Michelle Hall v. Warden Lee Arrendale SP

Filing

Opinion issued by court as to Appellant Michelle Garner Hall. Decision: Reversed and Remanded. Opinion type: Non-Published. Opinion method: Per Curiam. The opinion is also available through the Court's Opinions page at this link http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions.

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 14-14619
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 3:13-cv-00097-WBH
MICHELLE GARNER HALL,
Petitioner-Appellant,
versus
WARDEN, LEE ARRENDALE STATE PRISON,
Respondent-Appellee.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of Georgia
________________________
(April 20, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT and MARTIN, Circuit Judges, and ROSENTHAL, * District
Judge.
PER CURIAM:
Michelle Hall is serving a life sentence in Georgia state prison for shooting

*

Honorable Lee H. Rosenthal, United States District Judge for the Southern District of
Texas, sitting by designation.

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her husband to death during an argument in their home. The only other person in
the house at the time was Ms. Hall’s eight-year-old daughter, Alyssa, who was in
another room and heard but did not see the argument and the shooting.
At her trial approximately a year later, Ms. Hall used the audio recording of
the statement she made when she called the 911 operator and the video recording
of her statements to law enforcement to raise the defenses of justification and
accident. Her defenses were that she and her husband had struggled because she
was trying to prevent him from killing her and then himself, and that he was fatally
wounded when the gun accidentally discharged in the struggle. Alyssa, testifying
for the State, told the jury that from her bedroom over the room where the couple
argued and struggled, she heard her stepfather say “put the gun down,” and
“Michelle, don’t do this,” followed by gunshots.
The trial judge had Alyssa testify through a closed-circuit video feed,
separated from the jury and the defendant. Alyssa testified in the judge’s
conference room, with the trial judge, the prosecutor, and Ms. Hall’s defense
counsel present. The jury and Ms. Hall were in the courtroom and watched the
testimony on a television screen displaying the video feed. Ms. Hall could not talk
with or send to, or receive written notes from, her lawyer, or communicate with
him in any way, during Alyssa’s testimony. Although Ms. Hall and her lawyer
knew that Alyssa would be testifying via closed-circuit television, they had no
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prior notice that during her testimony, they would be in separate rooms with no
way to communicate with each other.
The jury convicted Ms. Hall of malice murder, felony murder, and
aggravated assault. She was sentenced to life in prison. After an unsuccessful
direct appeal and collateral proceedings in the Georgia state courts, she petitioned
for a writ of habeas corpus under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The federal district court
denied the petition but granted a certificate of appealability limited to her “claim of
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.”
Our review of the record shows that the Georgia Supreme Court’s denial of
Ms. Hall’s claim was contrary to clearly established Supreme Court precedent.
Ms. Hall received constitutionally ineffective assistance when her appellate
counsel failed to raise any claim based on Ms. Hall’s inability to communicate
with her trial counsel during the testimony of the State’s star witness. The failure
to do so was deficient, and there is a reasonable probability that the claim would
have changed the outcome of the direct appeal. We therefore reverse and remand
with instructions that the district court order the State to grant Ms. Hall a new
direct appeal.
I.
A.

BACKGROUND

Trial and Direct Appeal

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Ms. Hall was tried in September 2009. After jury selection, the judge asked
the lawyers on the record if they were “in agreement” about “the procedure in the
event the child testifies live.” The prosecutor responded, “I believe so.” The judge
then stated, “It will be done by closed circuit,” and the prosecutor interrupted,
“Yes, yes, yes. We addressed that in the back.” The prosecutor told the court that
he and Ms. Hall’s attorney had agreed to have Alyssa testify over closed-circuit
television, rather than in front of the jury and the defendant. The prosecutor
identified Georgia Code § 17-8-55 as authority for this procedure.
The Georgia statute in effect at the time stated that “sex offense victims
under 10 years of age” could have their testimony “taken outside the courtroom
and shown in the courtroom by means of a two-way closed circuit television” if
“[t]he judge determines that testimony by the child victim in the courtroom will
result in the child’s suffering serious emotional distress such that the child cannot
reasonably communicate.” Ga. Code Ann. § 17-8-55(a)(2) (2009).1 Under the
statute, the judge, the prosecutor, and the defense attorney would be the only ones
allowed in the room where the child was testifying. Id. § 17-8-55(d).2 But the
statute also stated that “[t]he defendant shall be allowed to communicate with the
1

The Georgia legislature substantially amended the statute in 2014. See 2014 Ga. Laws

512.
2

Technicians could also be present to operate the television equipment, as could “any
person whose presence, in the opinion of the court, contributes to the well-being of the child.”
Ga. Code Ann. § 17-8-55(d).
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persons in the room where the child is testifying by any appropriate electronic
method.” Id. § 17-8-55(f).
This statute did not apply to authorize the procedure the court used in Ms.
Hall’s trial. Alyssa was not a sex-offense victim, the judge made no determination
of serious emotional distress if she testified in court, and no provision was made
for Ms. Hall to communicate with those in the room where Alyssa testified.
The next morning, the judge confirmed that Alyssa would testify “by closecircuit.” Ms. Hall’s lawyer replied, “Yes. I have no problem with that.” There
was no mention that Ms. Hall would be separated from her lawyer during Alyssa’s
testimony and unable to communicate with him. Ms. Hall’s attorney testified that
he consented to the closed-circuit-television procedure only to prevent the State
from admitting two prior statements Alyssa had made, an audio statement recorded
the night of the murder and a videotaped statement taken several days later. In
both statements, Alyssa told police what she heard the night of the murder. Ms.
Hall’s attorney objected on the basis of hearsay. The trial judge agreed that neither
recorded statement would be admitted, but he did not want to “deprive the State of
[its] only witness.” The compromise was that Alyssa would testify in-person but
via a video feed to prevent her from “freez[ing] up in front of the jury,” and her
prior statements would not be played.

