (1982); Bell, 441 U.S. at 535.
Under the Eighth Amendment, a convicted prisoner generally needs to show that the
defendant intentionally harmed him or acted with deliberate indifference toward a risk of harm
to him. But pretrial detainees (who are not convicted prisoners) need not prove the defendant’s
subjective state of mind to prove a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment; they need show
only that the defendant’s actions were “objectively unreasonable.” Kingsley, 576 U.S. at
396–400 (discussing an excessive force claim); Miranda v. Cty. of Lake, 900 F.3d 335, 352
(7th Cir. 2018) (expanding Kingsley’s rationale to medical care claims). I recently concluded in
another case that the Fourteenth Amendment was the correct standard to apply to juveniles
because their adjudications are not criminal in nature. See Apkarian v. McAllister,
No. 17-cv-309-jdp, 2019 WL 4256826, at *4 (W.D. Wis. Sept. 9, 2019). So I will apply the
Fourteenth Amendment “objectively unreasonable” standard here.
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To succeed on a claim under the Fourteenth Amendment, Mitchell must still show that
that the defendants acted “with purposeful, knowing, or reckless disregard of the consequences”
of their actions. Miranda, 900 F.3d at 354. It is not enough to show that they acted out of
negligence or even gross negligence. See Williams v. Ortiz, 937 F.3d 936, 942 (7th Cir. 2019)
(citing McCann v. Ogle Cty., 909 F.3d 881, 886 (7th Cir. 2018)). Mitchell must also show that
defendants’ actions were objectively unreasonable. Miranda, 900 F.3d at 354. This
determination is made “from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, including
what the officer knew at the time, not with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Kingsley, 576 U.S.
at 397. In terms of claims about implementation of security measures, this means that Mitchell
must show that the security measure is not rationally related to a legitimate governmental
purpose or at least exceeds the need to serve a legitimate purpose. Id. at 398. If so, the measure
is a form of punishment, which violates the Fourteenth Amendment. Bell, 441 U.S. at 539.
Mitchell contends that the red sweaters were intended to humiliate gay detainees, but
as explained, he has no evidence that detainees were forced to wear red sweaters because of
their sexual orientation. There’s no question that Lincoln Hills staff have a legitimate interest
in curbing sexual activity among youths at the facility, and defendants say that the policy was
meant to identity youths who were a high risk of engaging in sexual activity. But they do not
explain the implementation the program in any detail. Neither does Mitchell explain how the
red shirt program worked or his experiences with it, but he does say that he was humiliated by
having to wear the red sweater. But even if I concluded that a reasonable jury could decide that
the ostracizing effect of forcing detainees to wear a special shirt was excessive in relation to
staff’s security rationale in using the shirts, defendants are entitled to qualified immunity.
Mitchell doesn’t cite any controlling authority discussing either the Eighth or Fourteenth
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Amendment infliction-of-humiliation standards regarding the use of clothes or other items to
single out detainees, and I am not aware of any such authority. So I conclude that qualified
immunity applies to Mitchell’s infliction-of-humiliation claims.
D. Sexual assault
Mitchell alleges that defendant Meyer raped him several times. Meyer denies assaulting
Mitchell, and defendants argue that Mitchell has failed to provide evidence supporting his
allegations. In particular, they say that each living area had cameras that were monitored 24
hours a day, and that “there were also room cameras.” Dkt. 68-1, at 3. I take defendants to be
saying that this means that the cameras would have picked up Meyer’s attacks and that there
is in fact no recording of any of those attacks. But they do not cite any evidence that they
combed through the recordings to confirm this or even that they still have the recordings that
would disprove Mitchell’s claims.
Defendants argue that Mitchell’s claims are “unsupported and not corroborated by any
other evidence, aside from Plaintiff’s own vague allegations.” Dkt. 69, at 7. But Mitchell
doesn’t need anything more than his own firsthand account of the assaults to create a genuine
dispute of material fact. His amended complaint, Dkt. 14, includes a statement that he swears
to the contents under penalty of perjury, making that complaint a “verified complaint” that is
the equivalent of a declaration for purposes of summary judgment. See, e.g., Beal v. Beller, 847
F.3d 897, 901 (7th Cir. 2017). He also includes some detail of the assaults in his separate
affidavit supporting his response to defendants’ summary judgment motion. Dkt. 68. He
disputes that there were cameras in each of the rooms he slept in. But even aside from the
question of whether the rooms had cameras, he provides a firsthand account of being repeatedly
sexually assaulted by Meyer. That’s enough to create a genuine dispute of material fact.
19
Defendants also argue that because the DOC investigated Mitchell’s allegations that
Meyer assaulted Mitchell and A.B. and did not find any wrongdoing on Meyer’s part, Mitchell’s
claims “should not be re-litigated here.” Dkt. 52, at 6. The evidence derived from that litigation
might weaken Mitchell’s case, if it is admissible here. But the DOC’s decision has no preclusive
effect on this litigation, so that’s not a reason to grant summary judgment. I will deny
defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Fourteenth Amendment sexual-assault
claims against Meyer, and those claims will proceed to trial.
