USA v. Tiffany Smith

Filing

Opinion issued by court as to Appellant Tiffany Smith. Decision: Affirmed. Opinion type: Non-Published. Opinion method: Per Curiam. The opinion is also available through the Court's Opinions page at this link http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions.

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[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
________________________
No. 15-15550
Non-Argument Calendar
________________________
D.C. Docket No. 1:14-cr-20527-MGC-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
versus
TIFFANY SMITH,
a.k.a. Tiffany Campbell,
Defendant - Appellant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
________________________
(June 15, 2017)
Before TJOFLAT, WILLIAM PRYOR, and JULIE CARNES, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

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Defendant Tiffany Smith (“Defendant”) appeals her conviction for access
device fraud and aggravated identity theft. She cites various errors by the district
court, including making incorrect evidentiary rulings, improperly limiting crossexamination, and expressing disbelief in Defendant’s testimony through questions
posed to Defendant. Defendant also alleges prosecutorial misconduct, and
challenges the district court’s calculation of the victim’s losses in determining her
sentence. Finding no error by the court or misconduct by the prosecution, we
affirm.
BACKGROUND
Defendant was indicted by a grand jury for access device fraud, in violation
of 18 U.S.C. § 1029(a)(5), and aggravated identity theft, in violation of 18 U.S.C.
§ 1028A(a)(1). The indictment indicated that Defendant had knowingly, and with
the intent to defraud, used another person’s credit card, bank account numbers, and
means of identification to receive payment or things of value.
During the five-day jury trial in November 2014, Dr. John Nordt, an
orthopedic spine surgeon and Defendant’s victim, testified that Defendant began
working as the office manager of his medical practice in September 2008. Dr.
Nordt added Defendant as an authorized signer to the office check book in
December, though Defendant’s authorization was limited to checks issued for
business purposes. The office also had several credit cards that Defendant was not
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authorized to use at all. By May 2009, Dr. Nordt had become concerned that there
was not enough money to run the office. By September 2009, Dr. Nordt became
aware that Defendant had written unauthorized checks from the office account.
Dr. Nordt later discovered that Defendant had used his name, birth date, and social
security number to open a “Bill-Me-Later” account.1 The Bill-Me-Later account,
as well as office credit cards, had been used without the doctor’s knowledge or
authorization to make online purchases that totaled thousands of dollars and that
included electronics, gifts, flowers, and furniture, much of which was shipped to
Defendant’s address or to her friends and family. Dr. Nordt reported Defendant’s
actions to the police and the United States Secret Service in September 2009,
shortly after he fired Defendant.
Defendant testified in her own defense. According to Defendant, Dr.
Nordt’s office sent flowers to referral sources, and she was permitted to use
business accounts to purchase flowers and gifts for personal use so long as she
reimbursed Dr. Nordt. She claimed that she set up the Bill-Me-Later account at
Dr. Nordt’s request so that he could buy a gift for his wife, and Defendant never
used the account for personal purposes. Defendant testified that she only made
purchases using business accounts for office purposes or with Dr. Nordt’s
permission.
1

Bill-Me-Later is a service that extends a line of credit and allows the account holder to make
online purchases without having to input personal credit card information directly.
3

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The jury found Defendant guilty of both access device fraud and aggravated
identity theft. After adding various sentencing enhancements under the Sentencing
Guidelines, the court ultimately calculated a total offense level of 12 and a criminal
history category of I to arrive at a guideline range of 10 to 16 months. The court
imposed a 10-month sentence on the count charging access device fraud. It
imposed a statutorily mandated 24-month consecutive sentence for her aggravated
identity theft conviction. See 18 U.S.C. § 1028A(a)(1). Defendant appeals her
conviction and sentence.
DISCUSSION
On appeal, Defendant challenges several of the court’s evidentiary rulings.
Defendant also challenges the court’s limitation of her cross-examination of Dr.
Nordt, its refusal to allow her to enter what she claims to be a vital stipulation, and
its questioning of Defendant during her testimony. Defendant also argues that the
Government made inappropriate remarks during its closing statement that bolstered
witness testimony, argued facts not in evidence, and impermissibly shifted the
burden of proof to Defendant. Finally, Defendant challenges the district court’s
calculation of loss in determining her sentence.