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Before Alyssa began testifying, the court explained to the jury that she
would “be testifying via closed circuit so that she is not in front of . . . the
defendant when she testifies.” The court took a 15-minute recess. When the jury
reentered the courtroom, the judge told them that “we’re going to give the IT
department the lunch hour to work out some technical difficulties,” and another
witness testified. The jury then left the courtroom for an hour-long lunch. When
the jurors returned, the court explained:
Ladies and gentlemen, there’s a provision under Georgia law that
allows a child witness like Alyssa in circumstances like these to be
questioned outside the presence of the audience and the jurors and
defendant. So what we’re going to do is [the prosecutor, Ms. Hall’s
trial attorney], and I, and Alyssa, will [be] going to go into my
conference room in the back, and you will be viewing and listening to
her testimony through a closed-circuit video connection to this screen.
So we’re going to adjourn to my chambers, and you’ll be hearing
from Alyssa . . . .
Again, this arrangement did not allow communication between Ms. Hall and her
lawyer.
Alyssa testified on direct that she was watching television when she heard
her mother and stepfather “talking real loud” in the kitchen. She ran to her upstairs
bedroom and heard Ms. Hall yell at her to stay there. Some minutes later, Alyssa
heard her stepfather say, “Put the gun down,” and then, “Michelle, don’t do this.”
She then heard gunshots. Ms. Hall’s attorney cross-examined without any ability
to communicate with his client, the witness’s mother.
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Matters got worse. The courtroom lost the audio feed from the judge’s
conference room several times. The judge described the situation to the jury as an
“electronic fiasco” and took a recess for court personnel to try to fix the problem.
When Alyssa’s testimony ended, Ms. Hall’s attorney returned to the courtroom.
He found Ms. Hall “in tears” because “she couldn’t hear half the audio.”
In addition to Alyssa’s testimony, the jury also heard the audio recording of
the 911 call from Ms. Hall and watched the video recording of Ms. Hall’s
statements to the police. In the recordings, Ms. Hall first said that her husband had
shot at her and then shot himself. In a later statement, she told the police that her
husband was fatally shot when the gun accidentally discharged as they struggled
and as she tried to keep him from killing her and then himself.
Despite defense counsel’s efforts, the trial judge found that defense
counsel’s cross-examination of Alyssa opened the door for admitting the audiorecorded statement she had given to the police. This audio recording was played
before the jury, for the stated purpose of bolstering Alyssa’s credibility.
The jury convicted Ms. Hall of malice murder, felony murder, and
aggravated assault. Ms. Hall’s direct appeal brief (signed by the same lawyer who
represented her at trial) did not raise a claim based on the loss of her right to
communicate with her lawyer during the testimony of the only witness to the
shooting.
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B.

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State Habeas
Ms. Hall’s state habeas petition asserted that both her trial counsel and

appellate counsel were ineffective. The trial court held an evidentiary hearing.
Both Ms. Hall and her defense counsel testified that Ms. Hall had actively helped
her attorney examine witnesses during the trial, except during Alyssa’s testimony.
Ms. Hall’s assistance extended to proposing specific questions that her lawyer used
to examine witnesses at trial. Ms. Hall told the court that had she been able to
communicate with her lawyer when Alyssa testified, she would have provided him
specific information about Alyssa to guide his cross-examination and suggested
specific questions for him to ask. Ms. Hall confirmed that she was told that Alyssa
would testify outside her presence, but she was not asked whether she agreed. Ms.
Hall testified that she did not know until moments before Alyssa testified that she
would be unable to communicate with her lawyer during Alyssa’s testimony. Ms.
Hall’s lawyer testified that the specific arrangement of his separation from Ms.
Hall without a way to communicate “caught [him] . . . by surprise.” Although he
had accepted having Alyssa testify through the video feed, he “did not advocate
for” it, and it “wasn’t [his] strategy.” He agreed to avoid the admission of Alyssa’s
recorded statements to the police. He did not know of or agree to the inability to
communicate with his client during the witness’s testimony.
The state habeas trial court found that “[t]here is no question in this case . . .
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that [Ms. Hall] did nothing to waive her right to consult with counsel during her
daughter’s testimony.” The court ordered a new trial, holding that Ms. Hall’s
constitutional rights were violated when she was prevented from consulting with
her attorney during Alyssa’s testimony, confronting Alyssa face-to-face, and
attending pretrial conferences at which the attorneys and the judge discussed the
procedure for Alyssa’s testimony.
The Georgia Supreme Court reversed. Seabolt v. Hall, 737 S.E.2d 314 (Ga.
2013). The court held that Ms. Hall was not prejudiced by her appellate counsel’s
errors because, even if he had raised these issues, including the inability to
communicate with counsel, and a new trial had been granted, Ms. Hall had not
shown that the trial would have ended differently. Id. at 317–18.
C.

Federal Habeas
Ms. Hall filed her habeas petition in federal court under 28 U.S.C. § 2254,

claiming that her appellate attorney was ineffective in failing to seek a new trial
based on the trial judge holding pretrial conferences outside her presence and using
closed-circuit television to “prevent[] [her] from confronting the witness or
communicating with trial counsel during the testimony of the witness, including on
cross examination.”
The habeas petition was assigned to a magistrate judge, who recommended
granting Ms. Hall’s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. The
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magistrate judge first found that the Georgia Supreme Court misapplied Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), in requiring Ms. Hall to
establish prejudice for her ineffective-assistance claim not only by showing that the
omitted claim had a reasonable probability of success on appeal, but also that the
claim would have a reasonable probability of success at the trial. Unlike the
Georgia Supreme Court, the magistrate judge applied Supreme Court precedent to
conclude that Ms. Hall had shown deficient and prejudicial performance by
appellate counsel.
The district court agreed that the Georgia Supreme Court had “misapplied”
Strickland but rejected the conclusion that appellate counsel’s performance
prejudiced Ms. Hall. The problem was waiver in the trial court. The district court
noted that Georgia law allows defendants to waive fundamental rights by
acquiescence. The state trial judge had announced, on the record and in the
presence of Ms. Hall and her counsel, that Alyssa would testify remotely. Ms. Hall
remained silent when these statements were made. Counsel did not object. The
court found that this silence amounted to waiver of Ms. Hall’s fundamental rights,
including her right to communicate with her lawyer during Alyssa’s testimony.
The court held that the trial waiver of the claims meant that Ms. Hall did not have
viable claims to urge on appeal, so her appellate lawyer’s failure to raise them was
not deficient or prejudicial. The district court granted a certificate of appealability
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“with respect to Petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.”
This appeal followed.
II.