E. Failure to protect
Mitchell brings claims against the other defendants, all of whom were supervisory
officials, for their roles in failing to protect him from sexual assault. He contends that policies
developed or carried out by the officials increased the danger of sexual assault and made it
difficult for him to speak out against assaults.
I take Mitchell to be saying that there are two ways in which defendants failed to protect
him. The first is that defendants failed to heed warnings of the dangers posed by Meyer. The
second is that defendants generally failed to take sexual-assault safety seriously at the facility.
In the Eighth Amendment prisoner context, a plaintiff must show that he faces a
substantial risk of serious harm, and that the defendants knew of and disregarded that risk.
Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 834, 837 (1994); Santiago v. Walls, 599 F.3d 749, 756 (7th
Cir. 2010). A generalized risk of violence is not enough, because detention facilities are
inherently dangerous places where risk cannot be completely eliminated. Brown v. Budz, 398
F.3d 904, 913 (7th Cir. 2005); Riccardo v. Rausch, 375 F.3d 521, 525 (7th Cir. 2004). A
substantial risk of serious harm is one in which the risk is “so great” that it is “almost certain
to materialize if nothing is done.” Id. at 911.
20
Under Kingsley and Miranda, Mitchell doesn’t need to prove defendants’ deliberate
indifference to the risk of harm. He needs only to show that they acted objectively
unreasonably. But those cases did not eliminate the need to consider the facts known to the
defendants at the time they made decisions, or the state of mind with which they performed
certain actions:
We consider a legally requisite state of mind. In a case like this
one, there are, in a sense, two separate state-of-mind questions.
The first concerns the defendant’s state of mind with respect to
his physical acts—i.e., his state of mind with respect to the
bringing about of certain physical consequences in the world. The
second question concerns the defendant’s state of mind with
respect to whether his use of force was “excessive.” Here, as to the
first question, there is no dispute. As to the second, whether to
interpret the defendant’s physical acts in the world as involving
force that was “excessive,” there is a dispute. We conclude with
respect to that question that the relevant standard is objective not
subjective.
Kingsley, 576 U.S. at 395. In Kingsley, an excessive force case, it was clear that the defendants
performing a cell extraction knew that they were being physically violent toward the inmate;
that is, they intentionally undertook their actions to subdue the plaintiff. In extending Kingsley
to medical care cases, the Miranda court concluded that the plaintiff must show that the
defendant medical staff acted purposefully, knowingly, or recklessly—not merely negligently—
“when they considered the consequences of their handling of the [detainee’s] case.” 900 F.3d
at 353. Other district courts of the circuit have adapted Kingsley to conditions-of-confinement
cases by concluding that the plaintiff must show that a defendant “‘knew, or should have
known, that the condition posed an excessive risk to health or safety’” and “‘failed to act with
reasonable care to mitigate the risk.’” Norris v. Downs, No. 19-CV-3251-MMM, 2020 WL
3513694, at *1 (C.D. Ill. June 29, 2020) (quoting Darnell v. Pineiro, 849 F.3d 17, 35 (2d Cir.
2017); McFarthing v. Colone, No. 19 C 0777, 2020 WL 3250740, at *5 (N.D. Ill. June 16,
21
2020) (also citing Darnell). And the objective reasonableness standard must still be applied in
light of what the officer knew at the time. Kingsley, 576 U.S. at 397.
Here, for both claims regarding danger posed specifically by Meyer or the claims about
the general danger of sexual assault at Lincoln Hills, Mitchell fails to show that defendants
were aware a substantial risk of serious harm. I’ll start with Mitchell’s claim about Meyer. An
often-cited theoretical example of what constitutes a substantial risk under Brown is if officials
knew, or suspected to a high probability, that a detainee had been placed in a cell with a cobra.
Brown, 398 F.3d at 911 (quoting Billman v. Ind. Dept. of Corr., 56 F.3d 785, 788 (7th Cir.
1995)). Courts handling failure-to-protect cases “also have in mind risks attributable to
detainees with known ‘propensities’ of violence toward a particular individual or class of
individuals; to ‘highly probable’ attacks; . . . to particular detainees who pose a ‘heightened risk
of assault to the plaintiff,’” id., and to “known hazard[s] where prison officials fail to protect
an inmate who belongs to an identifiable group of prisoners for whom the risk of assault is a
serious problem of substantial dimensions,” Lewis v. Richards, 107 F.3d 549, 553 (7th Cir.
1997) (internal quotation omitted).