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I.

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Challenged District Court Rulings
A.

Evidentiary Rulings

A district court’s evidentiary rulings are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
United States v. Henderson, 409 F.3d 1293, 1297 (11th Cir. 2005). Even if the
district court errs in its decision to admit or exclude evidence, we do not reverse if
the error was harmless. United States v. Azmat, 805 F.3d 1018, 1041 (11th Cir.
2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 2012 (2016). Errors are not harmless when “there is
a reasonable likelihood that they affected the defendant’s substantial rights,” but
“where an error had no substantial influence on the outcome, and sufficient
evidence uninfected by error supports the verdict, reversal is not warranted.”
United States v. Hawkins, 905 F.2d 1489, 1493 (11th Cir. 1990).
B.

Check Printouts

Defendant was not charged with fraud based on her writing office checks.
Nonetheless, she attempted to introduce into evidence a printout copy of checks
written from the doctor’s business account, some of which were annotated with
“F” or “fraud.” Defendant had received these printouts during Dr. Nordt’s civil
suit against her. Dr. Nordt testified that he did not make the annotations himself,
and acknowledged that some of the checks were proper charges. Defendant
claimed that this showed that Dr. Nordt had lied about Defendant’s unauthorized

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writing of checks because some checks that Dr. Nordt said were legitimate had
been marked fraudulent on the printout.
The district court ruled that Defendant had not established that it was Dr.
Nordt who had marked the checks and, absent that showing, there could be no
inference that Dr. Nordt had made a prior inconsistent statement. Accordingly, the
court excluded the check printouts as irrelevant. Defendant argues on appeal that
the check printouts were necessary for the presentation of her defense because they
gave the jury a complete picture of what happened and impeached Dr. Nordt’s
credibility.
A defendant has the constitutional right to present her defense, which
includes the right to “to introduce evidence that, while not directly or indirectly
relevant to an element of an offense or affirmative defense, attacks the credibility
of important government witnesses” or to “complete the picture” when the
“government’s selective presentation of entirely truthful evidence can cast a
defendant in an inaccurate, unfavorable light.” United States v. Hurn, 368 F.3d
1359, 1366–67 (11th Cir. 2004). Still, the extent of a defendant’s rights are not
unlimited. Such evidence must be relevant. See Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400,
410 (1988) (“The accused does not have an unfettered right to offer testimony that
is . . . otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of evidence.”); see also Hurn,
368 F.3d at 1367 (“[E]vidence introduced to ‘complete’ a potentially misleading
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story offered by the government is pertinent only when it might color a jury’s
assessment of the material facts of the case.”). Further, the court has wide
discretion to limit cross-examination that would result in “confusing . . . issues”
and “interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Delaware v. Van
Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986).
Defendant was given wide latitude in questioning Dr. Nordt about the
printouts and whether he marked them, which resulted in the jury learning that the
checks were annotated in a way that indicated someone’s view that certain checks
were fraudulent even though some of these checks were properly written. Even
without admission of the printouts themselves, Defendant’s cross-examination of
Dr. Nordt revealed her theory that it was he who had incorrectly annotated the
checks and who has thus lied about Defendant’s wrongdoing. Thus, Defendant’s
right to present a defense was not infringed. Further, Defendant never established
who actually annotated the check copies or that Dr. Nordt had alleged through the
annotations that the checks were fraudulent. Thus, the checks would not have
helped Defendant impeach Dr. Nordt’s testimony. Nor is it the case that admitting
the checks would have changed the outcome of the trial, as Defendant’s conviction
rested on her creation and use of the Bill-Me-Later account and company credit
cards, not her unauthorized writing of checks. Accordingly, the district court did
not abuse its discretion in declining to admit the check printouts.
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C.