THE STANDARD OF REVIEW

Ms. Hall’s habeas petition challenges a state conviction, so our standard of
review is governed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254. The Georgia Supreme Court denied Ms.
Hall’s ineffective-assistance claim on Strickland’s prejudice prong. Hall, 737
S.E.2d at 317–18. Because the prejudice prong “was adjudicated on the merits in
State court proceedings,” we must ask if the state court’s adjudication “was
contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal
law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254(d)(1).
A state-court decision is “contrary to” clearly established Supreme Court
precedent either “if the state court applies a rule that contradicts the governing law
set forth in [Supreme Court] cases” or “if the state court confronts a set of facts
that are materially indistinguishable from a decision of [the Supreme] Court and
nevertheless arrives at a result different from [the Supreme Court’s] precedent.”
Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 405–06, 120 S. Ct. 1495, 1519–20 (2000). We
consider “what arguments or theories supported, or . . . could have supported, the
state court’s decision,” and “whether it is possible fairminded jurists could disagree
that those arguments or theories are inconsistent with the holding in a prior
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decision of [the Supreme] Court.” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102, 131 S.
Ct. 770, 786 (2011). “A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit
precludes federal habeas relief so long as fairminded jurists could disagree on the
correctness of the state court’s decision.” Id. at 101, 131 S. Ct. at 786 (quotation
marks omitted). “[T]he state court’s ruling on the claim being presented in federal
court [must be] so lacking in justification that there was an error well understood
and comprehended in existing law beyond any possibility for fairminded
disagreement.” Id. at 103, 131 S. Ct. at 786–87.
The Georgia Supreme Court held that Ms. Hall was not prejudiced by her
appellate lawyer’s performance because she did not show a reasonable probability
of a different outcome at trial. Hall, 737 S.E.2d at 317 (“[Ms. Hall] must establish
a reasonable probability that the error would have been found not harmless at
trial.” (quotation marks omitted)). Ms. Hall argues that this misapplied the clearly
established Supreme Court precedent set in Strickland and years of subsequent
cases. That precedent required Ms. Hall to show a reasonable probability of a
different outcome on appeal, not at trial. The State responds that the Supreme
Court has never decided whether prejudice for an appellate ineffective-assistance
claim depends on the outcome of the trial, the appeal, or both. The State is
incorrect.
In Smith v. Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 120 S. Ct. 746 (2000), the Supreme Court
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set out the test for ineffective assistance of appellate counsel. It is a slight
variation on Strickland. Under Robbins, the defendant “must first show that his
counsel was objectively unreasonable in failing to find arguable issues to appeal.”
Id. at 285, 120 S. Ct. at 764 (citation omitted). The defendant must then show “a
reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unreasonable failure . . . he would
have prevailed on his appeal.” Id. (emphasis added). Robbins makes clear that a
defendant is not required to show a reasonable probability of a different outcome at
trial had it been conducted without the constitutional infirmity. This was the
clearly established law as determined by the United States Supreme Court when
the Georgia Supreme Court ruled on Ms. Hall’s habeas petition. See Williams, 529
U.S. at 412, 120 S. Ct. at 1523.
The Georgia Supreme Court identified prior Georgia cases as the basis for
the ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel standard it applied. The test was
first announced in Griffin v. Terry, 729 S.E.2d 334 (Ga. 2012). Although Griffin
involved an appellate ineffective-assistance claim, the court based the standard it
articulated on cases involving ineffective assistance by trial counsel who failed to
raise structural errors at trial. Id. at 337 (citing Reid v. State, 690 S.E.2d 177 (Ga.
2010)). These cases hold that prejudice generally cannot be presumed when an
ineffective-trial-counsel claim depends on trial counsel’s failure to raise a
structural error. The reason is because trial ineffective-assistance claims turn on
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the effect the attorney’s performance had on the outcome of the trial, not the
appeal. Reid, 690 S.E.2d at 181 (citing Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 734, 740–41
(11th Cir. 2006)). These cases do not involve ineffective assistance by appellate
attorneys when, for example, they fail to raise structural errors on appeal
reasonably likely to carry a presumption of prejudice. United States v. Cronic, 466
U.S. 648, 104 S. Ct. 2039 (1984). In fact, the Griffin court stated its view that the
“fundamental purpose of Sixth Amendment ineffectiveness claims” is “to ensure a
fair trial and a just result,” 729 S.E.2d at 338 (alterations omitted) (quotation marks
omitted), without taking into account the constitutional guarantee that a criminal
defendant has the right to effective representation both at trial and on appeal, Evitts
v. Lucey, 469 U.S. 387, 105 S. Ct. 830 (1985).
In Griffin and in the Georgia Supreme Court’s decision here, the rule
announced was contrary to the Supreme Court’s determination in Robbins that the
prejudice suffered from deficient performance by appellate counsel does not
concern the outcome of the trial. It is the effect appellate counsel’s deficient
performance had on the appeal that matters. Robbins, 528 U.S. at 285, 120 S. Ct.
at 764. We conclude that fairminded jurists could not disagree that the Georgia
Supreme Court’s test for an appellate ineffective-assistance claim is contrary to
Supreme Court precedent. Our review of the prejudice prong of Strickland and
Robbins is de novo. See McGahee v. Ala. Dep’t of Corr., 560 F.3d 1252, 1266
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(11th Cir. 2009) (“Where we have determined that a state court decision is an
unreasonable application of federal law under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), we are
unconstrained by § 2254’s deference and must undertake a de novo review of the
record.”). Because the Georgia Supreme Court did not rule on the performance
prong, our review of that issue is de novo as well. Porter v. McCollum, 558 U.S.
30, 39, 130 S. Ct. 447, 452 (2009) (per curiam).
III.
A.

DISCUSSION

The Legal Standard
When a habeas petitioner claims that her lawyer was ineffective, we ask (1)

if the lawyer’s performance was deficient and (2) if this deficiency prejudiced the
defendant. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 104 S. Ct. at 2064. “The petitioner
bears the burden of proof on the ‘performance’ prong as well as the ‘prejudice’
prong of a Strickland claim, and both prongs must be proved to prevail.” Johnson
v. Alabama, 256 F.3d 1156, 1176 (11th Cir. 2001).
To prove deficiency, the petitioner “must show that counsel’s representation
fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688,
104 S. Ct. at 2064. This standard is “highly deferential” and requires “a strong
presumption” of adequacy. Id. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065. We must avoid “the
distorting effects of hindsight” and “evaluate the conduct from counsel’s
perspective at the time.” Id. “The same standard applies whether we are
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examining the performance of counsel at the trial or appellate level.” Eagle v.
Linahan, 279 F.3d 926, 938 (11th Cir. 2001). The law on ineffective assistance on
appeal is clear that the “attorney is not required . . . to raise every non-frivolous
issue on appeal.” Brown v. United States, 720 F.3d 1316, 1335 (11th Cir. 2013).
But the attorney is expected to “select[] the most promising issues for review.”
Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 752, 103 S. Ct. 3308, 3313 (1983). And “[w]here .
. . appellate counsel fails to raise a claim on appeal that is so obviously valid that
any competent lawyer would have raised it, no further evidence is needed to
determine whether counsel was ineffective.” Eagle, 279 F.3d at 943.
To prove prejudice, the petitioner must show “a reasonable probability that,
but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have
been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068. “A reasonable
probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id.
“To determine whether the failure to raise a claim on appeal resulted in prejudice,
we review the merits of the omitted claim. If we conclude that the omitted claim
would have had a reasonable probability of success, then counsel’s performance
was necessarily prejudicial because it affected the outcome of the appeal.” Eagle,
279 F.3d at 943 (citation omitted). This inquiry “is not wholly dissimilar from the
inquiry used to determine whether counsel performed deficiently in the first place;
specifically, both may be satisfied if the defendant shows nonfrivolous grounds for
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appeal.” Roe v. Flores-Ortega, 528 U.S. 470, 486, 120 S. Ct. 1029, 1039 (2000).
B.