To defeat summary judgment, Mitchell must present facts that could lead a reasonable
jury to find that defendants knew that Meyer posed this sort of clear threat. Mitchell alleges
that defendants had reasons to suspect Meyer of being a danger to detainees, but they allowed
him to continue working in a position where he would be alone with detainees: Mitchell says
that
he complained several times of Meyer making harassing comments about his
homosexuality, and he states that Meyer was disciplined for looking at pornography on a work
computer. Mitchell says that he informally discussed his complaints with defendant Theiler,
22
and that one of his complaints was discussed with defendants Ourada, Westerhaus and Sunde
(although he does not explain how he knows this).
The problem for Mitchell is that he does not provide evidence plausibly connecting the
incidents of harassment with a threat of danger to him. Mitchell does not provide facts from
which a reasonable jury could conclude that Theiler, Ourada, Westerhaus, or Sunde were aware
that Mitchell faced a risk of physical harm from Meyer. Their actions in response to Mitchell’s
complaints about harassment could not have been purposefully, knowingly, or recklessly
directed at the risk to Mitchell’s physical safety. At most, defendants knew that Meyer had
made some disparaging remarks about Mitchell being gay or toward gay people in general, and
they knew that at some point, Meyer had recommended that Mitchell be placed on showeralone, bathroom-alone, hallway-alone, and staff-escort statuses. Mitchell suggests that Meyer
tried to get Mitchell placed on isolating statuses so that it would be easier to assault him. But
those isolating statuses are meant to keep detainees from engaging with sexual contact with
each other; Mitchell doesn’t show why defendants should have known or suspected that Meyer
planned to use these statuses to facilitate an attack.
Mitchell has a similar problem with his allegation that Meyer was caught viewing
pornography at work. Mitchell does not explain how he knows that this event happened. But
even if it did, Mitchell doesn’t explain how this would lead defendants to believe that Meyer
posed a risk of physical harm to Mitchell. Mitchell suggests that had defendants been better
trained in PREA standards, they would have been better equipped to see warning signs for
potential physical abuse. But Mitchell doesn’t point to any evidence to support this idea. I
will grant summary judgment on Mitchell’s claims based on defendants’ failure to protect him
from Meyer.
23
The second type of failure-to-protect claim that Mitchell brings is that the supervisory
defendants either implemented or carried out policies that demonstrate little interest in
stopping sexual assaults. Mitchell attempts to tie together all the various policies discussed
above, contending that restrictions on phone calls, mail, law library access, and detainee
grievance procedures squelched detainees’ ability to contact the outside world about abuses at
Lincoln Hills. He also contends that policies like shower and hallway restrictions and the red
shirt program “effectuate[d] an environment that made it clear reporting homosexual behavior
would not be tolerated.” Dkt. 14, at 12. And he says that defendants did not ensure that there
were enough cameras or staffing to ensure the detainees’ safety.
But Mitchell still needs to show that defendants were aware of a substantial risk of
serious harm given the conditions and policies at Lincoln Hills. A generalized or theoretical
risk of violence is not enough. Mitchell doesn’t show that defendants should have known about
the risk of harm from Meyer, and he doesn’t present facts showing that any other particular
detainees or staff were threats to him, or that in the aggregate sexual assault was a rampant
problem at Lincoln Hills. The facts about the number of surveillance cameras and number of
staff members on duty show only a theoretical risk of harm: a detainee could have been assaulted
out of camera range or because of a lack of adequate staffing. Mitchell says that staff could
have blocked or confiscated any attempt at mail or phone calls complaining about abuse at
Lincoln Hills, but he doesn’t provide any examples of this happening, much less that
defendants were aware of it. He says defendants made grievance materials impossible to obtain,
but that’s contradicted by his own series of 2010 grievances against Meyer. And Mitchell takes
issue with various protective or security-based statuses like showering alone or the red shirt
program, but those are examples of policies meant to prevent sexual contact between detainees.
24
Mitchell contends that his behavior showed that he was “crying out for help” and that
defendants should have understood those signs of abuse and intervened. Dkt. 68, at 25, ¶ 238.
He tries to support this by stating that defendants didn’t receive proper PREA training, but
five of the six defendants in fact completed that training. And Mitchell doesn’t explain what
about his behavior should have alerted defendants to him having been abused at Lincoln Hills.
I will grant summary judgment to defendants on these claims because Mitchell fails to
provide evidence from which a reasonable jury could conclude that Lincoln Hills officials were
aware of a substantial risk to Mitchell of sexual assault. Mitchell will proceed to trial on his
sexual assault claims against defendant Meyer.
ORDER
IT IS ORDERED that:
1. Plaintiff Shayd Charles Mitchell’s motion to compel discovery, Dkt. 37, is DENIED.
2. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Dkt. 51, is GRANTED in part and
DENIED in part.
3. Defendants Bye, Ourada, Sunde, Theiler, and Westerhaus are DISMISSED from
the case.
4. The clerk of court is directed to set a scheduling conference with Magistrate Judge
Stephen Crocker to set a new trial date for plaintiff’s claims against defendant
Meyer.
Entered September 29, 2020.
BY THE COURT:
/s/
________________________________________
JAMES D. PETERSON
District Judge
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