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Police Reports

In another effort to impeach Dr. Nordt, Defendant sought to introduce
evidence of police reports filed by Dr. Nordt alleging theft, trespass, and property
damage against four former employees between 2010 and 2013. Defendant argued
that these records showed Dr. Nordt had a pattern of “crying wolf” by going to the
police and claiming to be a victim of his employees. Such behavior, Defendant
argued, made less believable Dr. Nordt’s claim that Defendant had defrauded him.
Notably, Defendant acknowledged that she did not intend to show that Dr. Nordt’s
allegations against these employees were actually false. With no evidence or even
an allegation that the reports were false, the district court disallowed inquiry into
the police reports, though it eventually allowed limited inquiry into one allegation
of credit card theft in 2013 (which Dr. Nordt admitted to making), as it was
factually similar to Defendant’s case.
Defendant argues the reports should have been admitted to allow Defendant
to present a defense and cross-examine and impeach Dr. Nordt, as well as under
Fed. R. Evid. 404. We disagree. First, the reports describe conduct that happened
after Defendant left Dr. Nordt’s employ, and none of them shed any light on the
facts at issue. Admittedly, a defendant can be allowed to present evidence that
attacks the credibility of a government witness like Dr. Nordt. Hurn, 368 F.3d at

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1366. Yet, without evidence that these reports were false, the reports do not
support an attack on Dr. Nordt’s credibility.
As to Rule 404(a), while evidence of a person’s character trait is usually
inadmissible to show that a person acted in accordance with that trait, a criminal
defendant can offer evidence of an alleged victim’s pertinent trait. Fed. R. Evid.
404(a). Without evidence of their falsity, however, the police reports do not show
Dr. Nordt’s tendency to “cry wolf” or “play” a victim, as opposed to actually being
a victim. Being an actual victim of crime is not a character trait that would affect
Dr. Nordt’s credibility, and so Rule 404(a) does not help Defendant here.
Nor does Rule 404(b) support Defendant’s argument. Defendant argues that
Rule 404(b) allowed admission of the records to show Dr. Nordt’s intent to blame
former employees for his financial problems and his motive to lie. 2 Again, without
evidence of falsity, there is no indication that these reports demonstrate such intent.
In short, the district court did not abuse its discretion in excluding the police
reports.

2

Rule 404(b) provides that “[e]vidence of a crime, wrong, or other act is not admissible to prove
a person’s character in order to show that on a particular occasion the person acted in accordance
with the character,” though in a criminal case, “[t]his evidence may be admissible for another
purpose, such as proving motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity,
absence of mistake, or lack of accident.” Fed. R. Evid. 404(b).
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D.

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Delivery Slips

The court admitted as a Government exhibit documents certified as business
records by the vendors from whom Defendant made purchases. For a few of these
business records, vendors had certified documents that the Government had
collected and shown to the company. Included in these documents were delivery
confirmation slips for cameras and two GPS devices, which investigating agents
had attached to the subpoena and submitted to the vendors to determine whether
the latter could certify these as business records. Defendant challenges the
admission of the proofs of delivery, arguing that they were not regularly kept
business records, as required by Fed. R. Evid. 803(6) to constitute a valid hearsay
exception.3
“[T]he touchstone of admissibility under Rule 803(6) is reliability,” and the
district court has “broad discretion to determine the admissibility of such
evidence.” United States v. Arias-Izquierdo, 449 F.3d 1168, 1183 (11th Cir. 2006)
(quoting United States v. Bueno–Sierra, 99 F.3d 375, 378–79 (11th Cir. 1996)).
Indeed, the court’s factual finding of reliability in this context is reversible only if
clearly erroneous. United States v. Petrie, 302 F.3d 1280, 1288 (11th Cir. 2002).
As we have noted, it is not required that the records be prepared by the business
3

Rule 803(6) allows records of a regularly conducted activity to be admitted as an exception to
the hearsay rule, provided that, among other requirements, the record was kept in the course of a
regularly conducted activity of a business and making the record was a regular practice of that
activity. Certification that the requirements of the rule are met is required before the evidence
can be admitted. Fed. R. Evid. 803(6)(D).
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possessing them, or that a witness have first-hand knowledge of their preparation,
as “other circumstantial evidence and testimony [can] suggest their
trustworthiness.” United States v. Parker, 749 F.2d 628, 633 (11th Cir. 1984)
(quotation marks omitted).
Notably, although Defendant objected at trial to admission of these delivery
slips, her counsel had announced at the pre-trial conference that Defendant had no
objection. Explaining this change of course at trial, defense counsel indicated that
he had purposely ambushed the Government, with the goal of lulling it into
thinking there was no objection and then springing that objection at trial when
there was no time to fix any problem.
Although critical of this behavior, the district court nevertheless ruled on the
merits of Defendant’s objection to admission of this handful of delivery slips and
concluded that these records were admissible. After reviewing the process through
which the records were obtained and certified, the district court made a factual
finding that the vendors kept this shipping and delivery information in the course
of their regularly conducted business activities, and had so certified that these
documents were business records. The court’s ruling was not clearly erroneous.
Indeed, defense counsel acknowledged that Defendant was not challenging the
authenticity of the proofs of delivery or that the vendors kept shipping and delivery