Waiver
We turn to the merits of Ms. Hall’s claim. Our analysis begins by asking

whether Ms. Hall waived the claim she says her lawyer should have appealed. If
the record shows that the claim was waived at trial, then Ms. Hall’s lawyer had
nothing to raise on appeal, and the appeal did not have a reasonable probability of
success. The result would be that Ms. Hall’s lawyer neither performed deficiently
nor caused her to suffer prejudice. But if Ms. Hall did not waive her rights at trial,
then we must “review the merits of the omitted claim” on appeal. Eagle, 279 F.3d
at 943.
Waiver requires the “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known
right or privilege.” Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S. Ct. 1019, 1023
(1938); Ward v. State, 706 S.E.2d 430, 435 (Ga. 2011). The record shows that Ms.
Hall did not waive the right to communicate with her lawyer when Alyssa testified.
Although the trial court informed Ms. Hall that Alyssa would testify outside her
presence, the judge never advised Ms. Hall or her lawyer that they would be unable
to communicate during the testimony. For all Ms. Hall knew from the trial court’s
announcement, her lawyer would stay in the courtroom with her and examine
Alyssa through the video feed, or, if they were apart, they would be able to
exchange messages during Alyssa’s testimony. Nor did defense counsel have any
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reason to expect that he and his client would be unable to communicate during
Alyssa’s testimony. To the contrary, the statute the trial court (erroneously) relied
on to permit the testimony through the video feed required the defendant to have
some means of conferring with her attorney, even though they would be in
different rooms. The statute stated that “[t]he defendant shall be allowed to
communicate with the persons in the room where the child is testifying by any
appropriate electronic method.” Ga. Code Ann. § 17-8-55(f). But the trial court
did not follow this procedure.
The undisputed evidence from the state habeas hearing confirms this. Ms.
Hall testified at the hearing that she first learned that Alyssa would testify remotely
“in court minutes before” the testimony began. She further specified that she
“didn’t even hear it from” her lawyer. “[I]mmediately thereafter, the judge and
[her] attorney left to go into the other room.” She testified that she was never
“asked whether [she] would consent to this method of testifying.”
Ms. Hall’s lawyer similarly testified that he did not see or speak to Ms. Hall
between the trial judge’s announcement that Alyssa was about to testify by closedcircuit television and the moment he came back from Alyssa’s testimony to find
Ms. Hall “in tears because she, number one, didn’t get to see her . . . daughter, and
she didn’t communicate with me.” He admitted that “[i]t didn’t even dawn on me
that Michelle wasn’t able to write me a note or communicate with me. . . . I didn’t
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even think about that” before the testimony began. If her own lawyer did not know
that Ms. Hall would be unable to communicate with him during Alyssa’s
testimony, he was not equipped to waive her rights, expressly or otherwise. And if
her lawyer did not know, then certainly Ms. Hall cannot be presumed to have
known.
The record shows no legal or factual basis to find the knowledge or intent
required for waiver. The transcript of the trial contains nothing suggesting that Ms.
Hall knowingly and intelligently waived her right to communicate with her lawyer
during Alyssa’s testimony. And Ms. Hall’s and her lawyer’s testimony at the state
habeas hearing confirm that they did not realize they would be unable to
communicate with each other until moments before the testimony began.
C.

The Merits of the Claim Not Raised on Appeal
Ms. Hall argues that had her direct appeal challenged the constitutionality of

her inability to communicate with her trial attorney during Alyssa’s testimony, the
appeal had a reasonable probability of success, making the failure to raise the
claim deficient and prejudicial. We agree.
1.

The Constitutional Error

“One of the defendant’s primary advantages of being present at the trial [is]
his ability to communicate with counsel.” Illinois v. Allen, 397 U.S. 337, 344, 90
S. Ct. 1057, 1061 (1970). The Supreme Court has “recognize[d] that the role of
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counsel is important precisely because ordinarily a defendant is ill-equipped to
understand and deal with the trial process without a lawyer’s guidance,” and “a
defendant in a criminal case must often consult with his attorney during the trial.”
Geders v. United States, 425 U.S. 80, 88, 96 S. Ct. 1330, 1335 (1976). An order
prohibiting a defendant from consulting with his attorney even during an overnight
recess violates the defendant’s right to counsel. Id. It is also unconstitutional to
administer antipsychotic medication to a defendant during trial if it will impact
“the substance of [the defendant’s] communication with counsel.” Riggins v.
Nevada, 502 U.S. 127, 137, 112 S. Ct. 1810, 1816 (1992); cf. id. at 144, 112 S. Ct.
at 1820 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (“We have held that a defendant’s right to the
effective assistance of counsel is impaired when he cannot cooperate in an active
manner with his lawyer. The defendant must be able to provide needed
information to his lawyer and to participate in the making of decisions on his own
behalf.” (citations omitted)). Indeed, with limited exceptions inapplicable here, a
defendant has a “right to unrestricted access to his lawyer for advice on a variety of
trial-related matters.” Perry v. Leeke, 488 U.S. 272, 284, 109 S. Ct. 594, 602
(1989).
United States v. Miguel, 111 F.3d 666 (9th Cir. 1997), illustrates these
principles in a case similar to Ms. Hall’s. The defendant, Percy Miguel, was
convicted of abusive sexual contact. The victim, an 11-year-old boy, gave
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deposition testimony by videotape outside Miguel’s presence. Id. at 669. Miguel
watched the deposition from another room via closed-circuit television. Id.
Defense counsel asked the district court for leave to communicate electronically
with Miguel during the deposition, but the court rejected the request because
counsel could consult with Miguel during the deposition breaks. Miguel had two
attorneys representing him at trial. Both sat in the room where the deposition took
place. Only one conducted the cross-examination. Id. The other attorney was able
to be with Miguel in the other room as he watched the deposition, to consult with
him, and to convey any messages to the attorney examining the witness. Id. at 671.
On appeal, Miguel did not argue that he wanted to speak with the attorney
conducting the cross-examination. Id.
The Ninth Circuit held that the procedure did not violate Miguel’s right to
counsel. “The only thing [Miguel] was prevented from doing was communicating
with one of his two counsel while that counsel was questioning the witness.” Id. at
672. The court emphasized, however, that if only one attorney had represented
Miguel, then “Miguel’s inability to communicate contemporaneously with his
counsel or to initiate a break in the deposition for purposes of conferring with
counsel would have raised extremely serious Sixth Amendment problems.” Id.
After all, “Miguel cannot be said to have had unrestricted access [to counsel] if he

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lacked any means of initiating communication with counsel during crossexamination of the government’s crucial witness.” Id. at 673.
The measures taken to allow the defendant and counsel to communicate
during the witness’s examination in Miguel made the closed-circuit-television
procedure constitutionally acceptable. Miguel had unfettered access to, and could
confer with, one of the two lawyers representing him while the other lawyer
examined the witness in another room. Ms. Hall, by contrast, had one attorney.
She could not communicate with that attorney when he examined the State’s most
important witness, the only witness to the murder. Ms. Hall’s case is the
hypothetical scenario the Miguel court imagined: a defendant unable to
communicate with her attorney as the trial proceeds, much less reaches a critical
phase. See also Moore v. Purkett, 275 F.3d 685, 688–89 (8th Cir. 2001) (granting
habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d) because the trial judge’s order that a
defendant with limited literacy had to communicate with his attorney only in
writing violated the defendant’s right to counsel). We conclude that these facts
raise “extremely serious Sixth Amendment problems.” Miguel, 111 F.3d at 672.
2.