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information.4 It was not an abuse of discretion for the district court to admit
business records that it found to be relevant and properly certified.
E.

Limiting Cross-Examination of Dr. Nordt

During cross-examination of Dr. Nordt, Defendant attempted to question
him about his divorce and the financial disclosures he made as part of that divorce
proceeding, which began in April 2010, months after Dr. Nordt had fired
Defendant because of her theft. Defendant wanted to be able to argue that Dr.
Nordt had a motive to falsely portray himself as an embezzlement victim and
thereby reduce his alimony payments. The district court initially sustained the
Government’s objection that this information was irrelevant, although the court
eventually allowed limited testimony on the matter. Defendant faults the district
court for interfering with her ability to probe in more detail Dr. Nordt’s divorce.
Limitations on the scope of cross-examination are reviewed for clear abuse
of discretion. United States v. Maxwell, 579 F.3d 1282, 1295 (11th Cir. 2009). A
court’s otherwise broad discretion to rule on evidentiary issues and limit crossexamination is cabined by the constitutional guarantee that a criminal defendant
has a right to cross-examine prosecution witnesses. Id. “In particular, ‘[c]rossexamination of a government ‘star’ witness is important, and a presumption favors

4

As the Government notes, had the district court sustained Defendant’s objection as to these
shipping documents, the Government would have simply called a live witness to authenticate the
information.
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free cross-examination on possible bias, motive, ability to perceive and remember,
and general character for truthfulness.’” Id. at 1295–96 (alteration in original)
(quoting United States v. Phelps, 733 F.2d 1464, 1472 (11th Cir. 1984)).
Nevertheless, information sought by cross-examination must be relevant,
and allowing questioning beyond what is sufficient to satisfy the Sixth
Amendment’s Confrontation Clause is in the court’s discretion. Id. at 1296. All
that is required under the Sixth Amendment is a cross-examination broad enough
to expose the jury to facts sufficient to evaluate the witness’s credibility and to
create a record that allows defense counsel to argue why the witness might be
unreliable. Id. Beyond this, “the district court enjoys wide latitude to impose
reasonable limits on cross-examination based on, among other things, confusion of
the issues and interrogation that is repetitive or only marginally relevant.” Id.
(internal quotation marks omitted) (citing Delaware v. Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673,
679 (1986)).
Defendant complains that she did not get to cross-examine Dr. Nordt to the
extent that she wanted, but she is not entitled to unlimited cross-examination. Id.
(quoting United States v. Baptista–Rodriguez, 17 F.3d 1354, 1366 (11th Cir.
1994)) (noting that a defendant is not entitled to cross-examination “that is
effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defendant might wish”).
Defendant was allowed some questioning of Dr. Nordt regarding his debts and
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divorce. Defendant elicited from Dr. Nordt that the office had maxed-out credit
cards when Defendant was working there, that a large balloon payment was
upcoming on the office mortgage, and that Dr. Nordt had personal expenses from
three yacht club memberships, two planes, and two mortgages on his home. Dr.
Nordt also testified that divorce proceedings began in April 2010 and ended in
December 2011, and that he claimed $450,000 in losses from Defendant’s actions
as part of the divorce proceedings (which is significantly more than he claimed in
his initial police report regarding Defendant’s actions), but that he did not recall
any argument during the divorce proceedings regarding alimony. Defense counsel
pointed to these facts during closing arguments and argued that Dr. Nordt had a
motivation to lie. Defendant was thus able to raise and argue credibility issues
before the jury, and it was not a clear abuse of discretion for the district court to
limit further cross-examination on peripheral matters relating to Dr. Nordt’s
divorce.
F.