Presumed Prejudice

The denial of counsel at a critical stage of the proceedings is a structural
error that would have triggered presumed prejudice had it been raised on direct
review. “The [Supreme] Court has uniformly found constitutional error without
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any showing of prejudice when counsel was either totally absent, or prevented
from assisting the accused during a critical stage of the proceeding.” Cronic, 466
U.S. at 659 n.25, 104 S. Ct. at 2047 (citing Geders, 425 U.S. 80, 96 S. Ct. 1330).
And “[c]ircumstances . . . may be present on some occasions when although
counsel is available to assist the accused during trial, the likelihood that any
lawyer, even a fully competent one, could provide effective assistance is so small
that a presumption of prejudice is appropriate without inquiry into the actual
conduct of the trial.” Id. at 659–60, 104 S. Ct. at 2047. These types of errors so
“affect[] the framework within which the trial proceeds” that they prevent the trial
“from reliably serv[ing] its function as a vehicle for determination of guilt or
innocence.” Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 310, 111 S. Ct. 1246, 1265
(1991) (quotation marks omitted). “The question is not whether counsel in those
circumstances will perform less well than he otherwise would, but whether the
circumstances are likely to result in such poor performance that an inquiry into its
effects would not be worth the time.” Wright v. Van Patten, 552 U.S. 120, 125,
128 S. Ct. 743, 746 (2008) (per curiam); see also Strickland, 466 U.S. at 692, 104
S. Ct. at 2067 (“Prejudice in these circumstances is so likely that case-by-case
inquiry into prejudice is not worth the cost.”).
Ms. Hall’s inability to communicate with her attorney during Alyssa’s crossexamination, a critical stage of the trial, under the unusual circumstances present
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here, is a structural error reasonably likely to have triggered presumed prejudice
and succeeded on direct appeal. Geders, 425 U.S. at 91, 96 S. Ct. at 1337; Cronic,
466 U.S. at 659–60, 104 S. Ct. at 2047. Alyssa was difficult to cross-examine,
even under better circumstances. She was a child witness, who hid in her bedroom
and heard but did not see her mother shoot her stepfather to death. She testified
about these events a year after they took place. Defense counsel faced the
additional challenge of having to cross-examine Alyssa without opening the door
to having the statements she made to the police admitted under the priorconsistent-statement exception to the hearsay rule. Ms. Hall’s attorney testified
that he consented to the closed-circuit-television procedure precisely to avoid
having the recorded statements played before the jury.
In this situation, Ms. Hall’s attorney suddenly and unexpectedly found
himself without the ability to communicate with his client. Throughout the trial,
Ms. Hall’s attorney had relied on her to help guide his examination and pose
questions, some which he asked “verbatim.” He testified that Alyssa’s crossexamination suffered because “[f]or every other witness, [Ms. Hall] was there
writing to me, writing notes.” Georgia law ensured that Ms. Hall could still speak
with her attorney despite the video feed, so Ms. Hall’s attorney was understandably
“caught . . . by surprise” when it turned out that he had no way to communicate
with her.
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The clear and convincing evidence shows that Ms. Hall was instrumental in
helping her attorney examine witnesses throughout the trial. But at the moment
her attorney needed her help the most, it was unavailable, in circumstances
resulting from the trial court’s erroneous application of an inapplicable statute. See
Ga. Code Ann. § 17-8-55(f) (2009). Ms. Hall’s absence transformed a
surmountable challenge into a virtual impossibility. Attorney-client
communication during cross-examination allows “tactical decisions to be made and
strategies to be reviewed.” See Geders, 425 U.S. at 88, 96 S. Ct. at 1335. “The
lawyer may need to obtain from his client information made relevant by the . . .
testimony, or he may need to pursue inquiry along lines not fully explored earlier.”
See id.
To make it worse, the trial judge found that counsel’s cross-examination,
crippled by counsel’s inability to communicate with Ms. Hall, opened the door for
admitting the audio recording of Alyssa’s prior statement to the police. See Hall v.
State, 699 S.E.2d 321, 324–25 (Ga. 2010) (the trial court did not abuse its
discretion by admitting the audio-recorded statement.). The Georgia Supreme
Court noted that Ms. Hall’s trial counsel had “reluctantly agreed to the [video-feed
testimony] in order to be certain that the judge did not admit a videotaped
interview in lieu of live testimony.” Hall, 737 S.E.2d at 316 n.1. As we have
described, however, that is not the whole story: the deal Ms. Hall’s trial attorney
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thought he had struck when he consented to the video feed was to keep out both
the video- and audio-recorded interviews Alyssa gave. The videotaped interview
was not admitted, but the audio recording was.
No attorney could have provided effective representation in the face of this
unusual combination of obstacles. The error in separating Ms. Hall from her
counsel without the ability to communicate was structural. Presumed prejudice
resulted. And, as we discuss below, actual prejudice is also present.
We recognize that errors carrying presumed prejudice arise in “a very
narrow spectrum of cases.” Stano v. Dugger, 921 F.2d 1125, 1153 (11th Cir.
1991) (en banc) (quotation marks omitted). The unusual set of facts makes this
one of those rare cases. The narrow question is whether, given these facts, a
reasonable probability exists that the structural-error claim would have succeeded
on direct appeal. The record shows a reasonable probability that asserting the
claim would have secured a new trial for Ms. Hall.
3.