Disallowing Defendant’s Requested “Stipulation”

When cross-examining Defendant, the Government played a portion of an
audio recording from Defendant’s unemployment hearing. In the recording,
Defendant was asked, “Is it true that you wrote your husband a check―,” to which
Defendant replied, “Absolutely not. Absolutely not. And I’d like to see proof of
that because that is—that’s all lies.” Defendant testified that this exchange
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concerned a specific check for $10,000, and was not a denial that she had written
other office checks payable to her husband. The Government questioned whether
Defendant had actually so qualified this response in the hearing. Nevertheless,
after reviewing the transcript, the court determined that Defendant likely was
referring only to a specific $10,000 check, and said “[t]he parties will stipulate that
the question referred to a check and that the prior conversation had been about a
$10,000 check.” When defense counsel later requested to enter the stipulation on
redirect examination, the court said, “It’s not a stipulation. You’re going to read in
that one question that puts it into context as part of your redirect.” Defendant then
testified that the discussion during the hearing about a check written out to her
husband related to a specific check for $10,000 and did not relate to payroll
checks.
Defendant argues that the court erred by not allowing her to enter the
stipulation that her comments during the unemployment hearing referred
specifically to a specific $10,000 check. As Defendant had previously testified,
when the office stopped using a payroll company for paychecks, Defendant began
writing paper checks for the staff, and she properly wrote paychecks to her
husband. In not allowing the stipulation, Defendant says the court violated
Defendant’s due process rights by leaving the jury with a possible misimpression
that Defendant may have been denying at the hearing that she wrote payroll checks
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to her husband, when in fact she was only denying that she wrote a $10,000 check
to him. This misinformation, according to Defendant, led the jury to believe that
she was not truthful.
Yet, Defendant did not object when the court did not allow her to enter a
stipulation5 as to the above, and so we review for plain error. United States v.
Chafin, 808 F.3d 1263, 1268 (11th Cir. 2015), cert. denied, 136 S. Ct. 1391 (2016).
Under plain-error review, we may only correct an error when it is plain, affects
substantial rights, and “seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation
of judicial proceedings.” Id. (quoting United States v. Rodriguez, 398 F.3d 1291,
1298 (11th Cir. 2005)). An error affects substantial rights if the judicial
proceeding's outcome would have been different but for the error. Id. This
standard is difficult to meet and should be exercised sparingly, and “only in those
circumstances in which a miscarriage of justice would otherwise result.” United
States v. DiFalco, 837 F.3d 1207, 1220–21 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting United States
v. Pielago, 135 F.3d 703, 708 (11th Cir. 1998)).
The record is clear that the court did not let any mischaracterization go
unremedied. Although the court did not allow defense counsel to enter a formal
stipulation, the court did allow her to read other parts of the hearing transcript into
the record so that Defendant’s statements could be put into context on redirect
5

A stipulation requires the agreement of both parties. It appears that the Government did not
agree.
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examination. In addition, Defendant was ultimately convicted for her actions with
the Bill-Me-Later account and the company credit cards. Thus, the absence of a
stipulation concerning a check did not directly relate to the offenses for which she
was ultimately convicted. Given this, along with other evidence of her guilt, the
outcome of Defendant’s trial would not have been different but for the court’s
decision here. Defendant therefore has not shown plain error regarding the court’s
actions pertaining to its handling of this issue.
G.