Actual Prejudice

The result is the same if we require Ms. Hall to show actual rather than
presumed prejudice. See Hall, 737 S.E.2d at 317. Although the Georgia Supreme
Court found no prejudice, the standard of review is de novo, so deference under the
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (“AEDPA”), 28 U.S.C.
§ 2241, et seq., does not apply. Panetti v. Quarterman, 551 U.S. 930, 953, 127 S.
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Ct. 2842, 2858 (2007) (when “the requirement set forth in § 2254(d)(1) is
satisfied,” “[a] federal court must . . . resolve the claim without the deference
AEDPA otherwise requires.”). Our review is based on “the record that was before
the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 563
U.S. 170, 181, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011). The state habeas trial court made
findings of fact and conclusions of law, but its decision was overturned by the
Georgia Supreme Court, which reviewed the record and made findings and
conclusions of its own. To the extent the Georgia Supreme Court’s factual
findings are entitled to a presumption of correctness under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1),
there is clear and convincing record evidence rebutting the presumption. Schriro v.
Landrigan, 550 U.S. 465, 473–74, 127 S. Ct. 1933, 1939–40 (2007).
Ms. Hall’s separation from her counsel and inability to communicate with
him as he framed and asked the questions for Alyssa’s cross-examination
prevented him from doing so effectively. The Georgia Supreme Court found that
had Ms. Hall been able to speak with her attorney, she would have told him that
Alyssa was not afraid of her, that her ex-husband (Alyssa’s biological father)
coerced Alyssa’s testimony, and that Alyssa had written a letter supporting her
mother’s information. Hall, 737 S.E.2d at 317. The court reasoned that her trial
attorney already knew that information when he cross-examined Alyssa, and so
Ms. Hall did not suffer prejudice. It is no answer to say that Ms. Hall had
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previously told her attorney the specific information she later identified as
important to refuting what Alyssa said on direct. The record precludes the implicit
finding that in the crucible of cross-examination, under the circumstances counsel
faced, he would have recalled that precise information in time to ask the right
questions using the information. Clear and convincing evidence in the record
undercuts and precludes finding that no prejudice resulted.
If Ms. Hall’s attorney could have communicated with his client in the
circumstances of the trial, there is “a reasonable probability that the outcome of the
trial would have been more favorable.” See id. (quotation marks omitted). The
attorney testified that “[f]or every other witness, [Ms. Hall] was there writing to
me, writing notes.” This assistance would have been exceptionally helpful during
Alyssa’s testimony. Alyssa, Ms. Hall’s daughter, testified about what she
allegedly heard her mother do and say the night of the shooting. Ms. Hall could
have offered unique and invaluable insight and advice into Alyssa’s demeanor and
testimony. And just as Ms. Hall did with other witnesses, she could have advised
her lawyer on how best to address and respond to her daughter’s adverse
testimony. Effective cross-examination may have left the jury less inclined to
credit Alyssa’s inculpatory testimony, including, for example, her statements that
she heard her stepfather tell her mother to “put the gun down” and “Michelle, don’t
do this,” followed by gunshots.
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We conclude that even if Ms. Hall had to show actual prejudice at trial to
succeed on her direct appeal, an effective appellate attorney had a reasonable
probability of making that showing.
D.

Deficient Performance and Prejudice
That Ms. Hall’s lawyer failed to raise the claim that she could not

communicate with her trial counsel during a critical part of the trial tells us what
we need to know for Strickland and Robbins purposes. For Strickland’s
performance prong, “[w]here, as here, appellate counsel fails to raise a claim on
appeal that is so obviously valid that any competent lawyer would have raised it,
no further evidence is needed to determine whether counsel was ineffective for not
having done so.” Eagle, 279 F.3d at 943. “An attorney’s ignorance of a point of
law that is fundamental to his case combined with his failure to perform basic
research on that point is a quintessential example of unreasonable performance
under Strickland.” Hinton v. Alabama, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 134 S. Ct. 1081, 1089
(2014). “[N]o conceivable reason that [the lawyer] might have proffered would
have made [his] failure to pursue the claim reasonable. [His] failure to raise it,
standing alone, establishes [his] ineffectiveness.” Eagle, 279 F.3d at 943; see also
Overstreet v. Warden, No. 13-14995, ___ F.3d ___, ___, 2016 WL 322610, at *4
(11th Cir. Jan. 27, 2016) (a defendant’s “appellate representation was undeniably
ineffective” because “had [] appellate counsel raised” a state-law claim based on a
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Georgia Supreme Court case decided shortly before the defendant’s direct appeal,
then “absent a departure from precedent, [his] kidnapping convictions would have
been reversed.”).
For the prejudice prong, the record also shows that “the omitted claim would
have had a reasonable probability of success” on appeal. Eagle, 279 F.3d at 943.
This makes counsel’s performance “necessarily prejudicial because it affected the
outcome of the appeal.” Id. If Ms. Hall had raised the claim on direct appeal, “the
[state appellate] court would, in all probability, have opted to grant a new trial.
There can be no doubt, then, that counsel’s decision to omit the [] claim from [his]
brief undermines confidence in the outcome of [Ms. Hall’s] direct appeal sufficient
to satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland.” Id.
IV.

CONCLUSION

Ms. Hall’s appellate lawyer was ineffective. We therefore reverse the
district court’s denial of habeas corpus relief and remand with directions that the
district court order the State to grant Ms. Hall a new direct appeal.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.

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TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge, Dissenting:
A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel “is an attack on the fundamental
fairness of the proceeding whose result is challenged.” Strickland v. Washington,
466 U.S. 668, 697, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2070, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). The claim in
this case is that appellate counsel rendered ineffective assistance under Strickland
by failing to assert on direct appeal a violation of Hall’s right under the Georgia
Constitution to be present at a critical stage of her murder trial, which is structural
error under Georgia law. See Griffin v. Terry, 729 S.E.2d 334, 336 (Ga. 2012).
The Georgia Supreme Court, on habeas corpus review, assumed that counsel’s
performance was constitutionally deficient but denied Hall relief because she failed
to demonstrate Strickland prejudice—a reasonable probability that, had counsel
asserted the error, the outcome of her trial would have been different. 1 Strickland,
466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2068.

1

The Court expressed its prejudice holding as follows:

Thus, to show actual prejudice to [her] appeal, [Hall] must demonstrate that [her]
absence from the [examination of Alyssa] would have been reversible error
without the benefit of presumed prejudice. To do so, [she] must establish a
reasonable probability that the error would have been found not harmless at trial,
i.e., a “reasonable probability that the outcome would have been more favorable if
counsel had objected to her absence during the [examination of Alyssa].”
Seabolt v. Hall, 737 S.E.2d 314, 317 (Ga. 2013) (quoting Griffin v. Terry, 729 SE.2d 334, 337
(Ga. 2012) (internal citations omitted)). In support of its holding, the Court cited Bridges v.
State, 690 S.E.2d 136 (Ga. 2010), in which the Court applied Strickland’s actual prejudice test,
rather than presumed prejudice, to the same constitutional violation Hall asserted—the denial of
the right to be present at a critical stage of the trial. Id. at 140.
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The majority hold that the Georgia Supreme Court’s decision was “contrary
to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal Law, as
determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.” 2 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1).
Consequently, Hall is entitled to the writ and an opportunity to present her claim of
structural error to the Georgia courts as if she were appealing her convictions in the
first instance. 3

[W]here, as here, a defendant is not challenging his conviction directly based on
an alleged violation of the right to be present, but instead raises the issue only
indirectly under the aegis of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, he or she
must satisfy both prongs of the Strickland test for constitutional ineffective
assistance of counsel claims.
Id. (quoting Peterson v. State, 663 S.E.2d 164, 168 (Ga. 2008)). The Court rejected Bridges’
claim finding “the evidence of Bridges’ guilt was overwhelming, and there is no reasonable
probability that the outcome would have been more favorable if counsel had objected to his
absence during the pretrial instructions.” Id.
2

As we have noted:

The statutory phrase “clearly established Federal law” refers only to “the
holdings, as opposed to the dicta,” of the Supreme Court decisions extant at the
time of the State court adjudication. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412, 120
S.Ct. 1495, 1523, 146 L. Ed. 2d 389 (2000). A State court decision is “contrary
to” a Supreme Court holding “if the state court arrives at a conclusion opposite to
that reached by [the Supreme] Court on a question of law or if the state court
decides a case differently than [the Supreme] Court has on a set of materially
indistinguishable facts.” Id. at 412–13, 120 S. Ct. at 1523. A State court decision
involves an unreasonable application of a Supreme Court holding if the State
court correctly identifies the holding but unreasonably applies it to the facts of the
prisoner's case. Id. at 407, 120 S. Ct. at 1520.
Hardy v. Comm’r, Ala. Dept. of Corr., 684 F.3d 1066, 1074 (11th Cir. 2012).
3

I assume that the District Court on remand will issue a writ of habeas corpus directing
the Supreme Court of Georgia to uphold the Superior Court’s grant of habeas relief. Whether the
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The Georgia Supreme Court’s decision runs afoul of § 2254(d)(1), the
majority hold, because it misapplied the Supreme Court’s decision in Smith v.
Robbins, 528 U.S. 259, 120 S. Ct. 746, 145 L. Ed. 2d 756 (2000), a case that Hall
did not cite to the Georgia Supreme Court and the Court did not consider.
According to the majority, Robbins modifies Strickland’s prejudice prong. Where
ineffective assistance of appellate counsel is claimed, the prejudice inquiry no
longer considers whether the outcome of the trial would have been different but for
counsel’s neglect; rather, the inquiry is strictly whether the outcome of the appeal
would have been different. Because structural error is prejudicial per se, the
majority conclude that but for counsel’s neglect, the Georgia Supreme Court may
have vacated Hall’s convictions and granted her a new trial.4
I dissent because the majority’s use of Robbins is inapposite. If not, Robbins
in effect overrules Supreme Court holdings—and our precedents that rely on those
holdings—requiring a habeas petitioner to demonstrate actual prejudice in order to
prevail on a procedurally defaulted claim. Moreover, the majority’s use of
Robbins changes the prejudice standard for claims of ineffective assistance of
appellate counsel brought under 28 U.S.C. § 2255, as well as those brought under §

Supreme Court, itself, passes on Hall’s claim of structural error or tasks the Superior Court with
that job will be a matter for the Supreme Court to determine.
4

As I point out in Part III, infra, it is far from certain that Hall would have received a
new trial had her claim of structural error been asserted on direct appeal.
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2254. But putting all of this aside, when Hall presents her claim to the Georgia
Supreme Court pursuant to the our mandate to the District Court, she is likely to go
away empty handed.

I.
The majority’s use of Robbins is inapposite. That case dealt primarily with
the question of whether California’s modified procedure for filing an Anders brief
(a “Wende brief”) was constitutional. Robbins, 528 U.S. at 264–84, 120 S. Ct. at
752–63. After affirming the California procedure, the Supreme Court remanded
the case, indicating in the process that Robbins might prevail if he could “show a
reasonable probability that, but for his counsel’s unreasonable failure to file a
merits brief, he would have prevailed on his appeal.” Id. at 284–86, 120 S. Ct. at
763–64 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2052) (emphasis added).
The majority seize on this language in concluding that, under Robbins, Strickland
prejudice turns on the probable outcome of the petitioner’s direct appeal. This
single sentence is not Robbins’ holding, however. The Court did not evaluate the
merits of the claims Robbins wanted to pursue on direct appeal because those
claims fell outside the narrow question before the Court, which was whether
California’s Anders brief procedure was constitutional. Consequently, the Court’s
statement regarding whether “[Robbins] would have prevailed on his appeal” is
neither part of the Robbins judgment that California’s modified Anders procedure
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was constitutionally sound nor is it necessary to that holding. Robbins, 528 U.S. at
285, 120 S. Ct. at 764.
More crucially, Robbins simply does not address whether a habeas petitioner
should demonstrate actual prejudice in prosecuting a procedurally defaulted claim
of trial court error for the first time on collateral review. The requirement of actual
prejudice induces the petitioner to raise the claim on direct appeal and thereby
enhances finality. Robbins, according to the majority, eliminates that inducement.
As a strategic ploy, the party can now await the result of the direct appeal and, if
unsuccessful, repair to the habeas court as a stand in for the appellate court.
Obviously, such an arrangement would be intolerable. Saddling a petitioner with a
prejudice burden on collateral review that is greater than the prejudice burden on
direct appeal is the means for avoiding it. See Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S.
619, 633, 113 S. Ct. 1710, 1719, 123 L. Ed. 2d 353 (1993) (explaining that “[t]he
principle that collateral review is different from direct review resounds throughout
our habeas jurisprudence”); Purvis v. Crosby, 451 F.3d 734, 743 (11th Cir. 2006)
(same).
Moreover, as the Supreme Court stated in United States v. Frady, 456 U.S.
152, 102 S. Ct. 1584, 71 L. Ed. 2d 816 (1982), the standard applicable on direct
appeal does not apply on collateral review because “we are entitled to presume [the

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defendant] stands fairly and finally convicted.”5 456 U.S at 164, 102 S. Ct. at
1592. Absent the requirement of actual prejudice, claims of trial court error would
receive identical treatment on direct appeal and collateral review, obliterating any
attempt to uphold the “presumption of finality and legality [that] attaches to the
conviction and sentence” when the direct appeal process ends. Brecht, 507 U.S. at
633, 113 S. Ct. at 1719; see also Frady, 456 U.S. at 166–68, 102 S. Ct. at 1593–94.
If Robbins eliminates the requirement that a petitioner must show actual prejudice
in order to obtain collateral relief on a claim defaulted on direct appeal, then, by
implication at least, it partially overrules long standing Supreme Court precedent,
not to mention our own decisions based on that precedent.
In Francis v. Henderson, 425 U.S. 536, 96 S. Ct. 1708, 48 L. Ed. 2d 149
(1976), the petitioner, Francis, was indicted by a Louisiana grand jury from which
blacks had been excluded due to their race. Id. at 537–38, 96 S. Ct. 1709. He
failed to object to the grand jury’s composition prior to trial and was convicted. Id.