Court’s Posing of Questions to Defendant

Defendant argues that she was deprived of a fair trial because the court
asked multiple questions during Defendant’s three-and-a-half hours of testimony,
mostly on direct examination, which telegraphed to the jury the court’s own
disbelief as to the Defendant’s credibility and led the jury to question the veracity
of Defendant’s testimony.
Because Defendant did not raise this objection before the district court, we
review for plain error. Chafin, 808 F.3d at 1268. As this Court has noted, a
district court has “wide discretion in managing the proceedings,” and “may
comment on the evidence, question witnesses, elicit facts not yet adduced or clarify
those previously presented, and maintain the pace of a trial by interrupting or
cutting off counsel as a matter of discretion.” United States v. Day, 405 F.3d 1293,
1297 (11th Cir. 2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). Indeed, the judge is
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“more than a mere moderator and is under a duty to question witnesses and
comment on evidence when it appears necessary,” including questioning a witness
“to clarify his testimony or to insure that a case is fairly tried.” United States v.
Block, 755 F.2d 770, 775 (11th Cir. 1985). In doing so, however, if the court
“strays from neutrality, . . . the defendant has been denied a constitutionally fair
trial.” United States v. Wright, 392 F.3d 1269, 1274 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal
quotation marks omitted). In determining whether the court’s questioning of a
defendant is inappropriate, “the tenor of the court’s questions rather than their bare
number is the more important factor.” Moore v. United States, 598 F.2d 439, 442
(5th Cir. 1979) (internal quotation marks omitted).6
Here, the court’s questions were limited to factual inquires, and Defendant
does not argue that the tone of the questions was inappropriate. Rather, she simply
argues that the fact of the questioning itself biased the jury against Defendant.
Because the court is allowed to question a witness, however, such an argument
cannot succeed by itself. As the Court noted in Moore:
[The defendant] claims only that the mere fact of judicial questioning
to this extent tends to focus the jury’s attention on the defendant’s
testimony and indicates some question of credibility in the judge’s
mind. To embrace such a suggestion would in effect amount to
adoption of a per se rule limiting judicial questioning to a specific
number of questions, or to a certain proportion of the sum of inquiries
6

This Court adopted as binding precedent all Fifth Circuit decisions prior to October 1, 1981.
Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc).
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made by defense counsel and prosecution; such a rule is inconsistent
with the common law prerogatives of the trial judge secured by the
Constitution to federal courts.
Id. at 443. The district court also asked questions of other witnesses. Further, the
district court instructed the jury that it should not consider anything said by the
court in making its determination,7 which minimized the potential for the jury to
give undue emphasis to the court’s questions. See Block, 755 F.2d at 777; United
States v. Harris, 720 F.2d 1259, 1262 (11th Cir. 1983); United States v. Hawkins,
661 F.2d 436, 450–51 (5th Cir. Unit B Nov. 1981); Moore, 598 F.2d at 443.
Accordingly, Defendant has not demonstrated any plain error concerning the
district court’s questions directed to her.
II.

Prosecutorial Misconduct
Defendant argues that, through the prosecutor’s remarks, the Government

improperly bolstered witness testimony, misstated key evidence, and shifted the
burden of proof. This is a claim of prosecutorial misconduct that we examine by
determining whether a prosecutor’s remarks were improper and “prejudicially
affected the defendant’s substantial rights.” Azmat, 805 F.3d at 1044. If a
defendant has made a timely objection, we review alleged prosecutorial
7

The court instructed the jury:
You should not assume from anything I have said that I have any opinion about
any factual issue in this case. Except for my instructions to you on the law, you
should disregard anything I may have said during the trial in arriving at your own
decision about the facts. Your own recollection and interpretation of the evidence
is what matters.
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misconduct de novo. Id. Defendant objected at trial only to the burden-shifting
statements, so the bolstering and misstating key evidence claims are reviewed only
for plain error. United States v. Rivera, 780 F.3d 1084, 1090 (11th Cir. 2015).
A.

Bolstering the Witness’s Credibility

A prosecutor may not bolster a witness’s testimony by vouching for that
person’s credibility. United States v. Sosa, 777 F.3d 1279, 1295 (11th Cir. 2015).
Improper vouching has occurred “if the jury could reasonably believe that the
prosecutor was expressing a personal belief in the witness’s credibility,” either
through “placing the prestige of the government behind the witness,” or by
“indicating that information not before the jury supports the witness’s credibility.”
Id. (quoting United States v. Bernal–Benitez, 594 F.3d 1303, 1313 (11th Cir.
2010)). A prosecutor may “comment[] on a witness’s credibility, which can be
central to the government’s case,” and may “suggest what the jury should find
from the evidence . . . if the attorney makes it clear that the conclusions he is
urging are conclusions to be drawn from the evidence.” Id. at 1295–97 (internal
quotation marks omitted).
In its closing argument, the Government reminded the jury of the testimony
of the investigating Secret Service agent that Defendant had been interviewed by
the agent during the investigation and had made a statement that was inconsistent
with a statement made by Defendant during her trial testimony: specifically,
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during the interview Defendant stated that she had never made personal purchases
with the credit card, but on the witness stand she explained that she had done so.
In discussing Defendant’s prior interview during closing argument, the prosecutor
referenced the interview as being made in the presence of both the agent and the
prosecutor.
It would have been more prudent—and would have avoided any allegation
of bolstering—had the prosecutor, in urging the jury to believe the agent, not
continued to reference her own presence at the interview in question.
Nevertheless, we cannot say that the district court plainly erred in failing to sua
sponte interrupt the prosecutor’s closing argument at the time the remarks were
made, particularly when defense counsel did not perceive the remarks as
problematic enough to warrant even an objection. Nor did the prosecutor’s
remarks affect the substantial rights of Defendant, as is required to show plain
error, because we conclude that the result of the proceedings would have been no
different had the remarks not been made.
B.