5

In fact, Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984), carries this principle forward. The Court noted:
The principles governing ineffectiveness claims should apply in federal collateral
proceedings as they do on direct appeal or in motions for a new trial. As
indicated by the “cause and prejudice” test for overcoming procedural waivers of
claims of error, the presumption that a criminal judgment is final is at its strongest
in collateral attacks on that judgment.
Id. at 697, 104 S. Ct. 2070. This means that prejudice must be assessed by the outcome of trial
because prejudice for a procedurally defaulted claim of trial court error on direct appeal or
motion for a new trial would look to the outcome of trial. Such a method is bolstered by the
presumption of finality which the petitioner must overcome on collateral review.
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After his conviction was final and he was denied collateral relief in state court, a
federal district court granted his application for a writ of habeas corpus under §
2254. Id. The Court of Appeals reversed. Newman v. Henderson, 496 F.2d 896,
899 (5th Cir. 1974). Citing the Supreme Court’s decision in Davis v. United
States, 411 U.S. 233, 93 S. Ct. 1577, 36 L. Ed. 2d 216 (1973), which involved a
defaulted constitutional claim similar to Hall’s, the Fifth Circuit held that Francis
was not entitled to relief. Although he had shown “cause” for his procedural
default, he failed to demonstrate “actual prejudice.” Newman, 496 F.2d at 898–99.
The Supreme Court affirmed:
[T]he Court of Appeals was correct in holding that the rule of Davis v.
United States applies with equal force when a federal court is asked in
a habeas corpus proceeding to overturn a state-court conviction
because of an allegedly unconstitutional grand jury indictment. In a
collateral attack upon a conviction that rule requires, contrary to the
petitioner's assertion, not only a showing of “cause” for the
defendant's failure to challenge the composition of the grand jury
before trial, but also a showing of actual prejudice.
Francis, 425 U.S. at 542, 96 S. Ct. at 1711.
In Hollis v. Davis, we followed Francis by requiring petitioners asserting
defaulted claims of structural error to show actual prejudice even if those claims
would otherwise warrant “automatic reversal” on direct appeal. 941 F.2d 1471,
1479 (11th Cir. 1991).
In Purvis v. Crosby, we held that prisoners claiming that trial counsel was
ineffective in failing to object to a structural error must prove actual prejudice in
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order to satisfy Strickland’s prejudice prong. 451 F.3d 734, 741–42 (11th Cir.
2006). We explained that “[o]ur Hollis decision establishes as the law of this
circuit that an ineffective assistance of counsel claim based on the failure to object
to a structural error at trial requires proof of [actual] prejudice.” Id. at 742. To
hold that the petitioner need not show actual prejudice would render
the Supreme Court’s holding[] in . . . Francis . . . pointless. Any
defendant who could not make the prejudice showing necessary to
have a defaulted claim of structural error considered could bypass that
requirement by merely dressing that claim in ineffective assistance
garb and asserting that prejudice must be presumed. We are not
inclined to believe that the Supreme Court’s decision[] in . . . Francis
[is] pointless.
Id. at 743. Moreover,
[a]s the Supreme Court has emphasized, “[t]he principle that collateral
review is different from direct review resounds throughout our habeas
jurisprudence.” Brecht, 507 U.S. at 633, 113 S.Ct. at 1719. To hold
that the presumption of prejudice applies not only when properly
preserved structural errors are raised on appeal but also when related
ineffective assistance claims are raised in a collateral proceeding
would diminish the difference between direct and collateral review. It
would undermine the important finality and comity interests that are
entitled to respect in a § 2254 proceeding, like this one. That we
decline to do.
Id.
In sum, it is clear to me that the Georgia Supreme Court’s decision was not
proscribed by 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1) because Robbins did not and would not have
established federal law so restricting the prejudice inquiry established by
longstanding precedent.
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II.
The majority’s Robbins holding changes the prejudice standard for
ineffective-assistance-of-appellate-counsel claims in § 2255 proceedings as well as
those brought under § 2254. This is so because the Georgia post-conviction model
mirrors the federal model created by § 2255. See Battles v. Chapman, 506 S.E.2d
838, 839 (1998) (adopting the Strickland standard for ineffective-assistance-ofcounsel claims in Georgia). That today’s holding will apply in § 2255 cases
exactly it as does in the § 2254 case here becomes obvious when we compare the
processing of Hall’s case in the Georgia courts with the processing of Hall’s
hypothetical case in the Eleventh Circuit courts. 6
In both cases, the trial judge committed structural error in allowing Hall’s
daughter to testify in Hall’s physical absence. 7 In both cases, Hall’s appellate
lawyer failed to assert the structural error on direct appeal. In both cases, after
Hall’s convictions are affirmed on appeal, Hall petitions the trial court for habeas
6

I establish the parallel by assuming that in the hypothetical federal case Hall’s husband
was a federal official, thereby bringing this case into the jurisdiction of the federal courts under
18 U.S.C. § 1114.
7

The Georgia Constitution provided the basis for the structural error in Hall’s Georgia
case. “No person shall be deprived of the right to prosecute or defend, either in person or by an
attorney, that person's own cause in any of the courts of this state.” Ga. Const. art. 1, § 1, ¶12.
The Georgia Supreme Court interprets this provision to guarantee an accused’s presence at all
critical stages of the prosecution. Griffin, 729 S.E.2d at 336. The U.S. Constitution provided the
basis for the structural error in Hall’s hypothetical federal case. “In all criminal prosecutions, the
accused shall enjoy . . . the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The
provision is interpreted to mean that the accused is entitled to be present at all critical stages of
the prosecution. United States v. Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 657–60, 104 S. Ct. 2039, 2046–47, 80 L.
Ed. 2d 657 (1984).
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corpus relief. Prior to today’s decision, in both cases Hall is denied relief because
she failed to prove Strickland prejudice. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697, 104 S.
Ct. at 2070. In sum, today’s decision will work a sea change in the collateral
courts’ entertainment of trial court errors appellate counsel failed to assert on direct
appeal. The collateral courts will step in and perform as appellate courts would in
the first instance.

III.
What will be the likely outcome when the Georgia courts consider Hall’s
claim of structural error as if she had presented the claim to the Court on direct
appeal? 8 Hall’s trial attorney invited the error by agreeing to the challenged
arrangement. In Georgia, invited errors are rendered null on appeal. See, e.g.,
Barnes v. State, 496 S.E.2d 674, 686 (Ga. 1998) (holding an invited error is not a
basis for reversal). The same is true in this Circuit:
The invited error doctrine “stems from the common sense view that
where a party invites the trial court to commit error, he cannot later
cry foul on appeal.” United States v. Brannan, 562 F.3d 1300, 1306
(11th Cir. 2009). Thus, where one party has induced or invited error,
we may not invoke the plain error rule to reverse the district court’s
judgment.
United States v. Carpenter, 803 F.3d 1224, 1236 (11th Cir. 2015).

8

In the hypothetical § 2255 proceeding, this Court, in reversing the trial court’s granting
of relief, gave no indication of how it would have ruled had Hall’s lawyer asserted the structural
error on direct appeal.
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That the Georgia Supreme Court would have invoked the invited error
doctrine no doubt explains why Hall’s lawyer did not assert the structural error on
direct appeal. He knew that the assertion would have failed.9 Consider the farce
that would be created if trial counsel, in a case such as Hall’s, could for strategic
reasons agree to the challenged arrangement and then, if the strategy failed, have
the client’s conviction set aside on appeal. How would the readers of the Atlanta
Journal-Constitution react if the law allowed defense counsel to manipulate trial
judges like that?
The invited error doctrine did not preclude Hall from seeking habeas corpus
relief on the ground that counsel’s trial strategy constituted ineffective assistance.
In fact, she presented such a claim to the habeas court. She abandoned it because
she could not show Strickland prejudice.

9

In that the assertion would have failed, it could be argued that counsel was not
ineffective in not asserting the error.
41