Arguing Evidence Not in the Record

It is improper to make a closing argument based on facts not in evidence.
United States v. Bailey, 123 F.3d 1381, 1400 (11th Cir. 1997) (“[A] prosecutor
may not exceed the evidence in closing argument . . . .”). An attorney’s purpose
during closing arguments is “to assist the jury in analyzing, evaluating and
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applying the evidence”—including through stating conclusions the jury should
draw from that evidence—though it is improper when an argument “ranges beyond
these boundaries.” United States v. Garza, 608 F.2d 659, 662–63 (5th Cir. 1979)
(quoting United States v. Morris, 568 F.2d 396, 401 (5th Cir. 1978)).
During closing arguments, the Government noted Dr. Nordt’s testimony that
giving gifts to referral sources was illegal, and said, “[Dr. Nordt] certainly
wouldn’t have authorized the defendant to conduct an illegal act and send a gift for
a referral.” Defendant argues that the Government improperly argued facts not in
evidence by stating that it was illegal to send a gift for a referral, as opposed to
arguing merely that Dr. Nordt’s testimony indicated that he believed it was illegal
to send a gift for a referral. Defendant claims this inappropriately gave more
credibility to Dr. Nordt’s testimony vis-à-vis Defendant’s. Defendant’s argument
that this statement by the prosecutor is based on facts not in evidence is without
merit, as Dr. Nordt did testify that giving gifts for referrals was “against the law
and against all ethical laws.” Furthermore, taken in its context, the remark by the
prosecutor shows a fair recounting of Dr. Nordt’s testimony during closing
arguments, and the remark was not based on information outside the record.8 The

8

The prosecutor argued:
Now the doctor says, “I don’t know anything about Pavilion Women’s Center. I
don’t have any dealings with them. I’m a spine surgeon.”
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prosecutor’s comment here, even if imprecise, did not prejudice Defendant’s
substantive rights, and so it was not plain error for this statement to go uncorrected.
C.

Making Burden-Shifting Arguments

It is also improper for a prosecutor to make comments that would shift the
burden of proof to the defendant or otherwise suggest that the defendant has an
obligation to produce evidence or prove innocence. Bernal–Benitez, 594 F.3d at
1315 (citing United States v. Simon, 964 F.2d 1082, 1086 (11th Cir. 1992)). This
does not preclude the prosecutor from commenting on the failure of defense
counsel to counter or explain evidence, however. Id.
Defendant argues that during cross-examination and during its closing
argument, the Government tried to shift the burden of proof to Defendant.
Defendant specifically points to the Government’s cross-examination of her as to
why she did not offer a complete explanation at her unemployment hearing about

Who has contacts with that place? The defendant. The doctor said, “I am not
legally allowed to give gifts to somebody for a referral. That is illegal. That is
not something I would do.”
The doctor testified that he gets his business usually through word of mouth, not
from referrals from other doctors or other practices. There is no quid pro quo.
There is no giving and getting. He does not have any connection with that center.
And he certainly wouldn’t have authorized the defendant to conduct an illegal act
and send a gift for a referral.
Seven former co-workers received baskets from the defendant. Do you truly
believe that seven people provided referrals or that the defendant was being
generous with the doctor’s money?
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the check payments she had made, as well as asking Agent Collins about details
Defendant failed to reveal during the May 20th interview. The Government
explicitly commented on the latter during closing arguments. Because Defendant
objected to these allegedly burden-shifting questions and arguments, we review
these claims de novo.9 Azmat, 805 F.3d at 1044.
Viewed in context, what Defendant argues are burden-shifting questions and
comments by the Government were instead nothing more than the prosecutor’s
efforts to highlight Defendant’s prior inconsistent statements, an emphasis that is
entirely proper. When questioning Defendant about her statements made during
the unemployment hearing, the Government did not ask Defendant to provide
evidence or prove her innocence, but rather pointed to explanations regarding
checks that Defendant offered at trial, but did not offer at the hearing. It was
permissible for the Government to question Defendant about whether her prior
statements and trial testimony were truthful, as her credibility was central to the
government’s case, see Sosa, 777 F.3d at 1295, and questioning the truthfulness of
a witness who has given inconsistent statements does not shift the burden. See
Anderson v. Charles, 447 U.S. 404, 408–09 (1980) (holding that it was permissible
for a prosecutor to ask on cross-examination why the defendant did not offer to
9

Defendant did not make a burden-shifting objection when the Government questioned Agent
Collins regarding the May 20th interview. Under plain-error review, we conclude that this line
of questioning was not prejudicial to Defendant’s substantive rights. The prosecutor did not
suggest that Defendant had an obligation to establish her innocence, but rather asked Agent
Collins whether Defendant was asked certain questions and how she responded to the questions.
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police at the time of his arrest the explanation given at trial regarding his
possession of a car); Anderson v. Dykes, 524 F. Supp. 101, 103 (S.D. Ga. 1981)
(“[A] defendant’s silence prior to arrest may be commented on and utilized for
impeachment.”). Similarly, the challenged closing-argument statements were not
burden shifting, but likewise highlighted inconsistent testimony. Finally, the
court’s instructions made clear that the Government bore the burden of proof.10
See e.g., United States v. Zitron, 810 F.3d 1253, 1259 (11th Cir. 2016). In sum, we
find no reversible error arising out of the prosecutor’s comments and questions.11
III.

Loss Calculation
Among other sentencing enhancements, the presentence investigation report

added four levels under U.S.S.G. § 2B1.1(b)(1)(C) for a loss of more than $15,000
but less than $40,000. Defendant objected to this calculation, in part because it
included duplicate credit card charges of $571.02 and $308.93, which were made
after the initial purchases were denied. The district court ultimately counted the

10

The district court instructed the jury on burden of proof as follows:
The law presumes every defendant is innocent. The defendant does not have to
prove her innocence or produce any evidence at all. The Government must prove
guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. If it fails to do so, you must find the defendant
not guilty. The Government’s burden of proof is heavy, but it does not have to
prove a defendant’s guilt beyond all possible doubt. The Government’s proof
only has to exclude any “reasonable doubt” concerning the defendant's guilt.

11

Defendant also argues that her conviction should be reversed because of cumulative errors
that occurred at trial. Having found no errors, we reject this request.
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duplicate charges separately, reasoning that Defendant had made four separate
attempts to use the credit card.
Commentary to the guidelines notes that “loss is the greater of actual loss or
intended loss,” and intended loss “means the pecuniary harm that the defendant
purposely sought to inflict[, which] includes intended pecuniary harm that would
have been impossible or unlikely to occur.” Id. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(A)(i)–(ii)).
The district court’s loss calculation does not need to be exact, but only a reasonable
estimate. Id. § 2B1.1, comment. (n.3(C)). We review a district court’s loss
calculation for clear error. United States v. Cobb, 842 F.3d 1213, 1218 (11th Cir.
2016). Under clear-error review, a loss calculation is overturned when “we are left
with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.” United
States v. Campbell, 765 F.3d 1291, 1302 (11th Cir. 2014) (quoting United States v.
Crawford, 407 F.3d 1174, 1177 (11th Cir. 2005)).
Here, Defendant made the deliberate choice four separate times to try to
inflict pecuniary harm on her victim by four times attempting to make an improper
charge. We find no clear error, and thus affirm the sentence imposed by the
district court.
CONCLUSION
Defendant has not demonstrated any reversible errors during her trial or in
calculating her sentence. Therefore, her conviction and sentence are AFFIRMED.
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